254:
546:, an NP is a registered nurse (RN) with a graduate degree in nursing. Canada recognizes them in primary care and acute care practices. NPs diagnose illnesses and medical conditions, prescribe Schedule 1 medications, order and interpret diagnostic tests, and perform procedures, within their scope of practice, and may build their own panel of patients at the same level as physicians. Primary care NPs work in places like primary care and community healthcare centers, as well as long-term care institutions. The main focus of primary care NPs includes health promotion, preventative care, and the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases and conditions. Acute care NPs serve a specific population of patients. They generally work in in-patient facilities that include neonatology, nephrology, and cardiology units. There are currently three specialties for nurse practitioners in Canada: family practice, pediatrics, and adult care. NPs who specialize in family practice work at the same level and offer the same services as family physicians, with the exception of Quebec, where only physicians are allowed to formulate a medical diagnosis.
634:(AHPRA). Registered nurses working in rural and isolated communities can apply for scheduled medicine prescriber endorsement if clinically necessary and trained and instead become a prescribing registered nurse rather than a nurse practitioner to better meet the needs of less-resourced communities. Nurse practitioners are professionally represented by the Australian College of Nurse Practitioners, as well as the Australian College of Nursing. Endorsement as a nurse practitioner in either Australia or New Zealand is recognised by both countries as part of the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Scheme.
650:, the educational standard is a graduate degree in nursing. The Canadian Nursing Association (CNA) notes that advanced practice nurses must have a combination of graduate-level education and clinical experience that prepare them to practice at an advanced level. Their education alone does not give them the ability to practice at an advanced level. Two national frameworks have been developed in order to provide further guidance for the development of educational courses and requirements, research concepts, and government position statements regarding advanced practice nursing: the CNA's
472:
practitioner programs. Many of these programs have their pre-clinical or didactic courses taught online with proctored examinations. Once the students start their clinical courses, they have online material but are required to perform clinical hours at an approved facility under the guidance of an NP or physician. Each clinical course has specific requirements that vary depending on the program's degree or eligibility for certification. For instance, FNPs are required to see patients across the lifespan, whereas adult geriatric NPs do not see anyone below the age of 13.
638:
and not a specific role, but rather a recognised process of higher-level clinical practice within a nurse's existing scope of practice. The RN must also complete an approved nurse practitioner postgraduate master's degree or demonstrate they have gained qualifications to an equivalent level in advanced health assessment, pharmacology, therapeutics, diagnostics, and research. Nurses applying through the latter pathway must also demonstrate that the equivalent training is clinically relevant to the field for which they wish to apply for nurse practitioner endorsement in.
181:
398:, a nurse, in 1965. In 1971, the U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Elliot Richardson, made a formal recommendation for expanding the scope of nursing practice to be able to serve as primary care providers. In 2012, discussions arose between accreditation agencies, national certifying bodies, and state boards of nursing about the possibility of making the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree the new minimum standard of education for NP certification and licensure by 2015.
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447:(DNP). During their studies, nurse practitioners are required to receive a minimum of 500 hours of clinical training in addition to the clinical hours required to obtain their RN. Upon completion of the graduate program, they must pass the National NP Certification Board Exam, specific to their specialization. After passing this exam, candidates must apply for NP licensure, which varies by state regulations.
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534:, leading to a higher out-of-pocket cost to patients. To claim Medicare rebates, the NP must also be in a documented "Collaborative Practice Arrangement" with a medical practitioner and the episode of care approved by a doctor. Prescriptions issued by NPs must also be verified by a medical practitioner to be eligible to be subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
617:
independently without physician oversight. The remaining 23 states require NPs to have a collaborative agreement with a physician to provide patient care. Within these 23 states, 11 further require NPs to have physician supervision or delegation for specific aspects of practice, though the physician might not be physically present at the treatment location.
