905:
51:
878:
1138:
1453:
1222:
1161:. On April 9, 1918, Transcaucasian independence was announced: that was one of the requirements of the Ottoman Empire. Zhordania did not support the declaration of independence, as he believed that an independent Caucasus could have easily fallen into the hands of the Ottoman Empire. A South Caucasus delegation left for Batumi to negotiate with their Ottoman colleagues: they met on May 11, 1918. It appeared that all three South Caucasus nations had different foreign policies. Georgia favored assistance from Germany, who required Georgia to become independent.
1533:
487:'God is Nature herself; as for a white-bearded deity, seated upon a throne, such a personage simply does not exist'. 'I thought to myself: If Nature's lord and master is Nature itself, then who is the rightful lord and master of mankind? The general opinion was that the Tsar (King) was the lord over the people, and that the Tsar(King) was himself appointed by God. But if God did not exist any more, the Tsar(King) could not be his representative. I was therefore at a loss to understand by whose command and authority he sat upon his throne.'
714:, where he lived under police custody. However, he was still illegally involved in the party conferences. He wrote a draft of the party program during a conference held in Tbilisi in 1902. Meanwhile, the St. Petersburg police informed Zhordania that his final verdict was to be exiled in the Vitki Province for 3 years. Zhordania escaped in Batumi, where he hid for 10 days in a secret flat, before fleeing to England with a ferry. The ferry captain did not assist political refugees, so he was told that Zhordania was a military deserter.
1191:) were born. At 5:10PM Georgia declared its independence. The Independence Act was formed by lawyer Gvazava and had been previously introduced to Zhordania. In addition to the national provisions, there were also included some social issues, like, for example, the eight-hour working day and rules for land confiscation. Zhordania, however, removed the social provisions and left only the national political ones. He read the redacted Independence Act at the National Council, who unanimously approved it. From 24 July, instead of
1048:
1021:
280:
572:, were left in charge of creating action program for the group. They outlined importance of the working class in overthrowing the old society, and added the national question in their programme. The programme was adopted and then, in 1894, published in the journal "Moambe". It was based on the following provisions: 1.The person's physical well-being 2. Freedom of the individual and state 3. National identity of the people, based on social label. Later on, the group got the name
1249:
independent state. The treaty was signed on May 7, 1920. With this agreement, diplomatic relations between
Georgia and Russia were established, and Georgia achieved international recognition. A month before signing the contract, the Georgian army repelled the Russian army, which had tried to take Tbilisi from Azerbaijan. Zhordania ordered the guard to spread the rumor that Azerbaijan had been the aggressor, and not Russia. However, when the
1489:, that supported the revolution. The Narodniks recognized a revolution that was not Democratic, but Socialist: they demanded the establishment of socialism. They believed that the only choice was between either priesthood or being a Narodnik. In Warsaw, Zhordania was introduced to Marxism and its political ideology: that was after 1892, when the revolutionaries in Russia went from seeking socialism to European Marxism.
940:, in elections. Evgeni Gegechkori became the deputy in Kutaisi. In August 1908, Zhordania was arrested again and sent to St. Petersburg. Accused of using a fake passport, he was sentenced to 6 months of imprisonment. After eight months in jail, he was suddenly released and went to Baku, where his wife and children awaited for him. In Baku, Zhordania became head editor of the Menshevik newspaper "Our Words". At this time
1270:
into a modern political nation. However, the invasion of the Soviet armies in
FebruaryโMarch 1921 toppled the Georgian government, forcing Zhordania and many of his colleagues to seek refuge in France, where he led the government-in-exile and continued his efforts to earn international recognition of the Soviet occupation of Georgia and foreign support for Georgian independence until his death in Paris in 1953.
691:. He was charged with the crime of being involved with the illegal activities of the social-democratic party, even though Kvali was considered to be a legal newspaper. During his imprisonment Zhordania started to read other literature, like Shakespeare and Hugo. In 1902, Zhordania strongly condemned the merge between the Georgian Social-Democratic organization and the Russian Social-Democratic Party.
957:
three thousand rubles. The tsar announced an amnesty in 1913 to mark the three hundred-year rule of the
Romanov dynasty: it focused on press crimes and gave Zhordania his freedom. Meanwhile, Ina Koreneva, who led the Social Democrats in the election campaign in Baku, was banned from living in the Caucasus and moved in Moscow with her children.
1218:. Under Noe Zhordania's leadership, the new administration established the Tbilisi State Conservatory and the Institute of Caucasian Archaeology and History in 1917. They designated Georgian as the official language of the republic and founded Tbilisi State University, declaring it to be a Georgian language institute of higher education.
1126:. In October 1917, he joined the Russian Pre-Parliament, but soon became disillusioned with it and returned to Georgia. On November 26, 1917, he obtained a chair of the Presidium of the National Council of Georgia and played a leading role in the consolidation of Menshevik power in Georgia. His wavering position on formal secession from
1165:
1471:: because of it, he found out that natural disasters had a scientific explanation. Because of his doubts regarding the existence of God he ended up questioning the legitimacy of the government of the king, since the king's legitimacy was commonly perceived being a divine ordination. Even in school he had a strong belief:
516:. During this period young Zhordania understood the basics of Marxism. In his memories Zhordania described his political evolution in 1892 as a reflection of Russia's transition from socialism to Marxism. Specifically he meant the period after 1891, when he left his homeland to continue his studies abroad. With
618:, and second, there was not a single Georgian or Russian in Stuttgart who could prevent Zhordania from learning the German language. In order to familiarize himself with the political economy of the bourgeoisie, Zhordania moved to Munich. There he enrolled at the university and followed the course of Professor
795:
1572:. In Zhordania's view, the party should not bear the responsibility for separatism. While the Social-Democratic Party did not have common understanding on the national issues, Zhordania personally did not question Georgia's independence: his vision was based only on tactical considerations. After the
1567:
During World War I he was particularly opposed to the national issue. He considered it a physical threat to the nation. He thought that the country should show commitment to Russia, otherwise the whole government would be under threat. This idea was strengthened during Russia's punitive expedition in
1269:
recognition from Soviet Russia and the
Western powers. Apart from massive peasant support, his government managed to gain, through combining socialism, democracy, and a moderate form of nationalism, the loyalty of the intellectual รฉlites and nobility, and played a crucial role in transforming Georgia
665:
called "Iberian's camp", and the other left-wing ideology called "Kvali camp". In
November 1897, Zhordania organized two consortium, one in Tbilisi and the other in Lanchkhuti. Aiming to buy the journal "Kvali", he would later initiate a dialogue with Anastasya Tumanishvili and Giorgi Tsereteli, the
1563:
movement. According to him
Georgia was a young nation, whose national consciousness was only born at the end of the 19th century. In his view, Russia had brought in Georgia a higher political-economic system, namely capitalism. In addition to that, he felt that, since the local peasants were against
1512:
He was foremost interested in agrarian issues. In Europe, the peasant was considered a private owner, and the petty bourgeoisie was subjected to state taxes, unlike the aristocracy. In
Georgia it was the opposite: because of that, the peasants and the landlords monarchists were opposed. The agrarian
1264:
In
December 1920, the League of Nations refused to make Georgia and Armenia members, but, after a month, in January 1921, Georgia had reached international legal recognition. In February, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Democratic Republic. In three years, his government had
1008:. Zhordania supported the idea of independence, but had different views on tactics: he was waiting for the right moment, and did not support the protests against Russia, because he felt that it would lead to repression. They agreed to work on their own, since both ways could produce the same result.
