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329:" is a type of music which is committed to social good. Its musical and lyrical vernacular is rooted in the popular classes and often uses a popularly understood style of satire to advocate for sociopolitical change. The movement reacted against the dominance of American and European music in Latin America at the time by assuming an anti-imperial stance that was markedly less focused on the visual spectacle of commercial music and more focused on social and political messages. It characteristically talks about
753:
602:(DICAP), a socially-conscious record label that grew in its five years of operation from a 4,000 record operation in 1968 to pressing over 240,000 records in 1973. DICAP united the various groups of young people wishing to spread Nueva Cancion at a time when U.S. music dominated chiefly commercial radio fare. "DICAP was a key counterhegemonic institution that broke through the censorship and silence imposed by the conservative cultural entities of the elite."
653:
times. His wife Joan Jara writes, "where his belly ought to have been was a gory, gaping void". Because of his popularity and fame in the music world, Jara is the most well-known victim of a regime that killed or "disappeared" at least 3,065 people and tortured more than 38,000, bringing the number of victims to 40,018. Other musicians, such as
Patricio Manns and groups Inti-Illimani and Quilapayún, found safety outside the country. Under
811:. Additional censorship, intimidation, and persecution forced many artists into exile where they had more freedom to publicize and criticize the events unfolding in Latin America. Sosa, for example, participated in the first Amnesty International concert in London in 1979, and also performed in Israel, Canada, Colombia, and Brazil while continuing to record.
685:. Because of the precarious political circumstances in which it existed, canto nuevo is notable for its use of highly metaphorical language, allowing songs to evade censors by disguising political messages beneath layers of symbolism. Live performances often included spoken introductions or interludes that provided insight into the song's real meaning.
815:
drum set, bass guitar, electric keyboard, brass ensembles, backup singers, string instruments (especially double bass and violin), and stylistic and harmonic influences from the soundscapes of classical, jazz, pop, rock, and punk. Collaborations became increasingly common, especially between proponents of Nuevo
Cancionero and the ideologically similar
772:. The body of the document outlines the goal of the movement: the development of a national song that overcome the dominance of tango-folklore in Argentine national music and the rejection of pure commercialism. Instead Nuevo Cancionero sought to embrace of institutions that encouraged critical thinking and the open exchange of ideas.
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especially was a musico-literal. Writers like
Armando Tejada Gomez were highly influential and made substantial contributions to the movement in the form of original poetry. The Manifesto's introduction places the roots of Nuevo Cancionero in the rediscovery of folk music and indigenous traditions to the work of folklorists
693:
movement facilitated the gathering of its participants at events such as the
Congreso de Artistas y Trabajadores (Conference of Artists and Workers) in 1983. The canto nuevo repertoire began to diversify, incorporating cosmopolitan influences such as electronic instruments, classical harmonies, and jazz influences.
814:
After the fall of the dictatorship in 1983, Argentine artists returned and performed massive comeback concerts that regularly filled sports areas and public parks with tens of thousands of people. Influences from time spent in exile abroad were clear through sample of instruments like the harmonica,
652:
overthrew
Allende's democratic government, bombing the presidential palace. Pinochet's forces then rounded up 5,000 civilians into a soccer stadium for interrogation, torture, and execution. Victor Jara was beaten, tortured, and his wrists were broken, after several days he was executed and shot 44
1032:(The Sixteen Judges, in Catalan). Their first concert, although still not with this name, was on 19 December 1961, in Barcelona. Their first performance with the name of Els Setze Jutges was in Premià de Mar in 1962. New singers joined the group in the following years, until the number of sixteen (
826:
died, millions flooded the streets as her body lay in official state in the
National Cathedral, an honor reserved for only the most prominent of national icons. While the community of musicians actively composing in the Nuevo Cancionero tradition is small, recordings and covers of Nuevo Cancionero
473:
began occurring in the late 1950s. The earliest were in Chile and Spain, where the movement promoted
Catalan language and culture. The music quickly spread to Argentina and throughout Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s. Various national movements used their own terminology; however, the term
692:
forced
Chilean television stations to hire cheaper Chilean performers rather than international stars for broadcast bookings, while a relaxation in government restrictions allowed canto nuevo performers to participate in several major popular music festivals. Increasing public recognition of the
672:
By late 1975, artists had begun to circumvent these restrictions through so-called "Andean
Baroque" ensembles that performed standards of the Western classical repertoire on indigenous South American instruments. These performances took place in the politically neutral environments of churches,
1023:
At the suggestion of Josep Benet i de Joan and
Maurici Serrahima, a group composed of Jaume Armengol, Lluís Serrahima and Miquel Porter started composing Catalan songs. In 1959, after an article by Lluís Serrahima, titled "Ens calen cançons d’ara" ("We need songs for today"), was published in
949:
The Castro administration gave plenty of support to musicians willing to write and sing anti-U.S. imperialism or pro-revolution songs, an asset in an era when many traditional musicians were finding it difficult or impossible to earn a living. In 1967 the Casa de las Américas in Havana held a
763:
In Argentina, the movement was founded under the name Nuevo Cancionero and formally codified on 11 February 1963 when fourteen artists met in Mendoza, Argentina to sign the Manifiesto Fundacional de Nuevo Cancionero. Present were both musical artists and poet writers. The Argentine movement
510:
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community centers, and the few remaining peñas. For this reason, and because of the novelty of the concept, these performances were allowed to continue without government interference. Performers gradually grew bolder, incorporating some of old
1067:, who received the Spanish Critics' Award in 1966, or other new members of Els Setze Jutges. Some of them were even well known abroad. Apart from Raimon, other former members of Els Setze Jutges continued their careers successfully, including
597:
to raise funds for the band's travel to the International Youth Festival in Bulgaria. The copies sold out unexpectedly, a strong demonstration of the popular demand for this new music. In response, La Jota (Juventudes Comunistas) created
722:
as curfewed residents began performing the music of Violeta Parra and Victor Jara and soon major artists began adapting and writing politically motivated music backing the protests and critical of the Piñera government.
