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traditional whaling practices of the fourteen different Nuu-chah-nulth nations vary as each community has their own distinct traditions, ceremonies, and rituals. Some simplified examples of Nuu-chah-nulth whaling traditions include ceremonial bathing, abstinence, prayer, and ceremony which were to be performed before and after the hunt. These rituals were performed by the chief leading the hunt as well as his wife; the ceremonies were seen as a key factor in determining the outcome of the hunt. Social status didn't just affect who was allowed to join the whaling hunt, it also affected the distribution of the whales’ meat and the blubber.
57:
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422:, meaning "all along the mountains and sea"), as a collective term of identification. This was the culmination of the 1958 alliance forged among these tribes in order to present a unified political voice to the levels of government and European-Canadian society. In 1985, the Government of British Columbia signed an agreement to delegate authority for the delivery of Child Welfare Services to the Nuu-Chah-Nulth, making the Nuu-Chah-Nulth the first delegated aboriginal agency in British Columbia. The
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368:. Tla-o-qui-aht warriors had attacked the ship in revenge for an insult by the ship's captain. The captain and almost all the crew were killed and the ship abandoned. The next day warriors reboarded the empty ship to salvage it. However, a hiding crew member set fire to the ship's magazine and the resulting explosion killed many First Nation peoples. Only one crew member, a pilot / interpreter hired from the nearby
661:
The Nuu-chah-nulth peoples gathered food from marine environments including fish species such as halibut, herring, rockfish, and salmon which were caught along the coast while along the shoreline other sea inhabitant like clams, sea urchins, and mussels were harvested at low tide. Salmon streams were
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ceremonies, in which the host honours guests with generous gifts. The term 'potlatch' is ultimately a word of Nuu-chah-nulth origin. The purpose of the potlatch is manifold: redistribution of wealth, maintenance and recognition of social status, cementing alliances, the celebration and solemnization
729:
trees as both a building material and to produce many different objects. Artists and wood workers within a nation would carve full logs into totem poles and ocean going canoes, and the bark would be torn into strips and softened in water until malleable enough to be woven into baskets, clothing, and
764:
Due to the abundance of resources throughout the territories of the Nuu-chah-nulth nations, social life became more structured and a visible hierarchy formed within the communities. These consisted of the commoner class, and the chiefs that controlled the region. While members of the commoner class
602:
Carbon dating shows that the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples hunted whales over 4000 years ago for both blubber and meat. The Nuu-chah-nulth peoples hunted whales of different species due to the range of territory that they reside in and the migration pattern of the whales. Those most often caught would be
772:
within their communities. This redistribution of wealth was a key societal factor for the Nuu-chah-nulth nations. A chief's status is realized and maintained by their ability to provide for the members of their nation. By dictating the use of resources, chiefs could maintain social structure, and
622:
While whaling provided the Nuu-chah-nulth nations with an important source of food and blubber - which could be rendered into oil - it also played an important role in social life as well. The chief would lead a whale hunting party that was made up of other prominent members of the community. The
958:"Narrative of the adventures and sufferings [!] of John R. Jewitt, only survivor of the crew of the ship Boston, during a captivity of nearly 3 years among the savages of Nootka sound: with an account of the manners, mode of living, and religious opinions of the natives"
348:
Narrative of the
Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt;, Only Survivor of the Crew of the Ship Boston, during a Captivity of Nearly Three Years among the Savages of Nootka Sound: With an Account of the Manners, Mode of Living, and Religious Opinions of the
1117:
Béland, Stephanie L.; McLeod, Brenna A.; Martin, Joe; Martin, Gisele M.; Darling, James D.; Frasier, Timothy R. (2018). "Species
Composition of First Nation Whaling Hunts in the Clayoquot Sound Region of Vancouver Island as Estimated Through Genetic Analyses".
712:
illuminates a traditional way of eating while promoting a healthy lifestyle. The First
Nations of Vancouver Island's west coast and northern Washington link family and community in their respectful treatment of their territories' freshest ingredients.
673:
from ferns and many different variety of berries such as blueberry and huckleberry to name a few examples. Some of the Nuu-chah-nulth nations also tended the growth of camas root and
Crabapple trees in order to maintain them as a source of food.
689:
and sixteen tribes have contributed to recipes in a traditional wild food cookbook. The 90-page cookbook focuses on traditional recipes and seasonal ingredients from the west coast of
Vancouver Island and Northern Washington. It explores
677:
Within Nuu-chah-nulth nations individuals passed down their extensive knowledge of when and where to find these marine and land based foods through the generations from elders to youth. This is done both through comprehensive
618:
despite the danger and difficulty as a way of showing bravery. Although it was a hazardous undertaking, those that ate “killer whale” regarded both its meat and blubber to be of higher quality than that of the larger whales.
