1170:
790:(91 m) on subsequent excursions to minimize leakage caused by detonation of nearby mines. About one percent of the mines deployed during the first excursion broke free of their mooring cables and washed ashore in Norway within a month. Mines used for the last eleven excursions had springs installed at the mine mooring cable attachment points to buffer wave loading during storms. Premature detonations increased to 14 percent for the fourth minelaying excursion because some mines had been assembled with the more sensitive antenna fuze relay settings made by the Bureau of Ordnance. The fifth minelaying excursion was halted when 19 percent of the mines detonated prematurely.
596:
397:—was skeptical about the value of the operation and did not feel it justified the large logistical and manufacturing commitment required. A minefield across the North Sea would require mining water 900 feet (270 m) deep, while no previous minefield had been established in waters more than 300 ft (91 m) deep. A minefield across the North Sea had been estimated to require 400,000 conventional anchored mines. An "antenna" mine developed in July 1917 was effective at the assumed maximum submarine depth of 200 ft (61 m), and 100,000 of these new Mk 6 mines would be adequate to form the North Sea mine barrage.
1408:
killed in separate incidents while attempting to haul mines aboard to clear fouled sweeping kites. It had been assumed the Mk 6 mine hydrostatic safety devices would minimize the risks of this procedure, but sweeping gear losses increased after unreliability of these safety devices was recognized. Countermining sequences initiated by destruction of a swept mine causing detonation of an undetected mine closer to one of the minesweepers were another source of damage. Some of this countermining was attributed to acceleration of the antenna fuze relay armature or seawater leaking into damaged mines rather than
104:
119:
818:
theoretical 66 per cent chance of a surfaced U-boat triggering a mine and a 33 per cent chance for a submerged U-boat. On the basis of the number of effective mines observed while sweeping the barrage, the actual odds were assessed at being closer to 20 per cent for a surfaced U-boat and 10 per cent for a submerged one. As the final mines were laid only a matter of days before the end of the war, it is impossible to assess the success of the plan. Some contend the minefield was a major cause of the declining morale of the
499:
of rails aboard the minelayer. The mine was connected to its 800-pound (360 kg) anchor box by a wire rope mooring cable stored on a reel. The depth of the mine below the water surface was controlled by allowing the steel mooring cable to unwind from its reel as the mine was dropped from the minelayer until a sensor suspended beneath the anchor reached the bottom. The sensor locked the cable reel so the falling anchor would pull the buoyant mine below the surface; and the float extended the antenna above the mine.
46:
90:
570:, and the longest central area A connecting the two coastal areas between 0° 50′ West and 3° 10′ East. The Royal Navy laid mines in areas B and C while the United States Navy mined area A. The Royal Navy left a 10 mi (8.7 nmi; 16 km) channel open for navigation adjacent to Orkney. Because of neutrality regulations no mines were laid within Norwegian territorial waters. The United States North Sea Mine Force was commanded by Rear Admiral
757:
laying parallel rows of mines while steaming in columns 500 yards (460 m) apart, with the last ship in each column dropping mines at 100 yd (91 m) intervals. As a minelayer exhausted its supply of mines, another minelayer in that column would drop back to the last position to continue the minelaying sequence. The minelayers were preceded by Royal Navy
479:
552:
subsequently increased sensitivity to 10 to 25 millivolts, but this was later readjusted on the basis of field experience. Each mine had five separate spring-loaded safety switches in the detonating circuit held open by salt pellets which took about 20 minutes to dissolve in sea water after the mine
951:
wire between two ships on a parallel course. While held underwater by planing devices called "kites", the wire would foul the cables suspending the buoyant mines above their anchors. If the serrated wire parted the mine mooring cable, the mine would bob to the surface to be destroyed by gunfire.