662:
recordings were seized, burned, and banned from the airwaves and record stores. The military government exiled and imprisoned artists and went as far as to ban many traditional Andean instruments in order to suppress the
422:
Songs of conflict in Spanish have a very long history, with elements to be found in the "fronterizos", songs concerning the Reconquest of Spain from the Moors in the 15th century. More immediately, some of the roots of
176:
is widely recognized to have played a profound role in the pro-democracy social upheavals in Portugal, Spain and Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s, and was popular amongst socialist organizations in the region.
1911:"La Reforma Agraria" (Agricultural reform), "Duro con él" (I survive with him), "Ya ganamos la pelea" (At last we won the fight) and "Son de la alfabetización" were some of Puebla's compositions at this time.
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singled her out on stage as a budding talent. In 1967, Sosa completed her first international tour in the United States and Europe. Other notable Nuevo Cancionero artists of this time included Tito Francia,
897:
idioms with 'progressive' and often politicized lyrics that concentrate on socialism, injustice, sexism, colonialism, racism and similar 'serious' issues. Occasional examples of non-political styles in the
531:, together with her children, gathered a total of 3,000 songs of peasant origin, and also released a book known as "Cantos Folklóricos Chilenos" (Chilean Folk Songs). In addition, Violeta's children
997:
fell in the Spanish Civil War. Artists used the Catalan language to assert Catalan identity in popular music and denounce the injustices of the Franco regime. Musically, it had roots in the French
1020:. They are now considered the first recordings of modern music in the Catalan language. These singers, as well as others such as Font Sellabona and Rudy Ventura, form a prelude to the Nova Cançó.
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repertoire, though carefully avoiding overtly political topics. Artists began calling this music "Canto Nuevo", a term selected to both reference and distance the new movement from the former
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1520:
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464:'s Decreto 3371/1949 de Protección de la Música Nacional and Law No. 14,226, which required that half of the music played on the radio or performed live be of national origin.
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was explicitly related to leftist politics, advancing leftist ideals and flourishing within the structure of the Communist Party in Latin America. Cuban cultural organization
1056:
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to pursue a solo career. In 1969 he set the poetry of Armando Tejada Gomez to produce "Canción para todos", an anthem later designated by UNESCO the hymn of Latin America.
599:
1012:, whom he called "the troubadour of our times." Espinàs had begun to translate some of Brassens' songs into Catalan. In 1958, two EPs of songs in Catalan were released:
1148:
and the Creation of a Revolutionary Moment. In From Tejano to the Tango: Popular Musics of Latin America, Walter A. Clark, editor, pp. 41-69. New York: Routledge. 2002.
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were two transitional figures as their mastery of folk music and personal involvement in leftist political organizations aided the eventual union of the two in
540:
543:, an organization that functioned as an organizing center for leftist political activism, and welcomed almost all of the major figures associated with early
1068:
1060:
951:
2090:"Socially conscious music forming the social conscience: Nicaraguan Musica Testimonial and the creation of a revolutionary moment" by T.M. Scruggs; in
311:
has become part of Latin American and Iberian musical tradition, but is no longer a mainstream genre, and has given way to other genres, particularly
1522:"Classified U.S. State Department Documents on the Overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende, 1973." In Voices of the U.S. Latino Experience
1105:) musicians are attributed with transmitting social and political messages, and aiding in the ideological mobilisation of the populace during the
1044:. The first Nova Cançó records appeared in 1962, and many musical bands, vocal groups, singer-songwriters, and interpreters picked up the trend.
688:
As the 1980s arrived, advances in recording technology allowed supporters to informally exchange cassettes outside of the governmental control.