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is "to circle around") with his ship to the harbour. Cook interpreted this as the First Nation's name for the inlet, now called Nootka Sound. The term was also applied to the indigenous inhabitants of the area.
630:, a ritual house-like structure used in the spiritual preparations for whale hunts. Composed of a series of memorial posts depicting spirit figures and the bones of whaling ancestors, it is stored at the
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and other consequences of contact with
Europeans resulted in the disappearance of some groups and the absorption of others into neighbouring groups. The Nuu-chah-nulth are related to the
2424:
402:). The high rate of deaths added to the social disruption and cultural turmoil resulting from contact with Westerners. In the early 20th century, the population was estimated at 3,500.
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in genetic studies. Those studies used participant blood and other material for purposes which the community did not approve. In 2013 the community had those materials destroyed.
1818:
736:
1665:
1245:
Turner, Nancy J.; Bhattacharyya, Jonaki (2016). "Salmonberry Bird and Goose Woman: Birds, Plants, and People In
Indigenous Peoples' Lifeways In Northwestern North America".
662:
tended to ensure their continued strength and the fish were either cooked in large wooden vessels using water and hot stones or dried to be consumed during the winter.
1811:
323:, in which Spain agreed to abandon its exclusive claims to the North Pacific coast. Negotiations to settle the dispute were handled under the aegis and hospitality of
2100:
2491:
1025:
Atkins, C; Reuffel, L; Roddy, J; Platts, M; Robinson, H; Ward, R (April 1988). "Rheumatic disease in the Nuu-Chah-Nulth native
Indians of the Pacific Northwest".
1920:
691:
1870:
2173:
1532:(Vol. 21, No. 4, Pt. 2). Bloomington: Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics. (Reprinted 1978 In New York: AMS Press,
1367:
Green, Denise Nicole (December 3, 2013). "Stella Blum Grant Report: Nuu-Chah-Nulth First
Nations' Huulthin (Shawls): Historical and Contemporary Practices".
2484:
2080:
1890:
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explores the art of how to butterfly a salmon and how to can fish, also providing recipes for marinated seaweed, steam pit cooking, and Nuu-chah-nulth
561:
Total population for the 13 tribes in the
Nuuchahnulth nation is 8,147, according to the Nuuchahnulth Tribal Council Indian Registry of February 2006.
1885:
1834:
1658:
222:
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1865:
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While the Nuu-chah-nulth nations did rely on whaling as an important food and oil resource, the territories they lived had many other food sources.
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and through actively teaching children these important skills and having them participate in the collection of resources at a young age.
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568:(population 690), while politically and culturally affiliated with the Nuu-chah-nulth, are independently referred to. In addition, the
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1963:
1930:
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From earliest contact with European and American explorers up until 1830, more than 90% of the Nuu-chah-nulth died as a result of
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in Canada. The term Nuu-chah-nulth is used to describe fifteen related tribes whose traditional home is on the west coast of
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in March 1803. He and his men killed the captain and all the crew but two, whom they kept as slaves. After gaining release,
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about his nearly 3 years with the Nuu-chah-nulth and his reluctant assimilation to their society. This 1815 book is titled
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841:
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had autonomy they still required the consent of the chief to fish, hunt, and forage within the communities’ territory.
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2419:
1725:
1537:
1090:
Monks, Gregory G. (February 28, 2018). "Quit Blubbering: An Examination of Nuu'chah'nulth (Nootkan) Whale Butchery".
899:
647:
506:
182:
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2560:
2168:
1720:
1313:
Raibmon, Paige (2004). "Living on the Edge: Nuu-chah-nulth History from an Ahousaht Chief's Perspective (Review)".
500:
233:
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Nuu-chah-nulth nations also gathered resources from the land as food sources. Some of these edible plants include
2330:
1180:
Harkin, Michael (Fall 1998). "Whales, Chiefs, and Giants: An Exploration into Nuu-chah-nulth Political Thought".
599:. It is reflected in stories, songs, names, family lines, and numerous place names throughout their territories.
31:
1348:
Pegg, Brian (2000). "Dendrochronology, CMTs, and Nuu-chah-nulth History on the West Coast of Vancouver Island".
