600:
88:
946:
593:
20:
103:
seal hunting and the granting of jurisdiction to the United States in managing on-shore hunts. In exchange for granting jurisdiction to the United States, the other signatories to the treaty were guaranteed payments and/or minimum takes of seal furs while the treaty remained in effect, subject to
171:
Following ratification, the U.S. Congress enacted an immediate five-year moratorium on hunting, to allow for recovery of the decimated herds. The treaty remained in effect until hostilities erupted among the signatories in World War II. However, the treaty set precedent for future national and
1424:
1026:
1096:
575:
1042:
1360:
1080:
1050:
135:
in 1905, although the treaty was not signed for another six years. The treaty was signed at
Washington, on July 7, 1911, with ratifications by each signatory on the following dates:
1636:
111:
tribes which hunted seals using traditional methods and for non-commercial purposes including food and shelter. Aboriginal tribes specifically mentioned in the treaty include the
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1322:
1306:
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1440:
1230:
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1408:
1392:
1376:
1368:
1314:
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and acknowledged the United States' jurisdiction in managing the on-shore hunting of seals for commercial purposes. It was the first international treaty to address
2056:
982:
1692:
1088:
2200:
570:
2118:
2035:
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1870:
1330:
1174:
173:
2210:
1598:
1943:
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447:
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1456:
1416:
1928:
1150:
1058:
735:
210:
1938:
1182:
1104:
467:
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1920:
1883:
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299:
428:
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1863:
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1804:
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60:
1206:
1198:
700:
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2170:
1519:
968:
781:
771:
679:
343:
163:
Ratifications were then exchanged at
Washington on December 12, 1911, and the treaty was proclaimed two days later on December 14.
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1953:
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1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
745:
406:
277:
Castree, Noel. "Nature, economy and the cultural politics of theory: the âwar against the sealsâ in the Bering Sea, 1870â1911."
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1958:
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239:"Convention between the United States, Great Britain, Russia and Japan for the preservation and protection of fur seals"
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1828:
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1933:
1822:
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1722:
1679:
991:
913:
560:
669:
462:
37:
Convention between the United States and Other Powers
Providing for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals
2013:
1993:
1704:
1649:
1531:
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409:
206:
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1968:
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510:
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1384:
582:
296:
The dawn of conservation diplomacy: US-Canadian wildlife protection treaties in the progressive era
241:. Edwin Ginn Library at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. Archived from
1909:
1716:
823:
674:
2185:
817:
304:
Gluek Jr, Alvin C. "Canada's
Splendid Bargain: the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911."
2029:
2018:
1903:
1896:
1610:
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1018:
621:
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140:
705:
8:
2008:
2003:
1525:
1010:
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383:
147:
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Irwin, Robert. "Canada, Aboriginal
Sealing, and the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention."
271:
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128:
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24:
1988:
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347:
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Notes on certain
Pinnepeds with data respecting their present commercial importance
87:
52:
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1342:
1222:
893:
829:
647:
64:
2081:
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710:
68:
1425:
Los
Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2149:
2096:
2076:
898:
841:
730:
92:
91:
The fur seal's range. All pelagic sealing north of the 30th parallel in the
1983:
888:
112:
72:
2101:
847:
791:
715:
116:
1537:
322:
Cornell studies in political economy
Cornell University Press, (1993)
56:
592:
352:
1810:
1550:
1468:
1097:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural
Resources Defense Council
835:
495:
315:
Annual Report of the New York
Zoological Society. (1905) 15, 105â116
48:
40:
132:
19:
266:
Bailey, Thomas A. "The North Pacific Sealing Convention of 1911."