498:
controlled United States TNT production and would not release sufficient quantities for the naval mine barrage. For transport, the mine rested atop a box-shaped steel anchor approximately 30 inches (76 cm) square. The anchor box had wheels allowing the mine assembly to be moved along a system
1421:
was declared a total loss. Three more men of the minesweeping force were killed in individual accidents involving sweeping gear before
Strauss declared the barrage cleared on 30 September 1919. The minesweepers found only about 25 to 30 percent of the mines laid a year earlier; but it was assumed
1407:
Common difficulties with the sweeping procedure involved mine cables becoming entangled in the kites attached to the sweeping wires. Sweeping gear was often lost if the mine detonated and cut the sweeping cables. Approximately one-third of the ships were damaged by exploding mines. Two men were
743:
The mine barrage consisted of 18 rows of mines laid in an east–west direction. Ten rows of mines were laid at a depth of 80 ft (24 m) to be detonated by ships traveling on the surface. Submerged submarines were targeted by four rows of mines at 160 ft (49 m), and another four
400:
The United States was altogether more enthusiastic about the operation, as the loss of trans-Atlantic shipping was a major domestic concern and this plan allowed the United States to play an active part in tackling this, while playing to their industrial strength and with minimal risk of
American
1434:
As 1919 drew to a close, the onset of winter forced the suspension of sweeping for moored buoyant mines, but the Royal Navy resumed minesweeping operations the following spring, continuing to clear sunken mines from fishing grounds, and maintaining a destroyer patrol to track down mines that had
1416:
was sunk by a mine detonation on 12 July. Strauss discontinued use of the trawlers for minesweeping, but retained six for transporting replacement sweeping gear to minesweepers when wires were destroyed by exploding mines. The remaining 13 trawlers were returned to the
Admiralty. Most damaged
756:
was checked from the elevation of the sun when atmospheric conditions permitted. The mine barrage required multiple missions, called "excursions", laying parallel rows of mines partway across the North Sea between Norway and Orkney. Mine
Squadron One made thirteen two-day minelaying excursions
817:
Supply problems and technical difficulties caused some delays. More minelaying excursions to complete the barrage were cancelled when the approaching end of hostilities was recognized after the thirteenth minelaying excursion on 26 October 1918. The design of the minefield meant there was a
789:
continuing for a week after minelaying. These premature detonations were initially attributed to activation of the horn fuze detonation circuits by seawater leaking into the mines; and mine spacing was increased from 250 ft (76 m) on the first minelaying excursion to 300 ft
1177:(Minesweeper No. 17) (left) in port with submarine chasers alongside during the clearance of the North Sea Mine Barrage in 1919. The leftmost submarine chaser is either SC-254, SC-256 or SC-259 and the others are (left to right) SC-45, SC-356, SC-47, and SC-40.
561:
The mine barrage was within a belt 230 mi (200 nmi; 370 km) long and 15 mi (13 nmi; 24 km) to 35 mi (30 nmi; 56 km) wide divided into area B off the east coast of Orkney, area C near the
Norwegian coast between
971:
were available for the first routine sweep of the United States minesweepers on 29 April 1919. After the first sweep took two days to clear 221 mines, Strauss requested more ships in the hope of clearing the mine barrage that summer. Twenty
Admiralty
1435:
broken free of their moorings and gone adrift. Losses of civilian ships to North Sea mines continued; the origin of the mine in these cases was often difficult to determine. In 1919, twenty crewmen drowned when the
Swedish steamship
825:
The official statistics on lost German submarines compiled on 1 March 1919 credited the North Sea mine barrage with the certain destruction of four U-boats, presumed destruction of two more and possible destruction of another two.
952:
The smacks swept and destroyed six mines before winter weather halted further work at sea. The winter was spent testing an electrical protective device to reduce the risk of sweeping the antenna mines with steel-hulled ships.
511:
pushing the detonator away from the explosive charge into the buoyancy chamber unless compressed by hydrostatic pressure. The mines were intended to be safe at depths less than 25 ft (7.6 m). The mines contained a
506:
safety features intended to render the mine safe if it detached from its mooring cable and floated to the surface. The first was an open switch in the detonation circuit closed by hydrostatic pressure. The second was a
777:
were dropped temporarily marking the end point of a mining excursion to avoid leaving an unmined gap when the next excursion started. These buoys were subject to potential movement by storms or enemy action.
