1003:
187:
1824:- "all along the mountains and sea." Nuu-chah-nulth were formerly known as "Nootka" by colonial settlers (but they prefer not to be called that, rather Nuu-chah-nulth which better explains how each First Nation is connected to the land and the sea). Some of the names following (Ditidaht, Makah) are not part of the Nuu-chah-nulth political organization, however; all are
2456:. Publication of the Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (No. 1); International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 21, No. 4, Pt. 2). Bloomington: Indiana University, Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics. (Reprinted 1978 in New York: AMS Press, ISBN).
372:
The provenance of the term "Nuu-chah-nulth", meaning "along the outside " dates from the 1970s, when the various groups of speakers of this language joined together, disliking the term "Nootka" (which means "go around" and was mistakenly understood to be the name of a place, which was actually called
958:
Glottalized sonorants (nasals and approximants) are realized as sonorants with pre-glottalization. They are arguably conceptually the same as ejective consonants, though a preglottalized labial nasal could be analyzed as the stop–nasal sequence /ʔm/, as a nasal preceded by a creaky voiced
2063:
Using data from the 2021 census, Statistics Canada reported that 665 individuals could conduct a conversation in Nuu-chah-nulth. This represents a 23% increase over the 2016 census. The total included 280 speakers who reported the language as a mother tongue.
1210:
Nuu-chah-nulth has phonemic short and long vowels. Traditionally, a third class of vowels, known as "variable length" vowels, is recognized. These are vowels that are long when they are found within the first two syllables of a word, and short elsewhere.
1206:
In general, syllable weight determines stress placement; short vowels followed by non-glottalized consonants and long vowels are heavy. In sequences where there are no heavy syllables or only heavy syllables, the first syllable is stressed.
2303:
newspaper, 2003. All translations were compiled with consultation from
Nuuchahnulth elders. Ha-shilth-sa (meaning 'interesting news') is the official newspaper for the Nuu-chah-nulth nation.
1730:, taken almost a century ago. The dictionary, however, is a subject of controversy, with a number of Nuu-chah-nulth elders questioning the author's right to disclose their language.
2403:
Kim, Eun-Sook. (2003). Theoretical issues in Nuu-chah-nulth phonology and morphology. (Doctoral dissertation, The
University of British Columbia, Department of Linguistics).
1520:
Grammatical mood in Nuu-chah-nulth lets the speaker express the attitude towards what they're saying and how did they get presented information. Nuu-chah-nulth's moods are:
3223:
1726:
A dictionary of the language, with some 7,500 entries, was created after 15 years of research. It is based on both work with current speakers and notes from linguist
329:
2089:
2565:
1199:
In the environment of glottalized resonants as well as ejective and pharyngeal consonants, vowels can be "laryngealized" which often means
197:
3228:
1268:
in Nuu-chah-nulth help specify an action's extension over time and its relation to other events. Up to 7 aspects can be distinguished:
2313:
2159:
2477:
1013:
Nuu-chah-nulth vowels are influenced by surrounding consonants with certain "back" consonants conditioning lower, more back vowel
3233:
3192:
1707:. It is thought that oceanic commerce and exchanges between the Nuu-chah-nulth and other Southern Wakashan speakers with the
719:
545:
337:
843:
652:
219:
1949:
Nuuchahnulth had a name for each place within their traditional territory. These are just a few still used to this day:
2537:
662:
98:
84:
3188:
2558:
2415:
2076:
app was released in
January 2012. An online dictionary, phrasebook, and language learning portal is available at the
1397:
behaves in
English) and the two other suffixes denote that something is expected to happen (compare to the English
729:
555:
2643:
209:
3123:
1125:
775:
19:
This article is about the Nuu-chah-nulth language, often called Nootka. For other uses of the word Nootka, see
2691:
2099:
1961:
1393:
The first two markings refer to a general event that will take place in the future (similar to how the word
3047:
3027:
2551:
2520:
2216:
Some account of the
Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver island
709:
535:
173:
2515:
2460:
1193:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
942:
905:
895:
883:
875:
766:
748:
681:
592:
574:
3218:
3169:
2933:
1986:
1224:
1147:
1092:
1085:
857:
785:
642:
1175:
1168:
831:
757:
525:
515:
2593:
739:
932:
Of the alveolar consonants, nasal and laterals are apico-alveolar while the rest are denti-alveolar.