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3204:
1685:
686:
260:
1528:. Publication of the Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (No. 1);
1072:
1998:
1544:
891:
Some account of the Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver Island
3191:
1983:
1735:
530:
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3049:
2841:
2409:
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1406:
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1803:
646:. It recounts the rediscovery of the bones and other artifacts at the museum and the efforts by the
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1715:
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1485:(1938). "Glottalized Continuants in Navaho, Nootka, and Kwakiutl (With a Note on Indo-European)".
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While being in control of ceremonial and territorial rights, chiefs were also responsible for the
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2003:
1968:
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488:
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103:
38:
17:
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Since the Time of the Transformers: The Ancient Heritage of Nuu-Chah-Nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah.
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1900:
1705:
726:
494:
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2455:
2138:
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1958:
1953:
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1008:"Genetic researcher uses Nuu-chah-nulth blood for unapproved studies in Genetic Anthropology"
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245:
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1519:
Nootka Texts: Tales and Ethnological Narratives with Grammatical Notes and Lexical Materials
3147:
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1988:
1940:
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56:
8:
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866:
343:
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1547:
As a Glottalized Pharyngeal Glide in Nuu-Chah-Nulth." In S. Gessner & S. Oh (Eds.),
1131:
650:, the shrine's original owners, who have been seeking to regain these sacred artifacts.
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There is evidence that occasionally members of the Nuu-chah-nulth nations would hunt an
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2800:
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In precontact and early post-contact times, the number of tribes was much greater, but
131:
1643:
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In the 1980s scientists from outside the community recruited Nuu-chah-nulth people as
3152:
2897:
2595:
2511:
2304:
2299:
2090:
2059:
1533:
1388:
1334:
1158:
McMillan, Alan D. (Autumn 2015). "Whales and Whalers in Nuu-Chah-Nulth Archaeology".
1034:
895:
431:
320:
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Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages
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957:
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2982:
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2309:
2284:
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1471:(Doctoral Dissertation, University Of British Columbia, Department Of Linguistics).
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1322:
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1189:
1135:
1099:
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whales due to their more docile nature and how close they would come to the shore.
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The Nuu-chah-nulth were one of the few Indigenous peoples on the Pacific Coast who
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147:
123:
107:
90:
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1978:
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638:, having been taken there by European Americans. It was the subject of the film
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A few years later, Maquinna and his warriors captured the American trading ship
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2019:
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to encounter Europeans, who sailed into their area for trade, particularly the
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1915:
979:
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The Nuu-chah-nulth and other Pacific Northwest cultures are famous for their
722:
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482:
316:
241:
1850:
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Teachings of the Tides: Uses of Marine Invertebrates by the Manhousat People
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Nootka eagle mask with moveable wings, Ethnological Museum, Berlin, Germany
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312:
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and adds cooking tips, cultural observations, and oral history anecdotes.
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2178:
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1948:
1860:
1201:
992:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 434.
944:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
820:
643:
626:
Perhaps the most famous Nuu-chah-nulth artifact in modern years is the
604:
572:
are not politically affiliated with the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council.
315:, which led to a bitter international dispute around 1790 known as the
304:
288:
1506:
847:. British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
3137:
3064:
3059:
3044:
2987:
2902:
2810:
2785:
2690:
2279:
2264:
2249:
2153:
1833:
469:: (population over 2,000) formed from the merger of the Ahousaht and
462:
In the 20th century, recognised Nuu-chah-nulth band governments are:
328:
311:. Tensions flared up between Spain and Great Britain over control of
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2922:
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2720:
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2635:
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2013:
1973:
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A Nuu-chah-nulth woman selling baskets in Nootka Sound in the 1930s
387:
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197:
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2620:
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2034:
670:
592:
391:
383:
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The Nuu-chah-nulth were among the first Pacific peoples north of
1543:
Shank, Scott; & Wilson, Ian. (2000). "Acoustic Evidence for
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ensure the continued viability and strength of those resources.
76:
In 2016 (4,310) people identified having Nuu-chah-nulth ancestry
3104:
3054:
2805:
2740:
2735:
2680:
2615:
2506:
1993:
86:
1469:
Theoretical Issues in Nuu-Chah-Nulth Phonology and Morphology.
917:"Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council - Province of British Columbia"
2750:
2675:
2665:
2640:
2585:
2575:
423:
162:
159:
153:
127:
295:
in 1778, they directed him to "come around" (Nuu-chah-nulth
174:
1565:
615:
168:
1462:
Nuu-Chah-Nulth Voices: Histories, Objects & Journeys
1116:
1024:
1673:
1282:
Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island
1064:
915:
Reconciliation, Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and.