453:
were converted to minelayers; and another 24 mine-carrying freighters, sailing at a rate of two or three per week, were required to transport manufactured mine components to assembly depots in
Scotland.
369:, commanding the Royal Navy minelaying force at the time, described the barrage as the "biggest mine planting stunt in the world's history." Larger fields with greater numbers of mines were laid during
450:
470:, which had resulted in U-boats diverting north around Scotland. The North Sea Mine Barrage was intended to close this alternative route, and it also made it hard for the U-boats to get supplies.
438:
required to moor the mines to the seabed. Project spending of $ 40 million was shared among 140 manufacturing contractors and over 400 sub-contractors. All mine components other than wire rope,
809:
when nearby mines detonated. Premature detonations dropped to four to six percent when sensitivity was adjusted to 30 to 45 millivolts for mines deployed by the last five minelaying excursions.
960:
tested the protective device by sweeping 39 mines in March. Royal Navy minesweeping efforts involved 421 vessels manned by 600 officers and 15,000 men from 1 April to 30 November 1919.
744:
rows at 240 ft (73 m). Since Utsira is slightly north of Orkney, alignment of minefields within the central area A was skewed east-northeasterly from Orkney. Where possible,
794:
identified relay armature sensitivity as a major cause of premature detonations during a comparative field test minelaying excursion on 12 August. Subsequent investigations revealed
154:
1583:
490:. Each mine was constructed of two steel hemispheres welded together. A Toxyl bursting charge was cast into the lower hemisphere. Toxyl was a mixture of 60% trinitro
1526:
581:. Strauss was an ordnance specialist and had been chief of the Bureau of Ordnance from 1913 to 1916. Mine Squadron One, under the command of Captain
147:
422:, who commanded all United States naval forces in Europe. The U.S. Navy tendered an order for the Mk 6 mines in October 1917 with 80,000,000
599:
Only the two smallest of the eight steamships converted to lay the barrage remained in commission for conventional minelaying operations. USS
2016:
1423:
1412:
of explosives. The minesweepers were sometimes able to continue sweeping, but the trawlers were less durable. Seven men drowned when the
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
140:
1091:
1087:
1083:
95:
589:
in June 1918. Over the following five months, these ships planted 56,571 of the 70,177 mines laid to form the North Sea mine barrage.
536:, and seawater acted as an electrolyte completing a circuit with an insulated copper plate on the mine surface to actuate a detonating
199:
822:
through the final months of the war, while others suggest
Germany easily swept safe channels through the large, unguarded minefield.
520:. Four of the fuzes were conventional horns in the buoyant upper hemisphere of the mine. Each horn contained a glass ampoule of
174:
1587:
1169:
1422:
the others had either broken free, sunk to the bottom, or been destroyed by premature explosions. Strauss was recognized as a
486:
The Mk 6 mine was a 34-inch-diameter (86 cm) steel sphere containing a buoyancy chamber and 300 lb (140 kg) of
234:
1669:
1533:
553:
was dropped overboard from the minelayer. Battery life for the detonating circuit was estimated at greater than two years.
748:
was determined from a calibrated taut-wire anchored near a landmark and unreeled from a 140-mile (230 km) spool of
524:
which would connect an open circuit if an ampoule was broken by bending the soft metal horn. The novel fifth fuze was a
781:
Three to five percent of the new mines dropped into the North Sea detonated as soon as the salt pellets dissolved; and
773:
squadrons maneuvered nearby to defend the minelaying formation, but no German surface warships attempted engagement.
1935:
1811:
1656:
541:
279:
274:
179:
923:
United States participation in the minesweeping effort was overseen by Rear
Admiral Strauss aboard the repair ship
402:
409:
314:
1726:
915:
personnel assumed the field might be responsible for five more U-boats which disappeared without explanation.
390:
259:
249:
1426:
for his efforts; but doubts about effectiveness of the minesweeping effort persisted into the 21st century.
482:
A Mk 6 mine atop its anchor. Two horn fuzes are visible, but the antenna fuze cannot be seen in this image.
