373:
106:
331:
343:
3342:
651:. From the outset Geikie studied the geology of Skye and other Western Isles taking a keen interest in volcanic geology and in 1871 he presented the Geological Society of London with an outline of the 'Tertiary Volcanic History of Britain'. Following Geikie many have tried, and continue to study and understand the NAIP, and in doing so have advanced knowledge in geology, mineralogy and in more recent decades geochemistry and geophysics.
2009:
362:
1996:, East Greenland. The bulk of these lavas have a very uniform composition and are tholeiites... The only significant variation is minor and represents a change to a more evolved type to the south, a variation which may be similar to that observed in Postglacial Icelandic lavas. The earliest lavas are of a picritic type...
1407:
The East
Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province includes the largest exposed continental flood basalt sequence within the North Atlantic borderlands. Plate-kinematic models indicate the axis of the ancestral Iceland mantle plume was located under Central Greenland at ~60 Ma and subsequently crossed the
1365:
It is widely assumed that
Iceland sits above a mantle plume or hotspot. Plate reconstructions place the plume beneath what is now northeastern Canada at about 80 Ma. This correlates with an episode of basaltic volcanism in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, dated at around 90 Ma. The aseismic Alpha Ridge
1891:
Studies of dredged and drilled samples from the North
Atlantic ocean have revealed that basalts with a wide range of major and trace element compositions have been generated at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Drilling along mantle flow lines transverse to the ridge has shown that different segments of the
1221:
The start of normal velocity ocean floor spreading in the
Labrador Sea took place in the Paleocene, around geomagnetic chrons C27-C28 (61–63 Ma) and was accompanied by a burst in volcanic activity, where large amounts of tholeiitic picrites and basalts were erupted onto the continental margins of
1167:
Breakup in the NE Atlantic was preceded by prominent Late
Cretaceous-Paleocene rifting. At the onset of this rifting, the area between NW Europe and Greenland was an epicontinental sea covering a region in which the crust had been extensively weakened by previous rift episodes. Ren et al. (2003)
406:
Basaltic volcanic rocks up to 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) thick cover 65,000 square kilometres (25,000 sq mi) in east
Greenland. Numerous intrusions related to hot-spot magmatism are exposed in the coastal region of east Greenland. The intrusions show a wide range of compositions. The
1268:
The
Labrador Sea is a small oceanic basin that developed when the North American and Greenland plates separated. An initial period of stretching in Early Cretaceous time formed sedimentary basins now preserved under the continental shelves and around the margins of the oceanic crust. The basins
307:), the intrusions of one centre cut through earlier centres recording magmatic activity with time. During intermittent periods of erosion and change in sea levels, heated waters circulated through the flows altering the basalts and deposited distinctive suites of
646:
The intensity of scientific investigation within the NAIP has made it one of the most historically important and deeply studied igneous provinces in the world. Basalt petrology was born in the
Scottish Hebrides in 1903 led by the eminent British geologist Sir
2444:
Geldmacher, Jörg; Haase, Karsten M.; Devey, Colin W.; Garbe-Schönberg, C. Dieter (27 April 1998). "The petrogenesis of
Tertiary cone-sheets in Ardnamurchan, NW Scotland: petrological and geochemical constraints on crustal contamination and partial melting".
1378:
Tegner, C; Duncan, R; Bernstein, S; Brooks, C; Bird, D; Storey, M (15 March 1998). "Ar/Ar geochronology of
Tertiary mafic intrusions along the East Greenland rifted margin: Relation to flood basalts and the Iceland hotspot track".
2832:
Williamson, I. T.; Bell, B. R. (24 May 2012). "The Staffa Lava Formation: graben-related volcanism, associated sedimentation and landscape character during the early development of the Palaeogene Mull Lava Field, NW Scotland".
471:
The British portion of the NAIP, particularly West Scotland, provides relatively easy access, compared to the largely inaccessible basalt fields of West Greenland, to deeply eroded relics of the central volcanic complexes.
50:, which extended over at least 1.3 million km (500 thousand sq mi) in area and 6.6 million km (1.6 million cu mi) in volume. The plateau was broken up during the
1269:
subsided thermally during Late Cretaceous time and a second episode of tectonism took place during latest Cretaceous and early Paleocene time, before the onset of sea-floor spreading in mid-Paleocene time.
1942:
of East Greenland indicates that both alkaline and basaltic tephras occurred during the eruption of flood basalts associated with the opening of the North Atlantic ocean in the early Tertiary.
1455:
Geoffroy, Laurent; Bergerat, Francoise; Angelier, Jacques (September 1996). "Brittle tectonism in relation to the Palaeogene evolution of the Thulean/NE Atlantic domain: a study in Ulster".
236:
flows covered over the original landscape, burning forests, filling river valleys, burying hills, to eventually form the Thulean Plateau, which contained various volcanic landforms such as
2642:
Meighan, I. G.; Fallick, A. E.; McCormick, A. G. (3 November 2011). "Anorogenic granite magma genesis: new isotopic data for the southern sector of the British Tertiary Igneous Province".