969:
did not work properly in different countries in 1914. The only exception of this rule was in
Georgia, where they were relatively more effective. In Baku they were not working as well, while in Kiev the RSDLP did not exist at all. Zhordania went to Europe with the aim of finding an agreement with the
944:
had entrusted him to draw up his own library catalog, and gave him a cash prize, before sending him and his family to Italy for a cooperative investigation. In 1909, during his stay in Italy, Zhordania attended the Paris meeting of the
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. The session aimed to the
1153:, commanding a newly created Georgian regular army (the first Georgian Corps) and National Guard units were able to stop the Russian army. The Russians were forced to forego the occupation of Tbilisi and retreated towards Baku. The Transcaucasian Commissariat did not recognize the conditions of the
873:
party gained favor: Zhordania, however, was elected as a member of congress. He soon discovered that he had also been elected as a member of the State Duma of the Russian Empire. Meanwhile, the Social Democrats won the elections in Georgia. They created the Social Democratic faction in the Duma led
769:
and became a spokesman for the Social-Democratic faction. The 5th Congress of the RSDLP transferred him into the Central Committee where he maintained his post until 1912. Having signed the "Viborg declaration," a protest against the dissolution of the First Duma, in December 1907, he was sentenced
1492:
In his view, Russian socialism was an utopian and reactionary doctrine, which brought people back to barbarism. Zhordania believed that European socialism was leading the proletariat towards the factories, so the political actions had to be based on that type of proletariat. In addition, he shared
1229:
During 1919โ20, Georgia experienced serious troubles. The Bolsheviks consistently organized fights. Philipe Makharadze escaped from the Metekhi prison, which ceased the rumors that he was assisted by Zhordania himself, as an old friend. The country experienced great economic hardship, lack of food
1121:
and on March 6, 1917, he was elected as a commissioner of the executive committee of the Tbilisi Soviet. In August 1917, he was elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP(u). On the September 3, 1917, he made a speech calling on the workers not to succumb to Bolshevist sentiments, but rather to
956:
After returning from Italy, Zhordania worked in Tbilisi, Baku and Lanchkhuti, cooperating with the party press. In Lanchkhuti he was caught and charged with a call to political and social disorder. He was sentenced to three years in prison in Kutaisi, but he was able to pay his bail, that was only
852:
During that time Zhordania unleashed the Georgian Bolsheviks both in Tbilisi and in provinces. The social democratic direction evolved in a way that differed from both from the Russian Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. They had a clandestine newspaper called "Social Democrat", and a legal one called
927:
asked Zhordania not to interfere in the Russian Bolshevik's activities: in return, he offered them autonomy in domestic matters. Zhordania rejected the proposal. He was elected as a member of the Party Central Committee at the congress. The committee office was located in Finland, so he remained
737:
and he was invited with an advisory vote. In Brussels, Zhordania met three delegates from the South Caucasus: Topuridze, Knuniantsi and Zurabovi. Zhordania's program was not selected by the Caucasian Committee: the one that was chosen differed only in national and agrarian issues. Brussels local
1496:
He had different views on war tactics in respect to the Russian Marxists. In "Kvali" and "Skhivi", he thought it was fair to use terror under certain circumstances. Zhordania had conservative views regarding the role of families and believed that a person's main objective was to have family and
1248:
He opposed Bolshevik and separatist tendencies, and ethnic minorities were granted political and cultural rights. Zhordania tried to achieve international recognition for Georgia. In 1920, Zhordania sent Gregory Uratadze to Russia to begin negotiations regarding the recognition of Georgia as an
670:
of the Socialists having a legal organ. The Social Democrats, meanwhile were also illegally stamping brochures, leaflets, and newspapers. In 1899 they released the first printed leaflets called "proclamation", which advised Georgian workers to join the European workers for the first of May. The
1584:
In 1904, Noe Zhordania married Ina Koreneva, a party comrade (1877โ1967). The couple had four children: Asmat, Nina, Redjeb, and Andreika. The daughter of Asmat Zhordania and Levan Pagava, Ethรฉry Pagava, would become a famous ballerina in France. Nina married Archil Tsitsishvili and had three
997:, where he reunited with his wife and children. Zhordania, in the end, did not contribute to this dispute: he settled in Lanchkhuti and began writing letters to be published in various newspapers. He published a letter from "War and Peace", where he stressed his anti-Germanic position.
467:, where he received the rank of captain and where he was later killed. He had four sons: Butchu, Potine, Niko and Iosef. Niko, father of Noe and Gulchino Zhordania, was the village scriber, and lawyer and mediator in court. Kristine Chikovani, mother of Noe, was from Samegrelo.
1011:
Furthermore, the Social Democratic Party didn't reach consensus on the national issue. It was decided to organize a party conference, which was held in Junjuat. The conference agreed on the declaration of independence only if the Russian army would leave Georgian territory.
1540:
Unlike Georgia, Western European countries had a settled national identity already, so Zhordania could not find anything useful from their programs: it was in Poland that he was introduced to the idea of a nationalist movement. At the beginning of 1896, in a letter to
1513:
question was, for Zhordania, a central issue. In contrast to the European and Russian Social Democratic Movements, which sought political change through the industrial proletariat, Zhordania believed that farmers were the leading force in the revolutionary movement.
2768:
678:
Clashes between the workers and the army took place on 1 May 1901. Many activists became targets of the police and Noe Zhordania being one of them. Trying to save himself, he decided to flee to Europe on the grounds of health problems and borrowed 300 rubles from
1467:, leaning towards the social-democratic. He focused on the peasantry and dealt with the national issue. As a child he grew up as an Orthodox Christian. He questioned the existence of God for the first time in school, after reading "The Door to Nature" of
1277:
In the twentieth century, before the eyes of the civilized world, I appeal to the conscience of civilized nations and all honest people to condemn this persecution of a small nation and the criminals inspiring and carrying out these barbarous acts โ the
1169:
491:
In the academy he was the head of an illegal student association that was opposing the drawbacks of the present situation in Academy. At the same time he was reading forbidden books, such as the Russian revolutionary-democratic literature of
1167:
149:
1509:, he traveled to Switzerland, France, Germany and England, where he became part of several European socialist parties. What he discovered was that the structure of the European society was considerably different from the Georgian one.