659:
Specifically, inconsistencies can be found in core graduate courses, clinical experiences, and the length of programs. Canada does not have a national curriculum or consistent standards regarding advanced practice nurses. All advanced practice nurses must meet individual requirements set by their provincial or territorial regulatory nursing body.
683:(NCLEX) to become an RN. One must then be accepted into and complete a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) (most of which require at least 1-2 years of RN experience) to gain additional medical training in their specialty area. Finally, one must pass a national NP board certification exam.
658:
All educational programs for NPs must achieve formal approval by provincial and territorial regulating nurse agencies due to the fact that the NP is considered a legislated role in Canada. As such, it is common to see differences among approved educational programs between territories and provinces.
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For a RN to apply to the NMBA for nurse practitioner endorsement, they must possess an unrestricted RN licence and be able to demonstrate they have completed at least 5000 hours (three years, full-time equivalent) at an "advanced nursing practice" level. Advanced nursing practice is loosely defined,
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A review of studies comparing outcomes of care by NPs and physicians in primary care and urgent care settings was generally comparable, although the strength of the evidence was generally low due to limited study duration and participant numbers. A recent study showed nurse practitioners practicing
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Although nurse practitioners are required to be licensed as registered nurses prior to obtaining their advanced practice registered nurse certification, there are several programs that combine a nursing undergraduate degree with nurse practitioner training. Some US nurse practitioner programs are
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Nurse practitioners are currently employed in a wide variety of practice settings. These settings include the ambulatory, inpatient, or emergency departments of hospitals, health clinics, and office practices, whether private or nurse-run. In addition, they deliver care in schools and on college
616:
NPs are legally able to examine patients, diagnose medical conditions, prescribe most medications, and deliver treatments. There is variation in the level of supervision required for NPs across different states. As of 2023, 27 states grant NPs full practice authority, meaning they can practice
518:
has an expanded scope of practice, allowing them to practice certain advanced clinical skills within their endorsed field. As a nurse practitioner, they can complete advanced health assessments, diagnose and treat diseases, order diagnostic testing such as imaging and pathology, and prescribe
471:
There are many types of nurse practitioner programs in the United States, with the vast majority being in the specialty of a family nurse practitioner (FNP). There are also psychiatric, adult–geriatric acute care, adult–geriatric primary care, pediatric, women's health, and neonatal nurse
604:
varies by state. Some states allow NPs to have full practice authority; however, in other states, a written collaborative or supervisory agreement with a physician is legally required for practice. Autonomous practice was introduced in the 1980s, mostly in states facing a
354:. NPs are trained to assess patient needs, order and interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, diagnose disease, prescribe medications and formulate treatment plans. NP training covers basic disease prevention, coordination of care, and health promotion.
2222:
481:
in states with independent prescription authority were more than twenty times more likely to overprescribe opioids than nurse practitioners in prescription-restricted states. The same study identified that both nurse practitioners and
1392:
Hughes, Danny R.; Jiang, Miao; Duszak, Richard (2015). "A Comparison of
Diagnostic Imaging Ordering Patterns Between Advanced Practice Clinicians and Primary Care Physicians Following Office-Based Evaluation and Management Visits".
695:(AANP) conducted a NP salary survey. The results revealed the reported median base salary among full-time NPs was $ 113,000. As of 2024, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median salary of NPs was $ 126,260.
2189:
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One systematic review suggests "that the implementation of advanced practice nursing roles in emergency and critical care settings improves patient outcomes in emergency and critical care settings".
253:
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Bramwell, Donna; Checkland, Kath; Shields, Jolanta; Allen, Pauline (2023), Bramwell, Donna; Checkland, Kath; Shields, Jolanta; Allen, Pauline (eds.), "1983–1990: The Era of
General Management",
1430:"The impact of the advanced practice nursing role on quality of care, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and critical care settings": A systematic review"
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for a NP is defined by legal jurisdiction. In 27 US states, NPs have full practice authority, while in the remaining states, NPs are required to work under the supervision of a
485:
were more likely to overprescribe opioids compared to physicians. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants were also associated with more unnecessary imaging services than
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613:. The extent of this collaborative agreement and the roles, duties, responsibilities, nursing treatments, and pharmacologic recommendations again vary widely between states.