1637:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
100:
99:
The two most significant terms of the treaty were the banning of
1323:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1307:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
1441:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
1393:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1315:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1231:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
39:, was a treaty signed on July 7, 1911, designed to manage the
320:
Polar politics: creating international environmental regimes
1409:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
1377:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
1369:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
2057:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
1089:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
180:. On the 100th anniversary of the treaty in 2011, the
1331:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
1175:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
1051:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
1847:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1687:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
990:
1817:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
23:The treaty was created to regulate hunting of the
1871:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
2147:
1929:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1693:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
1059:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
211:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
172:international laws and treaties, including the
127:The treaty was co-authored by environmentalist
1939:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1183:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1105:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
122:
1949:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1599:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
976:
368:
2211:Treaties extended to the Territory of Alaska
1159:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
653:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
59:. The treaty, signed by the United States,
1805:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1121:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1113:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
342:, as provided by the Edwin Ginn Library at
139:United States: Ratification advised by the
2201:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801â1922)
1799:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
1207:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
1199:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
1151:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
983:
969:
375:
361:
16:Treaty regulating the commercial fur trade
1557:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
1526:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
1167:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
516:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
107:The treaty also provided an exemption to
41:commercial harvest of fur-bearing mammals
33:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
1520:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
344:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
86:
18:
1954:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
382:
207:"North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911"
166:
2148:
2047:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
1890:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
1787:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1775:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
1449:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
627:Creation of the Supreme Court Building
451:Solicitor General of the United States
233:
231:
229:
201:
199:
197:
82:
2135:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
1656:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
1433:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
1043:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
964:
658:Philippines Civil Governor, 1901â1904
356:
156:Russia: October 22 / November 4, 1911
131:and United States Secretary of State
1864:Energy Independence and Security Act
1835:National Environmental Education Act
541:Commission on Economy and Efficiency
318:Young, Oran R., and Gail Osherenko
178:Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
2161:Treaties entered into force in 1911
2107:Significant New Alternatives Policy
1959:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1269:Southern Union Co. v. United States
1215:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
1129:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
777:1912 Republican National Convention
767:1908 Republican National Convention
701:Birthplace, home, and historic site
440:Governor-General of the Philippines
226:
194:
13:
1884:America's Water Infrastructure Act
1874:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
1593:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1353:United States v. Riverside Bayview
1291:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
1261:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
399:Chief Justice of the United States
260:
143:on July 24, 1911, and ratified by
14:
2232:
1900:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
1662:National Environmental Policy Act
1640:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
1401:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
1361:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
551:United States Chamber of Commerce
333:
2087:Presidential Climate Action Plan
2067:New Source Performance Standards
1934:Council on Environmental Quality
1823:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
945:
944:
598:
591:
2171:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
1723:Water Resources Development Act
1680:Coastal Zone Management Program
992:United States environmental law
782:1912 U.S. presidential election
772:1908 U.S. presidential election
561:State of the Union Address 1912
298:(U of Washington Press, 2009).
2176:Treaties of the Russian Empire
2014:Environmental impact statement
1994:Corporate average fuel economy
1878:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
1299:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
432:United States Secretary of War
410:President of the United States
274:, a standard scholarly history
217:
153:Great Britain: August 25, 1911
1:
2181:Treaties of the United States
906:Backstairs at the White House
536:PinchotâBallinger controversy
501:Federal Corrupt Practices Act
187:
1793:Toxic Substances Control Act
670:1906â1909 Occupation of Cuba
546:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
421:Provisional Governor of Cuba
63:(also representing Canada),
7:
2206:Treaties extended to Canada
2052:National Climate Assessment
1999:Discharge Monitoring Report
1852:Food Quality Protection Act
1674:Coastal Zone Management Act
531:Defense Secrets Act of 1911
123:Authorship and ratification
10:
2237:
2191:1911 in the Russian Empire
2166:Treaties concluded in 1911
1829:Global Change Research Act
1479:United States v. Bestfoods
736:High school (New York City
306:Canadian Historical Review
182:Pribilof Fur Seal Monument
2196:1911 in the United States
2102:Section 608 Certification
2042:Maximum contaminant level
1979:Best available technology
1967:
1919:
1625:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
1605:Air Pollution Control Act
1569:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1501:
1467:
1341:
1279:
1249:
1139:
1069:
998:
924:
881:
790:
759:
688:
640:
607:
589:
511:Apportionment Act of 1911
506:Wireless Ship Act of 1910
461:
390:
268:Pacific Historical Review
95:was banned by the treaty.
2216:1911 in Washington, D.C.
2130:Toxicity category rating
2125:Total maximum daily load
2062:National Priorities List
1944:Office of Surface Mining
1769:Federal Noxious Weed Act
1670:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
1644:Solid Waste Disposal Act
1385:Rapanos v. United States
830:Robert Alphonso Taft Jr.