1004:, an old acquaintance, who had translated Marx's "Capital" in English and brought it to his editorial office. Tsereteli worked with a German oriented committee, which aimed to liberate Georgia with the help of Germany and the
1348:
Zhordania wrote books in which he criticized the Soviet Union as "the revolution under mask of imperialism". In addition to his political treatises, when he was still in Paris, in 1930, he published the Georgian epic poem by
904:
1585:
daughters and five grandchildren. Andreika died in Georgia, while Redjeb Zhordania has one son, two daughters, and lives in New York, where he is a lecturer on French civilization. Zhordania's relative, Nina Gegechkori, was
1214:, all religious signs related to St. George were removed. On March 21, 1919, he was elected as a chairman of the Government, who was also one of the two High Representatives of the Republic of Georgia, with chairman of the
802:
In 1905, during the revolution, with a false passport and the fake name of "Ignatov", Zhordania arrived in St. Petersburg, where his wife and party comrade Ina Koreneva was waiting for him. From there Zhordania went to
1564:
landlords, by putting the national issue in front he would lose the support from the peasantry, and by losing them the revolutionary movement would be endangered. He supported only the cultural autonomy of nations.
1168:
1319:, asking the respective governments for support, but they expressed no interest in the issue. Zhordania gave up and decided to work with the European countries, and to assist his remaining comrades in Georgia.
1265:
organized a successful land reform, adopted comprehensive social and political legislation, and cultivated widespread international ties, enabling Georgia to become the only Transcaucasian nation to earn
610:
and other French socialists in the meantime. He remained in Paris for four months before going back to Geneva and, from there he headed to Germany, the birthplace of Marxist ideologies. He settled in
1311:, Zhordania met with the French ambassadors and was invited to settle the Georgian government in exile in France. However, in April 1921, Zhordania was not warmly welcomed in France. He later visited
1323:"The European society is exhausted, they don't empathize with other's pain, they don't even recognize it, and they only care about one thing - To be by themselves, peacefully, with no worries..."
1206:. The meeting was opened on March 12. Out of 130 deputies, 109 were Social-Democrat. Zhordania was free from autocratic dictatorial aspirations and considered the advice from other parties. The
532:. In Warsaw, apart from Marxism, Zhordania also became acquainted with the Polish national movement, which fought for the autonomy of Poland. In 1892, he was forced to leave for Georgia due to
1341:, where he helped with the preparation of the Georgian revolt in 1924. Shortly after, his mother, and his daughter Asmat, who had not left Georgia in 1921, were arrested and imprisoned in
928:
there and went to St. Petersburg only occasionally. When the second State Duma was dismissed, the Social Democrat Leaders, including Irakli Tsereteli, were apprehended and deported to
897:, Zhordania published article in which he wrote that Marxists nihilists do not look to the past, but, in every historical era they see progress. He compared Ilia to the French chemist
1238:"Once my mother arrived with food from village. Of course, we were glad. My mother asked: You told me you were a minister. Yet, who would believe that I'd still have to support you! "
885:
After the Duma was dissolved he remained in St. Petersburg, working illegally. In order to create a second State Duma, parties were invited to the conference in Tamerpos. Apart from
1695:
584:, Lev Deichi, and Vera Zasulichi. There he read Marxist literature and explored the Swiss workers and peasants' life, writing down and then sending his notes to the journal Kvali (
970:
members of RSDLP's central committee. The party had already split into two factions, and none of them had any hope of the revolution that was due to come in Russia. Zhordania met
974:
in Vienna, in June, and published his letters regarding Bolshevik-Menshevik relations and national issues. Following his doctor's advice, he later decided to spend the summer in
513:
1166:
1091:
2803:
1517:"The social structure in Europe was too far away from that of Georgia. It posed the risk of influencing and changing Georgian revolutionary ideology " ("My past", p. 28)
483:
would enter that same academy). However, while Noe's parents hoped that their child would become a priest, from an early age he started to disbelieve in god. He wrote:
2543:
978:, Switzerland, where he staid three weeks. During the second half of July he went to Beatenberg, where he intended to stay until the end of August, and then to visit
2410:
1087:
989:
The First World War started on August 2, changing his plans. Zhordania immediately decided to return to his homeland: the only way was through Istanbul, by the sea.
356:
66:
2823:
937:
865:
protested against it. Yet, Zordania tried not let go the opportunity. He participated in the IV unifying congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in
816:
757:, he went against the armed uprising and advocated the creation of a legal workersโ party. On the 4th Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, he supported the idea of land
2793:
2783:
2568:
2528:
993:, at the time the editor of the Italian Social Democratic Party newspaper "Avanti", helped him to buy the tickets from Venice to Istanbul. Zhordania arrived in
576:. In May 1893, fearing of possible arrest, Zhordania traveled to Europe from Batumi. When the order of his arrest was released in Lanchkhuti, he was already in
2833:
1748:
1545:
regarding Polish autonomy, Zhordania's viewpoint came to life. He thought that Marxism does not deny the national issue and the national struggle for freedom.
594:). In 1894, he was tried by the Russian authorities for his participation in the "League of Freedom of Georgia". In 1895, he went to Paris and studied at the
2548:
1103:
552:(the Third Group). In late December 1892, Noe Zhordania emerged on the political scene. He attended the Marxian meetings at the Aleksandre Pushkin House in
2450:
1099:
675:. This increased the tensions between the two camps, and in 1900 the magazines of the two parties started to print a heated debate between the each other.
657:, a known photographer, who back then lived with the Wilson family. At the British Museum he studied literature from all around the world, including from
2863:
2553:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2583:
1095:
846:
475:
He had his primary education in a Lanchkhuti public school. Afterwards, he graduated from the Ozurgeti Orthodox Theological Academy. He then moved to
2578:
2573:
1560:
391:
According to Redjeb Jordania (born in 1921), son of Noe Jordania (Zhordania), his lineage traces back to three Italian brothers who emigrated from
2853:
1892:
702:
peasant movement, led by the Social Democrats. During the mass arrests Zhordania was taken and put in prison, where he met other 200 Gurians and
2321:(in Russian), translated by Zhordaniya, Inny, Stanford, California: The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University,
661:. In 1897 Zordania returned to Georgia. Upon his arrival the country was split into two camps: on one hand, the right-wing ideology headed by
2808:
2060:
1475:"The king is as fictional an authority as God. This fact made both atheism and republicanism two faces of the same coin."("My past", p. 12)
1178:
666:
directors of the famous magazine. In January 1898, "Kvali" became one of the first Marxists legal body. It was also the first example in the
1127:
479:
where he graduated from the Georgian Orthodox Theological Seminary, a prestigious academic institution at the time (just a few years later
1653:
2838:
1549:"If a person wants to be free, why the nation, as a large ethnic community, has not to be driven by itself, does not have its own state?"
