290:
138:
27:
466:, being the earliest epigraphic reference to Uddiyana. It is certainly not in Orissa or Odivisa. The Vihära of Huviska to which Jivaka Odiyanaka made gift of a pillar was in the north-west. Xuanzang entered India from the north-west route and his biographer clearly locates Udyana's capital in North-West. Faxian, who also came from that pass clearly says that Udyana lay in the north on the
380:
In his argument, P. C. Bagchi states that there are two distinct series of names in
Tibetan: (1) O-rgyān, U-rgyān, O-ḍi-yā-na, and (2) O-ḍi-vi-śā, with the first series connected with Indrabhūti, i.e., Oḍiyăna and Uḍḍiyāna, while the second series falls back on Oḍi and Oḍiviśa, i.e., Uḍra (Odisha)
1126:
One writer has recently made a renewed attempt to identify Uḍḍiyāna with Orissa which he regards as the "cradle of Tāntrika
Buddhism". But this is improbable; the Chinese sources refer to Orissa as Wu-T'u or Ota or Wu-Cha, while the Tibetans refer to Orissa as Oḍivisa which must be different from
185:
revisited the issue of the location, taking note of the various far-flung locations that have been identified with
Oddiyana at different times and by different sources. He came to the conclusion, drawn from his careful examination of a variety of old textual citations, that it was located near
1054:
The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither
Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi
800:‘Uḍḍiyāna and Kashmir’, pp 265-269 ‘The Śaiva Exegesis of Kashmir’, in Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d’Hélène Brunner. Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner, Collection Indologie 106, EFEO, Institut français de Pondichéry (IFP), ed. Dominic Goodall and André Padoux, 2007.)
381:
and has nothing to do with
Indrabhūti. N.K. Sahu objects, however, and points out that these two sets of names are seldom distinguished in Buddhist Tantra literature, and opines that the words Oḍa, Oḍra, Uḍra, Oḍiviśa and Oḍiyāna are all used as variants of Uḍḍiyāna. In the
518:
Tibetan
Buddhist traditions see Oḍḍiyāna as a source of many of their tantric teachings. It is seen as having been a land where Buddhist tantra flourished. Many lineages of Tibetan Buddhism are traced to this region, including Dzogchen (which began with the great siddha
929:
The
Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition : Including the Unabridged Third Edition (1903) of Henry Yule's Annotated Translation, as Revised by Henri Cordier, Together with Cordier's Later Volume of Notes and Addenda
221:, he went directly north, entered the mountains and after travelling for three days, arrived in Udyana (locally called Oddiyana), a mountainous Buddhist region. From Udyana, he travelled northeast for fifteen days and reached
419:
One writer recently made a renewed attempt to identify
Uddiyana with Orissa which he regards as "the cradle of Vajrayana Buddhism". But this is improbable; the Chinese sources refer to Orissa as
478:
John
Reynolds suggests that "perhaps Uddiyana is actually a name of a much wider geographical area than the Swat Valley alone, one embracing parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and even
391:, as indicated earlier, it is spelt either Uḍḍiyāna or Oḍra. There is also evidence, Sahu continues, that Indrabhūti is the king of Odisha rather than of the Swāt valley. The
318:, through a case founded upon "literary, archeological and iconographic evidence". Scholars championing this location contend that the name Oḍḍiyāna derives from the
1089:
443:. Moreover, Orissa became a centre of Täntrika Buddhism after the 7th century A.D., while the Swat valley was a centre of Tantric Buddhism long before 700 A.D.
120:. The first Mahārtha Siddha, Jñānanetra Nātha (ज्ञाननेत्र नाथ), is said to have awakened and taught in this country. It was also called as “the paradise of the
1026:
From
Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, Elizabeth Errington, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, British Museum Press, 2007 p. 96
145:, in the Swat District of Pakistan. The main stupa with its sacred area was founded around the third century and lasted until 10th or 11th century.
1330:
849:
727:
282:
are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of Oddiyana whose rulers were already known at the time of the
1361:
1186:
1119:
826:
816:
780:
536:
311:
1109:
770:
527:
practitioners are said to have stayed and practiced there. The first Vajrayana teachings were supposedly given there by
1366:
1010:
1276:
1178:
943:
860:
1098:, p. 187 and Pl. V B., "the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top".