680:National War Labor Board
491:PayneâAldrich Tariff Act
35:, formally known as the
2156:1911 in the environment
2092:Renewable Fuel Standard
1910:Inflation Reduction Act
1717:Safe Drinking Water Act
824:William Howard Taft III
675:League to Enforce Peace
340:Full text of the treaty
159:Japan: November 6, 1911
1705:Endangered Species Act
1650:Endangered Species Act
1532:Rivers and Harbors Act
1081:United States v. SCRAP
1027:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
874:(paternal grandfather)
818:Charles Phelps Taft II
665:TaftâKatsura agreement
556:Ceremonial first pitch
96:
71:, outlawed open-water
28:
2030:Executive Order 13990
2024:Executive Order 13432
2019:Environmental justice
1904:CHIPS and Science Act
1611:Fish and Wildlife Act
1487:Guam v. United States
1019:Sierra Club v. Morton
622:Judiciary Act of 1925
571:Judicial appointments
308:63.2 (1982): 179â201.
294:Dorsey, Kurkpatrick.
289:Environmental History
223:Bailey (1935), p. 13.
90:
77:wildlife preservation
22:
2113:State of the Climate
1781:MagnusonâStevens Act
1587:McSweeney-McNary Act
1239:West Virginia v. EPA
1191:Massachusetts v. EPA
930:â Theodore Roosevelt
806:Robert Alphonso Taft
617:Supreme Court career
486:Income Tax amendment
174:Fur Seal Act of 1966
167:Enactment and legacy
150:on November 24, 1911
104:certain conditions.
2077:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
2009:Environmental crime
2004:Effluent guidelines
1765:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
1505:federal legislation
1011:Missouri v. Holland
854:Charles Phelps Taft
726:U.S. Postage stamps
384:William Howard Taft
291:20.1 (2015): 57â82.
148:William Howard Taft
83:Terms of the treaty
1897:Louisiana v. Biden
1811:CERCLA (Superfund)
1719:(1974, 1986, 1996)
1035:Hughes v. Oklahoma
914:Theodore Roosevelt
866:Horace Dutton Taft
812:Helen Taft Manning
270:4.1 (1935): 1â14.
129:Henry Wood Elliott
97:
45:Northern fur seals
29:
2221:Seal conservation
2143:
2142:
2072:New Source Review
1858:Energy Policy Act
1841:Oil Pollution Act
1711:Oil Pollution Act
1699:Noise Control Act
1629:Acid Rain Program
1617:Oil Pollution Act
1581:Oil Pollution Act
1575:ClarkeâMcNary Act
1497:
1496:
1457:Sackett v. EPA II
958:
957:
917:(2022 miniseries)
909:(1979 miniseries)
872:Peter Rawson Taft
860:Henry Waters Taft
800:Helen Herron Taft
706:Malacañang Palace
583:First Oval Office
526:Radio Act of 1912
476:1909 inauguration
25:Northern fur seal
2228:
1989:Clean Power Plan
1921:Federal agencies
1563:WeeksâMcLean Act
1417:Sackett v. EPA I
1067:
1066:
985:
978:
971:
962:
961:
948:
947:
937:Woodrow Wilson â
632:Taft Court cases
602:
595:
481:Dollar diplomacy
454:
443:
435:
424:
413:
402:
377:
370:
363:
354:
353:
348:Tufts University
254:
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215:
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53:Pribilof Islands
27:, pictured here.
2236:
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2231:
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2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
1971:
1963:
1915:
1668:Clean Water Act
1512:
1511:and lower court
1510:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1463:
1337:
1275:
1245:
1223:Michigan v. EPA
1135:
1065:
1002:
994:
989:
959:
954:
920:
894:Progressive Era
877:
786:
755:
689:Life and legacy
684:
648:Taft Commission
636:
609:
603:
597:
596:
587:
521:MannâElkins Act
465:
457:
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263:
261:Further reading
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2127:
2122:
2119:Tailoring Rule
2116:
2109:
2104:
2099:
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2089:
2084:
2082:PACE financing
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711:Woodbury Point
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629:
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619:
613:
611:
608:Chief Justice,
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334:External links
332:
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328:978-0801480690
316:
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281:(1997): 1â20.