1088:
The NAIP formed during two major magmatic phases: a pre-break-up phase (62–58 Ma) and a syn-break-up phase (56-54 Ma) contemporaneous with the onset of North Atlantic sea floor spreading.
1420:
Riisager, Janna; Riisager, Peter; Pedersen, Asger Ken (September 2003). "Paleomagnetism of large igneous provinces: case-study from West Greenland, North Atlantic igneous province".
2254:
Gamble, J. A.; Meighan, I. G.; Mccormick, A. G. (1 February 1992). "The petrogenesis of Tertiary microgranites and granophyres from the Slieve Gullion Central Complex, NE Ireland".
1857:
Tarney, J.; Wood, D. A.; Saunders, A. D.; Cann, J. R.; Varet, J. (24 July 1980). "Nature of Mantle Heterogeneity in the North Atlantic: Evidence from Deep Sea Drilling".
318:, where a large amount of carbon was released into the atmosphere and the Earth substantially warmed. One hypothesis is that the uplift caused by the NAIP hotspot caused
2876:
MacDonald, R.; Wilson, L.; Thorpe, R. S.; Martin, A. (1 June 1988). "Emplacement of the Cleveland Dyke: Evidence from Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Physical Modelling".
1116:
1073:
1182:"Ar/Ar Dating of Alkali Basaltic Dykes along the Southwest Coast of Greenland: Cretaceous and Tertiary Igneous Activity along the Eastern Margin of the Labrador Sea"
1954:
Brooks, C. K.; Nielsen, T. F. D.; Petersen, T. S. (1976). "The Blosseville Coast basalts of East Greenland: Their occurrence, composition and temporal variations".
1904:
Heister, L. E.; O'Day, P. A.; Brooks, C. K.; Neuhoff, P. S.; Bird, D. K. (1 March 2001). "Pyroclastic deposits within the East Greenland Tertiary flood basalts".
1350:
763:
10 km, resulting in a mean crustal accretion rate of 2.2 km/yr. Thus NAVP ranks among the world's larger igneous provinces if the volcanic margins are considered.
2915:
140:(mid-Paleocene to early Eocene) – further divided into Phase 1 (pre-break-up phase) dated to c. 62–58 Ma and Phase 2 (syn-break-up phase) dated to c. 56–54 Ma.
2576:
2102:
2753:
1579:
Williamson, I. T.; Bell, B. R. (3 November 2011). "The Palaeocene lava field of west-central Skye, Scotland: Stratigraphy, palaeogeography and structure".
271:
lava reached the surface it rapidly cooled and solidified, successive flows built up layer upon layer, each time filling and covering existing landscapes.
2775:
2677:
Bull, J. M.; Masson, D. G. (1 August 1996). "The southern margin of the Rockall Plateau: stratigraphy, Tertiary volcanism and plate tectonic evolution".
1536:
Hitchen, K.; Ritchie, J. D. (1 May 1993). "New K–Ar ages, and a provisional chronology, for the offshore part of the British Tertiary Igneous Province".
759:
10 km, yielding a mean eruption rate of 0.6 km/yr or 2.4 km/yr if two-thirds of the basalts were emplaced within 0.5 m.y. The total crustal volume is 6.6
1045:
Ar/Ar and Pb-U isotopic age data show that the main period of continental flood basalt volcanism in the NAIP extended from ~60.5 Ma through to ~54.5 Ma.
755:
Quantitative calculations of NAVP dimensions, considered minimum estimates, reveal an areal extent of 1.3{{e|6}} km and a volume of flood basalts of 1.8
209:
Extensive outpourings of lava occurred, particularly in East Greenland, which during the Paleogene was then adjacent to Britain. Little is known of the
3093:
1671:
1181:
569:– Basalt lava field with great thicknesses of boulder conglomerate, examples of periods of erosion by fast flowing rivers in between the lava flows.
2422:
1746:
2204:
Hood, D; Meighan, I.; Gibson, D.; Mccormack, A. (July 1981). "The Tertiary Granites of the Eastern And Western Mourne Centers, Northern-Ireland".
2325:"Magma Ascent along a Major Terrane Boundary: Crustal Contamination and Magma Mixing at the Drumadoon Intrusive Complex, Isle of Arran, Scotland"
1708:
Maclennan, John; Jones, Stephen M. (2006). "Regional uplift, gas hydrate dissociation and the origins of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum".
2983:
1792:
Troll, Valentin R.; Emeleus, C. Henry; Nicoll, Graeme R.; Mattsson, Tobias; Ellam, Robert M.; Donaldson, Colin H.; Harris, Chris (2019-01-24).
3022:
2138:
Thorpe, R. S.; Tindle, A. G.; Gledhill, A. (1 December 1990). "The Petrology and Origin of the Tertiary Lundy Granite (Bristol Channel, UK)".
1283:
Fixity of the Iceland "hotspot" on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Observational evidence, mechanisms, and implications for Atlantic volcanic margins
713:
2365:
1665:
Dickson, Alexander J.; Cohen, Anthony S.; Coe, Angela L.; Davies, Marc; Shcherbinina, Ekaterina A.; Gavrilov, Yuri O. (15 November 2015).