1327:
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movements due to political lyrics. It would gain great popularity throughout Latin America, and left an imprint on several other genres like
1664:
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moved out of small gathering places like Peña de los Parra in 1968 when the Communist Youth Party of Chile pressed 1000 copies of the album
1549:"The Extradition of Chilean General Augusto Pinochet: Justice Delayed?" In History Behind the Headlines: The Origins of Conflicts Worldwide
1304:
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2139:
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is often considered a Pan-Latino phenomenon, national manifestations were varied and reacted to local political and cultural contexts.
2026:
1028:, more authors and singers were attracted to the movement. Miquel Porter, Josep Maria Espinàs and Remei Margarit founded the group
962:
wrote "Oh, valeroso Viet Nam". Institutions like the Grupo de Experimentación Sonora del ICAIC (GES) while not directly working in
1774:
393:. The lyrics are typically in Spanish, with some indigenous or local words mixed in, and frequently utilize the poetic forms of
206:. The musical style emerged shortly afterwards in other areas of Latin America where it came to be known under similar names.
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1710:
1557:
1530:
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480:" was adopted at the 1967 Encuentro de la Canción Protesta and has thereafter been used as an all-encompassing term. Though
908:, whose lyrics are focused on more traditional subjects such as love and solitude albeit in a highly poetical style. Later
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renewed traditional Latin American folk music, and was soon associated with revolutionary movements, the Latin American
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536:
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Songs reflecting conflict have a long history in Spanish, and in Latin America were particularly associated with the "
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2036:
1977:
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562:
2523:
1220:
Novel, Pepa (2009). "Cantautores Catalanas: De la Nova Canco a la Nova Canco D'ara. El paso y el peso del pasado".
950:
Festival de la canción de protesta (protest songs). Much of the effort was spent applauding anti-U.S. expressions.
705:
1393:
González, Juan Pablo; Jan Fairley. "Part II The Industry: 16. Recording: Record Labels/Companies: DICAP (Chile)".
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artists were utilized as a pro-Allende public relations machine inside and outside of Chile. By 1971, groups like
3312:
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singers who added their weight to the new regime, but of the two only Puebla wrote special pro-revolution songs.
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developed in the historical context of the "folklore boom" that occurred in Latin America in the 1950s. Chilean
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1994:
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1328:"El olvido en que cayó la histórica casa que acogió la Peña de los Parra « Diario y Radio U Chile"
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and Buenaventura Luna and the internal urban migration that brought rural Argentines to the capital of
893:, but differs from it because its content is, in the widest sense, political. It combines traditional
2768:
2125:
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184:" songs of Mexico's War of Independence after 1810, and the early 20th century years of Revolution.
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movement. This period in Chilean history is known as the "Apagón Cultural" (Cultural Blackout).
410:
2080:
Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Edition, 2018. Taylor & Francis
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with the song "Se’n va anar" (" left"). Other important participants in the movement included
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introduced Nuevo Cancionero to new levels of public exposure after Argentine folk powerhouse
709:
255:
1878:
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804:
569:, Homero Caro, Tito Fernández, and Kiko Álvarez, as well as non-Chilean musicians, such as
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251:
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is enormous. Parra's music continues to be recorded by contemporary artists and her song "
8:
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3110:
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The Nova Cançó was an artistic movement of the late 1950s that promoted Catalan music in
217:
2108:
The Case for a Culture International: Learning from the 20th Century Latin American Left
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Cantores que reflexionan: notas para una historia personal de la nueva canción chilena
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954:, a filín singer and author, wrote "¡Por Ángela!" in support of US political activist
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230:
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and enjoyed various degrees of state support throughout the late twentieth century.
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1600:"Agony of Chile's dark days continues as murdered poet's wife fights for justice"
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267:
1484:
Music, Politics, and Nationalism in Latin America: Chile During the Cold War Era
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Nuevo Cancionero artists became symbols of a triumphant national identity. When
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2028:́Ens calen cançons d ́ara ́. Retrospectiva sobre la Nova Cançó a 50 anys vista
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In 1969 the Universidad Cátolica in Santiago hosted the Primer Festival de la
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1436:"Canto Porque es Necesario Cantar: The New Song Movement in Chile, 1973-1983"
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433:", which took on a strongly political flavour during the War of Independence
394:
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159:
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Though the genre is not especially active today, the legacy of figures like
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in other countries primarily functioned in opposition to existing regimes,
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338:
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1688:"Chile despertó, también su música: canciones inspiradas en la revolución"
615:'s 1970 presidential campaign was a major turning point in the history of
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1083:. Other significant figures appeared somewhat later, like the Valencian
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Nuevo cancionero artists were among the approximately 30,000 victims of
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2728:
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40:
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Socially Conscious Music Forming the Social Conscience: Nicaraguan
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songs have been used in later political campaigns, for example the
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158:; 'new song') is a left-wing social movement and musical genre in
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2438:
2165:
1751:
1665:""El derecho de vivir en paz": Standing in solidarity with Chile"
998:
430:
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199:
1947:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Enciclopèdia catalana. pp. 52–55.