224:
209:
214:
184:
1879:
516:
battery each with an electrical detonating circuit which could be initiated by any one of five parallel
2011:
284:
229:
964:
660:
595:
389:
and was agreed at the Allied Naval Conference on 5 September 1917. The Royal Navy—and in particular
1365:
729:
703:
571:
244:
219:
1949:
690:
616:
254:
1409:
1289:
1201:
604:
1333:
947:
out to conduct the first trial sweep in December. Sweeping was accomplished by suspending a
677:
575:
533:
466:
and preying on trans-Atlantic shipping. A similar barrage had already been placed across the
405:
2021:
1880:"STATEMENT of the FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY Explanatory of the NAVY ESTIMATES, 1919-1920"
1233:
934:
928:
819:
634:
264:
8:
1399:
1359:
1339:
1295:
1257:
1227:
625:
586:
582:
366:
1393:
1379:
1371:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1263:
1213:
1183:
977:
716:
549:
495:
339:
299:
269:
1990:
1931:
1838:
1807:
1652:
1612:
1327:
1283:
1271:
1195:
912:
647:
294:
239:
1513:(1920) United States Naval Institute pp.5,15,18-22,27-36,43-47,56,82-83,101&108
1353:
1347:
1245:
1207:
1189:
968:
667:
204:
194:
189:
20:
45:
1761:
1673:
1452:
1277:
976:
with American crews, 16 more Lapwing class minesweepers, and another repair ship
508:
487:
467:
1962:
795:
762:
463:
412:
386:
335:
289:
2005:
1994:
1527:"Munitions Contamination of Marine Renewable Energy Sites in Scottish Waters"
973:
359:
124:
109:
1561:
1843:
German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
1239:
806:
419:
416:
370:
363:
309:
1166:
provided tender services for the larger ships operating as six divisions.
802:
created a weak battery, increasing the probability of relay activation by
603:, shown laying the North Sea mine barrage, sank 23 years later during the
478:
1981:
Armstrong, Harry C. (1988). "The Removal of the North Sea Mine Barrage".
521:
503:
423:
394:
347:
37:
911:
Eight more boats were known to have been damaged by the mines and some
803:
786:
782:
766:
749:
622:(old protected cruiser converted in 1911 to carry 170 mines) (flagship)
446:
343:
331:
877:
presumed sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B (confirmed in 2006)
847:
presumed sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B (confirmed in 2007)
132:
1321:
1221:
1099:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
901:
891:
881:
851:
799:
758:
752:
aboard one of the cruisers acting as the minelaying formation guide.
745:
592:
The WWI Mine Memorial on Boston Common, Massachusetts, United States
545:
439:
435:
431:
382:
69:
1825:
Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914-1918. Vol II., The Fleet in Being
1511:
The Yankee mining squadron; or, Laying the North Sea mining barrage
1251:
948:
871:
861:
831:
753:
513:
355:
841:
770:
544:
was initially set to complete the detonating circuit at 25 to 40
528:
wire antenna with a float to extend it above the mine. A ship's
443:
1439:
sank, minutes after striking a mine in October; and the steamer
567:
563:
525:
491:
351:
927:, from which he had commanded the minelaying operation. Tugs
537:
529:
774:
517:
462:
The objective was to prevent U-boats from operating in the
427:
631:(old protected cruiser converted in 1915 carry 180 mines)
16:
Large minefield laid by the United States in World War I
897:
unknown - possibly sunk by the North Sea mine barrage
837:
unknown - possibly sunk by the North Sea mine barrage
385:
was first proposed in the summer of 1916 by Admiral
330:, also known as the Northern Barrage, was a large
2003:
1776:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1749:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1714:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1701:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1636:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
442:, and detonating circuitry were manufactured by
350:. The objective was to inhibit the movement of
86:
1751:(1920) Government Printing Office pp.38&121
100:
986:was given responsibility for tending trawlers
574:aboard the Atlantic Fleet Mine Force flagship
532:hull touching the copper antenna would form a
1703:(1920) Government Printing Office pp. 105–120
148:
1638:(1920) Government Printing Office p.20,47-58
1424:Knight Commander of St Michael and St George
761:sweeping for enemy mines and submarines. A
19:For the minefield laid in World War II, see
415:to overcome opposition to the project from
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
155:
141:
1980:
1827:(Steinbach, Germany: LIS Reinisch, 2009).
