1605:, which contributed in large degree to its ban. Where two eggs are found in a nest this is the result of two females laying an egg in the same nest or one egg being stolen from another nest. Northern gannets will lay a replacement egg if the first is lost. Incubation takes 42 to 46 days, during which time the egg is surrounded by the brooding bird's warm, webbed feet. Just before hatching begins, the brooding bird releases the egg from its feet to prevent the egg from breaking under the adult's weight as the chick breaks it open. This is a frequent cause of death for chicks of birds that are breeding for the first time. The process of breaking the eggshell can take up to 36 hours. The webbed feet are also used to cover the chicks, which are only rarely left alone by their parents. Chicks that are left unattended are often attacked and killed by other northern gannets.
1949:
715:
751:
703:
696:. Fledglings are dark grey to slate-grey with upperparts and wings finely speckled with white. There is a prominent V-shaped white area under the rump. The wing tips and tail are dark brown-black, partly tipped with white. The bill and iris are dark brown. They can weigh more than 4 kg (9 lb) by the time they leave the nest at about 10 weeks of age. In the second year, the bird's appearance changes depending on the different phases of moulting: they can have adult plumage at the front and continue to be brown at the rear. Gannets gradually acquire more white in subsequent seasons until they reach maturity after five years.
1396:
1688:
1663:
will take it in its beak and expel the female from the nest. A female will not react if a male approaches a nest but it will react fiercely if another female approaches. The fights between males occupying nests for the first time are particularly intense. Such fights can last for up to two hours and lead to serious injuries. Birds lunge at each other and lock bills, wrestling for extended periods while neighbours peck at them. The fights are preceded by threatening gestures, which are also seen outside the breeding season. Males demonstrate ownership of a nest by gesturing towards their neighbours in a
1421:, between 280 and 320 km (150 and 170 nmi) away. It is likely that they fly further than this while foraging, possibly up to double the distance; normally they fly less than 150 km (80 nmi). Some studies have found that the duration and direction of flights made while foraging for food are similar for both sexes, although there are significant differences in the search behaviour of males and females. Female northern gannets are not only more selective than males in choosing a search area: they also make longer and deeper dives and spend more time floating on the surface than males.
206:
1874:
1404:
small: in other birds flying muscles make up around 20% of total weight, while in northern gannets the flying muscles are less than 13%. Despite their speed, they cannot manoeuvre in flight as well as other seabirds. Northern gannets need to warm up before flying. They also walk with difficulty and this means that they have problems getting airborne from a flat area. They take off from water by facing into the wind and strongly beating their wings. In light winds and high waves they are sometimes unable to take off and they can become beached.
1521:
727:
1072:
920:
1441:
tail, before piercing the water like an arrow. They control the direction of the dive using their wings and tail, and fold their wings against the body just before impact. Birds can hit the water at speeds of up to 100 km/h (30 m/s). This allows them to penetrate up to 11 m (36 ft) below the surface, and they will swim down to an average 19.7 m (60 ft), sometimes deeper than 25 m (80 ft). The bird's subcutaneous air sacs may have a role in controlling their buoyancy.
80:
1537:
reaction from the sitting pair; this means that the stress levels are higher in this type of colony than in those on steeper surfaces. Notwithstanding this, nests are always built close together and otherwise ideal nesting sites will not be used if they are some distance from a colony. On average there are 2.3 nests per square metre (1.9 per square yard). Both sexes fiercely defend the area around their nest. Where space allows, the distance between nests is double the reach of an individual.
1975:, where adults and eggs were taken in the spring. The fat chicks, known locally as "gugas", were harvested from the precipitous cliffs in August, just before they could fly, and thrown to waiting boats far below. Much of the meat was salted in barrels for storage, but the rest of the bird was also used. Islanders paid their rent in feathers for stuffing pillows and furniture, the gannet stomachs were used to hold oil derived from the carcasses, and the breastbones served as lamp wicks.
899:. Northern gannet colonies can be found in the far north in regions that are very cold and stormy, and Nelson has suggested that they can survive in these regions for several reasons, including the combination of body weight and a powerful beak that allows them to capture strong muscular fish, and the ability to dive to great depths and capture prey far from the cliffs. Their fat reserves act as weight when diving and as reserves during extended periods without food.
739:
55:
1609:
31:
1541:
1638:
860:
1425:
1968:. Views of the palatability of this bird are mixed, but as well as being a food for the poor it also regularly featured in Scottish royal banquets. In Scotland gannets were traditionally salted to preserve them until they got to market, this technique being replaced by partially cooking or smoking in the era of modern transport. They are normally served roasted, although sometimes raw when pickled or dried.
1835:
303: in) long with a 170–180 cm (67–71 in) wingspan. The head and nape have a buff tinge that is more prominent in breeding season, and the wings are edged with dark brown-black feathers. The long, pointed bill is blue-grey, contrasting with black, bare skin around the mouth and eyes. Juveniles are mostly grey-brown, becoming increasingly white in the five years it takes them to reach maturity.
692:
pale feathers of the forehead and throat from the bill, which gives the gannet its distinctive face markings. The four-toed feet are joined by a membrane that can vary in colour from dark grey to dark brown. There are coloured lines running along the toes that continue along up the legs. These are typically greenish-yellow in males and bluish in females and probably have a role in
1646:
275:. It is native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, breeding in Western Europe and Northeastern North America. It is the largest seabird in the northern Atlantic. The sexes are similar in appearance. The adult northern gannet has a mainly white streamlined body with a long neck, and long and slender wings. It is 87–100 cm (
1753:, occurs at breeding sites. The skua chases its victim until it disgorges its stomach contents, providing a meal for the attacker. Skuas may catch the tip of the gannet's wing, causing it to fall into the sea, or seize the tail to tip its victim into the water. The gannet is only released when it has regurgitated its catch.
1552:, plants, earth and debris from the sea. The males usually collect the materials. Nests are compact cups typically 30–60 cm (12–24 in) in height. The area which a nest occupies grows throughout the breeding season as the breeding pairs throw their excrement outside the nest. Over years, nests can reach 2 m (
2003:
Although the Bass Rock population fell to fewer than 4,000 pairs in the early 19th century, the population soon recovered once hunting ceased, and St. Kilda was harvested sustainably for hundreds of years. Elsewhere, the recovery was less complete. The Bird Rocks colony in the Gulf of St
Lawrence may
1628:
Northern gannets have only one brood a year. The survival rate for young birds for their first four years is 30% and the annual survival rate for adults is 91.9%. The typical lifespan after becoming adult is 17 years, and the maximum known age is 37 years 4 months 16 days. Gannet pairs are monogamous
1536:
The preferred nesting sites are on coastal hillsides or cliffs. If these are not available northern gannets will nest in groups on islands or flat surfaces. As they find it more difficult to take off from such locations they will often cross the area occupied by an adjacent nest causing an aggressive
1440:
to find discarded or injured fish. They forage from heights of up to 70 m (230 ft) with no clear preference, and typically dive between 11 and 60 m (35 and 195 ft). They dive with their bodies straight and rigid, wings tucked close to the body but angled back, extending beyond the
1944:
An old myth from
Mykines in the Faroe Islands tells of the giant Tórur seeking mercy following defeat at the hands of Óli, the islanders' head man and magician. In return, he gave them whales, driftwood logs and a bird unique to the archipelago, on condition that the inhabitants did not laugh at his
679:
are dark. The head and neck are tinged buff-yellow, becoming much more prominent in the breeding season. Males are more deeply coloured than females. The eyes are surrounded by black bare skin and have a cobalt blue orbital ring, the iris is light blue-grey with a fine dark outer ring. In birds that
1670:
Males try to attract an available female after establishing a territory. The females will fly over the colony several times before landing. Their posture, with the neck stretched out, tells the male that they are available for courtship. The male will then shake their heads in a similar way to when
1662:
Northern gannets exhibit many types of aggressive behaviour while they are nesting. Confrontations normally only take place between birds of the same sex. Females will lower their heads before an aggressive male that is defending its nest: this will expose the back of the female's neck and the male
1532:
Immature birds stay on the edges of the colony. They may even make a nest but they do not breed until they are 4 or 5 years old. Some birds of this age occupy empty nests that they will aggressively defend if they have sat on them for two or three days. If an apparently empty nest has an owner, the
1416:
Northern gannets forage for food during the day, generally by diving at high speed into the sea. They search for food both near to their nesting sites but also further out to sea. Birds that are feeding young have been recorded searching for food up to 320 km (170 nmi) from their nest. It
1371:
southwards for great distances and have been recorded as far south as
Ecuador. In their second year some birds return to the colony they were born in, where they arrive later than the mature birds. They then migrate south again at the end of the breeding season, but travel shorter distances in this
1350:
After the breeding season, adult northern gannets disperse over a wide area although they travel no more than 800 to 1,600 km (450 to 850 nmi) from the breeding colony. It is not known if all birds from one colony migrate to the same over-wintering area. Many adults migrate to the west of
906:
and
Svalbard offer suitable breeding sites, the Arctic regions have summers that are too short to allow the northern gannets to lay their eggs and raise a brood, which requires between 26 and 30 weeks. The southern limit of their distribution mainly depends on the presence of sufficient prey. There
691:
is long, strong and conical with a slight downcurve at the end and a sharp cutting edge. In adults, the beak is blue-grey with dark grey or black edges. There is a black groove running the length of the mandible that merges into the skin around the eyes. A black band of bare skin also separates the
1978:
Hunting on St. Kilda ceased in 1910, but the gannetry on Sula Sgeir is still exploited under a licence that permits 2,200 chicks to be taken each year. During the hunt, 10 men live on the island, and the cleaned birds are singed on a fire fuelled by their own oil-rich offal. The filleted birds are
1403:
The wings of the northern gannet are long and narrow and are positioned towards the front of the body, allowing efficient use of air currents when flying. Even in calm weather they can attain velocities of between 55 and 65 km/h (30 and 35 kn) although their flying muscles are relatively
590:
and boobies, appeared about 30 million years ago. Early
Sulidae fossils resembled the boobies, although they were more aquatic, the gannets splitting off later, about 16 million years ago. The gannets evolved in the northern hemisphere, later colonising the southern oceans. The most ancient extant
1842:
A 2004 survey counted 45 gannet breeding colonies and some 361,000 nests. The population is apparently growing between 3% and 5% a year, although this growth is concentrated in just a few colonies. Although northern gannet populations are now stable, their numbers were once greatly reduced due to
927:
Some northern gannet breeding colonies have been recorded as being located in the same place for hundreds of years. The cliffs containing the colonies appear white when seen from a distance, due to the number of nesting birds present on them. There is a written record of a colony on the island of
1624:
between 84 and 97 days old, departing by launching themselves off a cliff and flying—a procedure for which it is impossible to practice beforehand. If they leave the nest in bad weather they can be mortally wounded as they can be blown against the rocks. The young birds are attacked by adults if
1617:
mouths wide for their young to fetch the food from the back of their throats. Older chicks receive whole fish. Unlike the chicks of other species, northern gannet chicks do not move about the nest or flap their wings to ask for food: this reduces the likelihood that they will fall from the nest.