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is distinct because of its function within and support from the
419:
musicians, including the 1967 Encuentro de la Canción Protesta.
3027:
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2841:
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2548:
2180:
1052:
1016:("The Serrano Sisters Sing International Hits in Catalan") and
968:, provided valuable musical training to amateur Cuban artists.
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were widely used in Allende rallies. After Allende's election,
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were receiving financial support from the Allende government.
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2056:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Enciclopèdia catalana. p. 255.
1972:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Enciclopèdia catalana. p. 260.
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Hermanas Serrano cantan en catalán los éxitos internacionales
888:
726:
378:
203:
195:
1995:"José Guardiola, la voz que desafió la oscuridad franquista"
1879:"Mercedes Sosa, Who Sang of Argentina's Turmoil, Dies at 74"
623:. Many artists became involved in the campaign; songs like "
250:
musicians often faced censorship, exile, torture, death, or
3233:
1018:
José Guardiola: canta en catalán los éxitos internationales
509:
1650:
Chilean New Song: the Political Power of Music, 1960s-1973
1552:. Gale Virtual Reference Library: Gale. pp. 204–213.
1525:. Gale Virtual Reference Library: Gale. pp. 760–763.
16:
Musical genre in Iberian America and the Iberian peninsula
2054:
Diccionari de la Cançó. D'Els Setze Jutges al Rock Català
1970:
Diccionari de la Cançó: D'Els Setze Jutges al Rock Català
1945:
Diccionari de la Cançó. D'Els Setze Jutges al Rock Català
1416:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 73, 75.
1372:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 71–75.
1163:
Fairley, Jan (1984). "La Nueva Canción Latinoamericana".
1627:"Chile recognizes 9,800 more victims of Pinochet's rule"
190:
then surfaced almost simultaneously during the 1960s in
1113:
were probably the best known proponents of this style.
1508:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 49.
1325:
708:
in an effort to raise relief funds in the wake of the
2147:
1395:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World
1260:"Violeta Parra, gracias a la vida por sus canciones"
993:
after public use of the language was forbidden when
2093:From tejano to tango: Latin American popular music
971:
932:became the most important exponents of the style.
460:. The movement was also aided by legislation like
1902:Orovio, Helio 2004. Cuban music from A to Z. p151
648:In 1973, the United States/CIA-backed right-wing
440:, and then the Revolution after 1910. The modern
3289:
1197:
830:
170:-inspired styles and socially committed lyrics.
1392:
285:Due to their strongly political messages, some
1836:Bach, Caleb (May–June 1996). "Mercedes Sosa".
1775:"Mercedes Sosa, un símbolo para su generación"
1574:"Jara v. Barrientos No. 6:13-cv-01426-RBD-GJK"
1414:Chilean New Song: The Political Power of Music
1370:Chilean New Song: The Political Power of Music
1200:"Equipo de trabajo de la Casa de las Américas"
1008:gave lectures on the French singer-songwriter
989:. The movement sought to normalize use of the
2133:
1747:"Recording of Cosquin Folklore Festival 1965"
1264:El País : El Periódico Global en Español
1096:
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941:
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899:
886:
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775:Nuevo Cancionero's most famous proponent was
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185:
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24:
3277:Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines
1794:
1055:, were awarded the first prize of the Fifth
516:, one of the most recognized figures of the
2020:
2018:
2016:
2140:
2126:
1702:
1652:. Philadelphia: Temple UP. pp. 172–3.
489:
2024:
1938:
1936:
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1930:
1711:"Manifiesto Fundacional de Nueva Canción"
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1423:
1405:
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904:movement can also be found, for example,
153:
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2013:
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1047:In 1963, a professional Catalan artist,
751:
742:from Argentina was among the very early
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508:
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1503:
1361:
1162:
1111:Carlos Mejía Godoy y Los de Palacagüina
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2106:Mann, Jackson Albert, Patricia Manos.
2096:, 2002. Edited by Walter Aaron Clark.
2051:
1992:
1967:
1942:
1927:
1876:
1870:
1820:
1795:Ortiz Bandes, Gastón (19 April 2009).
1433:
1420:
1346:
1151:
1135:
827:classics remain popular in Argentina.
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2121:
1772:
1598:Watts, Jonathan (10 September 2013).
1597:
1578:Center for Justice and Accountability
1518:
1254:
1219:
144:
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1835:
1829:
1685:
1539:
1334:from the original on 22 October 2020
1825:. London: I.B. Tauris and Co., Ltd.