844:
897:
Mussett, A. E.; Dagley, P.; Skelhorn, R. R. (1 January 1988). "Time and duration of activity in the British Tertiary Igneous Province".
2297:
1614:
Jin, Simin; Kemp, David B.; Yin, Runsheng; Sun, Ruyang; Shen, Jun; Jolley, David W.; Vieira, Manuel; Huang, Chunju (15 January 2023).
1476:
279:
were formed when the lava flowed into lakes, rivers and seas. Magma that did not make it to the surface as flows froze in conduits as
3317:
2600:"Magmatic Evolution of the Skye Igneous Centre, Western Scotland: Modelling of Assimilation, Recharge and Fractional Crystallization"
78:
and many of the islands located in the north eastern portion of the North Atlantic Ocean. The igneous province is the origin of the
3409:
3384:
3174:
2395:
Dagley, P.; Mussett, A.; Skelhorn, R. (1983). "Polarity Stratigraphy And Duration of the Mull Tertiary Igneous Intrusive Complex".
2028:
3394:
1032:
395:, and plateaus. Dependent upon various regional locations, the NAIP is made up of MORB (Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt), alkali basalt,
3414:
2232:
1234:
Chalmers, J. A.; Pulvertaft, T.C.R. (1 January 2001). "Development of the continental margins of the Labrador Sea: a review".
1131:
Fixed hotspot frames show uniform NE movement of the coupled North American, Greenland, and Eurasian plates from ~95 to 80 Ma.
3179:
3086:
3066:
1298:
786:
1189:
1101:
1058:
315:
1710:
1620:
1381:
51:
3196:
3144:
1490:
Thompson, R. N.; Gibson, S. A. (1 December 1991). "Subcontinental mantle plumes, hotspots and pre-existing thinspots".
1335:
2911:
2182:
3149:
244:. There was more than one period of volcanic activity during the NAIP, in between which sea levels rose and fell and
2805:
Dawson, J. (April 1951). "The Brockley Dolerite Plug and the Church Bay Volcanic Vent, Rathlin Island, Co. Antrim".
2013:
3369:
3245:
3201:
3139:
3079:
2572:
2113:
859:
From file page 7 onward: Brito-Arctic Province section (section also discusses age, pulses of activity, and volume)
2745:
3230:
3184:
1667:"Evidence for weathering and volcanism during the PETM from Arctic Ocean and Peri-Tethys osmium isotope records"
3419:
3279:
3029:"The Sub-lithospheric Source of North Atlantic Basalts: Evidence for, and Significance of, a Common End-member"
2783:
2729:
2488:
Holness, M.B.; Isherwood, C.E. (1 January 2003). "The aureole of the Rum Tertiary Igneous Complex, Scotland".
1616:"Mercury isotope evidence for protracted North Atlantic magmatism during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum"
883:. Geological Conservation Review. London: Chapman & Hall on behalf of Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
714:
Brittle tectonism in relation to the Palaeogene evolution of the Thulean/NE Atlantic domain: a study in Ulster
3399:
2937:
Le Bas, M. J. (1966–1967). "On the Origin of the Tertiary Granophyres of the Carlingford Complex, Ireland".
1059:"The British Tertiary Volcanics: Origin, History and New Paleogeographic Constraints for the North Atlantic"
3374:
3302:
3404:
3159:
1938:
Stratigraphic, geochemical and mineralogical characterization of pyroclastic deposits on the Gronau West
1206:
2414:
1366:
is bathymetrically linked to northern Ellesmere Island, and extends northwards beneath the Arctic Ocean.
182:
corresponds to the earlier 'North Atlantic mantle plume' that would have created the NAIP. Through both
729:; Kjersti Grue (10 February 1994). "North Atlantic volcanic margins: Dimensions and production rates".
3379:
631:
2443:
1320:
831:
372:
263:
basaltic lava during successive eruptions through multiple volcanic vents or in linear fissures. As
206:, onto the west coast of Greenland, and finally arrived on the east coast of Greenland by c. 60 Ma.
3235:
171:
and Greenland may have begun as early as c. 95–80 Ma, c. 81 Ma, and c. 63–61 Ma respectively (late
1859:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2533:"Palaeomagnetism and radiometric dating of the British Tertiary Igneous Province: Muck and Eigg"
3389:
3250:
3118:
3102:
2373:
826:
690:
566:
24:
997:"The evolution of the North Atlantic Igneous Province and the opening of the NE Atlantic rift"
803:
3327:
3322:
3269:
3264:
431:. In contrast, the Werner Bjerge complex is made up of potassium- and sodium-rich (alkaline)
220:
hotspot under stress from plate rifting, fissures opened up along a line from Ireland to the
2021:
Geology and Nonfuel Mineral Deposits of Greenland, Europe, Russia, and Northern Central Asia
1892:
MAR have produced basalts with a distinct compositional range for tens of millions of years.