1616:
Newly hatched chicks are featherless and are dark blue or black in colour. In the second week of life they are covered in white down, replaced over the next five weeks by dark brown feathers flecked with white. Young chicks are fed regurgitated semi-digested fish by their parents, who open their
1444:
Gannets usually push their prey deeper into the water and capture it as they return to the surface. When a dive is successful, they swallow the fish underwater before surfacing, and never fly with the fish in their bill. Larger fish are swallowed headfirst, smaller fish are swallowed sideways or
4137:
Votier, Stephen C.; Furness, Robert W.; Bearhop, Stuart; Crane, Jonathan E.; Caldow, Richard W. G.; Catry, Paulo; Ensor, Kenny; Hamer, Keith C.; Hudson, Anne V.; Kalmbach, Ellen; Klomp, Nicholas I.; Pfeiffer, Simone; Phillips, Richard A.; Prieto, Isabel; Thompson, David R. (2004). "Changes in
1528:
The oldest birds are the first to return to the northern gannet's breeding colonies. Birds not of breeding age arrive a few weeks later. In general, birds first return to a colony (not uncommonly the one in which they were hatched) when they are two or three years old. Once an individual has
1111:
is the largest colony in
Ireland, hosting around 30,000 breeding pairs. Known as a gannetry before 1700, human impact had reduced the population to 30 pairs by 1880 before rapidly increasing to around 10,000 pairs by 1906, the fastest recovery ever recorded at a gannet colony. There are small
578:
used the term in 1600 to refer to the gannet, "a great White foule". Young birds have been called "spotted booby" or "parliament goose", the former term referring to their plumage. The feeding habits of the gannet have led to its name being used as slang for a gluttonous person, a usage first
817:
762:
Northern gannets are slightly larger and thicker-billed than Cape or
Australian gannets. The northern gannet has more white in the wings and an all-white tail, the other species having black tips to their tail feathers. Individuals on the west coast of Africa could be confused with vagrant
818:
1963:
Northern gannets have long been eaten for food. Birds, mainly the young, were taken from Bass Rock for at least 350 years until 1885, when the annual cull of about 1,500 individuals finally ceased, and
Shetland gannets were sold as "Highland goose" in London restaurants during
1649:
1648:
775:
Northern gannets have streamlined bodies adapted for plunge-diving at high speed, including powerful neck muscles, and a spongy bone plate at the base of the bill. The nostrils are inside the bill and can be closed to prevent water entry; the eyes are protected by strong
1654:
1652:
1647:
1449:
of fish by this diving behaviour; this in turn facilitates group foraging, which makes capturing their prey easier. The colour also makes the gannet less visible to the fish underneath. Northern gannets also forage for fish while swimming with their head under water.
566:. The literal meaning is "cleft stick", referring to the appearance of the conspicuous crossed black wing tips on a perched northern gannet. Old regional names such as Norfolk's "herring gant" or Yorkshire's "mackerel gant" refer to typical fish prey. Lincolnshire's
1653:
1372:
second migration. Gannets from
Alderney have been tracked since 2015 to gain better knowledge of their movements. One individual was found to have travelled from its colony in Alderney to Scandinavian waters, a round trip of around 2,700 km (1,500 nmi).
767:, though the latter is smaller overall, lacks the buff tinge to the head, and has a black tail. From a distance, or in poor visibility, albatrosses can be confused with northern gannets, particularly those with immature plumage that have more black on the wings.
850:
when taking off. The calls of the sexes are similar. According to Nelson northern gannets can recognize the call of their breeding partner, their chicks and birds in neighbouring nests. Individuals from outside this sphere are treated with more aggression.
3773:
Ropert-Coudert, Yan; Daunt, Francis; Kato, Akiko; Ryan, Peter G.; Lewis, Sue; Kobayashi, Kaori; Mori, Yoshihisa; Grémillet, David; Wanless, Sarah (2009). "Underwater wingbeats extend depth and duration of plunge dives in northern gannets
1651:
1629:
and may remain together over several seasons, if not for all of their lives. The pairs separate when their chicks leave the nest but they bond again the following year. Should one of the pair die, the other bird will find another mate.
1511:
fishery, but does not actually eat much of them. This makes it difficult to resolve this conflict with the fishing industry in the area, as the only option would be to exterminate the birds, which is ecologically unacceptable.
1407:
Northern gannets alight on land using angled wings, fanned tail and raised feet to control their speed, not always successfully, since damaged or broken wings were recorded as a frequent cause of death in adults at one colony.
1999:
in
Iceland, where the activity ceased in 1939, and Mykines, where small-scale culling still persists. About 500 young are culled for consumption each year in Mykines, using techniques similar to those of the Sula Sgeir hunts.
1983:, where each hunter receives 200 skins to give away or sell. The continuing existence of the practice of hunting and eating gannets attracts criticism in some quarters. The island's name "Sula Sgeir" itself derives from
1176:
hosts the southernmost breeding colony of northern gannets. Established in the late 1930s, it had grown to over 11,500 breeding pairs by 1995. Pairs have nested sporadically with varying success along the Mediterranean
807:
and tightly overlapping feathers that help them withstand low temperatures. A reduced blood flow in the webbing on their feet outside of the breeding season also helps to maintain body temperature when the birds swim.
819:
1445:
tail-first. The fish is stored in a branched bag in the throat and does not cause drag when in flight. Their white colour helps other gannets to identify one of their kind and they can deduce the presence of a
3725:
Garthe, Stefan; Guse, Nils; Montevecchi, William A; Rail, Jean-François; Grégoire, François (2014). "The daily catch: Flight altitude and diving behavior of northern gannets feeding on Atlantic mackerel".
1826:
level of the bird's kidney and liver. Since levels of these toxic metals are detectable in the parasite earlier than in the host, the tapeworm might be used as an early indicator of marine pollution.
1847:, removal of eggs and killing of adults for their meat and feathers. In 1939, there were 22 colonies and some 83,000 nests, which means that the populations have increased fourfold since that time.
4748:
1945:
gifts. Over time, the islanders forgot their promise, and lost the whales and logs, but fearful of losing a valuable food source, they never mocked the gannets that Tórur had given them.
1281:. Once rare, these were protected in 1968 and their numbers have risen. It is unclear why the eagles have not impacted on gannet numbers further north. In 2011, gannets began breeding on
1650:
932:
from 1274. There were only 70 nests by 1871, and the colony finally disappeared by 1909 at the latest. More than two-thirds of the world population breeds around the coasts of the
3418:
1667:; their heads and beaks point down, and their wings are held up and away from the body, yet folded backwards. The male moves his head from side to side before bowing forwards.
2041:þær ic ne gehyrde butan hlimman sæ/ iscaldne wæg Hwilum ylfete song/ dyde ic me to gomene ganotes hleoþor/ ond huilpan sweg fore hleahtor wera/ mæw singende fore medodrince.
1501:
is probably unaffected.) On the other hand, they profit off of discarded bycatch and processed parts and the reduction in competition if humans are taking predatory fish.
1162:, the first birds only nesting there in the 1940s. These birds migrate further south to the Mediterranean and west coast of Africa than more northerly breeding colonies.
1039:
coast in Wales had an estimated 36,011 pairs in 2015. Gannets began nesting here between 1820 and 1860, though never in great numbers, only exceeding 300 pairs by 1913.
1865:, as they are widely distributed and as there is a large population that appears to be growing due to high breeding success, with 75% of eggs producing fledged young.
3208:
1597: in) long by 50 mm (2 in) wide and the shell is pale blue and translucent initially before fading to a chalky white surface that is easily stained.
1453:
They eat mainly fish 2.5–30.5 cm (1–12 in) in length that shoal near the surface. Virtually any small fish (roughly 80–90% of their diet) or other small
2641:
603:
suggests that the ancestor of the gannets arose around 2.5 million years ago before splitting into northern and southern lineages. The latter then split into the
1770:
1625:
unattended. Once they leave the nest they stay at sea learning to fish and fly, their flight skills being too poor for them to return to the breeding ledges.
956:, first recorded in 1493. In 2004, it contained more than 48,000 nests. By 2014 this had increased to over 75,000, making it the largest colony in the world.
1797:
792:. These sacs are connected to the lungs and are filled with air when the bird breathes in. The air can be returned to the lungs by muscle contractions.
4055:
4771:
1239:, Iceland, hosting around 16,300 breeding pairs in 1962, and a similar number in 2008. Iceland has several small colonies along its coast, and on
902:
The northern limit of their breeding area depends on the presence of waters that are free of sea ice during the breeding season. Therefore, while
6449:
1249:. As of 2016, there are an estimated 6,900 breeding pairs in Norway. Northern gannets first bred in the south of the country in the mid 1940s at
1851:
370:
6514:
1494:
6659:
1913:
to discard his cloak and raft, instead offering him her veil to wind round himself which will save his life and enable him to reach land.
803:
covers the feathers and the birds spread it across their body using their beak or head. Individuals have a subcutaneous fat layer, dense
414:
4223:
Camphuysen, Kees (C.J.) (2011). "Northern Gannets in the North Sea: foraging distribution and feeding techniques around the Bass Rock".
3921:
514:
in 1838, though the basis for distinguishing them from the European species was unclear and the name is now considered to be a synonym.
5131:
Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis
2645:
4272:
3987:
Cairns, D. K. (1992). "Bridging the gap between ornithology and fisheries science: use of seabird data in stock assessment models".
659: in) long and weighs 2.3–3.6 kg (5–8 lb), making it the largest gannet and the largest seabird native to the western
361:
The northern gannet was previously hunted for food in certain parts of its range, and although that practice still continues in the
6400:
1675:
when the male arrives back at the nest. The two birds stand breast to breast with wings spread and bills extended vertically. They
6462:
784:
in the lower body and along the sides. Other air sacs are located between the sternum and the pectoral muscles and between the
518:
2888:
Records 2nd Int. Symp. Soc. Avian Pal. & Evol., Contributions in Science and Natural History, Museum of Los Angeles County
714:
6553:
5322:
5289:
5262:
5213:
5192:
5173:
5151:
5115:
5094:
5075:
5031:
5008:
4989:
4970:
4947:
4926:
4904:
4885:
1322:
6467:
2473:
Patterson, S.A.; Morris-pocock, J.A.; Friesen, V.L. (2011). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes)".