1708:
1222:Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies
716:have showed a strong resurgence of
714:protests that began in October 2019
13:
2074:
1744:
1662:
1353:Rodríguez, Osvaldo Gitano (1984).
1307:from the original on 25 April 2021
1165:Society for Latin American Studies
914:musicians were also influenced by
845:Of the regional manifestations of
413:hosted many notable gatherings of
318:
14:
3344:
1854:
885:has its roots in the traditional
262:and the Iberian peninsula in the
1993:Jurado, Miquel (12 April 2012).
1877:Rohter, Larry (5 October 2009).
1624:
796:, who left the folk music group
2045:
2025:De Castro, Javier, ed. (2010).
1986:
1961:
1914:
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1848:
1814:
1788:
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1519:Acuña, Rodolfo F., ed. (2008).
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280:Videla and Galtieri's Argentina
1440:Latin American Research Review
1319:
1285:
1248:
1213:
1191:
1:
1797:"Cróncias del poeta descalzo"
1667:. Glasgow University Magazine
1648:McSherry, J. Patrice (2015).
1368:McSherry, J. Patrice (2015).
1128:
704:" was recorded by supergroup
434:
1920:Linares, María Teresa 1981.
1412:McSherry, J Patrice (2015).
1326:Radio Universidad de Chile.
1090:
807:under Argentina's 1976–1983
539:founded the cultural center
429:may be seen in the Mexican "
7:
1116:
1071:, Francesc Pi de la Serra,
1057:Mediterranean Song Festival
467:National manifestations of
10:
3349:
1486:. Amherst: Cambria Press.
1103:Nueva canción nicaragüense
978:
838:
779:. Her success at the 1965
600:Discoteca de Canto Popular
502:
260:swept across Latin America
254:by the wave of right-wing
3303:Argentine styles of music
3257:
3166:
3103:
2872:
2792:
2694:
2601:
2522:
2484:
2424:
2391:
2311:
2204:
2156:
2031:. Universitat de Lleida.
1453:10.1017/S0023879100015995
1234:10.1080/14636200902990679
1097:
964:
942:
910:
900:
887:
881:
871:
865:
854:
847:
781:Cosquin Folklore Festival
744:
718:
681:
675:
665:
658:
633:
617:
607:
581:
545:
518:
482:
476:
469:
456:
442:
425:
415:
405:
373:. Most songs feature the
349:
325:
132:
72:
67:
62:
57:
49:
32:
25:
23:
1546:Manning, Deanna (2001).
960:César Portillo de la Luz
155:[ˈnweβakanˈsjon]
146:[ˈnweβakanˈθjon]
2052:Pujadó, Miquel (2000).
1968:Pujadó, Miquel (2000).
1943:Pujadó, Miquel (2000).
1924:. La Habana, Cuba. p182
1330:(in European Spanish).
1123:List of socialist songs
1042:Francesc Pi de la Serra
710:2010 Chilean earthquake
490:Regional manifestations
371:Latin American folklore
343:Latin American identity
252:forceful disappearances
151:Latin American Spanish:
3313:Political music genres
1504:Mattern, Mark (1998).
1434:Morris, Nancy (1986).
1198:Casa de las Américas.
760:
749:
549:, including Chileans:
524:
307:
287:
256:military dictatorships
246:
208:
186:
172:
1922:La música y el pueblo
1821:Hedges, Jill (2011).
972:Spain and Catalonia:
809:military dictatorship
805:forced disappearances
755:
738:
619:Nueva Canción Chilena
608:Nueva Canción Chilena
583:Nueva Canción Chilena
520:Nueva Canción Chilena
512:
505:Nueva Canción Chilena
497:Nueva Canción Chilena
3333:1980s in Latin music
3328:1970s in Latin music
3323:1960s in Latin music
2148:Music genres in the
1004:In 1957, the writer
411:Casa de las Américas
341:, religion, and the
3111:Afro-Peruvian music
2434:Afro-Peruvian music
1686:Carvacho, Bárbara.
1303:. 1 December 2009.
1073:Maria del Mar Bonet
1051:, and a Valencian,
1006:Josep Maria Espinàs
573:from Argentina and
353:draws heavily upon
218:liberation theology
166:, characterized by
3308:Chilean folk music
3017:Charanga-vallenata
2449:Son de los Diablos
1717:on 27 January 2013
1482:Mularski, Jedrek.
1258:(4 October 2017).