1110:
1103:
583:
2423:. (1938). Glottalized continuants in Navaho, Nootka, and Kwakiutl (with a note on Indo-European).
1695:
Not counting the articles, all moods take person endings that indicate the subject of the clause.
3213:
3007:
565:
20:
2701:
1408:
clitic that can itself take different forms depending on the environment and speaker's dialect:
3175:
3154:
2890:
2261:
1220:
632:
622:
2214:
2498:
2094:
817:
807:
2756:
2510:
2440:
Nootka texts: Tales and ethnological narratives with grammatical notes and lexical materials
3159:
2971:
2860:
2683:
2648:
2610:
1242:
946:
440:
2716:
344:
and the other Nuu-chah-nulth communities, making reports of their voyages. From 1803–1805
8:
3164:
3128:
2804:
2673:
2574:
2490:
1238:
699:
672:
3138:
3073:
2915:
2852:
2837:
2706:
2628:
2623:
2463:
as a glottalized pharyngeal glide in Nuu-chah-nulth. In S. Gessner & S. Oh (Eds.),
1957:
1265:
1250:
1246:
615:
462:
420:
415:
360:. He made an effort to learn the language, and in 1815 published a memoir with a brief
314:
282:
116:
2358:
165:
3118:
3068:
2923:
2905:
2900:
2880:
2875:
2827:
2761:
2411:
2110:
1350:
1254:
1138:
469:
455:
447:
425:
318:
286:
2465:
Proceedings of the 35th
International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages
215:
3113:
3103:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2953:
2895:
2842:
2789:
2751:
2696:
2658:
2618:
2588:
2391:
435:
333:
306:
294:
255:
69:
65:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3052:
2961:
2928:
2885:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2771:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2711:
2663:
2653:
430:
108:
2721:
2278:
178:
3042:
2992:
2966:
2865:
2726:
2668:
2435:
2115:
1704:
345:
322:
310:
302:
80:
2396:
2137:
3207:
3032:
2638:
2633:
2527:
2104:
1189:
1035:
481:
298:
290:
1711:-speaking peoples of the lower Columbia River led to the foundations of the
3133:
3037:
2794:
2420:
2077:
2022:
1727:
1712:
1200:
603:
357:
341:
2938:
2382:
Carlson, Barry F.; Esling, John H.; Fraser, Katie (2001), "Nuuchahnulth",
1838:- People of an open bay/People with their backs to the mountains and lands
149:
2779:
2533:
2482:
1362:
1079:
1030:
2870:
2142:
1227:
1158:
1040:
349:
16:
Wakashan language of western
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
2543:
1715:
that became known as
Chinook. Nootkan words in Chinook Jargon include
1703:
The Nuu-chah-nulth language contributed much of the vocabulary of the
1002:
2784:
2334:
1708:
1118:
1014:
504:
406:
158:
142:
2505:
186:
2007:
1832:
is also used, meaning "people all along the mountains and the sea."
1192:
forms and in ceremonial expressions. is a possible realization of
796:
361:
353:
332:
to have documentary written materials describing it. In the 1780s,
227:
2180:
499:
223:
2467:(pp. 185–197). UBC working papers is linguistics (Vol. 3).
2459:
Shank, Scott; & Wilson, Ian. (2000). Acoustic evidence for
2073:
1971:
1241:. Affixes can be appended to those clauses to signify numerous
1234:
967:
374:
194:
54:
2516:
Deriving the definiteness effects in Nuu-chah-nulth locatives1
1368:
Nuu-chah-nulth distinguishes near future and general future:
1354:
1021:
264:
1956:– Captured by clubbing the people who lived there to death,
1358:
381:; that name was used also to refer to themselves (the root
377:). The name given by earlier sources for this language is
273:
226:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1815:
2478:
2494:(Chris Harvey’s Native Language, Font, & Keyboard)
2262:"Nuuchahnulth grammar reference for LC language notes"
2107:, a Nuu-chah-nulth-based predecessor of Chinook Jargon
340:, and other European explorers and traders frequented
2483:
Bibliography of
Materials on the Nuuchanulth Language
2447:
Nuuchahnulth grammar reference for LC language notes.