1607:
1605:
1521:
1519:
907:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area A
887:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B
867:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area A
857:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B
115:
1966:REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS
1874:
1872:
1762:"The WWI Mine Monument in Boston Common"
1695:
1693:
1691:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1168:
594:
477:
358:shipping lanes bringing supplies to the
1817:
1781:
1778:(1920) Government Printing Office p.125
1716:(1920) Government Printing Office p. 26
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
556:
162:
2004:
1602:
1556:
1554:
1516:
1443:struck a mine and sank on 1 December.
939:towed Admiralty wooden sailing smacks
381:The idea of a mine barrage across the
1869:
1688:
1586:. Roosevelt Institute. Archived from
136:
1836:
1672:. Derek S. Hartshorn. Archived from
1621:
1464:
494:(TNX) with 40% TNT used because the
2017:North Sea operations of World War I
1915:Sweeping the North Sea Mine Barrage
1902:Sweeping the North Sea Mine Barrage
1864:Sweeping the North Sea Mine Barrage
1551:
709:(former Southern Pacific freighter
696:(former Southern Pacific freighter
683:(former Southern Pacific freighter
13:
1727:"The Great North Sea Mine Barrage"
14:
2033:
117:
102:
88:
44:
1974:
1956:
1941:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1856:
1830:
1768:
1754:
1741:
1719:
1706:
982:were assigned to his command.
735:(former Old Dominion steamship
722:(former Old Dominion steamship
473:
403:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1804:The U-Boat Offensive 1914-1945
1662:
1641:
1576:
657:carried 320 mines on one deck)
644:carried 320 mines on one deck)
1:
1651:(1985) Naval institute Press
1649:Naval Weapons of World War II
739:carried 612 mines on 2 decks)
726:carried 612 mines on 2 decks)
713:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
700:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
687:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
674:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
457:
393:as Commander in Chief of the
354:from bases in Germany to the
200:Scarborough/Hartlepool/Whitby
1928:Climate Change and Naval War
1562:"The North Sea Mine Barrage"
7:
1930:(2006) Trafford Publishing
1917:(1919) pp.5,50-51&76-77
1446:
1429:
798:deposits caused by antenna
540:within the mine. The relay
10:
2038:
1618:(1960) Prentice-Hall p.470
965:Lapwing class minesweepers
918:
812:
653:(former Eastern steamship
640:(former Eastern steamship
376:
285:Action of 15 February 1918
18:
1904:(1919) pp.19,27&94-95
1532:. QinetiQ. Archived from
1417:ships were repaired, but
451:Eight civilian steamships
170:
80:
52:
43:
35:
30:
1584:"Early Political Career"
1509:Belknap, Reginald Rowan
1458:
1066:, and submarine chasers
1823:Koerver, Hans Joachim.
1564:. The Great War Society
334:laid easterly from the
1947:Launceston, Australia
1410:sympathetic detonation
1178:
612:
605:attack on Pearl Harbor
483:
328:North Sea Mine Barrage
60:June – 26 October 1918
31:North Sea Mine Barrage
1983:Warship International
1913:Davis, Noel, LT, USN
1900:Davis, Noel, LT, USN
1862:Davis, Noel, LT, USN
1837:Helgason, Guðmundur.
1172:
598:
481:
408:appealed directly to
406:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1839:"WWI U-boats: U 102"
820:Imperial German Navy
607:after being renamed
557:Laying the minefield
275:2nd Heligoland Bight
180:1st Heligoland Bight
1953:28 October 1919 p.5
1882:. Naval-History.Net
1764:. 21 December 2008.