1146:música testimonial
1081:Joan Manuel Serrat
875:emerged after the
766:Atahualpa Yupanqui
761:
759:performing in 1967
750:
690:An economic crisis
571:Atahualpa Yupanqui
525:
499:(New Chilean Song)
452:Atahualpa Yupanqui
276:Salazar's Portugal
3285:
3284:
3099:
3098:
2690:
2689:
2387:
2386:
1559:978-0-7876-4951-7
1532:978-0-313-34020-8
1506:Acting in Concert
1379:978-1-4399-1151-8
1069:Guillermina Motta
952:Tania Castellanos
938:Joseíto Fernández
906:Liuba María Hevia
861:Castro government
706:Artists for Chile
702:Gracias a la Vida
563:Patricio Castillo
561:, Payo Grondona,
541:Peña de los Parra
302:Gracias a la vida
293:Orange Revolution
164:Iberian Peninsula
140:
128:
127:
33:Stylistic origins
3340:
3179:Canción melódica
3024:
3023:
2793:Traditional folk
2635:
2634:
2426:Peruvian coastal
2409:Paraguayan polka
2347:
2346:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:A Modern History
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1713:. Archived from
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1149:
1142:
1100:
1099:
1030:Els Setze Jutges
1010:Georges Brassens
991:Catalan language
967:
966:
945:
944:
926:Silvio Rodríguez
913:
912:
903:
902:
892:
891:
884:
883:
877:Cuban Revolution
874:
873:
868:
867:
857:
856:
850:
849:
747:
746:
729:Nuevo Cancionero
721:
720:
684:
683:
678:
677:
668:
667:
661:
660:
655:Augusto Pinochet
636:
635:
622:
621:
613:Salvador Allende
610:
609:
586:
585:
548:
547:
523:
522:
485:
484:
479:
478:
472:
471:
459:
458:
445:
444:
439:
436:
428:
427:
418:
417:
408:
407:
377:, and often the
352:
351:
328:
327:
310:
290:
272:Pinochet's Chile
249:
211:
189:
175:
157:
152:
148:
143:
138:
135:
134:
50:Cultural origins
28:
27:
21:
20:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3253:
3162:
3136:Afro-Cuban jazz
3121:Bomba del Chota
3095:
3022:
2868:
2788:
2686:
2682:Orquesta típica
2672:Uruguayan tango
2647:Argentine tango
2633:
2597:
2525:
2518:
2480:
2420:
2383:
2345:
2307:
2200:
2152:
2146:
2112:Socialist Forum
2077:
2075:Further reading
2072:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2023:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1941:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1745:Marbiz, Julio.
1741:Wayback Machine
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:Francia, Tito.
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1690:. POTQ Magazine
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1498:
1481:
1477:
1432:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1293:"Violeta Parra"
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1253:
1249:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1177:10.2307/3338257
1171:(2): 107–115 .
1161:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1119:
1093:
987:Francoist Spain
983:
977:
940:were long-time
843:
837:
798:Los Fronterizos
733:
559:Rolando Alarcón
507:
501:
492:
437:
333:, empowerment,
321:
319:Characteristics
313:rock en español
268:Francoist Spain
231:rock en español
150:
141:
124:
68:Regional scenes
45:
39:Latin American
17:
12:
11:
5:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3158:Tropical music
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Música cebolla
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2277:Canary Islands
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Rumba flamenca
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2088:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2044:
2037:
2012:
1985:
1978:
1960:
1953:
1926:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1883:New York Times
1869:
1847:
1828:
1813:
1787:
1765:
1728:
1701:
1678:
1663:Hatzaw, Siam.
1655:
1640:
1625:Long, Gideon.
1617:
1606:. The Guardian
1590:
1565:
1558:
1538:
1531:
1511:
1496:
1475:
1419:
1404:
1385:
1378:
1360:
1357:. Madrid: LAR.
1345:
1318:
1299:(in Spanish).
1284:
1266:(in Spanish).
1256:López, Alberto
1247:
1228:(2): 135–147.
1212:
1190:
1150:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1092:
1089:
1085:Ovidi Montllor
1061:Guillem d'Efak
979:Main article:
976:
970:
922:of that time.
839:Main article:
836:
829:
790:Víctor Heredia
732:
731:(New Songbook)
725:
551:Patricio Manns
503:Main article:
500:
493:
491:
488:
450:and Argentine
320:
317:
126:
125:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
44:
43:
36:
34:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Nueva canción
3296:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Spanish opera
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Punto guajiro
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Gaita zuliana
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:Southern Cone
2600:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Nueva canción
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
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2255:
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2250:
2249:Flamenco jazz
2247:
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2240:
2237:
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2232:
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2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
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2214:Catalan rumba
2212:
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2209:
2207:
2206:Spaniard folk
2203:
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2150:Hispanosphere
2143:
2138:
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2124:
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2102:9780815336402
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2038:9788484094418
2034:
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2019:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1979:84-412-0467-5
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1855:Gieco, Leon.
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1492:9781604978889
1489:
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1471:
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1446:(2): 117–36.