721:
Nuu-chah-nulth nations also used the wood and bark of
1613:(Chris Harvey's Native Language Font, & Keyboard)
1602:
Bibliography of Materials on the Nuuchanulth Language
1045:
956:
Jewitt, John Rodgers; Alsop, Richard (Mar 25, 1851).
698:(chum-us) features traditional and wild ingredients.
183:
165:
150:
1001:
999:
792:
of marriage, and commemoration of important events.
171:
1244:
434:in their own reservation, are also Nuu-chah-nulth.
156:
1835:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1464:. Victoria, B. C.: Royal British Columbia Museum.
996:
223:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3292:
946:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 396 n. 34
390:. Europeans and Americans were immune to these
1524:Sapir, Edward; & Swadesh, Morris. (1955).
1521:. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society Of America.
842:"Guide to Pronunciation of B.C. First Nations"
685:In an effort to revive traditional diets, the
2492:
1819:
1659:
1530:International Journal of American Linguistics
1369:The Journal of the Costume Society of America
1453:Ellis, David, W.; & Swan, Luke. (1981).
1280:Turner, Nancy J.; Efrat, Barbara S. (1982).
509:: (population 520) formerly the Nootka band;
351:In the end, Jewitt escaped with the help of
37:"Nutka" redirects here. For other uses, see
1457:. Nanaimo, British Columbia: Theytus Books.
1279:
955:
754:Nuu-chah-nulth basket about two inches wide
2499:
2485:
2326:History of land claims in British Columbia
1826:
1812:
1666:
1652:
1120:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1018:
960:. Ithaca, N.Y., Andrus, Gauntlett & co
938:
936:
914:
55:
1217:Tsawalk : A Nuu-chah-nulth Worldview
1092:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
557:(Ucluelet First Nation); (population 606)
282:
1157:
978:
533:: (formerly Clayoquot); (population 881)
453:
270:
2405:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
1312:
1070:
1051:
1005:
933:
597:Nuu-chah-nulth culture and spirituality
14:
3293:
2430:Native Brotherhood of British Columbia
1308:
1306:
1294:
1229:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1153:
1151:
1149:
587:Whaling on the Pacific Northwest Coast
196:
2480:
1807:
1647:
1526:Native Accounts of Nootka Ethnography
1481:
1366:
1284:. British Columbia Provincial Museum.
1214:
1089:
887:
867:"Nuučaan̓uł (Nuu-chah-nulth, Nootka)"
521:: (formerly Ohiaht); (population 598)
400:Native American disease and epidemics
1625:map of Northwest Coast First Nations
1347:
1297:Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples
1073:"Blood taken for research destroyed"
201:), also formerly referred to as the
81:Regions with significant populations
3243:Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)
1303:
1219:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 14.
1170:
1146:
759:
291:first encountered the villagers at
24:
632:American Museum of Natural History
355:, a chief from an opposing group.
25:
3317:
2425:North American Native Brotherhood
2420:Allied Tribes of British Columbia
1726:Mowachaht/Muchalaht First Nations
1721:Kyuquot/Cheklesahht First Nation
1559:
1553:UBC Working Papers in Linguistics
823:, aquatic management organization
795:
716:
507:Mowachaht/Muchalaht First Nations
61:Three Nuu-chah-nulth children in
3271:
3148:Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War
2559:
747:
735:
501:Kyuquot/Cheklesahht First Nation
146:
2331:British Columbia Treaty Process
1460:Hoover, Alan L. (Ed.). (2002).
1419:
1395:
1381:10.1179/0361211213z.00000000016
1360:
1350:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
1341:
1288:
1273:
1238:
1223:
1208:
1110:
1083:
1071:Wiwchar, David (22 July 2013).
1052:Wiwchar, David (22 July 2013).
1006:Wiwchar, David (22 July 2013).
410:In 1979, the tribes of western
405:
32:Nuu-chah-nulth (disambiguation)
2169:Ka;’yu;k’t’h’/Che;k’tles7et’h’
1686:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
1595:Kwatyat and Sunbeam's Daughter
1315:The Canadian Historical Review
1232:A Journal Kept at Nootka Sound
972:
949:
908:
881:
859:
834:
13:
1:
3205:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
1631:The Wakashan Linguistics Page
1447:
968:– via Internet Archive.
687:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
527:(formerly Opetchesaht); (256)
398:had no immunity to them (see
261:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
3278:Pacific Northwest portal
1140:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.11.015
372:, escaped to tell the tale.
7:
1793:Makah (Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx)
1736:Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations
1474:McMillian, Alan D. (1999).