6684:
6679:
5389:
5105:
3505:
1490:
4094:
Tasker, Mark L.; Camphuysen, C. J.; Cooper, John; Garthe, Stefan; Montevecchi, William A.; Blaber, Stephen J. M. (2000).
4051:
1858:
in 2004 of the European population, the IUCN revised its global population to between 950,000 and 1,200,000 individuals.
1330:
6423:
6348:
3676:
Lewis, S.; Benvenuti, S.; Dall-Antonia, L.; Griffiths, R.; Money, L.; Sherratt, T.N.; Wanless, S.; Hamer, K.C. (2002).
1375:
The species has been recorded as a vagrant in many central and eastern European countries as far south and west as the
6610:
4071:
1948:
702:
6689:
6618:
6379:
799:
are waterproof, which allows the birds to spend long periods in water. A water-impermeable secretion produced by a
6519:
750:
6674:
6392:
6361:
3946:
2025:
1679:
and scissor with their bills rapidly, calling loudly at the same time. Fencing is interspersed with bill bowing.
981:, Scotland. The former colony was estimated at 60,290 pairs and the latter 11,230 pairs in 2013. A colony on the
425:
195:
3829:
4100:
3942:
1854:(IUCN) estimated the bird's population to be some 526,000. After taking into account an estimate produced for
1620:
The adults feed their offspring for around 13 weeks, right up until the time they leave. The young birds
377:. Because it is both a conspicuous and a common bird, it is referred to in several ancient myths and legends.
6501:
6283:
4002:
3806:
1395:
839:, which is emitted upon arriving or when challenging other gannets at the colony. The call is shortened to a
1359:
and flying over land as little as possible. Other birds follow Africa's Atlantic coastline to arrive in the
6187:
3310:
1236:
6532:
5129:
611:
around 0.5 million years ago. The three gannets are generally considered to be separate species forming a
6260:
6216:
3989:
1498:
79:
6265:
3138:
Siorat, François; Rocamora, Gérard (1995). "Changes in numbers and distribution of the northern gannet (
1529:
successfully bred in a colony it will not normally change to another. Nesting starts in March or April.
1193:. A pair raised a chick successfully for three successive seasons from 2013 to 2015 on a moored boat at
6428:
4959:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic
3101:
2963:
2747:
2287:
2097:
2941:
2556:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo, eds. (2020).
2429:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo, eds. (2013).
1768:, it may be that the short head feathers provide insufficient cover for the parasite. In one species,
831:
The northern gannet is a loud and vocal bird, particularly in the colony. Its typical call is a harsh
338:. Its breeding range has extended northward and eastward, with colonies being established on Russia's
6623:
6229:
5832:
2339:
2044:
1699:
The northern gannet is not heavily predated. The only known habitual natural predators of adults are
2008:, meant that the population was only 1,000 birds by 1932, despite government protection since 1904.
354:, from which the birds can more easily launch into the air. The northern gannet undertakes seasonal
6669:
6527:
6178:
5967:
5862:
5382:
5359:
4225:
4201:
3881:
2024:
The universally accepted starting point for the modern taxonomy of animals is 1758, when Linnaeus'
887:, on cliffs overlooking the ocean or on small rocky islands. The water needs to be cool enough for
507:
443:
242:
6493:
3599:
1801:
appears to occur only in gannets and closely related seabird families such as the cormorants. The
6597:
5475:
5139:
4552:
3998:
2344:
1712:
1687:
1321:
and Anticosti Island—and there are three off the eastern and southeastern coast of Newfoundland (
1303:
in Russia. Established in 1995, this is also thought to be due to the warming of the Barents Sea.
1258:
410:
6584:
3864:
726:
631:
An adult northern gannet has a 170–180 cm (67–71 in) wingspan, and is 87–100 cm (
6454:
6247:
6140:
5842:
5354:
3512:. Alderney Wildlife Trust/University of Liverpool/British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from
3232:
2120:
1855:
1446:
1310:
1204:
876:
595:, possibly the sole survivor of an otherwise extinct separate lineage. A 2011 genetic study of
358:
and catches fish (which are the mainstay of its diet) by making high-speed dives into the sea.
6480:
4749:"The centuries-old journey to harvest a controversial and divisive Hebridean seabird delicacy"
6579:
6048:
5929:
5903:
5837:
5485:
5480:
5299:
5203:
2558:
2352:
1806:
1716:
1486:
453:
435:
374:
369:, the bird faces few other natural or man-made threats. Since its population is growing, the
174:
6571:
5020:
993:
hosted an estimated 33,226 pairs in 2014. Ailsa Craig has been known as a colony since 1583.
6605:
6415:
6322:
6252:
6198:
6017:
5977:
5947:
5367:
4149:
4109:
4063:
3735:
2482:
1881:
1282:
777:
501:
343:
4196:
3535:
2031:
was published, although scientists had begun coining animal names in the previous century.
1814:
at a higher concentration than the gannet's own tissues, with an average 12 times as much
8:
5972:
5939:
5738:
5642:
5375:
5161:
3262:
2074:
1972:
1922:
1873:
1356:
1318:
1266:
668:
608:
571:
517:"Northern gannet" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the
489:
319:
44:
4153:
4113:
3739:
2486:
1211:
held about 2,000 breeding pairs in 2000, although that had risen to 2,500 pairs by 2014.
6203:
6115:
5867:
5495:
5268:
5134:(in Latin). Vol. I (10th revised ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: (Laurentii Salvii).
5001:
Modernism and Homer: The Odysseys of H.D., James Joyce, Osip Mandelstam, and Ezra Pound
4873:
4391:
4239:
4230:
4173:
4030:
4022:
3974:
3966:
3833:
3702:
3677:
3159:
2448:
1704:
1533:
immature bird will leave without a struggle when the owner arrives to take possession.
1314:
1278:
1113:
970:
895:, which are the main food source for the northern gannet. These areas also overlie the
789:
738:
331:
218:
205:
74:
3869:. Natural England Technical Information. Vol. TIN122. Natural England. p. 2.
1497:
is an important question which remains unassessed. (But given the small amount taken,
1417:
has been found that 2% of birds nesting in the colony on Bass Rock search for fish at
1334:
1254:
6566:
6296:
6090:
5934:
5888:
5812:
5612:
5569:
5490:
5332:
5318:
5285:
5258:
5227:
5223:
5209:
5188:
5169:
5147:
5111:
5090:
5071:
5027:
5004:
4985:
4966:
4943:
4922:
4900:
4881:
4691:
4234:
4165:
4067:
4014:
3958:
3866:
Northern gannet: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations
3791:
3707:
3181:
2883:
2498:
2452:
2431:
1811:
1520:
1352:
1104:
896:
888:
600:
592:
402:
5338:
The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick, esq. ...
5272:
4243:
4034:
3978:
3837:
3142:) on Rouzic Island, (Reserve Naturelle des Sept-Iles, Bretagne), France 1939–1994".
1760:, although there are relatively few species and none are found on the head. As with
6664:
6301:
6288:
6043:
5893:
5847:
5765:
5669:
5589:
5522:
5420:
5250:
5242:
4937:
4681:
4671:
4514:
4387:
4177:
4157:
4140:
4117:
4006:
3950:
3825:
3787:
3743:
3697:
3689:
3578:
3470:
3437:
3394:
3384:
3277:
3180:
Giagnoni, Roberto; Conti, Carlo Alberto; Canepa, Paolo; Nardelli, Riccardo (2015).
3151:
3120:
2884:"The avifauna of the Mediterranean Islands during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene"
2766:
2571:
2490:
2440:
2092:
1742:
1671:
they are guarding their nest, but with their wings closed. Mated pairs engage in a
892:
3389:
3368:
2333:
1909:"white goddess"), appears "in the likeness of a Gannet" and tells the shipwrecked
1583: oz), which is light for such a large seabird. The egg is around 79 mm (
473:, meaning "foolish", and refers to the lack of fear shown by breeding gannets and
6540:
6275:
5898:
5857:
5728:
5398:
5254:
3747:
1844:
1819:
1159:
1058:
hosted an estimated 12,494 pairs in 2015, more than tripling in size in 12 years.
800:
681:
575:
553:
430:
6636:
6506:
6366:
5336:
5303:
5045:
3513:
2748:"Descriptive anatomy of the subcutaneous air diverticula in the Northern Gannet
2494:
2259:
6387:
6374:
6110:
6105:
6100:
5908:
5852:
5817:
5733:
5574:
5056:
5041:
4810:
4676:
4651:
3917:
2746:
Daoust, P.-Y.; Dobbin, G. V; Ridlington Abbott, R. C. F; Dawson, S. D. (2008).
1902:
1838:
Nests among the rocks. The population of this species appears to be increasing.
1793:
1433:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1300:
1133:
1129:
1086:
1076:
1055:
990:
953:
868:
672:
406:
386:
362:
355:
339:
311:
3598:
Teixeira, Régis Siqueira de Castro; Otoch, Roberto; Raposo, Marcos A. (2016).
3583:
3562:
1774:, immature lice are found in the membranes lining the subcutaneous air-cells.
6653:
6475:
6084:
6074:
6069:
5997:
5803:
5125:
5026:. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4058:(2004). Mitchell, P.I.; Newton, S.F.; Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.).
4018:
3962:
2143:
2083:
1862:
1757:
1262:
1208:
1036:
982:
964:
933:
467:
421:
366:
191:
64:
59:
3954:
2291:
2261:
A Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America
1274:
1071:
985:
almost doubled in size to 5,280 pairs in 2013. Further south, the island of
919:
504:
between gannets and boobies were not sufficient to warrant separate genera.
6353:
6163:
6064:
6054:
6008:
5827:
5579:
4695:
4169:
4122:
4095:
3711:
3693:
2502:
2444:
1965:
1785:
1720:
1708:
1478:
1474:
1194:
1121:
1108:
859:
804:
764:
612:
533:
5246:
3442:
2575:
960:
6592:
6488:
6436:
6172:
6095:
6079:
5958:
5637:
5594:
5584:
5466:
5416:
4914:
3309:
Vigfúsdóttir, Freydís; Lilliendahl, Kristján; Garðarsson, Arnþór (2009).