1723:
1633:
1433:
1394:
778:
The North Atlantic igneous province stratigraphy, tectonic, volcanic, and magmatic processes
190:, it is speculated that the present day Iceland hotspot originated as a mantle plume on the
3424:
3257:
3154:
3040:
3001:
2885:
2842:
2686:
2611:
2544:
2497:
2454:
2336:
2301:
2263:
2147:
2065:
1963:
1913:
1866:
1805:
1758:
1747:"The Great Eucrite intrusion of Ardnamurchan, Scotland: Reevaluating the ring-dike concept"
1719:
1680:
1629:
1545:
1499:
1464:
1429:
1390:
1243:
1008:
953:
906:
818:
738:
494:
446:
408:
183:
156:
152:
1161:
1144:
940:
TROLL, VALENTIN R.; NICOLL, GRAEME R.; DONALDSON, COLIN H.; EMELEUS, HENRY C. (May 2008).
8:
3284:
3189:
3134:
635:
556:
376:
79:
3044:
3005:
2965:
2889:
2846:
2690:
2615:
2548:
2501:
2458:
2340:
2267:
2151:
2069:
2019:
1967:
1917:
1870:
1809:
1762:
1684:
1549:
1503:
1468:
1247:
1012:
957:
910:
822:
742:
109:
The British Tertiary Volcanic Province (based on Emeleus & Gyopari 1992 and Mussett
3061:
2946:
2858:
2814:
2702:
2659:
2557:
2532:
2513:
2470:
2323:
Meade, F. C.; Chew, D. M.; Troll, V. R.; Ellam, R. M.; Page, L. M. (22 December 2009).
2279:
1979:
1929:
1882:
1834:
1793:
1647:
1596:
1561:
1515:
1308:
1259:
1024:
977:
922:
529:
164:
122:
1441:
1402:
996:
840:
346:
3292:
3218:
2862:
2725:
2706:
2663:
2517:
2474:
2283:
2083:
1988:
Major and trace element compositions are presented for basalts from the area between
1983:
1933:
1839:
1821:
1774:
1651:
1600:
1565:
1519:
1294:
1263:
1028:
981:
969:
926:
782:
675:
665:
396:
338:– with clearly visible circular shape, which is the 'plumbings of an ancient volcano'
319:
105:
2224:
1886:
475:
Locations of major intrusion complexes within the British part of the NAIP include:
3288:
3240:
3048:
3009:
2893:
2850:
2694:
2651:
2619:
2552:
2505:
2462:
2344:
2271:
2155:
2073:
1971:
1921:
1874:
1829:
1813:
1766:
1727:
1688:
1637:
1588:
1553:
1507:
1472:
1437:
1398:
1286:
1251:
1198:
1156:
1016:
961:
914:
836:
746:
648:
586:
485:
366:
217:
199:
83:
3014:
2989:
2159:
1903:
1255:
1145:"Structure and evolution of the continental margin off Norway and the Barents Sea"
1020:
918:
3208:
3113:
3053:
3028:
2897:
2078:
2053:
1989:
1693:
1666:
1143:
Faleide, Jan Inge; Tsikalas, F.; Breivik, A. J.; Mjelde, R.; et al. (2008).
776:
680:
562:
304:
179:
144:
2990:"Mantle Sources and Melting Dynamics in the British Palaeogene Igneous Province"
2018:
Nokleberg, W.J.; Baweic, W.J.; Doebrich, J.L.; Lipin, B.R.; et al. (2005).
3346:
3312:
3169:
3129:
2854:
2624:
2599:
2349:
2324:
1993:
1817:
1794:"A large explosive silicic eruption in the British Palaeogene Igneous Province"
1731:
1642:
1615:
612:
605:
572:
559:– Polygonal basalt columns, which seen from above are large hexagonal pavements
490:
400:
388:
299:. Individual central complexes developed with arcuate intrusions (cone sheets,
288:
284:
280:
252:
187:
148:
75:
28:
2655:
1592:
1290:
965:
3363:
2698:
2275:
2087:
1825:
1778:
1511:
973:
876:
600:
499:
451:
272:
203:
63:
2509:
1454:
1202:
941:
3307:
3297:
3223:
3213:
3164:
2174:
1878:
1856:
1843:
726:
685:
670:
660:
509:
504:
384:
335:
330:
256:
195:
94:) and the portion of the province in the British Isles is also called the
3071:
2875:
2466:
1925:
1419:
1057:
Rousse, S.; M. Ganerød; M.A. Smethurst; T.H. Torsvik; T. Prestvik (2007).
1056:
1477:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(199609)31:3<259::AID-GJ711>3.0.CO;2-8
596:
342:
276:
237:
210:
191:
2950:
2818:
2322:
2229:
Geological Sites in Northern Ireland – Earth Science Conservation Review
1557:
2722:
British Regional Geology: the Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland
1975:
1179:
695:
619:
436:
392:
354:
292:
172:
137:
47:
3341:
2724:(Fourth ed.). Nottingham: British Geological Survey. p. 43.
2203:
1953:
1180:
Larsen, Lotte Melchior; Rex, D. C.; Watt, W. S.; Guise, P. G. (1999).
942:"Dating the onset of volcanism at the Rum Igneous Centre, NW Scotland"
750:
3122:
2641:
1770:
1745:
O'Driscoll, B.; Troll, V. R.; Reavy, R. J.; Turner, P. (2006-03-01).