2359:"FirstVoices: Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal"
270:
261:
966:
The pharyngeal consonants developed from mergers of
267:
240:
3224:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
2381:
2247:
2228:
1898:- People from an island that reeks of whale remains
1007:
258:
193:Nootka is classified as Severely Endangered by the
2384:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
959:(glottalized) vowel, or a combination of the two.
330:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3205:
1994:– Fronted by a rock that looks like a container.
101:(280 native speakers and 665 learners in 2021 ))
1856:– People from the place where you gain strength
2452:Sapir, Edward; & Swadesh, Morris. (1955).
2442:. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America.
1944:
1844:- People with a safe landing place for canoes.
2559:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
1237:in Nuu-chah-nulth must consist of at least a
2410:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1723:("far"), from the Nuu-chah-nulth for "sky".
2528:Nootka Language and the Nootka Indian Tribe
2566:
2552:
2234:
1738:Nuu-chah-nulth has 12 different dialects:
994:(which are now absent from the language).
185:
2395:
1719:("many"), from Nuu-chah-nulth for "ten",
982:(which are now comparatively rare) while
2511:Grammatical Possession in Nuu-Chah-Nulth
2080:Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal.
1001:
198:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
68:, from Barkley Sound to Quatsino Sound,
2573:
1880:– People who live on the Muchalee river
949:and functions phonologically as a stop.
220:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3206:
1816:Translations of the First Nation names
313:peoples. Nuu-chah-nulth is a Southern
2547:
2454:Native accounts of Nootka ethnography
2259:
2133:
2131:
412:
246:
2314:"Indigenous languages across Canada"
2160:"Indigenous languages across Canada"
1850:- People of a tribe with many clans
1342:Where each "–" signifies the root.
1008:Carlson, Esling & Fraser (2001)
13:
2538:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
2408:Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) morphosyntax
2248:Carlson, Esling & Fraser (2001
2229:Carlson, Esling & Fraser (2001
2203:The Linguistics Student’s Handbook
2128:
1970:– Where they get the north winds,
1862:- People who tear with their teeth
1404:Past tense can be marked with the
14:
3245:
3229:First Nations languages in Canada
2471:
2006:– Island that the moon lands on,
1174:
1167:
1146:
1137:
1124:
1109:
1102:
1091:
1084:
856:
842:
830:
816:
806:
784:
774:
756:
738:
728:
718:
708:
671:
661:
651:
641:
631:
621:
602:
582:
564:
554:
544:
534:
524:
514:
2218:, Hatchard and Co., London, 1868
1503:=mi(t), =in(t), =!aːnit, =!anit
328:It is the first language of the
254:
2351:
2327:
2306:
2293:
2271:
2253:
1928:- People living above the water
1904:- People from a different place
1188:The mid vowels and appear in
1006:Vowels of Nuu-chah-nulth. From
2521:Condition C in Nuu-chah-nulth*
2222:
2208:
2195:
2173:
2152:
1916:- People of the inside harbour
1361:) and clitics (marked with an
1196:after a glottalized sonorant.
952:
935:
926:
1:
3234:Endangered Wakashan languages
2506:The Wakashan Linguistics Page
2375:
2100:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
2048:– A place close to the river.
1985:– A place across the island,
1962:Esowista Indian Reserve No. 3
1698:
393:
3048:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2406:Nakayama, Toshihide (2001).