1027:The Journal of Rheumatology
814:
776:
531:Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations
437:
319:. It was settled under the
27:North American ethnic group
10:
3322:
2557:
1627:(including Nuu-chah-nulth)
1585:What Mosquitos are made of
1259:10.2993/0278-0771-36.4.717
1215:Atleo, E. Richard (2004).
780:
595:. Whaling is essential to
584:
580:
575:
327:, a powerful chief of the
266:
259:The governing body is the
198:[nuːt͡ʃaːnˀuɬʔatħ]
36:
29:
3261:
3235:
3219:
3184:
3123:
3032:
2996:
2860:
2819:
2568:
2518:
2438:
2410:Assembly of First Nations
2397:
2371:
2318:
2222:
2129:
1939:
1841:
1780:
1764:
1751:Uchucklesaht First Nation
1684:
1640:, Internet Movie Database
1618:Nuuchahnulth Example Text
1407:Oxford English Dictionary
1299:. UBC Press. p. 118.
1295:Turner, Nancy J. (1995).
549:Uchucklesaht First Nation
358:In 1811 the trading ship
122:
117:
102:
97:
85:
80:
75:
70:
54:
3185:Court cases and treaties
2363:Battle of Seattle (1856)
1716:Huu-ay-aht First Nations
1566:Nuu-chah-nulth Home Page
1230:Jewitt, John R. (1807).
827:
770:redistribution of wealth
449:
3024:Tseax Lava Bed Memorial
2963:August Jack Khatsahlano
2781:Tsilhqotʼin (Chilcotin)
2336:Gustafsen Lake Standoff
1772:Pacheedaht First Nation
1731:Nuchatlaht First Nation
1711:Hupacasath First Nation
1701:Ehattesaht First Nation
1575:Nuuchahnulth Dictionary
1467:Kim, Eun-Sook. (2003).
1247:Journal of Ethnobiology
989:Encyclopædia Britannica
942:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
804:, artist, actor, writer
653:
570:Pacheedaht First Nation
525:Hupacasath First Nation
519:Huu-ay-aht First Nation
513:Nuchatlaht First Nation
489:Ehattesaht First Nation
250:Nuu-chah-nulth language
3248:Reservations in Oregon
2706:Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)
2451:Coast Salish languages
2358:Puget Sound Indian War
1706:Hesquiaht First Nation
648:Mowachaht First Nation
628:Yuquot Whalers' Shrine
495:Hesquiaht First Nation
459:
283:Contact with Europeans
279:
234:the smallpox epidemics
3306:Nuu-chah-nulth people
2456:Tsimshianic languages
1788:Ditidaht First Nation
1756:Ucluelet First Nation
1746:Tseshaht First Nation
1696:Ahousaht First Nation
1610:Nuuchahnulth (Nootka)
1513:Sapir, Edward; &
1478:Vancouver: UBC Press.
1327:10.1353/can.2005.0041
1160:BC Studies; Vancouver
692:First Nations cuisine
566:Ditidaht First Nation
543:Tseshaht First Nation
467:Ahousaht First Nation
457:
444:research participants
274:
246:Ditidaht First Nation
118:Related ethnic groups
2908:Randy'L He-dow Teton
2893:Annie Miner Peterson
2746:Stʼatʼimc (Lillooet)
2716:Nuxalk (Bella Coola)
2519:Archaeological sites
2415:First Nations Summit
1741:Toquaht First Nation
1637:The Washing of Tears
1551:(pp. 185–197).
1234:. Boston. p. 6.
730:ceremonial regalia.
640:The Washing of Tears
537:Toquaht First Nation
30:For other uses, see
2726:Secwépemc (Shuswap)
2461:Chimakuan languages
2389:Northwest Coast art
2341:Residential Schools
2174:Mowachaht/Muchalaht
1132:2018JArSR..17..235B
545:; (population 1002)
344:captivity narrative
51:
3065:'Yalis (Alert Bay)
3033:Towns and villages
2541:Marmes Rockshelter
2508:Indigenous peoples
2446:Wakashan languages
1675:Nuu-chah-nulth-aht
1077:www.hashilthsa.com
1058:www.hashilthsa.com
888:Knipe, C. (1868).