961:"On the Vibhajjavadins. The Mahimsasaka, Dhammaguttaka, Kassapiya, and Tambapannia Branches of the Ancient Theriyas"
1376:
704:
1290:
1025:
660:
392:
1371:
358:
225:. Faxian stated that the food and clothing worn by those in Udyana were similar to those residing in the
88:
1344:
The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography
1171:
Volume 1 of Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
532:
898:"Ancient Uddayana-the land of Buddha at Rajgriha, prior to establishment of Patliputra in Ganges Doab"
1084:
Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".
1381:
1127:
Urgyan or Wu-Chang. Moreover, Orissa became a centre of Tāntrika Buddhism after the 7th century A.D.
240:, at which traveling monks were provided lodgings and food for three days. It was said to contain a
446:
In ancient Indian literature the extreme north-western region of the country, especially Uddiyana,
960:
403:
catalogue, gives sufficient indications of his being the king of Orissa. Also, in his famous work
83:(Tibetan: སྦས་ཡུལ, Wylie: sbas-yul), a legendary heavenly place inaccessible to ordinary mortals.
214:
935:
927:
818:
Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions
1342:
1334:
170:
1190:
652:
596:
483:
372:
Confusion about the identity of Oddiyana is conflated with confusion about the identity of
264:
1216:
Wholeness Lost and Wholeness Regained. Forgotten Tales of Individualism from Ancient Tibet
8:
319:
226:
1152:
983:
678:
584:
154:
1169:
Donaldson, Thomas E. (2001). 'Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text',
1068:
1038:
237:
1272:
1182:
1174:
1115:
1006:
987:
939:
897:
856:
822:
776:
190:, accepting the modern-day Swat as the probable epicentre of a historical Oddiyana.
253:
205:; it was regarded as the furthest part of northern ancient India during the time of
1264:
975:
241:
182:
158:
142:
76:
884:
Tantra Illuminated: The Philosophy, History, and Practice of a Timeless Tradition.
289:
1256:
731:
342:
20:
1111:
Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.
772:
Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.
162:
1244:
644:
588:
587:
and throughout the Longchen Nyingtig Ngondro, Oddiyana is rendered in the form
528:
503:
166:
68:
31:
1355:
979:
576:
479:
459:
386:
283:
249:
84:
415:, a deity intimately associated with Odisha and with no other area of India.
1260:
499:
294:
279:
181:
correspond to Uddiyana which is identical with the modern-day Swat Valley.
544:
351:
331:
323:
244:, a rock on which he dried his clothes, and a locale where he converted a
39:
1326:
1291:"Guru Padmasambhava of Odiyana (Odisha): The Founder of Lamaism in Tibet"
520:
507:
397:, for example, mentions him as the king of Oḍiviśa while Cordier, in his
385:, he further points out, Uḍḍiyāna is also spelt as Oḍrayāna while in the
268:
150:
98:
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is described as being ruled by several kings each of whom were named
412:
105:
72:
1269:
The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History
248:. It is said that two schools derived from the Sthavira nikāya, the
624:
487:
447:
366:
286:(3rd century CE) and are recorded as early as the 4th century BCE.
272:
257:
218:
198:
197:"garden, orchard") is sometimes reported as being located north of
194:
113:
109:
92:
855:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 203, 208.
310:
An alternate theory places its location in what is now the modern
137:
104:
It is ascribed importance in the development and dissemination of
1288:
455:
399:
256:, were established in this area. Both of these schools had proto-
222:
210:
187:
87:, the eighth-century Buddhist master who was instrumental in the
71:, is ascribed importance in the development and dissemination of
26:
245:
1318:
668:
566:
524:
451:
315:
298:
233:
206:
121:
117:
95:
715:(I of 1863). C.B. Lewis, Beptist Mission Press, Calcutta: 17.
562:
108:. The region was also an important place for the practice of
80:
293:
Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the
1003:
Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 2nd Edition
736:उद्यान/ उद्-यान n. N. of a country in the north of India.