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2002:
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campuses, as well as in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. NPs can work alone or under the supervision of a physician in a wide variety of specializations.
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In
Australia, nursing registration, including endorsement of a RN as a nurse practitioner, is overseen by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) and the
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1345:"Opioid Prescribing by Primary Care Providers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Nurse Practitioner, Physician Assistant, and Physician Prescribing Patterns"
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expanded the scope of practice for nurse practitioners in some countries as a result of temporary legislative policy adjustments. In the US, the
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365:. In Australia, the scope of practice is guided by health organisation policy and the individual's competency, while their right to access
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The salary of an NP generally depends on the area of specialization, location, years of experience, and level of education. In 2022, the
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2106:"COVID 19: An unprecedented opportunity for nurse practitioners to reform healthcare and advocate for permanent full practice authority"
456:
386:
The present-day concept of advanced practice nursing as a primary care provider was created in the mid-1960s, spurred on by a national
530:
Nurse practitioner items on the
Medicare Benefits Schedule, however, provide significantly smaller rebates than equivalent items for
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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waived many requirements for nurse practitioners, permitting NPs to utilize their abilities to the fullest extent in some cases.
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1685:"Minister for Health publishes Final Evaluation Report which demonstrates the many benefits of Advanced Nursing Practitioners"
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in 2020, and others are more inclusive, with up to 100% acceptance rates in 2019 at public universities such as
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2003:"Registration standard for endorsement for scheduled medicines registered nurses (rural and isolated practice)"
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1111:"Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Midwives, and Nurse Practitioners | Occupational Outlook Handbook - Credo Reference"
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Brown, Deonne J. (October 2007). "Consumer perspectives on nurse practitioners and independent practice".
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Kaplan, Louise; Brown, Marie-Annette (March 2004). "Prescriptive
Authority and Barriers to NP Practice".
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for the services they provide to patients, excluding services provided in public facilities (such as a
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782:"Mid-level health providers: a promising resource to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals"
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1589:"Scope of Practice for Nurse Practitioner - College and Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta"
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The most common path to becoming a nurse practitioner in the United States begins by earning a
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1138:"Advanced Practice Nurses | Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health - Credo Reference"
2223:"AANP - AANP President Testifies Before Congress on Importance of Investing in NP Workforce"
2079:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Midwives, and Nurse Practitioners"
1050:"Clinical Nurse Specialists and Nurse Practitioners in Canada: A Decision Support Synthesis"
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nurse practitioners carry out care at an advanced practice level. They commonly work in
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medications and therapeutics. They are also able to register for a provider number with
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has the advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) grade. ANPs may prescribe medications.
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McCleery, E.; Christensen, V.; Peterson, K.; Humphrey, L.; Helfand, M. (2011).
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Lozada, M. James; Raji, Mukaila A.; Goodwin, James S.; Kuo, Yong-Fang (2020).
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Stucky, Christopher H.; Brown, William J.; Stucky, Michelle G. (2020-10-12).
1977:
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1162:"Statement Regarding Nurse PractitionerStudentsandDirect Care Clinical Hours"
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422:. Although the role of these nurses initially resembled a blended version of
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2162:"COVID-19 Emergency Declaration Blanket Waivers for Health Care Providers"
1318:"Evidence Brief: The Quality of Care Provided by Advanced Practice Nurses"
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2029:"Guidelines: For nurses applying for endorsement as a nurse practitioner"
585:, although they are increasingly being seen in other areas of practice.
1480:"Nurse Practitioner | Encyclopedia of Women's Health - Credo Reference"
390:. The first formal graduate certificate program for NPs was created by
318:
2121:
1768:"Jay Hancock's blog: Md. should make nurse practitioners independent"
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highly selective, with admission rates as low as 6% of applicants at
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Becoming a nurse practitioner in the United States requires either a
362:
1734:
Community
Nursing Services in England: An Historical Policy Analysis
78:
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and NPs, today the distinction has been more formally established.