1917:
1418:
1326:
1290:
1125:
1117:
1016:'s breeding population rose from 57 to 1,870 pairs between 2003 and 2013.
1013:
986:
923:
Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, is the world's largest colony.
908:
884:
872:
604:
596:
526:
486:
448:
323:
307:
6239:
4772:"Police investigate death threats to traditional Hebridean guga hunters"
4161:
4050:
6631:
6545:
6405:
6059:
6028:
5879:
5402:
4686:
4026:
3970:
3475:
3458:
3399:
3163:
3124:
2882:
Alcover, J.A.; Florit, F.; Mourer-Chauvire, C.; Weesie, P.D.M. (1992).
2770:
1957:
1750:
1700:
1692:
1184:
974:
660:
616:
570:, although derived from the same Germanic root, usually applies to the
405:
in the 17th century; the species was known to him from a colony in the
131:
5415:
3282:
1608:
1387:
in northeastern Brazil—the first sighting in the Southern Hemisphere.
6335:
6037:
5822:
5761:
3459:"Population dynamics of Northern Gannets in North America, 1984–2009"
2995:
2005:
1980:
1898:
1540:
1380:
1376:
1151:
1032:
1005:
1001:
949:
903:
880:
824:
560:
482:
327:
315:
91:
30:
6441:
6134:
4010:
3155:
1637:
1601:
was among those birds most affected by the shell-thinning effect of
663:. The two sexes are generally of a similar size and appearance. The
6340:
6314:
6157:
3675:
2745:
2004:
once have held 250,000 birds, but unchecked hunting, including for
1910:
1736:
1286:
1173:
1169:
1155:
997:
978:
532:, meaning "strong or masculine", which is ultimately from the same
347:
111:
3915:
2881:
1569:
Northern gannets lay one egg that on average weighs 104.5 g (
1384:
6327:
6224:
5988:
5789:
5723:
5700:
5546:
5518:
5452:
3933:
3308:
1893:
1815:
1802:
1728:
1676:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1437:
1424:
1309:. There are six breeding colonies along the coast of Canada. The
1270:
1240:
846:
when fishing or collecting nesting material, and lengthened to a
796:
781:
664:
583:
497:
418:
350:), in 2011. Colonies are mostly located on offshore islands with
272:
264:
141:
6558:
5664:
4790:
3457:
Chardine, John W.; Rail, Jean-François; Wilhelm, Sabina (2013).
3263:"Book review: Trækfugleatlas – The Faroese Bird Migration Atlas"
2698:
1995:. Other sites that continued hunting into the 20th century were
1187:
in 1991 and around 680 breeding pairs have been counted in 2016.
907:
is fossil evidence of northern gannets breeding on Crete in the
6211:
5714:
5665:
5623:
4357:
4355:
4353:
3367:
Barrett, Robert T.; Strøm, Hallvard; Melnikov, Mikhail (2017).
3081:
2555:
2428:
1992:
1834:
1776:
1621:
1489:
for the energy requirements of their growing chicks. Given the
1363:. Immature northern gannets from colonies in Canada fly to the
1338:
1009:
879:
and on the islands off the east coast of Canada. They normally
693:
587:
458:
335:
268:
151:
101:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4583:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1493:
of the prey taken, whether they are in competition with human
1197:
in northern Italy, after birds had been seen there since 1993.
6309:
5920:
5778:
5689:
5673:
5560:
5535:
5441:
5424:
4650:
Mendes, P; Eira, C; Vingada, J; Miquel, J; Torres, J (2013).
4374:
Nelson, J. Bryan (1966). "The breeding biology of the gannet
3807:"Diving depths of Northern Gannets: acoustic observations of
2472:
1996:
1889:
1761:
1732:
1724:
1549:
1458:
1250:
1218:
1147:
929:
867:
The northern gannet's breeding range is on both sides of the
676:
474:
351:
5397:
4897:
Biology of Behaviour: Mechanisms, functions and applications
4660:(Sulidae) as a bioindicator of marine heavy metal pollution"
4350:
4093:
1916:
Another early reference to the gannet is in the 7th-century
477:, which enables them to be easily killed. The specific name
4471:
Nelson, Bryan (1966). "The behaviour of the young Gannet".
4410:
3830:
10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0529:DDONGA]2.0.CO;2
3772:
3179:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2710:
2589:
2061:
1823:
1780:
1765:
1746:
1367:, much further south than the adults. The immature gannets
1299:. There are around 250 pairs in a colony at Kharlov on the
688:
121:
5760:
3844:
3678:"Sex-specific foraging behaviour in a monomorphic seabird"
3419:"Recent establishments and extinctions of Northern Gannet
2942:"Bass Rock has world's largest colony of Northern gannets"
2813:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2239:
401:. The former name was also used by the English naturalist
397:
in the 16th century, and noted that the Scots called it a
5517:
4707:
4705:
4427:
4425:
4136:
3754:
3724:
3645:
2268:
1602:
1293:
and influx of fish. The colony numbered 52 pairs in 2016.
785:
3488:
3486:
3328:
3010:
2853:
2851:
2676:
2674:
1379:, and also in Bermuda, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Kazakhstan,
4649:
4044:
3682:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3633:
3621:
3369:"On the polar edge: the status of the northern gannet (
3345:
3343:
2722:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2606:
2604:
2514:
2512:
2371:
2174:
1507:
inflicts significant wastage on the northwest Atlantic
4717:
4702:
4571:
4495:
4483:
4449:
4422:
4398:
2966:. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)
2398:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2072:
967:
in 1988, and by 2014 it held an estimated 6,456 pairs.
544:
and similar old names for the northern gannet such as
521:(IOC). It is also known as the North Atlantic gannet.
5237:
Schreiber, E. A.; Burger, Joanna, eds. (2001-08-16).
4729:
4437:
4338:
4302:
3916:
Montevecchi, W. A.; Ricklefs, R. E.; Kirkham, I. R.;
3657:
3483:
2922:
2910:
2863:
2848:
2777:
2671:
2186:
863:
Red dots show breeding colonies in the north Atlantic
5944:
5229:
Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites
4326:
4314:
4290:
3366:
3340:
3290:
3102:"The dispersal and migration of the Northern Gannet
3069:
3057:
3045:
3033:
2898:
2836:
2801:
2789:
2686:
2659:
2642:"Black eyes in seabirds indicates bird flu survival"
2616:
2601:
2509:
2410:
2310:
2292:"Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants"
2286:
2162:
615:, though they have also formerly been classified as
3597:
3456:
2998:. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee
2210:
1383:and Syria. In February 2016, one was recorded from
1341:
is the largest colony with 60,000 nests as of 2009.
1000:, there were an estimated 25,580 breeding pairs at
5019:
4979:
4138:fisheries discard rates and seabird communities".
3087:
2994:Wanless, Sarah; Harris, Mike P. (4 October 2016).
2557:
2430:
2332:
2290:; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2022).
2098:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696657A132587285.en
1269:. Colonies were also established on low islets in
1089:, a small island located about twelve kilometres (
496:as he felt the differences in anatomy, behaviour,
4811:"Bird hunters risk steep cliffs to catch gannets"
4130:
4087:
3922:"Growth energetics of nestling Northern Gannets (
3804:
1731:. Attacks at sea are insignificant, though large
1641:"Fencing" or "billing", a mutual greeting gesture
667:is white with dark brown to black wing tips; the
6651:
5089:. Hamlyn Bird Behaviour Guides. London: Hamlyn.
5050:(in Latin). Zurich: Excvudebat C. Froschovervus.
3805:Brierley, Andrew S.; Fernandes, Paul G. (2001).
3231:Danielsen, Jóhannis; Jensen, Jens-Kjeld (2004).
2331:
2132:– via Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
1861:The IUCN lists northern gannets as a species of
1481:and other shoal-forming species are also eaten.
1333:. Bonaventure Island off the south coast of the
5305:Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire
5236:
4865:
4216:
3862:
3230:
2119:Wanless, Sarah; Harris, Mike P. (20 May 2021).
5222:
4831:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4601:
4589:
3137:
1852:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1711:. Predators of eggs and nestlings include the
1221:, a small island located about 16 kilometres (
371:International Union for Conservation of Nature
5383:
5065:
4796:
4525:. British Trust for Ornithology. 16 July 2010
3907:
3905:
3903:
3536:"Gannet returns from 1,700-mile fishing trip"
3175:
3173:
2993:
2639:
2118:
1971:The best-known site was the remote island of
1485:takes huge quantities from the waters around
5107:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
4956:
4880:. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.
4872:
4741:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4367:
4361:
3850:
3611:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
3412:
3410:
3362:
3360:
3358:
2831:
2716:
2704:
2595:
1277:, but declined due to increasing numbers of
1012:had an estimated 4,550 pairs at Sule Stack.
492:in 1978 supported the species' inclusion in
5144:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names
5084:
4957:Cramp, Stanley; Simmons, Ken E. L. (1977).
3760:
3651:
3182:"First breeding records of Northern Gannet
3099:
854:
5390:
5376:
4802:
4222:
4060:Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland
3900:
3226:
3224:
3170:
2122:Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland
1682:
409:and from a stray bird that was found near
204:
53:
29:
5331:
5003:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4899:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4685:
4675:
4537:
4121:
3701:
3669:
3582:
3474:
3441:
3407:
3398:
3388:
3355:
3281:
3254:
3209:"Basstölpel ist Seevogel des Jahres 2016"
2825:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2422:
2257:
2180:
2096:
1937:And whimbrels trills for laughter of men,
1112:colonies on Ireland's southern coast, on
770:
5298:
5201:
5185:Pelicans, Cormorants and their relatives
5138:
5124:
4980:Dempsey, Eric; O'Clery, Michael (2002).
4096:"The impacts of fishing on marine birds"
3873:
3798:
3554:
2568:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
2437:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
2404:
2365:
2233:
2204:
2192:
1947:
1872:
1833:
1686:
1658:Two Northern Gannets greeting each other
1644:
1636:
1607:
1539:
1519:
1423:
1394:
1243:, around 40 km (20 nmi) north.
1146:. Around 7,500 pairs nest on two islets—
1070:
918:
858:
815:
334:(60,000 pairs in 2009) off the coast of
5103:
5040:
4643:
4466:
4464:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4189:
3416:
3221:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2934:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2280:
2245:
2168:
1739:may rarely snatch a gannet out at sea.