112:. It is seen as the homeland of the Mahārtha (aka Krama
1069:"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North"
925:
Polo, Marco; Yule, Sir Henry; Cordier, Henri (1993).
539:
and Anuyoga tantras were first revealed in Oḍḍiyāna.
1039:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"
557:
Oḍḍiyāna is also often conflated or identified with
926:
848:
91:, was believed to have been born in Oddiyana. The
482:(Zhang Zhung)." Along the same line of thinking,
1353:
506:has argued that Oddiyana was located further in
149:Many Western scholars have identified it as the
924:
920:
918:
889:
725:
502:, as the location of Oddiyana. While professor
215:Memoir of the travel to the five Indian regions
1233:Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson.
1205:Snow Lion, Ithaca, New York 1996, S. 211–212.
705:"On the Antiquities of the Peshawar District"
1289:Bimalendu Mohanty; Varish Panigrahi (2016).
915:
775:Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 258–259.
572:and inaccessible to or by ordinary mortals.
329:, denoting a native or indigenous person of
232:The area is said to have supported some 500
1282:
1192:(accessed: Tuesday February 2, 2010), p.11
1145:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1141:"Rise and Growth of Siddha Cult in Orissa"
1005:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 1–44.
821:. Columbia University Press. p. 229.
702:
579:) revealed in Jigme Lingpa's terma of the
30:Udiana shown with the name of Uddayana in
1347:(Thesis). Australian National University.
814:
531:at the request of the king. According to
376:as Donaldson (2001: p. 11) observes:
297:. The headgear has been interpreted as a
1259:, author), & translated and edited:
1000:
709:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
431:, while the Tibetans refer to Orissa as
288:
136:
25:
1138:
1114:Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 258.
1066:
958:
842:
840:
838:
101:is likewise attributed to this region.
1354:
1340:
1095:
1036:
815:Wedemeyer, Christian K. (2014-05-06).
513:
19:For the yoga breathing technique, see
1107:
846:
768:
764:
127:
1271:. Boston, USA: Wisdom Publications.
835:
810:
808:
806:
796:
794:
792:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
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490:, today corresponding to regions of
411:opens it with an invocation to Lord
13:
267:offers a memorial inscription, to
14:
1393:
803:
789:
741:
173:have shown that the Tibetan name
89:introduction of Buddhism to Tibet
16:A kingdom in early medieval India
895:
726:Monier-Williams, Monier (1899).
703:Loewenthal, the Rew. I. (1864).
542:In Tibetan Buddhist literature,
1323:A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms
1249:
1238:
1231:In: M. Aris, Aung San Suu Kyi:
1221:
1208:
1195:
1163:
1132:
1101:
1060:
1030:
1019:
994:
952:
934:. Courier Corporation. p.
886:pp. 211-282. Mattamayura Press.
882:Wallis, Christopher D. (2013).
575:In the 'Seven Line Prayer' (of
369:knew the region around Odisha.
1341:Rehman, Abdur (January 1976).
876:
719:
696:
673:
664:
613:
209:. The 8th century Korean monk
1:
1312:
728:"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"
523:). A number of Vajrayana and
435:which must be different from
263:While the 6th to 8th century
1362:History of Buddhism in India
1067:Meister, Michael W. (2005).
462:inscription mentions a monk
365:"garden," the name by which
7:
1235:Warminster, 1980, S. 73–78.
545:
458:, find frequent mention. A
352:
332:
324:
67:), a small region in early
40:
10:
1398:
1214:Cfr. Herbert V. Guenther,
1139:Pradhan, Biswajit (2003).
394:Caturāsiti-siddha-Pravṛtti
18:
1367:Medieval history of India
1298:Journal of Bhutan Studies
682:
648:
592:
561:, a magical hidden land (
473:
305:
1173:. Abhinav Publications.
1108:Joshi, Lal Mani (1977).
980:10.1558/bsrv.v18i2.14449
851:A Dictionary of Buddhism
769:Joshi, Lal Mani (1977).
606:
79:traditions view it as a
1377:Tibetan Buddhist places
1001:Williams, Paul (2008).