1729:. American Heritage
1539:on 1 September 2012
785:detected premature
587:Inverness, Scotland
583:Reginald R. Belknap
367:Lewis Clinton-Baker
280:11–12 December 1917
164:North Sea 1914–1918
1968:Vol VII pp.199-203
1774:Daniels, Jesephus
1747:Daniels, Josephus
1712:Daniels, Josephus
1699:Daniels, Jesephus
1670:"Mineman Memories"
1634:Daniels, Josephus
1590:on 15 January 2015
1378:Buoying Division:
1179:
880:19 September 1918
860:25 September 1918
613:
550:Bureau of Ordnance
502:Each mine had two
496:United States Army
484:
340:United States Navy
2012:Conflicts in 1918
1346:Mine Division 5:
1308:Mine Division 4:
1270:Mine Division 3:
1220:Mine Division 2:
1182:Mine Division 1:
992:Thomas Blackhorne
969:submarine chasers
850:9 September 1918
840:9 September 1918
342:(assisted by the
338:to Norway by the
323:
322:
185:22 September 1914
131:
130:
76:
75:
2029:
1998:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1926:Bernaerts, Arnd
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1800:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1414:Richard Bulkeley
1012:William Caldwell
1000:Richard Bulkeley
900:18 October 1918
769:with Royal Navy
668:Southern Pacific
260:2nd Dover Strait
250:1st Dover Strait
230:29 February 1916
215:Noordhinder Bank
165:
157:
150:
143:
134:
133:
127:
123:
121:
120:
112:
108:
106:
105:
98:
94:
92:
91:
54:
53:
48:
28:
27:
21:Northern Barrage
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2002:
2001:
1977:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1866:(1919) pp.15-18
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1801:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1676:on 12 July 2012
1668:
1667:
1663:
1647:Campbell, John
1646:
1642:
1633:
1622:
1610:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1465:
1461:
1453:Otranto Barrage
1449:
1432:
1060:William Johnson
1044:John Fitzgerald
1032:William Darnold
1024:George Cochrane
921:
890:September 1918
870:September 1918
830:19 August 1918
815:
585:, assembled at
559:
476:
468:English Channel
460:
379:
324:
319:
315:24 October 1918
225:2nd Dogger Bank
210:1st Dogger Bank
175:U-Boat Campaign
166:
163:
161:
118:
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72:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1989:(2): 134–169.
1976:
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1971:
1970:
1963:United Nations
1955:
1940:
1919:
1906:
1893:
1868:
1855:
1829:
1816:
1802:Tarrant, V.E.
1780:
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1064:Thomas Laundry
996:Thomas Buckley
988:William Ashton
920:
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796:copper sulfate
763:covering force
741:
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675:
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632:
623:
572:Joseph Strauss
558:
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464:North Atlantic
459:
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430:; 24,000
413:Woodrow Wilson
391:Admiral Beatty
387:Reginald Bacon
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1056:Thomas Henrix
1053:
1052:Thomas Graham
1049:
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1021:
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1016:George Clarke
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807:accelerations
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426:(15,000
425:
421:
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411:
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401:casualties.