576:
552:
Other notable NAIP landform locations in the United Kingdom include:
424:
300:
268:
241:
71:
36:
2415:"Tertiary Volcanic Complex – Shepherd's Hut, Kilchoan, Ardnamurchan"
2253:
1377:
608:, North Yorkshire – Dyke swarm related to the Mull intrusive complex
322:
to dissociate and dump 2000 gigatons of carbon into the atmosphere.
542:
412:
296:
225:
221:
213:
of the opening of the North Atlantic between Greenland and Europe.
168:
126:
59:
442:
Locations of submarine central complexes within the NAIP include:
1939:
616:
580:
534:
432:
308:
245:
232:
over 1000 °C surfaced as multiple, successive and extensive
160:
67:
55:
32:
16:
Large igneous province in the North Atlantic, centered on Iceland
896:
2137:
590:
416:
44:
2644:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
1744:
1581:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
1333:
514:
314:
Activity of the NAIP 55 million years ago may have caused the
2394:
1099:
634:
is the only location of a major intrusion complex within the
480:
420:
264:
260:
229:
2370:
Mull and Iona Chamber of Commerce – Holiday information site
2017:
1142:
939:
524:
519:
428:
361:
350:
233:
2597:
1791:
1233:
2598:
Fowler, S. J.; Bohrson, W.; Spera, F. (19 August 2004).
423:) intrusion that has mineralized rock units enriched in
801:
2487:
2987:
2831:
2397:
Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1664:
1578:
1535:
1489:
1280:
802:
Courtillot, Vincent E; Renne, Paul R (January 2003).
113:. 1988) with UK map shown in context of the world map
2530:
2108:. In Irving, RA; Schofield, AJ; Webster, CJ (eds.).
1336:"Tracking the Iceland Plume across the Arctic Ocean"
875:
774:
2372:. Mull and Iona Chamber of Commerce. Archived from
725:
2637:
2635:
2100:
3026:
2939:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B
2676:
1672:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1334:Saunders, A.D.; S. Drachev; M.K. Reichow (2005).
994:
383:The NAIP is made up of both onshore and offshore
295:extended across the British Isles throughout the
259:, quickly followed by vast outpourings of highly
3361:
1236:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1100:Torsvik, T.H.; B. Steinberger; C. Gaina (2007).
1001:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
899:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
641:
593:– Polygonal basalt columns eroded to form a cave
2632:
2300:. Isle of Arran Heritage Museum. Archived from
2112:. Bideford: Lundy Field Society. Archived from
615:complexes of the NAIP contain many examples of
2988:Kent, R. W.; J. Godfrey Fitton (1 July 2000).
1707:
1531:
1529:
3087:
3067:Large Igneous Province Commission – home page
1613:
995:Jolley, D. W.; Bell, B. R. (1 January 2002).
892:
890:
871:
869:
867:
216:As the Earth's crust was stretched above the
2780:Rum and the Small Islands Online Publication
2052:Emeleus, C. H.; Troll, V. R. (August 2014).
2051:
731:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
3101:
2936:
2782:. Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from
2719:
1526:
415:or about 55 million year age) is a layered
287:and large amounts spread laterally to form
178:Studies have suggested that the modern day
3094:
3080:
3027:Ellam, R. M.; F. M. Stuart (1 July 2000).
887:
864:
251:Volcanic activity would have started with
3052:
3013:
2623:
2556:
2531:Dagley, P.; Mussett, A. E. (April 1986).
2447:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2348:
2077:
1956:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1833:
1692:
1641:
1408:East Greenland rifted continental margin.
1281:Lundin, Erik R.; Anthony G. Doré (2005).
1168:suggested onset of rifting at about 81 Ma
1160:
1102:"North Atlantic Plate Motions and Plumes"
830:
92:North Atlantic Tertiary Volcanic Province
371:
360:
341:
329:
143:Continuing research also indicates that
104:
3362:
2967:The ancient volcanoes of Great Britain
2963:
2804:
2222:
626:
3075:
2918:from the original on 19 December 2013
2425:from the original on 19 December 2013
2235:from the original on 19 December 2013
2231:. National Museums Northern Ireland.
2185:from the original on 19 February 2012
2027:. USGS. Open File Report 2005–1294D.
775:D.W. Jolley; B.R. Bell, eds. (2002).
3062:Mantle Plumes – Iceland Hotspot page
2756:from the original on 13 October 2013
2101:Smith, Sandy; Clive Roberts (1997).
2001:
1190:Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin
1035:from the original on 19 January 2013
804:"On the ages of flood basalt events"
325:
186:observations and reconstructions of
54:leaving remnants preserved in north
1711:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1621:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1422:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1382:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1285:. Vol. 388. pp. 627–651.
622:found throughout the British Isles.
52:opening of the North Atlantic Ocean
13:
2720:Emeleus, C.H.; Bell, B.R. (2005).