968:Buddhist Studies Review
486:suggests the region of
132:
1335:University of Adelaide
1255:Dorje, Jikdrel Yeshe (
1037:Rahman, Abdul (2002).
847:Keown, Damien (2003).
417:
302:
171:Prabodh Chandra Bagchi
146:
35:
1229:A New Interpretation.
378:
292:
177:and the Chinese name
140:
29:
959:Cousins, LS (2001).
565:) land inhabited by
217:that after visiting
1203:The Golden Letters.
514:In Tibetan Buddhism
484:Herbert V. Guenther
337:("Odisha") or from
227:Indo-Gangetic Plain
116:) lineage of Śaiva
1372:Buddhism in Odisha
1201:John M. Reynolds:
585:Longchen Nyingthig
303:
155:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
147:
128:Proposed locations
106:Vajrayāna Buddhism
73:Vajrayāna Buddhism
36:
1333:. (Online at the
1218:. Albany, 1994,
1187:978-81-7017-375-5
1121:978-81-208-0281-0
828:978-0-231-16241-8
782:978-81-208-0281-0
1389:
1348:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1279:, p.460 History.
1265:Matthew Kapstein
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1076:Ancient Pakistan
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464:Jivaka Odiyanaka
355:
335:
327:
242:Buddha footprint
183:Alexis Sanderson
159:Laurence Waddell
110:Śaivite Hinduism
77:Tibetan Buddhist
43:
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1245:Nyingma History
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734:. p. 191.
732:Clarendon Press
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533:Dudjom Rinpoche
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476:
308:
238:Sthavira nikāya
153:in what is now
143:Amlukdara stupa
135:
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24:
21:Uddiyana bandha
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12:
11:
5:
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1329:translation),
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278:The following
167:Giuseppe Tucci
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69:medieval India
32:Medieval India
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357:is also the
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295:Hindu Shahis
280:Hindu Shahis
277:
265:Kabul Ganesh
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163:Sylvain Lévi
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1327:James Legge
1151:: 269–276.
1096:Rehman 1976
974:: 131–182.
868:11 February
521:Garab Dorje
508:South India
405:Jñānasiddhi
400:Bṣtān-ḥgyur
383:Sādhanamālā
269:Turk Shahis
260:doctrines.
151:Swat Valley
99:Garab Dorje
1356:Categories
1313:References
1227:Oḍḍiyāna:
907:3 February
552:Indrabhūti
496:Uzbekistan
492:Tajikistan
468:Swat river
413:Jagannātha
409:Indrabhūti
374:Indrabhuti
203:Swat River
201:along the
1331:Chapter 8
1082:: 41–48.
1052:: 37–42.
988:247897486
679:Mongolian
559:Shambhala
320:Dravidian
254:Kāśyapīya
179:Wutch'ang
65:Oḍḍiyāna'
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1267:(1991).
1189:Source:
1157:44145469
1055:dynasty.
649:ཨུ་རྒྱན་
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634:उड्डियान
630:ओड्डियान
625:Sanskrit
546:Oḍḍiyāna
537:Mahayoga
488:Sogdiana
448:Gandhara
441:Wu-chang
367:Xuanzang
361:form of
353:Oḍḍiyāna
273:Khingala
258:Mahayana
219:Gandhara
199:Peshawar
195:Sanskrit
193:Udyāna (
114:Kalikula
93:Dzogchen
54:Uḍḍāyāna
48:Uḍḍiyāna
34:, 100 BC
674:Wūcháng
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456:Tukhara
433:Odivisa
407:, king
339:Oṭṭiyam
325:Oṭṭiyan
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234:viharas
223:Chitral
211:Hye Cho
188:Kashmir
122:Ḍākinīs
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343:Telugu
316:Odisha
306:Odisha
299:turban
207:Faxian
175:Urgyan
169:, and
118:Tantra
96:Siddha
60:Udyāna
41:Udiana
1294:(PDF)
1153:JSTOR
1072:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
984:S2CID
964:(PDF)
713:XXXII
686:urjin
683:Үржин
653:Wylie
607:Notes
597:Wylie
563:beyul
271:king
81:Beyul
1273:ISBN
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