1493:
the view that the backward countries needed political revolution, democracy, economic development and later the transition to socialism.
849:. Eliashvili helped in releasing Ina Koreneva. In April 1905 Ina went to Lanchkhuti, where she gave birth to their first daughter Asmat.
2848:
741:
Having been elected as a delegate to the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1903, he sided with the
548:
ideas among the workers of Tbilisi, and in the 1890s he became a leader of the first legal Marxist organization in Georgia, called the
50:
553:
400:
337:
2443:
2193:
1437:, where he is buried. In 1968 his memorial, titled "My Past", was published in English and Russian posthumously. On 10 March 2004,
2094:
Stephen F. Jones, The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918-2012: The First Georgian Republic and its Successors, Acknowledgements p 28,
807:, left Ina there and then headed to Tbilisi. In Tbilisi he saw a different political situation from what he had left: the camp of
2873:
2828:
2778:
877:
1234:. In his memoirs Zhordania noted that because of the hardship it was difficult to convince people to work with the government.
2111:
862:
730:
2868:
2326:
2308:
2287:
2262:
2237:
2216:
986:, where the Mensheviks had gathered. In Geneva, he intended to meet Mgeladze Vlasi and the other Social Democrat immigrants.
449:
by his uncles. Later he returned in his hometown Lanchkhuti, but he was not welcomed by the relatives. Thus, after moving to
442:. He was the ancestor of the Zhordanias from Lanchkhuti, including Radjeb (Redjeb) Zhordania, grandfather of Noe Zhordania.
2843:
1203:
893:
decided to participate, and he later became the Social Democratic faction leader in the Duma. In 1907, after the murder of
2818:
2813:
2798:
2436:
1354:
2342:
2169:
597:
2495:
626:. While living in Germany Zhordania wrote the following articles for "Kvali": "Friedrich Engels" (1895) (Georgian:
453:
he demanded his share of the property from the relatives. He was given the land, where he built the Oda (Georgian:
230:
932:. In occasion of the elections of the State Duma in December 1907, Zhordania illegally returned to Georgia. He helped
2083:
1814:
1784:
1617:
1207:
528:, by sending them illegal Marxist literature. He was impressed by "Mr. L. Tikhomirov's Grief", a booklet written by
463:), married the daughter of Apakidze and remained there during the period 1825 to 1830. Later he participated in the
1911:
1840:
1600:
1215:
568:. The group ultimately failed to reach an agreement on certain issues and thus, Noe Zhordania, with Kibladze and
279:
2472:
2099:
1983:
1131:
745:
faction and gained significant influence. In 1905, he edited a Tbilisi-based Georgian Menshevik newspaper, the
345:
2003:
1345:. Sergo Kavtaradze, a week later, offered to help them flee the country, but his mother refused the proposal.
687:, where he was given charges after eight months in prison and then transferred first to Tbilisi, and later to
373:
329:
1444:
The "Noe Zhordania Institute" in Paris studies his heritage and the history of social democracy in Georgia.
2124:
1486:
841:
oriented. During that time Ina, Zhordania's pregnant wife, was arrested. Thus, Zhordania had to go back to
622:. At the beginning of 1896 Zhordania left Munich and traveled to Berlin, where he attended the lectures of
405:
352:
17:
1295:
had killed without trial hundreds of people, including women and children, many of them from the Georgian
694:
In June 1902 Zhordania was released from prison and moved to Lanchkhuti before the final verdict from the
500:), and familiarized himself with the content of populist literature, magazines and newspapers provided by
305:
1137:
430:) and his descendants are the Zhordanias from Arkhava. The third was granted serfs and estates from the
2773:
2279:
1906:
1887:
754:
258:
2459:
2385:
1559:
He did not believe that the promotion of the national issue came first. Subsequently, he opposed the
1150:
108:
90:
2858:
853:"Skhivi", both edited by Zhordania, alongside other newspapers: "Lightning" and "Dawn". Meanwhile,
2769:
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
2129:
1680:แจแแแแแซแ แ., แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแก แแแแแแ แแขแแฃแแ แ แแกแแฃแแแแแ (1918โ1921): แแแชแแแแแแแแแ-แแแฅแกแแแแแ. แแ. 321-322.
318:
1452:
2078:
Kuromiya, Hiroaki / Mamoulia, The Eurasian Triangle Russia, The Caucasus and Japan, 1904-1945,
1941:
1123:
560:, Eugene Vatsadze, Mikha Tskhakaia, Joseph Kakabadze, Razhden Kaladze, Dmitry Kalandarishvili,
2758:
2679:
1221:
1149:
In January 1918, Army units situated on the Caucasian Front lines moved towards Tbilisi. The
854:
654:
493:
2428:
2028:
1966:
1261:, Zhordania remarked " "I prefer the imperialists of the West to the fanatics of the East."
2763:
2704:
1743:
1609:
1154:
1142:
1036:
521:
2035:
2023:"The Poetry of the Trans-Rational in Menshevik-era Tbilisi OR Georgian Modernism in Sound"
8:
2788:
2725:
2699:
2694:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2627:
2617:
2347:
2174:
1438:
1130:
ended in May 1918, when he headed a parliamentary session which declared the independent
1114:
1073:
1040:
565:
520:, Noe Zhordania started a close correspondence with other Georgian intellectuals, namely
501:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2022:
556:, and eventually became a member of the first Marxist group. Other famous members were:
2558:
2296:
1802:
1605:
1573:
1468:
1158:
941:
766:
680:
561:
385:
187:
1690:
1532:
1412:). In Paris he founded the Georgian Social-Democratic journal "Battle" (Georgian:
2730:
2719:
2689:
2598:
2518:
2503:
2463:
2420:
2322:
2304:
2283:
2258:
2233:
2212:
2095:
2079:
2036:"J. Shaphir, 'Secrets of Menshevik Georgia: The plot against Soviet Russia unmasked'"
1979:
1810:
1780:
1634:
1613:
1434:
1361:
1338:
1250:
1182:
1077:
1024:
1001:
933:
898:
894:
808:
711:
662:
658:
585:
569:
557:
525:
517:
411:
340:
politician. He played an eminent role in the socialist revolutionary movement in the
333:
296:
219:
191:
2709:
2663:
2508:
2225:
1654:แจแแแแแซแ แ., แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแก แแแแแแ แแขแแฃแแ แ แแกแแฃแแแแแ (1918โ1921): แแแชแแแแแแแแแ-แแแฅแกแแแแแ
1118:
1110:
1047:
990:
890:
762:
758:
726:
581:
529:
497:
431:
395:
to Georgia. One of them was a gardener and the others were merchants. One moved to
309:
1360:
By 1933 he had published 12 other books, some of which were "Combating Problems" (
869:
in 1906. The congress discussed how to boycott the elections and land issues. The
2714:
2674:
2669:
2638:
2611:
2563:
2246:
1629:
1350:
1057:
1020:
2633:
2480:
2378:
2254:
2156:
1937:
1586:
1296:
1254:
1231:
1196:
1192:
1109:
During World War I, Zhordania maintained a "defensist" position and worked for
1083:
1061:
1005:
901:, in that "revolution lead him to death, but no one condemned the revolution".