551:; (population 181)
539:; (population 117)
515:; (population 165)
503:; (population 486)
497:; (population 653)
491:; (population 294)
460:
377:infectious disease
309:Maritime fur trade
280:
277:cedar bark textile
47:
3288:
3287:
3153:Fraser Canyon War
2898:Coquelle Thompson
2656:Kutenai (Ktunaxa)
2512:Pacific Northwest
2474:
2473:
1801:
1800:
1614:
1606:
432:Olympic Peninsula
430:, located on the
394:diseases but the
321:Nootka Convention
221:, are one of the
138:
137:
132:Wakashan-speaking
16:(Redirected from
3313:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3198:Sohappy v. Smith
2983:Chief Dan George
2878:Sarah Winnemucca
2842:Plateau Penutian
2616:Dakelh (Carrier)
2563:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2101:Spuyaləqəlpubšut
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1688:(member nations)
1678:band governments
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1612:
1604:
1590:Kwatyat and Wolf
1546:
1510:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1166:: 229, 230, 236.
1155:
1144:
1143:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1003:
994:
993:
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
953:
947:
940:
931:
930:
928:
927:
912:
906:
905:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
846:
838:
760:Social hierarchy
751:
739:
412:Vancouver Island
364:was blown up in
342:wrote a classic
331:Nuu-chah-nulth.
227:Vancouver Island
200:
187:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
91:British Columbia
71:Total population
59:
52:
46:
21:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3272:
3270:
3257:
3231:
3215:
3180:
3158:Puget Sound War
3125:Armed conflicts
3119:
3028:
3009:Cascades Rapids
2992:
2973:Harriet Nahanee
2856:
2815:
2564:
2555:
2526:Bald Point Site
2514:
2505:
2475:
2470:
2439:Language groups
2434:
2393:
2367:
2314:
2218:
2125:
1935:
1926:Laich-kwil-tach
1921:T'lat'lasikwala
1837:
1832:
1802:
1797:
1776:
1760:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1562:
1515:Swadesh, Morris
1450:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1365:
1361:
1346:
1342:
1311:
1304:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1194:10.2307/3773785
1178:
1171:
1156:
1147:
1115:
1111:
1088:
1084:
1079:. Ha-Shilth-Sa.
1069:
1065:
1060:. Ha-Shilth-Sa.
1054:"Ward Responds"
1050:
1046:
1023:
1019:
1014:. Ha-Shilth-Sa.
1004:
997:
982:, ed. (1911). "
977:
973:
963:
961:
954:
950:
941:
934:
925:
923:
913:
909:
902:
886:
882:
872:
870:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:
835:
830:
817:
808:Samuel Haiyupis
798:
785:
779:
762:
755:
752:
743:
740:
719:
656:
589:
583:
578:
452:
440:
414:chose the term
408:
382:, particularly
370:Quinault nation
366:Clayoquot Sound
285:
269:
254:Wakashan family
252:belongs to the
185:
149:
145:
66:
49:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3301:Nuu-chah-nulth
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3220:Current issues
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3211:Nisga'a Treaty
3208:
3201:
3194:
3192:Boldt Decision
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Chief Tonasket
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Simon Gunanoot
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Chief Concomly
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Chief Kamiakin
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Nuu-chah-nulth
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Coeur d' Alene
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Fort Rock Cave
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2466:Haida language
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2131:Nuu-chah-nulth
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Tsleil-Waututh
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Kwikwasut'inux
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1560:External links
1558:
1557:
1556:
1541:
1522:
1511:
1499:10.2307/409180
1493:(4): 248–274.
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1431:Dictionary.com
1418:
1394:
1375:(2): 153–201.
1359:
1340:
1321:(4): 825–826.
1302:
1287:
1272:
1237:
1222:
1207:
1188:(4): 317–318.
1169:
1145:
1109:
1104:10.1002/oa.552
1082:
1063:
1044:
1017:
1012:hashilthsa.com
995:
980:Chisholm, Hugh
971:
948:
932:
921:www2.gov.bc.ca
907:
900:
880:
869:. Languagegeek
858:
832:
831:
829:
826:
825:
824:
816:
813:
812:
811:
805:
802:George Clutesi
797:
796:Notable people
794:
781:Main article:
778:
775:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
746:
744:
741:
734:
718:
717:Cedar tree use
715:
680:oral histories
655:
652:
642:, directed by
582:
579:
577:
574:
559:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
485:bands in 1951;
451:
448:
439:
436:
416:Nuu-chah-nulth
407:
404:
340:John R. Jewitt
284:
281:
268:
265:
142:Nuu-chah-nulth
136:
135:
120:
119:
115:
114:
104:Nuu-chah-nulth
100:
99:
95:
94:
83:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
60:
50:Nuučaan̓ułʔatḥ
48:Nuu-chah-nulth
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3318:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:Miscellaneous
3234:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:Chilcotin War
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3115:Old Man House
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:X̱wemelch'stn
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Lax Kw'alaams
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Spokane Garry
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Sinixt (Lake)
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Kwakwakaʼwakw
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Paisley Caves
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Kennewick Man
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:Other nations
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Yuu-tluth-aht
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Tla-o-qui-aht
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Dkhw'Duw'Absh
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:'Nak'waxda'xw
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1843:Kwakwaka'wakw
1840:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
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1691:
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1683:
1679:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1538:0-404-11892-5
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Sapir, Edward
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1033:(4): 684–90.