2281:. Friends Of Clayoquot Sound
2181:"About the Language Program"
2067:
1934:- People living on the point
1910:- People of a narrow passage
1156:
1116:
1077:
986:came about from a merger of
388:
352:, was held captive by chief
7:
3170:Plains Indian Sign Language
2083:
2000:– Log across mouth of creek
1945:Translations of place names
1940:- People generous with food
1886:- People of a sheltered bay
1733:
1461:=imt, =int, =mi(t), =um(t)
10:
3250:
3021:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
2260:Werle, Adam (March 2015).
1422:Example (Barkley dialect)
1214:
18:
3185:
3147:
3061:
3020:
2980:
2952:
2914:
2851:
2803:
2770:
2682:
2609:
2602:
2581:
2499:Nuuchahnulth Example Text
2397:10.1017/s0025100301002092
2058:
1260:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:
997:
974:derives from a merger of
795:
698:
498:
446:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
206:
184:
172:
156:
140:
135:
105:
91:
75:
60:
50:
43:
39:nuučaan̓uɫ, T̓aat̓aaqsapa
38:
33:
28:
3028:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2121:
1464:ciiqciiqa → ciiqciiqimt
1345:
2530:at native-languages.org
2148:(subscription required)
2090:Nuu-chah-nulth alphabet
1515:
1489:=mi(t), =in(t), =!amit
367:
241:
21:Nootka (disambiguation)
3193:Canadian dictionaries
3176:Maritime Sign Language
3155:American Sign Language
2644:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
2449:University of Victoria
1968:Yuquot (Friendly Cove)
1922:- People of the forest
1892:- People who recovered
1478:wiikapuƛ → wiikapuƛit
1243:grammatical categories
1010:
208:This article contains
3189:Canadian style guides
2491:Nuuchahnulth (Nootka)
2434:Sapir, Edward; &
2095:Nuu-chah-nulth people
1954:hisaawista (esowista)
1781:Tla.o.qui.aht)
1444:Long vowel, /m/, /n/
1430:Consonant–vowel stem
1303:–(ʔ)ak, –(ʔ)uk, –ḥiˑ
1005:
398:The 35 consonants of
293:on the west coast of
179:Nuuchahnulth (Nootka)
3160:Quebec Sign Language
2603:Indigenous languages
2445:Adam Werle. (2015).
2201:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
1932:Quidiishdaht (Makah)
1874:- People of the deer
1802:Uchucklesaht)
1584:Dubitative relative
1560:Indefinite relative
1506:waa=!at → waaʔaanit
1475:=it, =mi(t), =in(t)
1353:can be marked using
1219:Nuu-chah nulth is a
3129:Pennsylvania German
2575:Languages of Canada
2036:– Ucluelet Reserve.
2019:tsu-ma-uss (somass)
1977:nootk-sitl (Nootka)
1828:(people). The term
1627:=!eeʔit(a), =!aːḥi
1524:
1492:hił=!ap → hiłʔamit
1450:saasin → saasinmit
1412:
1372:
1272:
1024:
770:⟨x̣ʷ⟩
685:⟨k̓ʷ⟩
409:
3219:Wakashan languages
3165:Inuk Sign Language
3124:Newfoundland Irish
3089:Tagalog (Filipino)
3062:Minority languages
2934:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
2692:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
2582:Official languages
2335:"FirstVoices Apps"
1958:Esowista Peninsula
1868:- Different people
1751:Ehattisaht)
1686:Quotative article
1648:Future imperative
1568:Definite relative
1523:
1411:
1371:
1271:
1020:
1011:
909:⟨w̓⟩
899:⟨y̓⟩
887:⟨n̓⟩
879:⟨m̓⟩
762:⟨x̣⟩
752:⟨xʷ⟩
677:⟨k̓⟩
667:⟨č̓⟩
657:⟨ƛ̓⟩
647:⟨c̓⟩
637:⟨t̓⟩
627:⟨p̓⟩
596:⟨qʷ⟩
578:⟨kʷ⟩
405:
334:Captains Vancouver
3201:
3200:
3119:Doukhobor Russian
3016:
3015:
2495:
2487:
2146:(18th ed., 2015)
2111:Nitinaht language
2034:hitac`u (itatsoo)
1763:Nuchatlaht
1693:
1692:
1603:=waˑʔiš, =weˑʔin
1513:
1512:
1453:dead hummingbird
1391:
1390:
1340:
1339:
1186:
1185:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
922:
921:
872:
862:⟨ʕ⟩
848:⟨w⟩
836:⟨y⟩
822:⟨n⟩
812:⟨m⟩
803:
790:⟨h⟩
780:⟨ḥ⟩
744:⟨x⟩
734:⟨š⟩
724:⟨ł⟩
714:⟨s⟩
618:
608:⟨ʔ⟩
588:⟨q⟩
570:⟨k⟩
560:⟨č⟩
550:⟨ƛ⟩
540:⟨c⟩
530:⟨t⟩
520:⟨p⟩
511:
494:
489:
484:
477:
472:
465:
458:
385:means "people").