672:
667:
623:
619:
376:
2 January] 1868, to a petty landowner family living in the village of
341:
131:
2752:
2658:
2513:
2271:
2230:
Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy 1883โ1917
2204:
2065:
1258:
1069:
703:
695:
607:
2684:
2622:
2606:
2588:
2395:
1542:
1065:
1051:
971:
950:
779:
632:), "the village and agricultural growing in Germany" (1985) (Georgian:
615:
603:
480:
349:
143:
1967:"The Democratic Republic of Georgia: Struggle for Independence 1918-1921"
1211:
573:
549:
464:
2143:
786:
where he published a series of articles on the question of nationality.
1845:
1457:
858:
750:
435:
377:
253:
179:
2351:. August 21, 2008. An article by Noe Zhordania's son Redjeb Zhordania.
1273:
In 1923, Noe Zhordania made an appeal to Washington in which he said:
794:
1424:). Until the 1990s the journal he founded, "Our Flag" (Georgian:
1279:
1032:
1027:
celebrates the first anniversary of its independence. Noe Zhordania,
870:
866:
838:
742:
611:
533:
446:
396:
1173:
Zhordania and other officials have been summoned to the parade, 1919
1157:. In April 1918, the Ottomans occupied the Batumi region, Guria and
979:
945:
expropriate Bolsheviks and divestiture ban, which was, accepted. In
874:
by Noe: however, after about a month the State Duma was discharged.
2303:(Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press,
2008:
1312:
1308:
975:
919:
During the V congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in
909:
734:
450:
1430:), was active, and later edited by his son-in-law, Levan Paghava.
1134:. On July 24, 1918, he became Head of the Government of Georgia.
1576:, Zhordania's view changed in regards to the nationalist stance.
1506:
1464:
1266:
1028:
929:
913:
688:
684:
545:
476:
1978:
Alexander Mikaberidze, Historical Dictionary of Georgia, p.257,
1225:
Second International delegation received by Noe Zhordania, 1920.
2004:"Levan Z. Urushadze:Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921)"
1569:
1342:
1316:
994:
983:
953:, "Battle", had published letters about the party unification.
946:
920:
718:
577:
509:
505:
445:
In his early years Radjab became an orphan and he was taken in
421:
27:
Georgian journalist, intellectual, revolutionary and politician
923:
in 1907, 29 Georgian delegates were present. At the congress,
738:
police banned the congress and the delegates moved to London.
2458:
1433:
Noe Zhordania died at the age of 85, on January 11, 1953, in
1334:
1292:
966:
924:
889:, everybody supported the election. With Zhordania's advice,
886:
722:
699:
460:
439:
392:
381:
208:
183:
842:
804:
771:
717:
After three weeks of travelling Zhordania first arrived in
707:
1888:"Christine Pagava Boulez : First Republic of Georgia"
825:); the Social Democratic party had another newspaper, the
770:
to three months of imprisonment. In mid-1912, he edited a
355:
forced him into exile to France. There Zhordania led the
67:
Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile
638:), "Political parties in Germany" (1897) (Georgian:
698:
police. At this time in the region there was an active
653:
In March 1897, Zhordania moved to London, England with
2232:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
1202:
In 1919, there was a proportional system based on the
671:
proclamation was written by Zhordania, and printed by
323:
2209:
A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891โ1924
2144:" Chapter 4. Globalization and Georgian Nationalism"
2804:
Members of the 1st State Duma of the Russian Empire
1606:
The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace
845:and start negotiation with a famous public figure,
399:and became the ancestor of the Zhordanias from the
348:from July 24, 1918, until March 18, 1921, when the
332:2 January] 1868 โ January 11, 1953) was a
1054:with the Georgian Social-Democrats, Tbilisi, 1920.
1210:was adopted after Zhordania's proposal. To avoid
1113:'s Journal "Samozaschita" (1916). After the 1917
2750:
2276:Stalin and the Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia
1441:offered to move Zhordania's remains to Georgia.
1418:) and the newspaper "Battle Cry" (Georgian:
544:When he came back to Georgia, he propagated the
2824:20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)
1082:in the second row: Kautsky's secretary Olberg,
2794:Social Democratic Party of Georgia politicians
2784:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
1942:"Decision of the R.S.D.L.P. Central Committee"
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1186:
1015:
820:
645:
639:
633:
627:
589:
454:
425:
415:
300:
231:Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party of Georgia
150:Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
2834:Independence activists from Georgia (country)
2444:
1382:), "True and False Communism" (Georgian:
1179:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
1043:, and foreign guests are seen on the tribune.
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
595:
580:. There he met other Marxist group members:
367:
2367:(French) Iรจre Rรฉpublique de Gรฉorgie en exil
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
706:. Later he was transferred from Kutaisi to
564:, Arsen Tsitlidze, Isidore Kvitsaridze and
372:Zhordania was born on 15 January [
2864:Emigrants from Georgia (country) to France
2451:
2437:
2411:Head of the Government of Georgia in Exile
2316:
2157:" All My Georgias: Paris-New York-Tbilisi"
1841:"Noe Zhordania:Mon Passรฉ (French Edition)"
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1772:
1770:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1485:During the seminary studies he formed the
344:, and later chaired the government of the
49:
2198:Dictionary of Georgian National Biography
1988:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1000:At the same time, Zhordania secretly met
789:
2245:
1858:
1819:
1536:Noe Zhordania on a 2018 stamp of Georgia
1531:
1451:
1220:
1163:
1136:
1046:
1019:
903:
876:
793:
683:. Shortly afterwards he was arrested in
79:18 March 1921 โ 11 January 1953
2178:, August 2008. Retrieved in April 2016.
1809:, p.158-207, Indiana University Press,
1789:
1767:
1702:
1302:
1253:proposed a joint offensive against the
761:. The same year, he was elected to the
14:
2854:Revolutionaries from Georgia (country)
2751:
2270:
1864:
1761:
863:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
731:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
2432:
2251:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
2224:
2203:
2133:, June 2006. Retrieved in March 2016.