1445:
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1124:
1121:
1120:
1114:
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1108:
1104:
1098:nueva canción
1088:
1086:
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1078:
1074:
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982:
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961:
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947:
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935:
934:Carlos Puebla
931:
930:Pablo Milanés
927:
923:
921:
917:
907:
896:
890:
878:
866:nueva canción
862:
858:
848:nueva canción
842:
834:
828:
825:
824:Mercedes Sosa
820:
818:
817:Rock Nacional
812:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
785:Jorge Cafrune
782:
778:
777:Mercedes Sosa
773:
771:
767:
758:
757:Mercedes Sosa
754:
745:nueva canción
741:
740:Mercedes Sosa
737:
730:
724:
719:Nueva Canción
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:Violeta Parra
694:
691:
686:
682:nueva canción
676:nueva canción
670:
666:nueva canción
659:nueva canción
656:
651:
650:military coup
646:
644:
640:
639:Inti-Illimani
634:nueva canción
630:
626:
620:
614:
603:
601:
596:
592:
591:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
567:Sergio Ortega
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:Nueva Canción
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:Violeta Parra
521:
515:
514:Violeta Parra
511:
506:
498:
487:
483:Nueva canción
477:nueva canción
470:nueva canción
465:
463:
457:Nueva canción
453:
449:
448:Violeta Parra
443:nueva canción
432:
426:nueva canción
420:
416:nueva canción
412:
406:Nueva canción
402:
400:
396:
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384:
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368:
364:
363:Spanish music
360:
356:
350:Nueva canción
346:
344:
340:
337:, democracy,
336:
332:
326:Nueva canción
316:
314:
309:
308:Nueva canción
304:
303:
298:
297:Violeta Parra
295:, which used
294:
289:
288:nueva canción
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:era, e.g. in
265:
261:
257:
253:
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247:Nueva canción
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209:Nueva canción
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187:Nueva canción
183:
178:
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173:Nueva canción
169:
165:
161:
160:Latin America
156:
147:
136:
133:Nueva canción
120:
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52:
48:
42:
38:
37:
35:
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26:Nueva canción
22:
19:
3244:Spanish jazz
3167:Other genres
2769:Puerto Rican
2508:
2114:Winter 2020.
2111:
2092:
2053:
2047:
2027:
2003:. Retrieved
2001:(in Spanish)
1998:
1988:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1750:
1737:Ghostarchive
1735:Archived at
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:The Guardian
1603:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1548:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1483:
1478:
1443:
1439:
1413:
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1398:
1394:
1388:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1263:
1250:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1205:21 September
1203:. Retrieved
1193:
1168:
1164:
1145:
1109:revolution.
1102:
1094:
1046:
1038:Delfí Abella
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1003:
984:
973:
956:Angela Davis
948:
924:
852:
844:
832:
821:
813:
802:
794:César Isella
774:
770:Buenos Aires
762:
728:
695:
687:
671:
647:
604:
588:
579:
527:Since 1952,
526:
496:
466:
421:
403:
359:música negra
355:Andean music
347:
339:human rights
322:
312:
300:
284:
244:
240:Andean music
229:
226:human rights
181:
179:
130:
129:
18:
3318:Latin music
3265:Latin music
3189:Contradanza
3081:Tecnocumbia
3056:New Chilean
3041:Bullerengue
2897:Cha-cha-cha
2830:jalisciense
2820:Mexican Son
2704:Alternative
2667:Nuevo tango
2566:Duranguense
2514:Nueva trova
2359:Alternative
2313:Latin urban
2171:Carnavalito
1857:"Biografía"
1844:(3): 40–48.
1773:Shock.com.
1338:4 September
1311:4 September
1277:4 September
1077:Lluís Llach
1065:Núria Feliu
965:nueva trova
911:nueva trova
901:nueva trova
882:Nueva trova
872:nueva trova
855:nueva trova
841:Nueva trova
835:(New Trova)
833:Nueva Trova
727:Argentina:
629:Víctor Jara
590:Por Vietnam
575:Paco Ibañéz
555:Víctor Jara
438: 1810
367:Cuban music
335:imperialism
94:El Salvador
63:Nuevo canto
3292:Categories
3249:Villancico
3131:Latin jazz
3104:Afro-Latin
3061:Panamanian
2991:Son cubano
2784:Venezuelan
2744:Latin rock
2739:Ecuadorian
2399:Chamarrita
2392:Litoraleña
2379:Panamanian
2369:Moombahton
2275:Isa (from
2086:1138053562
2063:8441204675
2005:4 November
1954:8441204675
1806:5 November
1758:2 November
1694:5 February
1671:5 February
1629:. BBC News
1129:References
1107:Sandinista
1095:Nicaragua
1026:Germinàbit
981:Nova Cançó
974:Nova Cançó
895:folk music
643:Quilapayún
625:Venceremos
595:Quilapayún
577:of Spain.