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
991:
990:
985:
981:
975:
959:
952:
945:
939:
937:
922:
918:
911:
903:
901:9780665153891
897:
893:
892:
884:
868:
862:
843:
837:
833:
822:
819:
818:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
793:
790:
784:
774:
771:
766:
750:
745:
738:
733:
732:
731:
728:
724:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
697:
693:
688:
683:
681:
675:
672:
668:
663:
659:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:New York City
633:
629:
624:
620:
617:
612:
610:
606:
600:
598:
594:
593:hunted whales
588:
573:
571:
567:
562:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
456:
447:
445:
435:
433:
429:
426:of northwest
425:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
397:
396:First Nations
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:
356:
354:
350:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Nootka Crisis
314:
310:
306:
301:
298:
294:
290:
278:
273:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Kwakwaka'wakw
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
194:
190:
189:
179:
143:
133:
129:
125:
124:Kwakwaka'wakw
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
53:
40:
33:
19:
3269:
3268:
3203:
3196:
3176:Nicola's War
3168:
3014:Kettle Falls
3004:Celilo Falls
2968:Joe Capilano
2928:Wickaninnish
2913:Chief Nicola
2873:Chief Joseph
2710:
2601:Coast Salish
2350:
2346:Potlatch Ban
2204:Uchucklesaht
1941:Coast Salish
1886:Dzawada'enux
1856:Mamalilikala
1765:Unaffiliated
1636:
1580:Nootka Texts
1574:
1552:
1548:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1434:. Retrieved
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1397:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1318:
1314:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1185:
1181:
1163:
1159:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1098:(1–2): 136.
1095:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1066:
1057:
1047:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1011:
987:
974:
962:. Retrieved
951:
943:
924:. Retrieved
920:
910:
890:
883:
871:. Retrieved
861:
849:. Retrieved
836:
786:
767:
763:
727:yellow cedar
720:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
684:
676:
664:
660:
657:
639:
625:
621:
613:
601:
590:
563:
560:
555:Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ
461:
441:
419:
415:
409:
406:20th century
374:
359:
357:
353:Wickaninnish
347:
335:
333:
313:Nootka Sound
302:
296:
286:
258:
231:
218:
215:Nuuchahnulth
214:
210:
206:
202:
141:
139:
44:Ethnic group
3253:Raven Tales
3227:Land claims
3075:Lax Ksiluux
3019:Siwash Rock
2888:Chief Moses
2801:Walla Walla
2569:Ethnicities
2076:Sduqwalbixw
2030:Lhaq'temish
1881:Ma'amtagila
1876:Da'naxda'xw
1871:A'wa'et'ala
3295:Categories
3143:Yakima War
3133:Cayuse War
2978:Annie York
2827:Athabaskan
2384:Totem pole
2352:Indian Act
2184:Pacheedaht
2179:Nuchatlaht
2164:Huu-ay-aht
2159:Hupacasath
2149:Ehattesaht
2106:Sʔəhiwʔabš
2091:Sqwaliʔabš
2081:Sacakałəbš
2050:Suiʔaẋbixw
2025:Noxws'a7aq
2016:(Songhees)
2009:Kw’amutsun
2004:Snuneymuxw
1999:Tsawwassen
1969:Snuneymuxw
1916:Gwat'sinux
1896:Gwawa'enux
1571:An extract
1517:. (1939).
1448:References
1436:2007-04-26
1427:"Potlatch"
1412:2007-04-26
1403:"Potlatch"
1356:(1+2): 12.
1253:(4): 729.
926:2019-01-27
821:Uu-a-thluk
644:Hugh Brody
585:See also:
483:Bear River
479:Qwatswiaht
475:Manhousaht
471:Kelthsmaht
428:Washington
420:nuučaan̓uł
305:California
289:James Cook
244:, and the
193:Nuučaan̓uł
3138:Modoc War
3060:Skidegate
3045:Ninstints
2988:Bill Reid
2903:Sacagawea
2837:Chinookan
2832:Chimakuan
2820:Languages
2811:Wuikinuxv
2786:Tsimshian
2766:Tillamook
2691:Nez Perce
2310:Tillamook
2305:Klickitat
2300:Multnomah
2275:Cathlamet
2265:Wuikinuxv
2250:Tsimshian
2154:Hesquiaht
2060:Skokomish
2014:Lekwungen
1911:Gusgimukw
1866:Ławit'sis
1555:(Vol. 3).