1936:
1924:
1676:
1674:
1505:To better understand the ideology of
1500:
1181:and so-called "Transcaucasian Seim" (
982:, where the Bolsheviks gathered, and
614:for two reasons: first, there he met
602:for 3 months, became acquainted with
121:24 June 1918 โ 18 March 1921
2809:Russian Constituent Assembly members
2295:
2192:Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed., 2007),
1400:), "Our Differences" (Georgian:
1177:In the morning of May 26, 1918, the
749:known for its fierce attacks on the
644:), "Bismarck" (1898) (Georgian:
384:, western Georgia, then part of the
2361:(French) Iรจre Rรฉpublique de Gรฉorgie
1777:DEATH ONLY WINS: THE STALIN TRILOGY
1456:Noe Zhordania Statue and square in
24:
2839:Journalists from Georgia (country)
2170:" Georgia, Between Hope and Fear "
1671:
1406:), and "Democracy" (Georgian:
1376:), "Soviet System" (Georgian:
912:of Zhordania made in 1908 by the
857:issued an order of activating the
729:. There he was informed about the
635:แกแแคแแแ แแ แกแแกแแคแแ แจแแแแ แแแ แแแแแแจแ
459:) (typical house in the region of
25:
2885:
2849:Memoirists from Georgia (country)
2386:Head of the Government of Georgia
2336:
2301:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2125:"Europe: Early Modern and Modern"
1807:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1527:
1195:, Zhordania became the temporary
1122:fight for the establishment of a
774:-based legal Menshevik newspaper
1915:, 1976. Retrieved in March 2016.
1370:), "We and They" (Georgian:
1355:The Knight in the Panther's Skin
1291:He also said in the appeal that
936:in defeating another candidate,
778:. In 1914, he collaborated with
725:, and finally to Geneva to meet
598:Bibliothรจque nationale de France
278:
2185:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2117:
2104:
2088:
2072:
2054:
2015:
1972:
1959:
1930:
1918:
1899:
1852:
1696:Encyclopedia of Russian History
1394:), "Bolshevism" (Georgian:
1143:Second International Delegation
539:
2874:People from the Russian Empire
2829:Democratic Republic of Georgia
2779:People from Kutais Governorate
2343:Georgia, Between Hope and Fear
1755:
1744:"THE STORM GATHERS: 1894-1904"
1683:
1659:
1647:
1204:Constituent Assembly elections
1199:(chairman of the Government).
1132:Democratic Republic of Georgia
960:
833:there was a new magazine, the
641:แแแแแขแแแฃแ แ แแแ แขแแแแ แแแ แแแแแแจแ
346:Democratic Republic of Georgia
190:, Russian Empire (present-day
13:
1:
2278:, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
1691:"ZHORDANIA, NOE NIKOLAYEVICH"
1640:
1388:), "Politics" (Georgian:
811:was disbanded, the newspaper
514:Warsaw Veterinarian Institute
262:Warsaw Veterinarian Institute
102:Government in Exile dissolved
2869:Burials at Leuville cemetery
2200:. Retrieved on May 24, 2007.
2159:, . Retrieved in April 2016.
2146:, . Retrieved in April 2016.
1487:Group of Narodnik Socialists
1092:Konstantine Sabakhtarashvili
470:
362:
353:Red Army invasion of Georgia
328:; born January 15 [
7:
2844:Russian Marxist journalists
2211:, London: The Bodley Head,
2040:mrc-catalogue.warwick.ac.uk
1969:, Retrieved in March 2016.
1623:
1598:Noi Nikolaevich Zhordania,
1447:
1385:แแแแแแแแ แแ แงแแแแ แแแแฃแแแแแ
1016:Revolution and independence
881:The first State Duma deputy
324:
10:
2890:
2819:1920s in Georgia (country)
2814:1910s in Georgia (country)
2799:Prime ministers of Georgia
2280:Cambridge University Press
2114:, Retrieved in March 2016.
2025:, Retrieved in March 2016.
755:Russian Revolution of 1905
325:Noy Nikolรกevich Zhordรกniya
259:Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary
2739:
2597:
2494:
2471:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2383:
2375:
2012:, Retrieved in April 2016
1907:"A Menshevik in the Duma"
1896:, Retrieved in April 2016
1849:, Retrieved in April 2016
1752:, Retrieved in March 2016
1699:, Retrieved in March 2016
1656:. แแ. 149, 273, 322, 328.
1579:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1333:Zhordania lived first in
1187:
1151:Georgian National Council
1117:, he chaired the Tbilisi
821:
710:, and forced in exile in
646:
640:
634:
628:
596:
590:
455:
426:
416:
368:Early life and background
359:until his death in 1953.
314:ะะพะน ะะธะบะพะปะฐฬะตะฒะธั ะะพัะดะฐฬะฝะธั
313:
301:
286:
274:
266:
252:
244:
236:
226:
215:
198:
166:
161:
157:
137:
125:
114:
109:Prime Minister of Georgia
106:
96:
91:Prime Minister of Georgia
83:
72:
64:
60:
48:
39:
32:
2317:Zhordaniya, Noy (1968),
1592:
40:
2130:Oxford University Press
1665:Also transliterated as
1208:coat of arms of Georgia
1088:Konstantine Gvarjaladze
1946:Lenin Internet Archive
1557:
1537:
1525:
1483:
1460:
1331:
1289:
1246:
1226:
1174:
1146:
1124:parliamentary republic
1106:
1044:
949:, in the newspaper of
938:Luarsab Andronikashvil
916:
882:
817:Philipe Gogichaishvili
799:
790:Social Democrat leader
504:. In 1891 he moved to
489:
2355:(French) Noรฉ Jordania
2123:B. Husband, William.
1689:Suny, Ronald Grigor.
1547:
1535:
1515:
1473:
1455:
1321:
1275:
1236:
1224:
1172:
1140:
1050:
1023:
914:Tsarist secret police
907:
880:
855:Nicholas II of Russia
797:
655:Varlam Cherkezishvili
494:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
485:
438:, and so remained in
2042:. Warwick University
1610:Stanford, California
1303:Emigration and death
1216:Constituent Assembly
1188:แแแแแ แแแแแแกแแแก แกแแแแ
1155:Brest-Litovsk Treaty
522:Silvester Dzhibladze
420:). Another moved to
388:of Imperial Russia.
2460:Heads of government
2348:The Washington Post
2319:ะะพั ะะธะทะฝั (My Life)
2297:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2175:The Washington Post
2142:Natalie Sabanadze.
2061:"Sons of Thargamos"
1439:Mikhail Saakashvili
1141:Zhordania with the
1115:February Revolution
1104:Grigol Tsintsabadze
1074:Silibistro Jibladze
822:แคแแแแแ แแแแแฉแแแจแแแแ
566:Silibistro Jibladze
512:, and attended the
502:Zakaria Chichinadze
357:government-in-exile
1965:Kacharava, Andro.
1861:, pp. 319โ320
1803:Ronald Grigor Suny
1574:October Revolution
1538:
1501:The agrarian issue
1469:Iakob Gogebashvili
1461:
1297:intellectual class
1227:
1175:
1159:Samtskhe-Javakheti
1147:
1107:
1100:Avtandil Urushadze
1056:In the first row:
1045:
942:David Sarajishvili
917:
883:
829:, and in place of
800:
767:Tiflis Governorate
747:Sotsial-Demokratia
681:David Sarajishvili
562:Isidore Ramishvili
386:Kutais Governorate
188:Kutais Governorate
2774:People from Guria
2746:
2745:
2427:
2426:
2421:Evgeni Gegechkori
2418:Succeeded by
2393:Succeeded by
2328:978-0-81-794031-7
2310:978-0-25-320915-3
2289:978-1-107-42644-3
2272:Rieber, Alfred J.