315:Wakashan language
287:Pacific Northwest
283:Wakashan language
234:
233:
216:rendering support
212:phonetic symbols.
97:130, (2014,
3241:
3114:Hutterite German
2607:
2606:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2493:
2485:
2462:
2400:
2399:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2135:
2042:– Polly’s Point.
1810:
1809:
1805:Ucluelet (
1801:
1800:
1793:Sheshaht)
1792:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1760:Mowachaht
1750:
1749:
1525:
1522:
1413:
1410:
1387:–w̓itas, –w̓its
1373:
1370:
1273:
1270:
1195:
1178:
1171:
1150:
1141:
1128:
1113:
1106:
1095:
1088:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1025:
1019:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
960:
956:
950:
944:
941:The approximant
939:
933:
930:
910:
907:
900:
897:
888:
885:
880:
877:
870:
863:
860:
849:
846:
837:
834:
823:
820:
813:
810:
801:
791:
788:
781:
778:
771:
768:
763:
760:
753:
750:
745:
742:
735:
732:
725:
722:
715:
712:
686:
683:
678:
675:
668:
665:
658:
655:
648:
645:
638:
635:
628:
625:
614:
609:
606:
597:
594:
589:
586:
579:
576:
571:
568:
561:
558:
551:
548:
541:
538:
531:
528:
521:
518:
509:
492:
487:
480:
475:
468:
461:
454:
410:
404:
307:British Columbia
295:Vancouver Island
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
248:
244:
200:
189:
168:
152:
145:
111:
70:British Columbia
66:Vancouver Island
26:
25:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3181:
3143:
3109:Canadian Gaelic
3057:
3012:
3008:Coast Tsimshian
2976:
2948:
2910:
2847:
2799:
2766:
2678:
2598:
2577:
2572:
2474:
2436:Swadesh, Morris
2378:
2373:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2279:"First Nations"
2277:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2086:
2070:
2061:
2054:– Pulling tide.
1947:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1754:Hesquiat
1747:
1746:
1742:Ahousaht
1736:
1701:
1563:=(y)iː, =(y)iˑ
1518:
1376:General future
1357:(marked with a
1348:
1295:–°ačiƛ, –iičiƛ
1263:
1217:
1000:
964:
963:
957:
953:
940:
936:
931:
927:
908:
898:
886:
878:
861:
847:
835:
821:
811:
789:
779:
769:
761:
751:
743:
733:
723:
713:
684:
676:
666:
656:
646:
636:
626:
607:
595:
587:
577:
569:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
503:
442:
396:
391:
370:
257:
253:
214:Without proper
202:
201:
192:
164:
148:
141:
131:
112:
109:Language family
107:
94:
93:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Nuu-chah-nulth
3199:
3198:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3148:Sign languages
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Chinook Jargon
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2944:Nuu-chah-nulth
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2534:Nuu-chah-nulth
2531:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2488:
2480:
2473:
2472:External links
2470:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2432:
2418:
2404:
2401:
2390:(2): 275–279,
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2350:
2326:
2305:
2292:
2270:
2252:
2233:
2221:
2207:
2194:
2172:
2151:
2138:Nuu-chah-nulth
2126:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1822:Nuu-Chah-Nulth
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ)
1803:
1794:
1785:
1784:Toquaht
1782:
1773:
1766:Ohiaht (
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:Kyuquot
1755:
1752:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1705:Chinook Jargon
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:Interrogative
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1571:=ʔiˑtq, =ʔiˑq
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:=ʔaqƛ, =ʔaːqƛ
1381:
1380:
1377:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1262:
1259:
1223:language with
1216:
1213:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
999:
996:
962:
961:
951:
945:is more often
934:
924:
923:
920:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
903:
901:
893:
891:
889:
881:
873:
867:
866:
864:
854:
852:
850:
840:
838:
828:
826:
824:
814:
804:
799:
793:
792:
782:
772:
764:
754:
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
704:
702:
696:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
679:
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
611:
610:
600:
598:
590:
580:
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
512:
507:
496:
495:
490:
485:
478:
473:
466:
459:
451:
450:
445:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
400:Nuu-chah-nulth
395:
392:
390:
387:
369:
366:
364:of its terms.