326:(33,000 pairs as of 2014) in Scotland,
6652:
5312:
5279:
5205:Systema Naturae 250 – The Linnaean Ark
5182:
5160:
5054:
5017:
4935:
4913:
4763:
4723:
4711:
4577:
4501:
4489:
4470:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4416:
4404:
4373:
4344:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4270:
3986:
3856:
3811:from an autonomous underwater vehicle"
3663:
3639:
3627:
3492:
3349:
3334:
3296:
3106:from Channel Island breeding colonies"
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2869:
2857:
2842:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2734:
2728:
2692:
2680:
2665:
2627:
2610:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2416:
2392:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2274:
2264:. London: John Van Voorst. p. 60.
2221:
1987:, meaning "gannet", and the Old Norse
1931:There I heard naught but seething sea,
1829:
1257:. In 1967 a colony was established at
1183:. Northern gannets have reappeared on
510:described the American populations as
6139:
6138:
5759:
5663:
5516:
5414:
5371:
4998:
4982:The Complete Guide to Ireland's Birds
4894:
4808:
4769:
4735:
4332:
3302:
3260:
2475:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2432:"Family Suildae: Gannets and boobies"
2298:. International Ornithologists' Union
1935:Then came to charm me gannets' pother
1235:nautical miles) off the coast of the
1168:. The French island of Rouzic in the
6393:7af73570-8c34-42c8-9ca6-edc5a96f2436
6087:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
4844:
4507:
4461:
4253:
3560:
3423:colonies in North Norway, 1995–2008"
3206:
2978:
2353:participating institution membership
2011:
1933:Ice-cold wave, awhile a song of swan
914:
6660:IUCN Red List least concern species
5187:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5146:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4965:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4550:
4052:Joint Nature Conservation Committee
3879:
3766:
3718:
2996:"Northern Gannet Status and Trends"
2524:
2322:
2084:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1939:Kittiwake singing instead of mead.
1461:) will be taken opportunistically.
1331:Baccalieu Island Ecological Reserve
1289:, likely due to the warming of the
959:Northern gannets began a colony at
519:International Ornithologists' Union
456:moved the species to his new genus
13:
5208:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
5085:Hume, Rob; Pearson, Bruce (1993).
4984:(2 ed.). Dublin: Gill Books.
4392:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1966.tb07210.x
3100:Veron, P.K.; Lawlor, M.P. (2009).
2640:Amaral-Rogers, Ness (4 May 2023).
2258:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1838).
1524:Transporting material for the nest
1399:Plunge-diving with wings retracted
1323:Cape St. Mary's Ecological Reserve
389:gave the northern gannet the name
14:
6701:
5347:
5317:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
5058:The Gannet: a Bird with a History
3600:"First record of Northern Gannet
5022:The Cambridge Companion to Homer
4770:Horne, Marc (1 September 2017).
4559:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
3888:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
3792:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2008.04592.x
3373:) in the Barents Sea in 2015–16"
2944:. BBC Scotland. 13 February 2015
2034:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
78:
5308:(in French). Paris: Déterville.
4921:. London: Chatto & Windus.
3947:American Ornithological Society
3882:"Northern Gannet — Food Habits"
3591:
3528:
3498:
3450:
3200:
3131:
3093:
2956:
2875:
2633:
2466:
2251:
2073:BirdLife International (2018).
1004:, 11,786 on Noss, and 3,591 on
5066:Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004).
4809:Ecott, Tim (22 October 2017).
4101:ICES Journal of Marine Science
4082:Commercial fisheries do not...
4076:. p. Executive Summary p.
3943:University of California Press
3237:) ringed in the Faroe Islands"
2136:
2112:
2018:
626:
322:(60,000 pairs as of 2013) and
314:, the largest of which are at
1:
5341:London: A.C. for John Martyn.
4999:Flack, Leah Culligan (2015).
4557:Birds of North America Online
4378:on the Bass Rock, Scotland".
4273:"The behaviour of the gannet"
4003:Cooper Ornithological Society
3886:Birds of North America Online
3390:10.1080/17518369.2017.1390384
1956:collecting guga hunters from
1868:
1172:archipelago off the coast of
267:, the largest species of the
6429:northern-gannet-sula-bassana
5486:Christmas Island frigatebird
5315:The Birdwatcher's Dictionary
5110:. London: Christopher Helm.
4866:General and cited references
4553:"Northern Gannet — Behavior"
3748:10.1016/j.seares.2013.07.020
3463:Journal of Field Ornithology
3320:(in Icelandic and English).
2570:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
2439:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
2054:
1495:fishing industry in the area
1390:
1345:
875:, There are colonies in the
871:on coasts influenced by the
452:in 1760, and his compatriot
415:species originally described
346:(the southernmost island of
7:
6685:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6680:Birds of the Atlantic Ocean
5787:
5698:
5544:
5450:
5055:Gurney, John Henry (1903).
3604:in the Southern Hemisphere"
3417:Barrett, Robert T. (2008).
2495:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.021
2296:World Bird List Version 8.2
1756:External parasites include
1632:
1515:
1428:Searching for fish in a zoo
684:, the irises become black.
559:, itself borrowed from the
552:derive from a hypothetical
485:in the Firth of Forth. The
380:
318:(75,000 pairs as of 2014),
310:on both sides of the North
10:
6706:
5241:. CRC Press. p. 740.
5104:Jobling, James A. (2010).
4778:. London: Times Newspapers
4677:10.1515/energyo.0004.00002
4638:Rothschild & Clay 1957
4626:Rothschild & Clay 1957
4614:Rothschild & Clay 1957
4602:Rothschild & Clay 1957
4590:Rothschild & Clay 1957
3246:(in English and Faroese).
3088:Dempsey & O'Clery 2002
1411:
1075:Northern gannet colony on
6147:
6026:
6006:
5986:
5956:
5918:
5877:
5801:
5786:
5777:
5773:
5755:
5712:
5697:
5688:
5684:
5659:
5621:
5603:
5558:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5512:
5464:
5449:
5440:
5436:
5410:
5280:Taylor, Marianne (2016).
5202:Polaszek, Andrew (2010).
5183:Nelson, J. Bryan (2005).
5168:. London: A&C Black.
4942:. London: Jonathan Cape.
4895:Broom, Donald M. (2009).
4519:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
4271:Nelson, J. Bryan (1965).
3584:10.2478/v10100-009-0004-7
3506:"T.A.G. (Track-A-Gannet)"
2340:Oxford English Dictionary
2148:American Bird Conservancy
2091:: e.T22696657A132587285.
1906:
1285:, southernmost island of
780:. There are subcutaneous
671:flight feathers, primary
574:, but the English writer
434:, where it was given the
413:. It was one of the many
224:
217:
212:
203:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
5968:Double-crested cormorant
5863:White-breasted cormorant
5360:Internet Bird Collection
5226:; Clay, Theresa (1957).
5070:. Edinburgh: Canongate.
4362:Cramp & Simmons 1977
4202:National Audubon Society
3863:Natural England (2012).
3780:Journal of Avian Biology
3567:in the Black Sea Region"
3233:"Recoveries of Gannets (
2832:Cramp & Simmons 1977
2717:Cramp & Simmons 1977
2705:Cramp & Simmons 1977
2596:Cramp & Simmons 1977
1237:Reykjanesskagi Peninsula
1103:nautical miles) off the
855:Distribution and habitat
508:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
6690:Birds described in 1758
5911:(long-tailed cormorant)
5476:Magnificent frigatebird
5355:"Northern gannet media"
5313:Weaver, Peter (2010) .
5239:Biology of Marine Birds
5018:Fowler, Robert (2004).
3999:Oxford University Press
3761:Hume & Pearson 1993
3728:Journal of Sea Research
3652:Hume & Pearson 1993
3561:Boev, Zlatozar (2009).
3510:Teaching Through Nature
2345:Oxford University Press
1783:include the widespread
1713:great black-backed gull
1683:Predators and parasites
811:
446:placed it in the genus
442:. The French biologist
411:Coleshill, Warwickshire
306:Nesting takes place in
6675:Birds of North America
6040:(Magellanic cormorant)
5870:(Temminck's cormorant)
5843:Little black cormorant
5405:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
5300:Vieillot, Louis Pierre
5284:. London: Bloomsbury.
5232:. New York: Macmillan.
4751:. BBC. 17 January 2018
4654:Tetrabothrius bassani
4229:. BB 2000 Ltd: 60–76.
4123:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0714
3694:10.1098/rspb.2002.2083
3563:"Status of the Gannet
3311:"Fæða súlu við Ísland"
2445:10.2173/bow.sulida1.01
1960:
1942:
1885:
1856:BirdLife International
1839:
1696:
1659:
1642:
1613:
1545:
1525:
1429:
1400:
1311:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
1080:
924:
877:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
864:
828:
771:Adaptations for diving
213:Northern gannet range
6580:Paleobiology Database
6049:New Zealand king shag
5904:Little pied cormorant
5838:Black-faced cormorant
5481:Ascension frigatebird
5255:10.1201/9781420036305
5247:10.1201/9781420036305
4936:Cocker, Mark (2013).
4064:T. & A. D. Poyser
3955:10.1093/auk/101.2.334
3443:10.15845/on.v31i0.168
2576:10.2173/bow.norgan.01
1951:
1928:
1876:
1837:
1807:Tetrabothrius bassani
1717:American herring gull
1690:
1657:
1640:
1611:
1566: ft) in height.
1543:
1523:
1427:
1398:
1313:hosts three colonies—
1074:
922:
862:
822:
778:nictitating membranes
454:Louis Pierre Vieillot
424:in the landmark 1758
385:The Swiss naturalist
375:least-concern species
230:(Linnaeus, 1758)
6388:Fauna Europaea (new)
6018:Red-legged cormorant
5978:Flightless cormorant
5948:Spectacled cormorant
5768:: Phalacrocoracidae)
5672:: Anhingidae ·
5423:: Fregatidae ·
5068:The Scottish Islands
4419:, pp. 153, 332.
3261:Potts, Dick (2015).
2822:, pp. 129, 310.
2707:, pp. 185, 192.
2043:This translation by
1882:Jean Jules Allasseur
1771:Michaelichus bassani
1548:Nests are made from
1432:Gannets will follow
936:. Colonies include:
609:Australasian gannets
365:of Scotland and the
5973:Neotropic cormorant
5940:Red-faced cormorant
5739:Australasian darter
5643:Australasian gannet
5519:Gannets and boobies
5061:. London: Witherby.