2264:978-1-78023-030-6
2239:978-0-67-401902-7
2226:Jones, Stephen F.
2218:978-1-847-92291-5
2168:Redjeb Jordania.
2155:Redjeb Jordania.
1635:Vakhtang Jordania
1561:Social-federalist
1435:Leuville-sur-Orge
1379:แกแแแญแแแ แฌแงแแแแแแแ
1367:แแ แซแแแแก แกแแแแแฎแแแ
1339:Leuville-sur-Orge
1251:Soviet government
1170:
1128:Bolshevist Russia
1078:Razhden Arsenidze
1064:, Noe Zhordania,
1002:Mikheil Tsereteli
934:Nikolay Chkheidze
899:Antoine Lavoisier
895:Ilia Chavchavadze
809:Ilia Chavchavadze
798:Zhordania in 1903
663:Ilia Chavchavadze
570:Egnate Ninoshvili
558:Nikolay Chkheidze
526:Egnate Ninoshvili
518:Filipp Makharadze
350:Bolshevik Russian
322:
290:
289:
220:Leuville Cemetery
55:Zhordania in 1920
16:(Redirected from
2881:
2741:* denotes acting
2544:Chkhubianishvili
2453:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2415:1921–1953
2403:Preceded by
2390:1918–1921
2376:Preceded by
2373:
2372:
2331:
2313:
2292:
2267:
2247:Rayfield, Donald
2242:
2221:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2001:
1986:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1885:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1838:
1817:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1741:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1555:
1523:
1481:
1463:Zhordania was a
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:แฉแแแแ แฃแแแแฎแแแแแ
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1329:
1287:
1244:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1111:Georgi Plekhanov
1096:Sardion Tevzadze
1037:G. Lordkipanidze
991:Benito Mussolini
891:Irakli Tsereteli
847:Ivane Eliashvili
827:Tsnobis Purtseli
824:
823:
782:in the magazine
763:First State Duma
759:municipalization
649:
648:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
630:
601:
600:
593:
592:
582:Georgi Plekhanov
530:Georgi Plekhanov
498:Alexander Herzen
458:
457:
432:House of Gurieli
429:
428:
419:
418:
409:
327:
317:
315:
307:
304:
303:
282:
205:
202:January 11, 1953
177:January 15, 1868
176:
174:
162:Personal details
153:
140:
128:
119:
99:
86:
77:
53:
43:
30:
29:
21:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2859:Georgian exiles
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2593:
2490:
2467:
2457:
2423:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2381:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2311:
2290:
2265:
2240:
2219:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2069:, May 19, 1923.
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2002:
1989:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1938:Lenin, Vladimir
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1886:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1839:
1820:
1801:
1790:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1742:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1630:Joseph Jordania
1626:
1595:
1582:
1556:
1553:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1503:
1482:
1479:
1450:
1351:Shota Rustaveli
1330:
1327:
1305:
1288:
1285:
1245:
1242:
1230:and bread, and
1164:
1145:. Tbilisi, 1920
1081:
1055:
1035:, P. Kakhiani,
1018:
963:
819:(Georgian:
815:was managed by
792:
721:, then went to
629:แคแ แแแ แแฎ แแแแแแกแ
542:
473:
424:(Georgian:
403:
370:
365:
336:journalist and
261:
227:Political party
207:
203:
178:
172:
170:
147:
146:
138:
126:
120:
115:
97:
84:
78:
73:
56:
44:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Mgaloblishvili
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Kartvelishvili
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Mgaloblishvili
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2382:
2379:Noe Ramishvili
2377:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2338:
2337:External links
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2314:
2309:
2293:
2288:
2268:
2263:
2255:Reaktion Books
2243:
2238:
2222:
2217:
2205:Figes, Orlando
2201:
2194:Zhordania, Noe
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2161:
2148:
2135:
2116:
2110:Strong, Carl.
2103:
2087:
2071:
2053:
2027:
2014:
1987:
1971:
1958:
1929:
1917:
1898:
1863:
1851:
1818:
1788:
1766:
1754:
1701:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1594:
1591:
1587:Lavrenti Beria
1581:
1578:
1551:
1529:
1528:National issue
1526:
1519:
1502:
1499:
1477:
1449:
1446:
1337:, and then in
1325:
1304:
1301:
1283:
1255:Volunteer Army
1240:
1232:hyperinflation
1197:Prime Minister
1193:Noe Ramishvili
1084:Victor Tevzaia
1062:Noe Ramishvili
1041:E. Takaishvili
1017:
1014:
1006:Ottoman Empire
962:
959:
791:
788:
733:consortium in
673:Vlasa Mgeladze
668:Russian Empire
624:Richard Wagner
620:Franz Brentano
541:
538:
472:
469:
369:
366:
364:
361:
342:Russian Empire
288:
287:
284:
283:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
256:
250:
249:
246:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
217:
213:
212:
206:(aged 84)
200:
196:
195:
168:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
141:
135:
134:
132:Noe Ramishvili
129:
123:
122:
112:
111:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
87:
81:
80:
70:
69:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2886:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Kvirikashvili
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Lortkipanidze
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Javakhishvili
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2473:DR of Georgia
2470:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2084:9783110469516
2081:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2066:TIME Magazine
2062:
2057:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1940:(July 1914).
1939:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1905:W. H. Roobol
1902:
1895:
1894:
1893:British Press
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:Rayfield 2012
1855:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1815:9780253209153
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1786:
1785:9781483691145
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1667:Noah Jordania
1662:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:0-8179-4031-6
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1554:Noe Zhordania
1550:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1522:Noe Zhordania
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1480:Noe Zhordania
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1373:แฉแแแ แแ แแกแแแ
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1328:Noe Zhordania
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1286:Noe Zhordania
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1259:Anton Denikin
1256:
1252:
1243:Noe Zhordania
1239:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:and his wife
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:S. Devdariani
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
958:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
915:
911:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
814:
810:
806:
796:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:. During the
752:
748:
744:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:Noe Khomeriki
701:
697:
696:St. Peterburg
692:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
651:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Paul Lafargue
605:
599:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
484:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
423:
413:
407:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
360:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
320:
311:
306:/nษษสษrdษniษ/
298:
294:
293:Noe Zhordania
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
229:
225:
221:
218:
216:Resting place
214:
210:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
169:
165:
160:
156:
151:
145:
142:
136:
133:
130:
124:
118:
113:
110:
105:
101:
95:
92:
88:
82:
76:
71:
68:
63:
59:
52:
47:
38:
34:Noe Zhordania
31:
19:
2759:1860s births
2726:Garibashvili
2720:Tskitishvili
2700:Garibashvili
2690:Merabishvili
2649:Arsenishvili
2628:Shevardnadze
2496:Georgian SSR
2485:
2409:
2384:
2346:
2318:
2300:
2275:
2250:
2229:
2208:
2197:
2186:Bibliography
2173:
2164:
2151:
2138:
2128:
2119:
2106:
2090:
2074:
2064:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2021:Nonishvili.