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360:British Isles
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255:16 March 1917
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110:United States
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63:
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51:
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42:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1986:
1982:
1975:Bibliography
1965:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1863:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1803:
1775:
1770:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1721:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:the original
1664:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1615:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1541:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1510:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1418:
1413:
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1367:Whippoorwill
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1028:John Collins
1027:
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608:
600:
591:
577:
560:
501:
485:
474:Mark 6 Mines
461:
420:William Sims
417:Vice Admiral
399:
380:
371:World War II
364:Rear Admiral
327:
325:
305:Mine Barrage
304:
235:2nd Yarmouth
220:Lowca/Parton
195:1st Yarmouth
81:Belligerents
25:
2022:Naval mines
1611:Potter and
1048:John Graham
1040:John Dunkin
1008:Pat Caharty
787:detonations
783:hydrophones
767:battleships
663:Canandaigua
642:Bunker Hill
522:electrolyte
504:hydrostatic
434:) of steel
395:Grand Fleet
348:World War I
38:World War I
2006:Categories
1938:pp.285-290
1848:25 January
1291:Sanderling
1203:Kingfisher
925:Black Hawk
804:shock wave
759:destroyers
750:piano wire
732:Quinnebaug
706:Housatonic
670:freighter
578:Black Hawk
546:millivolts
458:Objectives
447:automobile
440:explosives
344:Royal Navy
300:2nd Ostend
295:1st Ostend
265:4 May 1917
1995:0043-0374
1616:Sea Power
1437:Hollander
1335:Cormorant
1164:Blackhawk
1036:Sam Duffy
1020:John Clay
913:Admiralty
800:corrosion
746:longitude
737:Jefferson
730:USS
717:USS
704:USS
693:Canonicus
691:USS
678:USS
661:USS
637:Aroostook
635:USS
628:Baltimore
626:USS
617:USS
576:USS
436:wire rope
410:President
383:North Sea
346:) during
332:minefield
290:Zeebrugge
70:North Sea
1950:Examiner
1447:See also
1430:Post war
1390:Patuxent
1386:Patapsco
1373:Flamingo
1241:Woodcock
1235:Bobolink
974:trawlers
958:Patuxent
954:Patapsco
949:serrated
945:Red Fern
941:Red Rose
936:Patuxent
930:Patapsco
902:SM
892:SM
882:SM
872:SM
862:SM
852:SM
842:SM
832:SM
754:Latitude
724:Hamilton
672:El Siglo
666:(former
542:armature
514:dry cell
356:Atlantic
205:Cuxhaven
65:Location
36:Part of
1886:16 June
1806:(1989)
1441:Kerwood
1401:Penguin
1395:Lapwing
1361:Widgeon
1341:Mallard
1303:Tanager
1297:Chewink
1265:Swallow
1259:Seagull
1229:Pelican
984:Panther
979:Panther
967:and 18
963:Twelve
919:Cleanup
813:Results
771:cruiser
719:Saranac
680:Roanoke
650:Shawmut
601:Shawmut
548:. The
534:battery
449:firms.
444:Detroit
377:Concept
352:U-boats
310:Tondern
270:Lerwick
240:Jutland
125:Germany
1993:
1934:
1810:
1655:
1613:Nimitz
1381:Osprey
1329:Curlew
1317:Avocet
1311:Thrush
1273:Oriole
1215:Falcon
1185:Turkey
904:UB-123
894:UB-113
884:UB-104
854:UB-127
711:El Rio
698:El Cid
685:El Dia
609:Oglala
568:Bergen
564:Utsira
526:copper
509:spring
492:xylene
122:
107:
93:
1733:1 May
1680:2 May
1659:p.167
1594:2 May
1568:1 May
1543:2 May
1537:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1459:Notes
1419:SC-38
1323:Grebe
1285:Heron
1223:Eider
1209:Finch
1197:Quail
1191:Robin
1175:Eider
1068:SC-37
874:U-102
864:U-156
834:UB-12
775:Buoys
538:relay
530:steel
518:fuzes
190:Texel
1991:ISSN
1932:ISBN
1888:2012
1850:2010
1814:p.76
1808:ISBN
1735:2012
1682:2012
1653:ISBN
1596:2012
1570:2012
1545:2012
1355:Swan
1349:Lark
1253:Teal
1247:Rail
1173:USS
1158:and
956:and
943:and
933:and
844:U-92
648:USS
566:and
326:The
57:Date
1987:XXV
1279:Auk
1162:.
1160:356
1156:354
1152:329
1148:272
1144:259
1140:256
1136:254
1132:208
1128:207
1124:206
1120:182
1116:181
1112:178
1108:164
1104:110
765:of
488:TNT
362:.
2008::
1985:.
1871:^
1841:.
1783:^
1690:^
1623:^
1604:^
1553:^
1518:^
1466:^
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994:,
990:,
432:km
428:mi
424:ft
373:.
1997:.
1890:.
1852:.
1737:.
1684:.
1598:.
1572:.
1547:.
611:.
156:e
149:t
142:v
23:.
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