1389:162342285
1335:161156730
1182:Ethnology
380:epidemics
329:Mowachaht
98:Languages
3262:See also
3171:incident
3110:Opitsaht
3090:Kitwanga
3085:Ging̱olx
3050:Cumshewa
2933:Cumshewa
2918:Maquinna
2852:Wakashan
2847:Salishan
2791:Umatilla
2776:Tsetsaut
2721:Quileute
2646:Kalapuya
2636:Heiltsuk
2611:Colville
2576:Aleutian
2551:X̱á:ytem
2398:Politics
2379:Potlatch
2290:Chimakum
2285:Quileute
2260:Heiltsuk
2199:Tseshaht
2144:Ditidaht
2139:Ahousaht
2121:Quinault
1989:Musqueam
1979:Squamish
1974:Shishalh
1959:Sliammon
1954:Klahoose
1906:Gwa'sala
1487:Language
1267:90272377
815:See also
810:, carver
789:potlatch
783:Potlatch
777:Potlatch
671:rhizomes
609:humpback
438:Research
388:smallpox
349:Natives.
325:Maquinna
134:peoples
130:; other
3169:Tonquin
3100:Kiix-in
3040:Skedans
2943:Slumach
2771:Tlingit
2761:Takelma
2756:Tahltan
2701:Nisga'a
2651:Klamath
2621:Gitxsan
2596:Chinook
2581:Bannock
2510:of the
2372:Culture
2319:History
2295:Clatsop
2280:Chinook
2240:Gitxsan
2235:Nisga'a
2230:Tlingit
2194:Toquaht
2116:Cowlitz
2111:Squaxin
2096:Bəpubšł
2086:Suqwabš
2071:Xacuabš
2062:(Twana)
2055:Sduhubš
2035:Klallam
1964:Homolco
1949:K'omoks
1931:Wiwekam
1861:'Namgis
1851:Kwagu'ł
1781:Related
1202:3773785
1128:Bibcode
1126:: 235.
1039:3260954
964:Mar 25,
706:upskwee
603:either
581:Whaling
576:Culture
392:endemic
384:malaria
361:Tonquin
297:nuutkaa
275:Making
267:History
219:Tahkaht
188:-nuulth
108:English
65:, 1930s
18:Nootkas
3105:Yuquot
3055:Masset
2997:Places
2953:Leschi
2948:Sealth
2861:People
2806:Yakama
2796:Umpqua
2736:Sinixt
2731:Shasta
2696:Nicola
2686:Naukan
2681:Molala
2671:Methow
2631:Haisla
2591:Cayuse
2270:Nuxálk
2255:Haisla
2045:Sqaĵət
2020:WSANEC
1994:Sto:lo
1605:(YDLI)
1536:
1507:409180
1505:
1387:
1333:
1265:
1200:
1037:
898:
873:5 July
851:5 July
669:root,
336:Boston
293:Yuquot
248:. The
242:Haisla
240:, the
203:Nootka
112:French
87:Canada
63:Yuquot
39:Nootka
3080:'Ksan
2751:Syilx
2676:Miwok
2666:Makah
2641:Inuit
2626:Haida
2586:Cahto
2245:Haida
2214:Makah
2040:Sʔabš
1503:JSTOR
1385:S2CID
1331:S2CID
1263:S2CID
1198:JSTOR
845:(PDF)
828:Notes
710:Čamus
702:Čamus
696:Čamus
667:camas
450:Bands
424:Makah
287:When
207:Nutka
128:Makah
1534:ISBN
1035:PMID
966:2023
896:ISBN
875:2010
853:2010
725:and
654:Food
616:orca
605:grey
564:The
481:and
386:and
186:CHAH
184:noo-
140:The
1495:doi
1377:doi
1323:doi
1255:doi
1190:doi
1164:187
1136:doi
1100:doi
986:".
984:Aht
723:red
634:in
607:or
217:or
211:Aht
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998:^
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213:,
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195::
191:;
163:ɑː
160:tʃ
154:uː
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110:,
106:,
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418:(
178:/
175:θ
172:l
169:ʊ
166:n
157:ˈ
151:n
148:/
144:(
93:)
89:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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