2017:
2007:
1974:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1932:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1854:
1844:
1806:
1776:
1764:, p. 25
1757:
1747:
1694:
1685:
1666:
1661:
1649:
1599:
1583:
1566:
1558:
1548:
1543:Karl Kautsky
1539:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1474:
1462:
1443:
1432:
1359:
1347:
1332:
1322:
1306:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1201:
1176:
1148:
1108:
1066:Karl Kautsky
1052:Karl Kautsky
1033:N. Tsereteli
1010:
999:
988:
972:Leon Trotsky
964:
955:
951:Leon Trotsky
918:
884:
851:
837:, which was
834:
830:
826:
812:
801:
783:
780:Leon Trotsky
775:
746:
740:
716:
693:
677:
652:
616:Karl Kautsky
604:Jules Guesde
543:
540:Early career
490:
486:
481:Josef Stalin
474:
444:
390:
371:
302:แแแ แแแ แแแแแ
292:
291:
240:Ina Koreneva
222:, near Paris
204:(1953-01-11)
144:Budu Mdivani
139:Succeeded by
116:
98:Succeeded by
74:
65:Head of the
42:แแแ แแแ แแแแแ
18:Noe Jordania
2764:1953 deaths
2695:Ivanishvili
2549:Ketskhoveli
2534:Sukhishvili
2524:Sukhishvili
2396:Soviet rule
1927:, p. 4
1762:Rieber 2015
1497:procreate.
1427:แฉแแแแ แแ แแจแ
1421:แแ แซแแแแก แฎแแ
1212:clericalism
961:World War I
776:Nashe Slovo
574:Mesame Dasi
550:Mesame Dasi
465:Crimean War
404: [
127:Preceded by
89:Himself as
85:Preceded by
2789:Mensheviks
2753:Categories
2731:Kobakhidze
2675:Gurgenidze
2654:Jorbenadze
2639:Lekishvili
2618:Gugushvili
2574:Cherkeziya
2519:Makharadze
2504:Kavtaradze
2481:Ramishvili
2466:since 1918
2253:, London:
2100:0415592380
1984:0810855801
1925:Figes 2014
1779:, p. 223,
1641:References
1458:Lanchkhuti
1409:แแแแแแ แแขแแ
1397:แแแแจแแแแแแ
1029:S. Mdivani
859:State Duma
751:Bolsheviks
436:Lanchkhuti
378:Lanchkhuti
270:Politician
267:Profession
254:Alma mater
180:Lanchkhuti
173:1868-01-15
2710:Bakhtadze
2670:Nogaideli
2664:Baramidze
2634:Patsatsia
2584:Chitanava
2579:Chkheidze
2564:Pataridze
2486:Zhordania
2112:"REVIEWS"
1749:Conflicts
1589:'s wife.
1280:Bolshevik
871:Menshevik
867:Stockholm
839:Bolshevik
765:from the
743:Menshevik
727:Plekhanov
612:Stuttgart
534:Pneumonia
471:Education
447:Samegrelo
397:Samegrelo
363:Biography
338:Menshevik
319:romanized
275:Signature
117:In office
75:In office
2715:Gakharia
2612:Omanidze
2554:Bakradze
2539:Bakradze
2299:(1994),
2274:(2015),
2249:(2012),
2228:(2005),
2207:(2014),
2009:academia
1912:Springer
1624:See also
1612:, 1968,
1552:โ
1520:โ
1478:โ
1448:Ideology
1391:แแแแแขแแแ
1362:Georgian
1326:โ
1313:Brussels
1309:Istanbul
1293:Chekists
1284:โ
1241:โ
1183:Georgian
976:Montreux
835:Traveler
735:Brussels
647:แแแกแแแ แแ
586:Georgian
451:Shukhuti
412:Georgian
334:Georgian
297:Georgian
245:Children
211:, France
2685:Gilauri
2659:Zhvania
2599:Georgia
2509:Mdivani
2464:Georgia
1601:My Life
1507:Marxism
1465:Marxist
1267:de jure
1025:Georgia
930:Siberia
910:mugshot
689:Metekhi
685:Kutaisi
659:Georgia
554:Kvirila
546:Marxist
477:Tbilisi
422:Arkhava
401:Tsaishi
321::
310:Russian
192:Georgia
2514:Eliava
2325:
2307:
2286:
2261:
2236:
2215:
2098:
2082:
1982:
1951:31 May
1846:Amazon
1813:
1783:
1616:
1580:Family
1570:Adjara
1415:แแ แซแแแ
1364::
1343:Batumi
1317:London
1185::
1119:soviet
995:Odessa
984:Geneva
980:Zรผrich
947:Vienna
921:London
861:. The
813:Iveria
719:London
588::
578:Geneva
510:Poland
506:Warsaw
427:แแ แฎแแแ
414::
299::
237:Spouse
2623:Sigua
2607:Sigua
2589:Sigua
2046:8 May
1593:Works
1335:Paris
1070:Luise
967:RSDLP
925:Lenin
887:Lenin
831:Kvali
784:Borba
723:Paris
712:Ganja
700:Guria
591:แแแแแ
461:Guria
440:Guria
417:แชแแแจแ
408:]
393:Genoa
382:Guria
209:Paris
184:Guria
2405:None
2323:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2048:2021
1980:ISBN
1953:2023
1811:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1315:and
965:The
843:Baku
805:Baku
772:Baku
708:Poti
524:and
496:and
374:O.S.
330:O.S.
199:Died
167:Born
148:(As
107:2nd
2462:of
1357:".
1353:, "
1307:In
1257:of
650:).
456:แแแ
434:in
380:in
2755::
2345:,
2282:,
2257:,
2196:.
2172:,
2127:,
2063:,
2038:.
2006:,
1990:^
1944:.
1909:,
1890:,
1866:^
1843:,
1821:^
1805:,
1791:^
1769:^
1746:,
1704:^
1693:,
1673:^
1608:,
1604:,
1299:.
1102:,
1098:,
1094:,
1090:,
1086:,
1076:,
1072:,
1060:,
1039:,
1031:,
908:A
606:,
536:.
508:,
406:ka
316:,
312::
308:;
186:,
182:,
2722:*
2666:*
2630:*
2614:*
2452:e
2445:t
2438:v
2369:.
2363:.
2357:.
2050:.
1955:.
1080:;
492:(
410:(
295:(
248:4
194:)
175:)
171:(
152:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