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The Nurse
Practitioner: The American Journal of Primary Healthcare
2268:
1823:"Nurse Practitioners: Growing Competition for Family Physicians?"
592:, which recommended nurses being given the ability to prescribe.
407:
286:
1562:"Nurses are the solution to bulk-billing crisis, says peak body"
1291:"FNP vs ACNP: What are The Differences? | NurseJournal.org"
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2071:
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543:
1055:. Canadian Health Services Research Foundation. Archived from
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As of
November 2013, NPs were recognized legally in Israel.
1736:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 33–42,
429:
2237:
489:, which may have ramifications on care and overall costs.
303:
Depends on the country, but generally includes at least a
996:"Historical Perspectives on an Expanded Role for Nursing"
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or that struggled to find enough healthcare providers to
406:
Advanced practice nursing first appeared in the 1990s in
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College and
Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta
1596:
College and Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta
2190:
AANP Standards for NP practice in retail based clinics
1854:
Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners
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698:
656:
Canadian Nurse Practitioner Core Competency Framework.
1941:
907:
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within tertiary care hospitals in collaboration with
1625:"How to Become an Advanced Practice Nurse in Canada"
1342:
942:"Eligible Nurse Practitioners Questions and Answers"
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554:
In Ireland's publicly funded healthcare system, the
1191:"10 Nursing Master's Programs With Low Admit Rates"
588:The nurse practitioner role was recommended by the
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900:
2103:
2051:"ות בריאות העם )אישור תואר מומחה בסיעוד התשע"ד-2"
1391:
1212:"Nursing Master's Programs With 100% Admit Rates"
787:. World Health Organization. 2010. Archived from
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1043:
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1039:
840:"APRN Prescribing Law: A State-by-State Summary"
814:"Mid-Level Practitioners Authorization by State"
632:Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
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1972:
1970:
652:Advanced Nursing Practice: A National Framework
600:Because the profession is state-regulated, the
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1322:VA Evidence Synthesis Program Evidence Briefs
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888:. American Association of Nurse Practitioners
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258:A Navy nurse practitioner assessing a patient
1967:
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863:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
516:nurse practitioner-endorsed registered nurse
2227:American Association of Nurse Practitioners
1894:
1504:"Nurse practitioner standards for practice"
1428:Woo, B. F.; Lee, J. X.; Tam, W. W. (2017).
1244:American Association of Nurse Practitioners
1234:
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917:American Association of Nurse Practitioners
879:"Scope of Practice for Nurse Practitioners"
693:American Association of Nurse Practitioners
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2260:
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2203:, archived from the original on 2012-03-13
1798:"Nurse Practitioners Slowly Gain Autonomy"
1649:"Scope of Practice for Nurse Practitioner"
819:. US Department of Justice. 4 January 2021
457:Northwestern State University of Louisiana
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1982:Australian College of Nurse Practitioners
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1537:Australian College of Nurse Practitioners
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1283:
1266:"Types of Nurse Practitioner Specialties"
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234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
2033:Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia
2007:Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia
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1508:Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia
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1048:Dicenso, Abla; Bryant-Lukosius, Denise.
430:Nurse practitioners in the United States
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2470:Nursing credentials and certifications
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681:National Council Licensure Examination
461:the online branch of Purdue University
99:Please improve this article by adding
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1709:"Changing role of nursing profession"
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2758:Nursing Interventions Classification
1349:Journal of General Internal Medicine
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1086:"How to Become a Nurse Practitioner"
1020:"The History of Nurse Practitioners"
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1978:"Nurse Practitioner Career Pathway"
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728:The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
699:Policy during the COVID-19 pandemic
24:
2035:. 13 December 2022. Archived from
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1530:"Nurse Practitioners Career Guide"
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1189:Kowarski, Ilana (18 August 2020).