346:John R. Jewitt
311:Nuu-chah-nulth
303:Quatsino Sound
237:Nuu-chah-nulth
232:
231:
218:, you may see
204:
203:
191:
190:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
162:
154:
153:
146:
138:
137:
136:Language codes
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
125:Nuu-chah-nulth
115:
113:
106:
103:
102:
95:
92:
89:
88:
81:Nuu-chah-nulth
77:
73:
72:
64:West coast of
62:
58:
57:
52:
51:Native to
48:
47:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
31:
30:
29:Nuu-chah-nulth
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Broken Slavey
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:Sapir, Edward
2419:
2417:
2416:0-520-09841-2
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2360:
2354:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2280:
2274:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2183:. Hupač̓asatḥ
2182:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:Nootka Jargon
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:A Ehattesaht
2065:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:Tla-o-qui-aht
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1804:
1796:Uchuklesaht (
1795:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:waa → waamit
1435:
1433:=mi(t), =nit
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:Continuative
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:Momentaneous
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:polysynthetic
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1004:
995:
969:
955:
948:
938:
929:
925:
918:
916:
914:
912:
904:
902:
894:
892:
890:
882:
874:
869:
868:
865:
859:
855:
853:
851:
845:
841:
839:
833:
829:
827:
825:
819:
815:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
787:
783:
777:
773:
765:
759:
755:
747:
741:
737:
731:
727:
721:
717:
711:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
694:
692:
690:
688:
680:
674:
670:
664:
660:
654:
650:
644:
640:
634:
630:
624:
620:
617:
613:
612:
605:
601:
599:
591:
585:
581:
573:
567:
563:
557:
553:
547:
543:
537:
533:
527:
523:
517:
513:
508:
506:
501:
497:
491:
486:
483:
479:
474:
471:
467:
464:
460:
457:
453:
452:
449:
444:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
408:
403:
401:
386:
384:
380:
376:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:, an English
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Barkley Sound
296:
292:
291:North America
288:
284:
278:
251:
243:
238:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
211:
205:
199:
196:
188:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
144:
139:
134:
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
104:
100:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
44:Pronunciation
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3187:
3174:
3134:Plautdietsch
2943:
2795:Inuvialuktun
2464:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2428:
2424:
2407:
2387:
2383:
2362:. Retrieved
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2308:
2301:Ha-shilth-sa
2300:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2273:
2255:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2154:
2141:
2078:First Voices
2071:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2023:Somass River
2018:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1979:– Go around.
1976:
1967:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1914:Uchucklesaht
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1830:nuučaanułatḥ
1829:
1825:
1821:
1772:Huu.ay.aht)
1745:Ehattesaht (
1737:
1728:Edward Sapir
1725:
1720:
1716:
1713:trade jargon
1702:
1694:
1670:–imperative
1667:
1659:–imperative
1656:
1608:Inferential
1592:Conditional
1576:Subordinate
1519:
1481:passed away
1458:Short vowel
1447:=mi(t), =nt
1425:Translation
1416:Environment
1405:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1379:Near future
1367:
1349:
1341:
1336:R–š, –ł, –ḥ
1328:–ː(ƛ)–ː(y)a
1319:
1287:–(C)iƛ, –uƛ
1264:
1232:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1201:creaky voice
1198:
1187:
1012:
965:
954:
937:
928:
399:
397:
382:
378:
371:
358:Nootka Sound
342:Nootka Sound
327:
249:
236:
235:
207:
157:
124:
2972:Assiniboine
2861:Bella Coola
2780:Inuinnaqtun
2339:FirstVoices
2205:, Edinburgh
2030:– To go up.