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2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:1911 in Japan
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
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2126:
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2117:
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2114:
2110:
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2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Right to know
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
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2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
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245:on 2008-05-09
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1984:Citizen suit
1972:and concepts
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889:Billy Possum
751:San Antonio)
721:Bibliography
515:
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288:
278:
267:
247:. Retrieved
243:the original
219:
170:
162:
126:
106:
98:
73:seal hunting
36:
32:
30:
1969:Regulations
848:Louise Taft
746:Los Angeles
716:Taft Bridge
453:(1890â1892)
442:(1901â1904)
434:(1904â1908)
412:(1909â1913)
401:(1921â1930)
117:Aino (Ainu)
2150:Categories
1538:Refuse Act
838:(grandson)
832:(grandson)
826:(grandson)
814:(daughter)
696:Early life
463:Presidency
249:2008-08-08
188:References
109:aboriginal
57:Bering Sea
49:sea otters
1551:Weeks Act
1545:Lacey Act
1513:decisions
1509:treaties,
1003:decisions
868:(brother)
862:(brother)
856:(brother)
836:Seth Taft
760:Elections
496:Weeks Act
468:timeline)
145:President
119:peoples.
51:) in the
43:(such as
2036:LDV Rule
950:Category
850:(mother)
844:(father)
176:and the
133:John Hay
79:issues.
1676:(1972)
1534:(1899)
882:Related
741:Chicago
566:Cabinet
300:excerpt
101:pelagic
55:of the
2121:(2010)
2038:(2010)
2032:(2022)
2026:(2007)
1912:(2022)
1906:(2022)
1892:(2021)
1886:(2018)
1880:(2016)
1866:(2007)
1860:(2005)
1854:(1996)
1843:(1990)
1837:(1990)
1831:(1990)
1825:(1986)
1819:(1986)
1813:(1980)
1807:(1978)
1801:(1977)
1795:(1976)
1789:(1976)
1783:(1976)
1777:(1975)
1771:(1975)
1713:(1973)
1707:(1973)
1701:(1972)
1695:(1972)
1689:(1972)
1664:(1970)
1658:(1970)
1652:(1969)
1646:(1965)
1619:(1961)
1613:(1956)
1607:(1955)
1601:(1954)
1595:(1934)
1589:(1928)
1583:(1924)
1577:(1924)
1571:(1918)
1565:(1913)
1559:(1911)
1553:(1911)
1547:(1900)
1528:(1897)
1522:(1872)
1490:(2021)
1482:(1998)
1469:CERCLA
1460:(2023)
1452:(2020)
1444:(2018)
1436:(2016)
1428:(2013)
1420:(2012)
1412:(2009)
1404:(2009)
1396:(2007)
1388:(2006)
1380:(2006)
1372:(2004)
1364:(2001)
1356:(1985)
1334:(2021)
1326:(2018)
1318:(2007)
1310:(1995)
1302:(1992)
1294:(1978)
1272:(2012)
1264:(1978)
1242:(2022)
1234:(2021)
1226:(2015)
1218:(2014)
1210:(2011)
1202:(2007)
1194:(2007)
1186:(2004)
1178:(2004)
1170:(2001)
1162:(1984)
1154:(1975)
1132:(2010)
1124:(2008)
1116:(2004)
1108:(2004)
1100:(1983)
1092:(1983)
1084:(1973)
1062:(2021)
1054:(2000)
1046:(1990)
1038:(1979)
1030:(1978)
1022:(1972)
1014:(1920)
802:(wife)
792:Family
423:(1904)
326:
283:online
272:online
141:Senate
69:Russia
67:, and
1502:Major
1471:cases
1345:cases
1283:cases
1253:cases
1143:cases
1073:cases
901:(cow)
820:(son)
808:(son)
113:Aleut
65:Japan
1763:2007
1759:2000
1755:1999
1751:1996
1747:1992
1743:1990
1739:1988
1735:1986
1731:1976
1727:1974
1251:RCRA
1071:NEPA
429:42nd
407:27th
396:10th
324:ISBN
115:and
47:and
31:The
1343:CWA
1281:ESA
1141:CAA
448:6th
418:3rd
2152::
1761:,
1757:,
1753:,
1749:,
1745:,
1741:,
1737:,
1733:,
1729:,
346:,
228:^
209:.
196:^
1725:(
1507:,
984:e
977:t
970:v
466:(
376:e
369:t
362:v
252:.
213:.
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