2579:from the original on 17 March 2014
2558:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb05180.x
2172:
2054:"The Rum Igneous Centre, Scotland"
881:British Tertiary Volcanic Province
96:British Tertiary Volcanic Province
14:
3436:
2977:
2679:Journal of the Geological Society
2537:Geophysical Journal International
2490:Journal of the Geological Society
2363:
2256:Journal of the Geological Society
2206:Journal of the Geological Society
1906:Journal of the Geological Society
1492:Journal of the Geological Society
946:Journal of the Geological Society
545:are sometimes referred to as the
466:
100:British Tertiary Igneous Province
86:. The province is also known as
3340:
2914:. Geological Survey of Ireland.
2225:"Slieve Gullion Ring – Overview"
2012: This article incorporates
2007:
316:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
3410:Volcanism of the United Kingdom
3385:Volcanism of the Atlantic Ocean
2957:
2930:
2904:
2869:
2825:
2798:
2768:
2738:
2713:
2670:
2591:
2565:
2524:
2481:
2437:
2407:
2388:
2357:
2316:
2290:
2247:
2216:
2197:
2166:
2131:
2094:
2045:
2034:from the original on 2016-03-05
1947:
1897:
1850:
1785:
1738:
1701:
1658:
1607:
1572:
1483:
1448:
1413:
1371:
1356:from the original on 2013-12-17
1327:
1274:
1227:
1173:
1162:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i1/012
1136:
1122:from the original on 2013-12-17
1093:
1079:from the original on 2013-12-17
850:from the original on 2008-11-20
198:) c. 130–120 Ma, migrated down
21:North Atlantic Igneous Province
3395:Plateaus of the Atlantic Ocean
2807:The Irish Naturalists' Journal
1343:Geophysical Research Abstracts
1109:Geophysical Research Abstracts
1066:Geophysical Research Abstracts
1050:
988:
933:
795:
781:. London: Geological Society.
768:
719:
707:
129:phase of the NAIP was between
1:
3415:Volcanism of Northern Ireland
3175:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
2912:"Carlingford Volcanic Centre"
1442:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00367-4
1403:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00206-9
1256:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.187.01.05
1021:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.197.01.01
919:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.29
841:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3
701:
642:History of geological studies
541:Those occurrences within the
130:
2079:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.04
1694:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.08.019
117:
7:
3023:Paleogeographic Map of NAIP
3015:10.1093/petrology/41.7.1023
2835:Scottish Journal of Geology
2160:10.1093/petrology/31.6.1379
1538:Scottish Journal of Geology
1222:West Greenland and Labrador
654:
379:– polygonal basalt pavement
353:– largest exposed piece of
228:complexes were formed. Hot
10:
3441:
3054:10.1093/petrology/41.7.919
2964:Geikie, Archibald (1897).
2898:10.1093/petrology/29.3.559
2223:Porter, E M (3 May 2003).
1818:10.1038/s41598-018-35855-w
1732:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.069
1643:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117926
547:Hebridean Igneous Province
125:indicates the most active
39:, the province formed the
3336:
3109:
2656:10.1017/S0263593300007914
2419:The Lochan Shepherd's Hut
2179:The Devlin Family On-Line
1593:10.1017/S0263593300006301
1291:10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.627
966:10.1144/0016-76492006-190
811:Comptes Rendus Geoscience
632:Carlingford, County Louth
2855:10.1144/0036-9276/01-439
2699:10.1144/gsjgs.153.4.0601
2625:10.1093/petrology/egh074
2350:10.1093/petrology/egp081
2276:10.1144/gsjgs.149.1.0093
1512:10.1144/gsjgs.148.6.0973
879:; Gyopari, M.C. (1992).
686:Continental flood basalt
3370:Large igneous provinces
3103:Large igneous provinces
2746:"Geological Succession"
2575:. scottishgeology.com.
2510:10.1144/0016-764901-098
1724:2006E&PSL.245...65M
1634:2023E&PSL.60217926J
1434:2003E&PSL.214..409R
1395:1998E&PSL.156...75T
1203:10.34194/ggub.v184.5227
716:Retrieved on 2007-11-10
145:tectonic plate movement
3119:Northeast Georgia Rise
2573:"Skye – Cuillin Hills"
2103:"The Geology of Lundy"
2058:Mineralogical Magazine
2014:public domain material
1879:10.1098/rsta.1980.0209
691:Large igneous province
380:
369:
365:Basalt columns inside
358:
339:
138:Ma (million years ago)
114:
25:large igneous province
3420:Volcanism of Scotland
2467:10.1007/s004100050388
2366:"The Geology of Mull"
1926:10.1144/jgs.158.2.269
638:'s part of the NAIP.
375:
364:
345:
333:
175:to early Paleocene).
108:
88:Brito–Arctic province
3400:Geology of Greenland
3258:Mackenzie dike swarm
3033:Journal of Petrology
2994:Journal of Petrology
2970:. London: Macmillan.