5047:Icones avivm omnivm
4874:Attenborough, David
4664:Acta Parasitologica
4551:Mowbray, Thomas B.
4162:10.1038/nature02315
4154:2004Natur.427..727V
4114:2000ICJMS..57..531T
3985: •
3914: •
3880:Mowbray, Thomas B.
3740:2014JSR....85..456G
3207:WELT (2015-10-30).
3144:Colonial Waterbirds
2487:2011MolPE..58..181P
2343:(Online ed.).
2277:, pp. 33, 289.
2248:, pp. 68, 260.
1830:Conservation status
1822:and 7–10 times the
1749:, particularly the
1705:white-tailed eagles
1491:economic importance
1357:Strait of Gibraltar
1355:, passing over the
1279:white-tailed eagles
1130:Great Saltee Island
790:intercostal muscles
591:species may be the
572:great crested grebe
236:Linnaeus, 1758
45:Conservation status
6116:South Georgia shag
6051:(rough-faced shag)
5930:Brandt's cormorant
5868:Japanese cormorant
5496:Lesser frigatebird
5333:Willughby, Francis
5224:Rothschild, Miriam
4841:542, "A recent..."
4799:, pp. 99–101.
4797:Haswell-Smith 2004
4656:(Tetrabothriidae)/
3542:. BBC. 7 July 2016
3476:10.1111/jofo.12017
3337:, pp. 44, 48.
3125:10.61350/sbj.22.37
3030:, pp. 144–48.
2771:10.61350/sbj.21.64
2559:"Northern Gannet (
2368:, pp. 143–44.
1961:
1897:, the sea goddess
1886:
1840:
1812:toxic heavy metals
1798:Corynosoma tunitae
1697:
1660:
1643:
1614:
1546:
1526:
1430:
1401:
1315:Bonaventure Island
1154:—off the coast of
1081:
925:
865:
829:
579:recorded in 1929.
440:Pelecanus bassanus
332:Bonaventure Island
233:Pelecanus bassanus
6647:
6646:
6567:Open Tree of Life
6141:Taxon identifiers
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6091:Heard Island shag
5935:Pelagic cormorant
5889:Crowned cormorant
5813:Socotra cormorant
5797:
5796:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5708:
5707:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5570:Blue-footed booby
5554:
5553:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5491:Great frigatebird
5460:
5459:
5324:978-1-4081-3852-6
5291:978-1-4729-0901-5
5264:978-0-429-12786-1
5215:978-1-4200-9502-9
5194:978-0-19-857727-0
5175:978-1-4081-3857-1
5153:978-0-19-866196-2
5117:978-1-4081-2501-4
5096:978-0-600-57951-9
5077:978-1-84195-454-7
5033:978-0-521-01246-1
5010:978-1-107-10803-5
4991:978-0-7171-3401-4
4972:978-0-19-857358-6
4949:978-0-224-08174-0
4928:978-0-7011-6907-7
4906:978-0-521-29906-0
4887:978-0-563-38792-3
4878:The Life of Birds
4197:"Northern Gannet"
4148:(6976): 727–730.
3949:(AOS)): 334–341.
3851:Attenborough 1998
3688:(1501): 1687–93.
3642:, pp. 37–38.
3630:, pp. 34–38.
3283:10.1111/ibi.12253
2731:, pp. 84–86.
2395:, pp. 28–34.
2351:(Subscription or
2144:"Northern Gannet"
2012:Explanatory notes
1794:spiny-headed worm
1655:
1457:species (largely
1201:The Faroe Islands
1105:Iveragh Peninsula
915:Breeding colonies
897:continental shelf
889:Atlantic mackerel
820:
601:mitochondrial DNA
403:Francis Willughby
251:
250:
246:
68:
6697:
6640:
6639:
6627:
6626:
6614:
6613:
6601:
6600:
6588:
6587:
6575:
6574:
6562:
6561:
6549:
6548:
6536:
6535:
6523:
6522:
6510:
6509:
6507:NBNSYS0000188659
6497:
6496:
6484:
6483:
6471:
6470:
6458:
6457:
6445:
6444:
6432:
6431:
6419:
6418:
6409:
6408:
6396:
6395:
6383:
6382:
6370:
6369:
6357:
6356:
6344:
6343:
6331:
6330:
6318:
6317:
6305:
6304:
6292:
6291:
6279:
6278:
6269:
6268:
6256:
6255:
6243:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6230:534FB490884C6D33
6220:
6219:
6207:
6206:
6194:
6193:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6136:
6135:
6044:Guanay cormorant
5946:
5894:Little cormorant
5848:Indian cormorant
5784:
5783:
5775:
5774:
5757:
5756:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5685:
5661:
5660:
5590:Red-footed booby
5541:
5540:
5532:
5531:
5514:
5513:
5447:
5446:
5438:
5437:
5412:
5411:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5342:
5328:
5309:
5295:
5276:
5233:
5219:
5198:
5179:
5162:Nelson, J. Bryan
5157:
5135:
5121:
5100:
5081:
5062:
5051:
5037:
5025:
5014:
4995:
4976:
4963:Ostrich to Ducks
4953:
4939:Birds and People
4932:
4919:Birds Britannica
4910:
4891:
4859:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4548:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4523:BTOWeb BirdFacts
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4468:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4268:
4251:
4249:
4238:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4048:
4042:
4038:
3982:
3930:
3909:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3815:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3427:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3392:
3364:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3110:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2991:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2743:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2565:
2553:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2070:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2026:10th edition of
2022:
1908:
1820:pectoral muscles
1818:as the gannet's
1743:Kleptoparasitism
1695:robbing a gannet
1656:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
821:
753:
741:
729:
717:
705:
658:
657:
653:
650:
644:
643:
639:
636:
525:is derived from
466:is derived from
302:
301:
297:
294:
288:
287:
283:
280:
241:
237:
231:
208:
186:
166:M. bassanus
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
24:Northern gannet
21:
20:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6670:Birds of Europe
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6635:
6630:
6622:
6617:
6609:
6604:
6596:
6591:
6583:
6578:
6570:
6565:
6557:
6552:
6544:
6541:Observation.org
6539:
6531:
6526:
6518:
6513:
6505:
6500:
6492:
6487:
6479:
6474:
6466:
6461:
6453:
6448:
6440:
6435:
6427:
6422:
6416:northern-gannet
6414:
6412:
6404:
6399:
6391:
6386:
6378:
6373:
6365:
6360:
6352:
6347:
6339:
6334:
6326:
6321:
6313:
6308:
6300:
6295:
6287:
6282:
6274:
6272:
6264:
6259:
6251:
6246:
6238:
6236:
6228:
6223:
6215:
6210:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6186:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6143:
6133:
6120:
6022:
6002:
5982:
5952:
5914:
5899:Pygmy cormorant
5873:
5858:Great cormorant
5793:
5769:
5743:
5729:Oriental darter
5704:
5680:
5647:
5633:Northern gannet
5617:
5599:
5550:
5526:
5500:
5456:
5432:
5406:
5396:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5325:
5292:
5265:
5216:
5195:
5176:
5154:
5140:Lockwood, W. B.
5118:
5097:
5078:
5042:Gessner, Conrad
5034:
5011:
4992:
4973:
4961:. Vol. I:
4950:
4929:
4907:
4888:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4703:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4549:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4275:
4269:
4254:
4247:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4206:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4135:
4131:
4108:(3): 531–547 .
4092:
4088:
4077:
4074:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4011:10.2307/1369279
3928:
3918:Gabaldon, Diana
3910:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3878:
3874:
3861:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3813:
3803:
3799:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3723:
3719:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3606:
3596:
3592:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3516:on 18 June 2018
3504:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3484:
3455:
3451:
3430:Ornis Norvegica
3425:
3415:
3408:
3365:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3239:
3229:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3178:
3171:
3156:10.2307/1521478
3136:
3132:
3108:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2554:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2071:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2028:Systema Naturae
2023:
2019:
2014:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1871:
1845:loss of habitat
1832:
1685:
1673:fencing display
1645:
1635:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1518:
1414:
1393:
1348:
1335:Gaspé Peninsula
1255:Møre og Romsdal
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1160:English Channel
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1008:in 2013, while
917:
857:
816:
814:
801:sebaceous gland
773:
761:
757:
754:
745:
742:
733:
730:
721:
718:
709:
706:
682:avian influenza
655:
651:
648:
646:
641:
637:
634:
632:
629:
576:Richard Hakluyt
554:Scottish Gaelic
431:Systema Naturae
417:by the Swedish
383:
373:considers it a
299:
295:
292:
290:
285:
281:
278:
276:
255:northern gannet
235:
229:
199:
188:
182:
169:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
6703:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:Morus-bassanus
6628:
6615:
6602:
6589:
6576:
6563:
6550:
6537:
6524:
6511:
6498:
6485:
6472:
6459:
6446:
6433:
6420:
6410:
6397:
6384:
6375:Fauna Europaea
6371:
6358:
6345:
6332:
6319:
6306:
6293:
6280:
6270:
6257:
6244:
6234:
6221:
6217:morus-bassanus
6208:
6204:Morus_bassanus
6195:
6184:
6179:Morus bassanus
6169:
6153:
6151:
6149:Morus bassanus
6145:
6144:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6111:Macquarie shag
6108:
6106:Kerguelen shag
6103:
6101:Antarctic shag
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6046:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5909:Reed cormorant
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5853:Cape cormorant
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5833:Pied cormorant
5830:
5825:
5820:
5818:Bank cormorant
5815:
5809:
5807:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5781:
5771:
5770:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5734:African darter
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5692:
5682:
5681:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5613:Abbott's booby
5609:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Peruvian booby
5572:
5566:
5564:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5538:
5528:
5527:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5444:
5434:
5433:
5408:
5407:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5349:
5348:External links
5346:
5344:
5343:
5329:
5323:
5310:
5296:
5290:
5277:
5263:
5234:
5220:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5180:
5174:
5158:
5152:
5136:
5126:Linnaeus, Carl
5122:
5116:
5101:
5095:
5082:
5076:
5063:
5052:
5038:
5032:
5015:
5009:
4996:
4990:
4977:
4971:
4954:
4948:
4933:
4927:
4911:
4905:
4892:
4886:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4843:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4801:
4789:
4762:
4740:
4738:, p. 155.
4728:
4726:, p. 142.
4716:
4714:, p. 312.
4701:
4658:Morus bassanus
4642:
4640:, p. 189.
4630:
4628:, p. 231.
4618:
4616:, p. 226.
4606:
4604:, p. 153.