2021:– Washing,
1775:Clayoquot (
1651:=!im, =!um
1640:Imperative
1616:Dubitative
1595:=quː, =quˑ
1544:Indicative
1536:Absolutive
1325:Repetitive
1316:Graduative
871:glottalized
317:related to
222:instead of
3208:Categories
2871:Halkomelem
2684:Athabaskan
2674:Potawatomi
2611:Algonquian
2438:. (1939).
2431:, 248–274.
2376:References
2364:2012-10-04
2344:2012-10-04
2143:Ethnologue
1983:maaqtusiis
1926:Hupacasaht
1890:Huu-ay-aht
1884:Nuchatlaht
1854:Checkleset
1848:Ehattesaht
1787:Tseshaht (
1699:Vocabulary
1624:Purposive
1600:Quotative
1552:Assertive
1495:hosted at
1472:Consonant
1363:equal sign
1333:Iterative
1292:Inceptive
1245:, such as
1228:word order
1015:allophones
947:epiglottal
407:Consonants
394:Consonants
350:blacksmith
242:nuučaan̓uɫ
3139:Ukrainian
3074:Cantonese
2939:Kwakʼwala
2838:Tuscarora
2805:Iroquoian
2785:Inuktitut
2757:Tsuutʼina
2707:Chipewyan
2702:Chilcotin
2629:Blackfoot
2624:Algonquin
2068:Resources
1998:kitsuksis
1987:Marktosis
1878:Muchalaht
1872:Mowachaht
1860:Hesquiaht
1709:Chinookan
1635:=ḥaˑ, =ḥ
1587:=(w)uːsi
1509:was told
1300:Durative
1239:predicate
700:Fricative
505:Affricate
389:Phonology
281:), is a
159:Glottolog
143:ISO 639-3
76:Ethnicity
3069:Mandarin
2924:Ditidaht
2916:Wakashan
2906:Thompson
2901:Squamish
2891:shíshálh
2881:Okanagan
2876:Lillooet
2853:Salishan
2828:Onondaga
2762:Tutchone
2717:Gwichʼin
2425:Language
2299:Source:
2285:8 August
2187:8 August
2084:See also
2028:tsahaheh
2015:– Foamy.
2013:pacheena
2008:Opitsaht
2004:opitsaht
1920:Ditidaht
1896:Tseshaht
1842:Ucluelet
1836:Ahousaht
1734:Dialects
1678:Article
1611:=čaˑʕaš
1399:going to
1190:vocative
970:sounds;
797:Sonorant
616:ejective
463:sibilant
421:Alveolar
416:Bilabial
362:glossary
354:Maquinna
319:Nitinaht
228:Help:IPA
166:nuuc1236
121:Southern
117:Wakashan
3104:Italian
3084:Spanish
3079:Punjabi
3003:Tlingit
2998:Kutenai
2988:Beothuk
2896:Shuswap
2886:Saanich
2843:Wyandot
2790:Inupiaq
2752:Tahltan
2697:Carrier
2659:Naskapi
2649:Miꞌkmaq
2619:Abenaki
2589:English
2052:Cheewat
2046:Tsaxana
2040:t’iipis
1992:kakawis
1908:Toquaht
1866:Kyuquot
1619:=qaˑča
1419:Clitic
1355:affixes
1311:–(y)aˑ
1276:Aspect
1266:Aspects
1215:Grammar
1036:Central
500:Plosive
470:lateral
456:central
448:Glottal
441:Pharyn-
426:Palatal
379:Tahkaht
309:by the
297:, from
285:in the
224:Unicode
83:(2014,
3099:German
3094:Arabic
3053:Michif
3038:Bungee
2962:Stoney
2954:Siouan
2929:Haisla
2833:Seneca
2823:Oneida
2818:Mohawk
2813:Cayuga
2747:Tagish
2742:Slavey
2737:Sekani
2732:Nicola
2712:Dogrib
2669:Ottawa
2664:Ojibwe
2654:Munsee
2594:French
2486:(YDLI)
2414:
2319:9 June
2165:9 June
2074:iPhone
2059:Status
1972:Yuquot
1673:=!iˑk
1555:=ʔiˑš
1531:Affix
1467:spoke
1279:Affix
1261:Aspect
1251:aspect
1235:clause
1022:Vowels
998:Vowels
968:uvular
493:labial
482:labial
436:Uvular
375:Yuquot
338:Quadra
250:Nootka
247:a.k.a.