2878:Journal of Petrology
2786:on 24 September 2015
2604:Journal of Petrology
2329:Journal of Petrology
2140:Journal of Petrology
495:Ring of Gullion AONB
447:Anton Dohrn Seamount
409:Skaergaard intrusion
255:accumulations, like
3375:Paleocene volcanism
3303:Paraná and Etendeka
3190:Franklin dike swarm
3180:Equatorial Atlantic
3135:Brazilian Highlands
3045:2000JPet...41..919E
3006:2000JPet...41.1023K
2890:1988JPet...29..559M
2847:2012ScJG...48....1W
2691:1996JGSoc.153..601B
2616:2004JPet...45.2481F
2549:1986GeoJ...85..217B
2502:2003JGSoc.160...15H
2459:1998CoMP..131..196G
2341:2009JPet...50.2345M
2304:on 19 December 2013
2268:1992JGSoc.149...93G
2152:1990JPet...31.1379T
2070:2014MinM...78..805E
1968:1976CoMP...58..279B
1918:2001JGSoc.158..269H
1871:1980RSPTA.297..179T
1810:2019NatSR...9..494T
1763:2006Geo....34..189O
1685:2015PPP...438..300D
1558:10.1144/sjg29010073
1550:1993ScJG...29...73H
1504:1991JGSoc.148..973T
1469:1996GeolJ..31..259G
1248:2001GSLSP.187...77C
1013:2002GSLSP.197....1J
958:2008JGSoc.165..651T
911:1988GSLSP..39..337M
823:2003CRGeo.335..113C
743:1994JGR....99.2955E
636:Republic of Ireland
627:Republic of Ireland
334:Satellite photo of
90:(also known as the
3405:Geology of Iceland
3347:Geology portal
2776:"Canna and Sanday"
2376:on 7 February 2012
2175:"Mourne Mountains"
1976:10.1007/BF00402356
1798:Scientific Reports
1457:Geological Journal
381:
370:
359:
340:
320:methane clathrates
165:seafloor spreading
159:plates), regional
115:
3354:
3353:
2610:(12): 2481–2505.
2364:Jones, Rosalind.
2335:(12): 2345–2374.
2298:"Geology Section"
1865:(1431): 179–202.
1300:978-0-8137-2388-4
788:978-1-86239-108-6
751:10.1029/93JB02879
737:(B2): 2955–2968.
666:Geologic province
435:rock, containing
397:tholeiitic basalt
326:Igneous landforms
3432:
3380:Eocene volcanism
3345:
3344:
3260:
3253:
3251:Coppermine River
3226:
3204:
3192:
3145:Central Atlantic
3125:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3058:
3056:
3019:
3017:
3000:(7): 1023–1040.
2972:
2971:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2750:Giant's Causeway
2742:
2736:
2735:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2650:(1–2): 227–233.
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2453:(2–3): 196–209.
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2146:(6): 1379–1406.
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1771:10.1130/G22294.1
1742:
1736:
1735:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1428:(3–4): 409–425.
1417:
1411:
1410:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1205:. Archived from
1186:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1040:
992:
986:
985:
937:
931:
930:
894:
885:
884:
873:
862:
861:
856:
855:
849:
834:
808:
799:
793:
792:
772:
766:
765:
762:
758:
723:
717:
711:
649:Archibald Geikie
557:Giant's Causeway
486:Mourne Mountains
456:Blackstones Bank
377:Giant's Causeway
200:Ellesmere Island
135:
132:
80:Giant's Causeway
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3339:
3332:
3256:
3249:
3222:
3200:
3188:
3155:Circum-Superior
3150:Central Iapetus
3117:
3105:
3100:
2980:
2975:
2962:
2958:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2874:
2870:
2830:
2826:
2813:(16): 156–162.
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2718:
2714:
2675:
2671:
2640:
2633:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2529:
2525:
2486:
2482:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2362:
2358:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2167:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2119:on 3 March 2016
2116:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1990:Kangerdlugssuaq
1952:
1948:
1902:
1898:
1855:
1851:
1790:
1786:
1743:
1739:
1706:
1702:
1663:
1659:
1612:
1608:
1577:
1573:
1534:
1527:
1488:
1484:
1453:
1449:
1418:
1414:
1376:
1372:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1279:
1275:
1232:
1228:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1038:
1036:
993:
989:
938:
934:
895:
888:
874:
865:
853:
851:
847:
832:10.1.1.461.3338
806:
800:
796:
789:
773:
769:
760:
756:
724:
720:
712:
708:
704:
681:Oceanic plateau
657:
644:
629:
589:on the Isle of
539:
469:
328:
180:Iceland hotspot
133:
123:Isotopic dating
120:
41:Thulean Plateau
17:
12:
11:
5:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3352:
3351:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3282:
3277:
3275:North Atlantic
3272:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:Sverdrup Basin
3194:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Columbia River
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3039:(7): 919–932.
3020:
2979:
2978:External links
2976:
2974:
2973:
2956:
2929:
2903:
2884:(3): 559–583.
2868:
2824:
2797:
2767:
2737:
2730:
2712:
2685:(4): 601–612.
2669:
2631:
2590:
2564:
2543:(1): 221–242.
2523:
2480:
2436:
2406:
2387:
2356:
2315:
2289:
2246:
2215:
2196:
2165:
2130:
2110:Island Studies
2093:
2064:(4): 805–839.
2044:
2000:
1994:Scoresby Sound
1962:(3): 279–292.
1946:
1912:(2): 269–284.