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1084:Deering, Maura (13 October 2022).
947:Department of Health and Aged Care
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348:advanced practice registered nurse
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1821:Flanagan, Lyndia (October 1998).
1717:. September 26, 2020 – via
1560:Davey, Melissa (16 August 2022).
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47:This article has multiple issues.
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2229:. April 26, 2018. Archived from
1909:10.1097/00006205-200403000-00004
1866:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00261.x
1796:Vestal, Christine (2013-07-19).
453:University of California, Irvine
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2768:Nursing Outcomes Classification
2763:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
2435:Associate of Science in Nursing
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1995:
1949:"What Is a Nurse Practitioner?"
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1658:. December 2019. Archived from
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55:or discuss these issues on the
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976:National Women's Hall of Fame
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412:neonatal intensive care units
101:secondary or tertiary sources
2455:Master of Science in Nursing
913:"State Practice Environment"
838:Stokowski, RN, MS, Laura A.
509:
441:Master of Science in Nursing
410:. These nurses practiced in
305:post-graduate nursing degree
7:
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1766:Hancock, Jay (2010-04-14).
1743:10.1007/978-3-031-17084-3_4
1270:American Nurses Association
1216:US News & World Reports
1196:US News & World Reports
756:Nurse-managed health center
734:List of nursing credentials
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2450:Doctor of Nursing Practice
2083:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1827:Family Practice Management
1434:Human Resources for Health
1361:10.1007/s11606-020-05823-0
1210:Kerr, Emma (9 June 2020).
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445:Doctor of Nursing Practice
424:clinical nurse specialists
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27:Mid-level medical provider
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2607:Women's Health Care Nurse
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1484:search.credoreference.com
1447:10.1186/s12960-017-0237-9
1142:search.credoreference.com
1115:search.credoreference.com
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2302:Licensed practical nurse
1772:Weblogs.baltimoresun.com
556:Health Service Executive
2956:Health care occupations
2465:Nurse Licensure Compact
722:Advanced practice nurse
487:primary care physicians
188:Some of this article's
1629:Graduatenursingedu.org
1598:. 2019. Archived from
1395:JAMA Internal Medicine
1024:Graduatenursingedu.org
886:AANP Policy Statements
679:(BSN) and passing the
590:Cumberlege Report 1986
435:Education requirements
388:shortage of physicians
352:mid-level practitioner
88:relies excessively on
2697:Travel health nursing
2297:Clinical nurse leader
2233:on September 3, 2018.
532:General Practitioners
2522:Correctional nursing
2167:. CMS. 30 March 2020
1665:on 25 September 2020
1605:on 25 September 2020
709:Trump administration
483:Physician Associates
371:medical practitioner
112:"Nurse practitioner"
2856:Republic of Ireland
2632:Occupational health
2622:Nursing informatics
2398:Psych/mental health
761:Martha K. Schwebach
611:work in rural areas
583:A&E departments
394:, a physician, and
248:
18:Nurse Practitioners
2720:Nursing assessment
2582:Legal consultation
2445:Diploma in Nursing
2430:Nightingale Pledge
2357:Nurse practitioner
1897:Nurse Practitioner
1802:Kaiser Health News
973:"Ford, Loretta C."
607:physician shortage
340:nurse practitioner
299:Education required
247:Nurse practitioner
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2725:Nursing diagnosis
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2366:NPs by population
2347:Nurse anesthetist
2327:Advanced practice
2122:10.1111/nuf.12515
2039:on 17 March 2024.
1955:. 26 January 2023
1753:978-3-031-17084-3
950:. 11 October 2018
739:Nurse anesthetist
602:scope of practice
525:Queensland Health
505:Scope of practice
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2085:. April 17, 2024
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1999:
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1965:
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1953:Cleveland Clinic
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1892:
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1842:
1818:
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1811:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1774:. Archived from
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1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1355:(9): 2584–2592.