4594:
4592:, p. 255.
4582:
4580:, p. 326.
4570:
4536:
4517:Morus bassanus
4506:
4504:, p. 134.
4494:
4492:, p. 122.
4482:
4479:(10): 393–419.
4460:
4458:, p. 121.
4448:
4436:
4434:, p. 334.
4421:
4409:
4407:, p. 150.
4397:
4386:(4): 584–626.
4366:
4364:, p. 197.
4349:
4347:, p. 114.
4337:
4335:, p. 198.
4325:
4313:
4311:, p. 328.
4301:
4289:
4252:
4215:
4188:
4129:
4086:
4072:
4043:
4040:
4039:
3983:
3920:(1984-04-01).
3911:
3899:
3872:
3855:
3843:
3797:
3776:Morus bassanus
3765:
3753:
3717:
3668:
3666:, p. 158.
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3602:Morus bassanus
3590:
3577:(140): 31–34.
3565:Morus bassanus
3553:
3527:
3497:
3495:, p. 320.
3482:
3449:
3421:Morus bassanus
3406:
3383:(1): 1390384.
3377:Polar Research
3371:Morus bassanus
3354:
3339:
3327:
3301:
3289:
3253:
3235:Morus bassanus
3220:
3199:
3184:Morus bassanus
3169:
3140:Morus bassanus
3130:
3104:Morus bassanus
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3009:
2977:
2955:
2933:
2931:, p. 311.
2921:
2919:, p. 282.
2909:
2897:
2874:
2872:, p. 138.
2862:
2860:, p. 315.
2847:
2835:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2786:, p. 134.
2776:
2750:Morus bassanus
2733:
2721:
2719:, p. 192.
2709:
2697:
2685:
2683:, p. 133.
2670:
2658:
2632:
2615:
2600:
2598:, p. 191.
2588:
2561:Morus bassanus
2523:
2508:
2465:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2370:
2358:
2321:
2309:
2279:
2267:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2209:
2207:, p. 133.
2197:
2185:
2183:, p. 328.
2181:Willughby 1681
2173:
2161:
2135:
2111:
2077:Morus bassanus
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2033:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2010:
1979:then taken to
1929:
1870:
1867:
1831:
1828:
1684:
1681:
1665:bowing display
1634:
1631:
1517:
1514:
1413:
1410:
1392:
1389:
1365:Gulf of Mexico
1361:Gulf of Guinea
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1304:
1301:Kola Peninsula
1294:
1244:
1212:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1163:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:County Wexford
1087:Little Skellig
1077:Little Skellig
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:Bempton Cliffs
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
994:
991:Firth of Clyde
968:
957:
954:Firth of Forth
944:
943:
916:
913:
869:North Atlantic
856:
853:
813:
810:
772:
769:
765:masked boobies
759:
758:
755:
748:
746:
743:
736:
734:
731:
724:
722:
719:
712:
710:
707:
700:
628:
625:
593:Abbott's booby
512:Sula americana
407:Firth of Forth
391:Anser bassanus
387:Conrad Gessner
382:
379:
363:Outer Hebrides
340:Kola Peninsula
330:in Wales, and
260:Morus bassanus
249:
248:
239:Sula americana
222:
221:
215:
214:
210:
209:
201:
200:
189:
184:Morus bassanus
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6702:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6638:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6085:Imperial shag
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Campbell shag
6073:
6071:
6070:Auckland shag
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5998:European shag
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5804:Phalacrocorax
5800:
5792:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5549:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5282:RSPB Seabirds
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4857:
4856:Sula bassanus
4847:
4834:
4830:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4473:British Birds
4467:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4446:, p. 87.
4445:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4323:, p. 94.
4322:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4299:, p. 15.
4298:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4280:British Birds
4274:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:British Birds
4219:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4073:0-7136-6901-2
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3924:Sula bassanus
3919:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3853:, p. 46.
3852:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:(2): 529–34.
3823:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3786:(4): 380–87.
3785:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3763:, p. 49.
3762:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3654:, p. 47.
3653:
3648:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3469:(2): 187–92.
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3352:, p. 44.
3351:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3299:, p. 72.
3298:
3293:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3244:Fróðskaparrit
3238:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:(2): 172–78.
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3078:, p. 48.
3077:
3072:
3066:, p. 52.
3065:
3060:
3054:, p. 50.
3053:
3048:
3042:, p. 57.
3041:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2965:
2959:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2907:, p. 84.
2906:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2845:, p. 42.
2844:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2810:, p. 40.
2809:
2804:
2798:, p. 39.
2797:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2695:, p. 24.
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2668:, p. 20.
2667:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2630:, p. 21.
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2613:, p. 35.
2612:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2521:, p. 19.
2520:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:(2): 181–91.
2480:
2476:
2469:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2419:, p. 17.
2418:
2413:
2407:, p. 68.
2406:
2405:Lockwood 1993
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:Lockwood 1993
2362:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2319:, p. 61.
2318:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2236:, p. 63.
2235:
2234:Vieillot 1816
2230:
2224:, p. 18.
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:Linnaeus 1758
2201:
2195:, p. 34.
2194:
2193:Polaszek 2010
2189:
2182:
2177:
2171:, p. 83.
2170:
2165:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1863:least concern
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:In 1992, the
1848:
1846:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:common ravens
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:golden eagles
1706:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1612:A downy chick
1610:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1567:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:NL's cod take
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:fishing boats
1426:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:Mediterranean
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:North America
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:Arctic Circle
1261:, within the
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:Faroe Islands
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:Pembrokeshire
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
988:
984:
983:Flannan Isles
980:
976:
972:
969:
966:
965:Aberdeenshire
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
947:
946:
945:
942:
939:
938:
937:
935:
934:British Isles
931:
921:
912:
910:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
861:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
826:
809:
806:
805:down feathers
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
768:
766:
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
711:
704:
699:
698:
697:
695:
690:
685:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
624:
622:
621:Sula bassanus
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:
487:ornithologist
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
468:Ancient Greek
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:Carl Linnaeus
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:Faroe Islands
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
247:
244:
240:
234:
228:
223:
220:
216:
211:
207:
202:
197:
193:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6148:
6065:Chatham shag
6055:Foveaux shag
6027:
6009:Poikilocarbo
6007:
5987:
5957:
5919:
5878:
5828:Spotted shag
5802:
5788:
5713:
5699:
5676:
5632:
5622:
5604:
5580:Masked booby
5559:
5545:
5465:
5451:
5428:
5417:Frigatebirds
5358:
5337:
5314:
5304:
5281:
5238:
5228:
5204:
5184:
5165:
5143:
5130:
5106:
5086:
5067:
5057:
5046:
5021:
5000:
4981:
4962:
4958:
4938:
4918:
4915:Cocker, Mark
4896:
4877:
4855:
4846:
4833:
4815:. Retrieved
4804:
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4775:
4765:
4753:. Retrieved
4743:
4731:
4719:
4670:(1): 21–25.
4667:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4652:"The system
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4556:
4527:. Retrieved
4522:
4516:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4476:
4472:
4451:
4439:
4412:
4400:
4383:
4379:
4376:Sula bassana
4375:
4369:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4286:(7): 233–88.
4283:
4279:
4224:
4218:
4207:. Retrieved
4205:. 2014-11-13
4200:
4191:
4145:
4139:
4132:
4105:
4099:
4089:
4081:
4059:
4046:
4005:): 811–824.
3994:
3988:
3945:(UC Press) (
3938:
3932:
3923:
3890:. Retrieved
3885:
3875:
3865:
3858:
3846:
3821:
3817:
3809:Sula bassana
3808:
3800:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3756:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3617:(2): 151–52.
3614:
3610:
3601:
3593:
3574:
3571:Acrocephalus
3570:
3564:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3539:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3514:the original
3509:
3500:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3304:
3292:
3273:
3269:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3212:. Retrieved
3202:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3095:
3090:, p. 7.
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3000:. Retrieved
2968:. Retrieved
2964:"Troup Head"
2958:
2948:13 September
2946:. Retrieved
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2865:
2838:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2661:
2651:20 September
2649:. Retrieved
2635:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2567:
2560:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2361:
2338:
2312:
2302:21 September
2300:. Retrieved
2295:
2282:
2270:
2260:
2253:
2246:Jobling 2010
2241:
2229:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2169:Gessner 1560
2164:
2154:23 September
2152:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2128:23 September
2126:. Retrieved
2121:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2088:
2082:
2076:
2045:James Fisher
2040:
2036:
2027:
2020:
2002:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1966:World War II
1962:
1954:Heather Isle
1953:
1943:
1930:
1923:The Seafarer
1921:
1915:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1860:
1849:
1841:
1805:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1758:feather lice
1755:
1741:
1698:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1598:
1568:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1487:Newfoundland
1482:
1479:Atlantic cod
1452:
1443:
1431:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1374:
1349:
1306:
1296:
1246:
1214:
1200:
1195:Porto Venere
1190:
1180:
1165:
1143:
1122:Clare Island
1109:County Kerry
1065:
1046:
1023:
940:
926:
901:
866:
847:
843:
840:
836:
832:
830:
794:
774:
760:
686:
630:
620:
613:superspecies
581:
567:
563:
556:
549:
545:
542:Soland goose
541:
537:
534:Old Germanic
529:
522:
516:
511:
506:
493:
490:Bryan Nelson
481:is from the
478:
470:
463:
457:
447:
439:
429:
426:10th edition
398:
394:
390:
384:
360:
342:in 1995 and
305:
259:
258:
254:
252:
238:
232:
227:Sula bassana
226:
225:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
6593:SeaLifeBase
6528:Neotropical
6489:NatureServe
6437:iNaturalist
6173:Wikispecies
6096:Crozet shag
6080:Bounty shag
5959:Nannopterum
5638:Cape gannet
5595:Brown booby
5585:Nazca booby
4724:Fowler 2004
4712:Nelson 2005
4687:10773/24583
4578:Nelson 2005
4502:Nelson 2010
4490:Nelson 2010
4456:Nelson 2010
4444:Taylor 2016
4432:Nelson 2005
4417:Nelson 2005
4405:Nelson 2005
4345:Nelson 2010
4321:Nelson 2010
4309:Nelson 2005
4297:Nelson 2010
3664:Nelson 2005
3640:Nelson 2010
3628:Nelson 2010
3493:Nelson 2005
3400:10037/12179
3350:Nelson 2010
3335:Nelson 2010
3297:Nelson 2010
3076:Nelson 2010
3064:Nelson 2010
3052:Nelson 2010
3040:Nelson 2010
3028:Cocker 2013
2929:Nelson 2005
2917:Nelson 2010
2905:Nelson 2010
2870:Nelson 2005
2858:Nelson 2005
2843:Nelson 2010
2820:Nelson 2005
2808:Nelson 2010
2796:Nelson 2010
2784:Nelson 2005
2729:Taylor 2016
2693:Nelson 2010
2681:Nelson 2005
2666:Nelson 2010
2628:Nelson 2010
2611:Nelson 2010
2519:Nelson 2010
2417:Nelson 2010
2393:Cocker 2005
2317:Weaver 2010
2288:Gill, Frank
2275:Gurney 1903
2222:Nelson 2010
2104:12 November
1918:Old English
1701:bald eagles
1599:M. bassanus
1509:Salmo salar
1505:M. bassanus
1483:M. bassanus
1419:Dogger Bank
1327:Funk Island
1291:Barents Sea
1283:Bear Island
1126:County Mayo
1118:County Cork
1014:Sule Skerry
987:Ailsa Craig
971:Saint Kilda
909:Pleistocene
873:Gulf Stream
837:urrah-urrah
833:arrah-arrah
823:Calls from
627:Description
550:solan goose
527:Old English
344:Bear Island
324:Ailsa Craig
6654:Categories
6632:Xeno-canto
6060:Otago shag
6029:Leucocarbo
5880:Microcarbo
5762:Cormorants
5525:: Sulidae)
5403:Suliformes
5166:The Gannet
4736:Flack 2015
4563:17 October
4333:Broom 2009
4209:2021-05-29
4062:. London:
3990:The Condor
3892:17 October
3734:: 456–62.