462:Juan Perón
369:and other
41:folk music
3270:subgenres
3209:Pasacalle
3184:Christian
3174:Aguinaldo
3046:Colombian
3036:Argentine
3013:Vallenato
2984:romántica
2967:Guaguancó
2847:Zamacueca
2800:Chacarera
2779:Uruguayan
2759:Nueva ola
2734:Dominican
2724:Colombian
2709:Argentine
2677:Bandoneon
2499:Colombian
2486:Latin pop
2476:Zamacueca
2454:Toro Mata
2374:Neoperreo
2351:Reggaeton
2298:Tajaraste
2293:Pasodoble
2288:Malagueña
1801:Los Andes
1470:191099441
1272:1134-6582
1242:143966644
1091:Nicaragua
995:Catalonia
748:musicians
192:Argentina
121:Venezuela
103:Nicaragua
97:Guatemala
76:Argentina
58:Subgenres
3126:Candombe
3066:Peruvian
2957:Pachanga
2952:Méringue
2947:Merengue
2937:Guaracha
2922:Cuarteto
2912:Charanga
2902:Champeta
2874:Tropical
2857:Marinera
2825:huasteco
2764:Peruvian
2662:Neotango
2609:Candombe
2586:Ranchera
2576:Mariachi
2539:Conjunto
2524:Regional
2461:Marinera
2404:Guarania
2364:Bachatón
2303:Zarzuela
2244:Cantiñas
2239:Bulerías
2229:Flamenco
2224:Fandango
2186:Morenada
2176:Diablada
1862:18 March
1838:Americas
1780:18 March
1739:and the
1721:18 March
1633:29 April
1610:28 April
1583:29 April
1332:Archived
1305:Archived
1117:See also
1036:), like
863:. While
387:charango
264:Cold War
214:New Left
162:and the
142:Spanish:
139:European
112:Portugal
106:Paraguay
88:Colombia
3258:Related
3214:Pasillo
3194:Criolla
3148:Milonga
3091:Cachaca
3086:Villera
3051:Mexican
2996:montuno
2932:Guajira
2907:Changüí
2892:Calypso
2882:Bachata
2835:jarocho
2774:Spanish
2754:Mexican
2719:Chilean
2714:Chicano
2652:Milonga
2624:Milonga
2561:Grupera
2544:Norteño
2534:Corrido
2526:Mexican
2504:Mexican
2466:Tondero
2439:Festejo
2414:Chamamé
2336:R&B
2321:Hip hop
2234:Alboreá
2166:Bambuco
1999:El País
1752:YouTube
1462:2503359
1297:Icarito
1185:3338257
999:Chanson
495:Chile:
431:corrido
383:zampoña
331:poverty
200:Uruguay
182:corrido
118:Uruguay
82:Bolivia
3224:Pregón
3204:Décima
3153:Tambor
3143:Mapalé
3028:Cumbia
2927:Danzón
2887:Bolero
2842:Tonada
2815:Joropo
2593:Trival
2581:Jarabe
2554:Tejano
2549:Nortec
2494:Ballad
2331:Reggae
2181:Huayno
2158:Andean
2100:
2084:
2060:
2035:
1976:
1951:
1556:
1529:
1490:
1468:
1460:
1401:: 709.
1376:
1270:
1240:
1183:
1053:Raimon
1049:Salomé
831:Cuba:
792:, and
712:. The
533:Isabel
399:décima
375:guitar
236:cumbia
222:hippie
100:Mexico
79:Brazil
3219:Plena
3199:Danza
3116:Bomba
3071:Porro
3008:Trova
3003:Timba
2974:Salsa
2962:Rumba
2942:Mambo
2917:Conga
2862:Zamba
2852:Cueca
2749:Metal
2729:Cuban
2639:Tango
2629:Murga
2614:Cueca
2571:Banda
2444:Landó
2326:House
2271:Folia
2264:Soleá
2259:Saeta
2219:Copla
2196:Tinku
1888:2 May
1466:S2CID
1458:JSTOR
1301:Chile
1238:S2CID
1181:JSTOR
1034:Setze
943:trova
889:trova
627:" by
537:Ángel
395:copla
391:cajón
379:quena
258:that
204:Spain
196:Chile
115:Spain
85:Chile
53:1960s
3234:Seis
2979:dura
2810:Gato
2696:Rock
2657:Vals
2471:Vals
2341:Trap
2283:Jota
2191:Saya
2098:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2007:2018
1974:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1890:2013
1864:2013
1808:2012
1782:2013
1760:2012
1723:2013
1696:2020
1673:2020
1635:2015
1612:2015
1585:2015
1554:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1340:2021
1313:2021
1279:2021
1268:ISSN
1207:2012
1079:and
1063:and
1040:and
936:and
928:and
918:and
916:rock
641:and
535:and
397:and
299:'s "
278:and
238:and
224:and
202:and
168:folk
109:Peru
91:Cuba
3076:Rap
1448:doi
1230:doi
1173:doi
920:pop
593:by
389:or
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2041:.
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1982:.
1957:.
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1762:.
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