1340:
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1307:
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1302:
1295:Nursejournal.org
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1009:
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1000:Nursingworld.org
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818:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
793:
786:
778:
514:In Australia, a
331:Registered nurse
282:Activity sectors
256:
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183:
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81:
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62:
40:
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21:
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2966:
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2944:
2939:
2895:
2772:
2745:
2744:Classification
2739:
2712:Nursing process
2706:
2547:Faith community
2512:Ambulatory care
2503:
2501:
2494:
2420:
2418:
2402:
2361:
2321:
2317:Nurse scientist
2277:
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2200:
2194:
2186:
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2164:
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2159:
2155:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2009:. 31 March 2010
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1958:
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1931:
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1288:
1284:
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1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1246:. February 2024
1240:"NP Fact Sheet"
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822:
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811:
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797:
795:
791:
784:
780:
779:
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770:
765:
717:
701:
689:
673:
665:
644:
628:
623:
598:
564:
552:
540:
512:
507:
498:
478:
476:Quality of care
469:
437:
432:
404:
384:
379:
327:
315:
313:
300:
283:
271:
270:Occupation type
259:
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229:
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222:
211:
205:
202:
199:
184:
169:
158:
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149:
106:
104:
98:
94:primary sources
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2737:
2735:Nursing theory
2732:
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2716:
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2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
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2694:
2689:
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2652:Perianesthesia
2649:
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2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2496:
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2480:Nurse registry
2477:
2475:Nursing school
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2408:
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2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Women's health
2385:
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2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
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2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:Graduate nurse
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2219:
2192:
2185:
2184:External links
2182:
2179:
2178:
2153:
2116:(1): 222–227.
2096:
2070:
2042:
2020:
1994:
1966:
1940:
1887:
1844:
1813:
1788:
1758:
1752:
1724:
1719:Independent.ie
1714:Sligo Champion
1700:
1676:
1640:
1616:
1580:
1549:
1521:
1510:. 1 March 2021
1495:
1471:
1420:
1401:(1): 101–107.
1384:
1335:
1308:
1282:
1257:
1228:
1202:
1181:
1169:Nccwebsite.org
1153:
1126:
1102:
1073:
1035:
1011:
987:
961:
930:
899:
870:
830:
805:
794:on 19 Jul 2021
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568:United Kingdom
563:
562:United Kingdom
560:
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536:
511:
508:
506:
503:
497:
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477:
474:
468:
465:
436:
433:
431:
428:
420:neonatologists
403:
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383:
380:
378:
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350:and a type of
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190:listed sources
187:
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170:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
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2898:
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2886:United States
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2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
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2673:
2672:Public health
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2657:Perioperative
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2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
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2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Critical care
2525:
2523:
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2513:
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2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Nurse midwife
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Student nurse
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
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2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:Nursing Forum
2107:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2059:
2058:Health.gov.il
2052:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:(10): 523–9.
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1778:on 2016-03-04
1777:
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1697:. 7 May 2021.
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1366:
1362:
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1354:
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1327:
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1319:
1312:
1297:. 3 June 2020
1296:
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1185:
1170:
1163:
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1133:
1131:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1091:
1090:Nurse Journal
1087:
1080:
1078:
1062:on 2012-03-13
1058:
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751:
747:
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744:Nurse midwife
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671:United States
668:
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596:United States
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416:pediatricians
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382:United States
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114: –
113:
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108:Find sources:
102:
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86:This article
84:
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53:
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34:
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19:
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2908:
2861:South Africa
2667:Private duty
2356:
2335:APNs by role
2231:the original
2196:
2169:. Retrieved
2156:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:
2037:the original
2032:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2006:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1957:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1903:(3): 28–35.
1900:
1896:
1890:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1833:(9): 34–43.
1830:
1826:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1771:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1712:
1703:
1688:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1655:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1595:
1583:
1573:14 September
1571:. Retrieved
1567:The Guardian
1565:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1524:
1514:14 September
1512:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1321:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1205:
1194:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1064:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
990:
979:. Retrieved
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