3436:: 172–82.
3276:: 414–25.
3214:2019-09-16
2355:required.)
1958:Sula Sgeir
1920:epic poem
1869:In culture
1751:great skua
1693:great skua
1319:Bird Rocks
1275:Vesterålen
1259:Syltefjord
1185:Heligoland
975:Sula Sgeir
961:Troup Head
661:Palearctic
617:subspecies
502:morphology
399:solendguse
356:migrations
132:Suliformes
6038:Rock shag
5823:Pitt shag
5164:(2010) .
4854:502, "...
4776:The Times
4235:208611298
4019:0010-5422
3963:0004-8038
3250:: 264–69.
3186:in Italy"
3119:: 37–47.
2894:: 273–83.
2765:: 64–76.
2453:216477098
2055:Citations
2006:fish bait
1981:Stornoway
1973:St. Kilda
1899:Leucothea
1878:Leucothea
1467:anchovies
1438:cetaceans
1391:Behaviour
1381:Jan Mayen
1377:Black Sea
1346:Migration
1152:Les Etacs
1114:Bull Rock
1079:, Ireland
1033:Grassholm
1006:Fair Isle
1002:Hermaness
977:, in the
952:, in the
950:Bass Rock
904:Greenland
883:in large
825:Grassholm
744:sub adult
561:Old Norse
483:Bass Rock
462:in 1816.
419:zoologist
328:Grassholm
320:St. Kilda
316:Bass Rock
243:Bonaparte
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
6494:2.101189
6481:22696657
6455:10590748
6328:45509065
6253:22696657
6248:BirdLife
6237:BioLib:
6158:Wikidata
5605:Papasula
5335:(1681).
5302:(1816).
5273:86083805
5142:(1993).
5128:(1758).
5087:Seabirds
5044:(1560).
4917:(2005).
4876:(1998).
4696:23377908
4515:"Gannet
4244:89124259
4170:14973483
4035:88283981
3979:55118062
3838:85877391
3712:12204129
3540:BBC News
3324:: 55–60.
3196:: 93–95.
3190:Avocetta
2503:21144905
2334:"Gannet"
1911:Odysseus
1907:Λευκοθέα
1810:absorbs
1803:tapeworm
1786:I. uriae
1633:Displays
1516:Breeding
1463:Sardines
1287:Svalbard
1174:Brittany
1170:Jentilez
1156:Alderney
1144:Alderney
1035:off the
998:Shetland
979:Hebrides
941:Scotland
885:colonies
827:, Wales.
797:feathers
788:and the
782:air sacs
732:immature
720:juvenile
708:juvenile
680:survive
536:root as
479:bassanus
436:binomial
395:scoticus
381:Taxonomy
348:Svalbard
312:Atlantic
308:colonies
271:family,
219:Synonyms
192:Linnaeus
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
6665:Gannets
6406:2480964
6225:Avibase
5989:Gulosus
5790:Species
5724:Anhinga
5715:Anhinga
5701:Species
5677:Anhinga
5666:Darters
5547:Species
5467:Fregata
5453:Species
5429:Fregata
4817:19 June
4782:18 June
4755:18 June
4178:4328980
4150:Bibcode
4110:Bibcode
4027:1369279
4001:(OUP) (
3971:4086371
3934:The Auk
3736:Bibcode
3703:1691079
3546:18 June
3520:18 June
3164:1521478
3113:Seabird
2759:Seabird
2483:Bibcode
1894:Odyssey
1890:Homer's
1816:cadmium
1729:red fox
1592:⁄
1578:⁄
1561:⁄
1550:seaweed
1471:haddock
1455:pelagic
1412:Feeding
1369:migrate
1271:Lofoten
1241:Grimsey
1230:⁄
1215:Iceland
1207:in the
1205:Mykines
1181:Germany
1158:in the
1098:⁄
1066:Ireland
1047:England
989:in the
893:herring
673:coverts
669:primary
665:plumage
654:⁄
640:⁄
597:nuclear
588:gannets
584:Sulidae
498:ecology
475:boobies
444:Brisson
428:of his
298:⁄
284:⁄
273:Sulidae
265:seabird
263:) is a
148:Genus:
142:Sulidae
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
6624:148776
6585:369043
6572:675103
6559:148776
6533:norgan
6468:174712
6413:GNAB:
6362:EURING
6341:MORUBA
6315:norgan
6289:bob710
6276:norgan
6212:ARKive
6192:norgan
6164:Q26675
5766:family
5670:family
5523:family
5421:family
5321:
5288:
5271:
5261:
5212:
5191:
5172:
5150:
5114:
5093:
5074:
5030:
5007:
4988:
4969:
4946:
4925:
4903:
4884:
4852:
4839:
4694:
4529:29 May
4248:
4242:
4233:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4141:Nature
4078:
4070:
4054:&
4033:
4025:
4017:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3836:
3710:
3700:
3162:
3002:31 May
2970:31 May
2581:1 June
2501:
2458:19 May
2451:
2150:. 2022
1993:skerry
1884:(1862)
1777:Ixodes
1766:divers
1762:grebes
1733:sharks
1727:, and
1725:ermine
1622:fledge
1339:Quebec
1297:Russia
1247:Norway
1177:coast.
1166:France
1010:Orkney
848:ooo-ah
694:mating
677:alulae
586:, the
538:gander
523:Gannet
352:cliffs
336:Quebec
269:gannet
245:, 1838
38:Adult
6619:WoRMS
6611:10956
6598:73558
6520:37578
6450:IRMNG
6380:96614
6349:EUNIS
6310:eBird
6302:7436N
6273:BOW:
6266:10009
5921:Urile
5779:Genus
5690:Genus
5674:genus
5624:Morus
5536:Genus
5442:Genus
5425:genus
5399:Order
5269:S2CID
4813:. BBC
4276:(PDF)
4240:S2CID
4231:S2CID
4174:S2CID
4056:DEFRA
4031:S2CID
4023:JSTOR
3997:(4).
3975:S2CID
3967:JSTOR
3941:(2).
3929:(PDF)
3834:S2CID
3814:(PDF)
3607:(PDF)
3426:(PDF)
3318:Bliki
3314:(PDF)
3266:(PDF)
3240:(PDF)
3160:JSTOR
3109:(PDF)
2755:(PDF)
2449:S2CID
2349:
1997:Eldey
1989:skerr
1903:Greek
1781:mites
1747:skuas
1737:seals
1677:fence
1475:smelt
1459:squid
1447:shoal
1385:Ceará
1251:Runde
1219:Eldey
1191:Italy
1148:Ortac
1024:Wales
930:Lundy
756:adult
568:gaunt
557:sulan
546:solan
530:ganot
471:moros
464:Morus
459:Morus
438:name
153:Morus
6554:OBIS
6515:NCBI
6476:IUCN
6463:ITIS
6442:3802
6401:GBIF
6354:1148
6336:EPPO
6261:BOLD
6240:8381
5561:Sula
5319:ISBN
5286:ISBN
5259:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5189:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5148:ISBN
5112:ISBN
5091:ISBN
5072:ISBN
5028:ISBN
5005:ISBN
4986:ISBN
4967:ISBN
4944:ISBN
4923:ISBN
4901:ISBN
4882:ISBN
4858:..."
4819:2018
4784:2018
4757:2018
4692:PMID
4565:2011
4531:2018
4380:Ibis
4246:. p.
4166:PMID
4068:ISBN
4015:ISSN
3959:ISSN
3894:2011
3708:PMID
3548:2018
3522:2018
3270:Ibis
3004:2018
2972:2018
2950:2016
2653:2023
2646:RSPB
2583:2018
2499:PMID
2460:2018
2304:2022
2156:2022
2130:2022
2106:2021
2089:2018
1991:, a
1985:sula
1952:The
1824:lead
1792:The
1764:and
1735:and
1715:and
1707:and
1351:the
1273:and
1267:70°N
1150:and
1128:and
973:and
891:and
881:nest
812:Call
795:The
786:ribs
689:beak
687:The
675:and
607:and
605:Cape
599:and
582:The
564:sula
500:and
494:Sula
449:Sula
253:The
196:1758
122:Aves
6606:TSA
6546:267
6502:NBN
6424:IBC
6367:710
6323:EoL
6297:CoL
6284:BTO
6199:ADW
6188:ABA
5251:hdl
5243:doi
4682:hdl
4672:doi
4388:doi
4384:108
4186:728
4158:doi
4146:427
4118:doi
4080:6:
4007:doi
3951:doi
3939:101
3826:doi
3822:118
3818:Auk
3788:doi
3778:".
3744:doi
3698:PMC
3690:doi
3686:269
3615:136
3579:doi
3471:doi
3438:doi
3395:hdl
3385:doi
3278:doi
3274:157
3152:doi
3121:doi
2767:doi
2572:doi
2491:doi
2441:doi
2093:doi
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1880:by
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1603:DDT
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