1896:
1849:
1784:
1757:(3): 189–192.
1737:
1700:
1657:
1606:
1571:
1525:
1498:(6): 973–977.
1482:
1463:(3): 259–269.
1447:
1412:
1389:(1–2): 75–88.
1370:
1326:
1317:|journal=
1299:
1273:
1226:
1197:(184): 19–29.
1172:
1135:
1092:
1049:
987:
952:(3): 651–659.
932:
905:(1): 337–348.
886:
863:
817:(1): 113–140.
794:
787:
767:
718:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
656:
653:
643:
640:
628:
625:
624:
623:
609:
606:Cleveland Dyke
603:
594:
584:
573:Rathlin Island
570:
560:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:Slieve Gullion
488:
483:
477:
468:
467:United Kingdom
465:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
449:
413:Early Cenozoic
401:picrite basalt
327:
324:
285:volcanic plugs
273:Hyaloclastites
253:volcaniclastic
188:paleogeography
157:North American
119:
116:
76:western Norway
31:, centered on
29:North Atlantic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3437:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Flood basalts
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2375:
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481:Lundy Island
474:
470:
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336:Ardnamurchan
313:
277:pillow lavas
257:volcanic ash
250:
248:took place.
215:
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196:Arctic Ocean
177:
163:events, and
142:
136:and c. 54.5
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110:
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3285:Ontong Java
3197:High Arctic
2984:Map of NAIP
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2841:(1): 1–46.
2380:19 December
1679:: 300–307.
1039:17 December
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620:dike swarms
597:Ailsa Craig
293:Dike swarms
238:lava fields
211:geodynamics
192:Alpha Ridge
184:geochemical
134: 60.5
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3270:Mistassini
3265:Matachewan
3241:Long Range
3236:Keweenawan
2922:7 November
2790:7 November
2760:7 November
2731:0852725191
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2308:7 November
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2123:7 November
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1360:2013-12-17
1216:2008-06-03
1126:2013-12-17
1083:2013-12-17
854:2008-06-15
702:References
696:Dike swarm
583:lava flows
437:molybdenum
355:pitchstone
311:minerals.
301:ring dikes
202:, through
173:Cretaceous
48:lava plain
43:, a large
3318:Skagerrak
3293:Hikurangi
3246:Mackenzie
3219:Kerguelen
3140:Caribbean
3123:Maud Rise
2863:140598302
2707:128713633
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1309:cite book
1264:140632779
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982:129576178
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927:128895442
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577:Paleogene
425:palladium
357:in the UK
269:viscosity
242:volcanoes
153:Greenland
118:Formation
72:Greenland
37:Paleogene
35:. In the
3328:Winagami
3313:Siberian
3289:Manihiki
3231:Marathon
3185:Franklin
3170:Emeishan
2951:20518864
2916:Archived
2819:25533950
2754:Archived
2577:Archived
2423:Archived
2233:Archived
2183:Archived
2029:Archived
1887:93530327
1844:30679443
1351:Archived
1149:Episodes
1117:Archived
1074:Archived
1033:Archived
845:Archived
655:See also
617:dolerite
543:Hebrides
530:St Kilda
433:granitic
347:An Sgurr
297:Cenozoic
226:plutonic
222:Hebrides
169:Labrador
167:between
149:Eurasian
147:(of the
127:magmatic
60:Scotland
45:basaltic
3308:Shatsky
3280:Ongeluk
3209:Iceland
3114:Agulhas
3041:Bibcode
3025:– from
3002:Bibcode
2986:– from
2886:Bibcode
2843:Bibcode
2687:Bibcode
2612:Bibcode
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2498:Bibcode
2455:Bibcode
2337:Bibcode
2264:Bibcode
2148:Bibcode
2066:Bibcode
1964:Bibcode
1940:Nunatak
1914:Bibcode
1867:Bibcode
1835:6345756
1806:Bibcode
1759:Bibcode
1751:Geology
1720:Bibcode
1681:Bibcode
1630:Bibcode
1546:Bibcode
1500:Bibcode
1465:Bibcode
1430:Bibcode
1391:Bibcode
1244:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
954:Bibcode
907:Bibcode
819:Bibcode
739:Bibcode
676:Hotspot
581:Neogene
535:Rockall
459:Brendan
309:zeolite
246:erosion
161:rifting
70:, east
68:Iceland
58:, west
56:Ireland
33:Iceland
27:in the
3323:Ungava
3298:Panjal
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2514:S2CID
2471:S2CID
2280:S2CID
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2106:(PDF)
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421:mafic
393:dykes
389:sills
289:sills
281:dikes
265:mafic
261:fluid
230:magma
111:et al
2924:2013
2792:2013
2762:2013
2726:ISBN
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2382:2013
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2241:2013
2191:2013
2125:2013
2084:ISSN
1992:and
1840:PMID
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1321:help
1295:ISBN
1041:2013
970:ISSN
783:ISBN
613:dike
611:The
579:and
565:and
525:Skye
520:Eigg
505:Mull
429:gold
427:and
351:Eigg
303:and
283:and
275:and
267:low
240:and
234:lava
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