195:UNESCO
79:7,680
61:Region
55:Canada
34:Nootka
2993:Haida
2981:other
2967:Sioux
2866:Comox
2772:Inuit
2727:Kaska
2265:(PDF)
2250::277)
2231::276)
2122:Notes
2116:Makah
1938:Makah
1689:=čaˑ
1681:=ʔiˑ
1662:=čiˑ
1643:=!iˑ
1579:=qaˑ
1547:=maˑ
1528:Mood
1500:=!at
1486:=!ap
1439:said
1351:Tense
1346:Tense
1255:tense
1080:Close
1073:short
1063:short
1053:short
1031:Front
992:/qʷʼ/
802:plain
510:plain
488:plain
476:plain
431:Velar
323:Makah
2639:Innu
2634:Cree
2412:ISBN
2321:2023
2287:2015
2189:2015
2167:2023
1960:and
1721:siah
1717:hiyu
1668:come
1516:Mood
1406:=mit
1395:will
1359:dash
1247:mood
1159:Open
1068:long
1058:long
1048:long
1041:Back
990:and
988:/qʼ/
980:/χʷ/
978:and
663:t͡ʃʼ
653:t͡ɬʼ
643:t͡sʼ
443:geal
368:Name
321:and
99:FPCC
85:FPCC
2722:Hän
2392:doi
2140:at
1826:atḥ
1808:AKA
1799:AKA
1790:AKA
1778:AKA
1769:AKA
1748:AKA
1539:=∅
1401:).
1365:).
1253:or
1225:VSO
1194:/a/
1119:Mid
984:/ʕ/
976:/χ/
972:/ħ/
943:/ʕ/
682:kʷʼ
556:t͡ʃ
546:t͡ɬ
536:t͡s
383:aht
356:at
305:in
301:to
289:of
245:),
210:IPA
174:ELP
150:nuk
3210::
3191:-
2429:14
2427:,
2388:31
2386:,
2337:.
2236:^
2130:^
1657:go
1257:.
1249:,
1233:A
1230:.
1203:.
1169:aː
1151:)
1148:ɔː
1142:)
1129:)
1126:ɛː
1104:uː
1086:iː
1017:.
906:ˀw
896:ˀj
884:ˀn
876:ˀm
767:χʷ
749:xʷ
673:kʼ
633:tʼ
623:pʼ
593:qʷ
575:kʷ
402::
336:,
325:.
265:uː
3195:
2567:e
2560:t
2553:v
2540:)
2536:(
2461:ʕ
2394::
2367:.
2347:.
2323:.
2289:.
2267:.
2191:.
2169:.
1964:.
1176:a
1145:(
1139:ə
1136:(
1123:(
1111:u
1093:i
858:ʕ
844:w
832:j
818:n
808:m
786:h
776:ħ
758:χ
740:x
730:ʃ
720:ɬ
710:s
604:ʔ
584:q
566:k
526:t
516:p
502:/
277:/
274:ə
271:k
268:t
262:n
259:ˈ
256:/
252:(
239:(
230:.
87:)
23:.
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