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abandoning them, telling them they should serve the Han
Chinese. Miwnay asked one of her husband's relative Artivan and then asked another Sogdian man, Farnkhund to help them but they also abandoned them. Miwnay and her daughter Shayn were then forced to became servants of Han Chinese after living on charity from a priest. Miwnay cursed her Sogdian husband for leaving her, saying she would rather have been married to a pig or dog. Another letter in the collection was written by the Sogdian Nanai-vandak addressed to Sogdians back home in Samarkand informing them about a mass rebellion by Xiongnu Hun rebels against their Han Chinese rulers of the Western Jin dynasty informing his people that every single one of the diaspora Sogdians and Indians in the Chinese Western Jin capital Luoyang died of starvation due to the uprising by the rebellious Xiongnu, who were formerly subjects of the Han Chinese. The Han Chinese emperor abandoned Luoyang when it came under siege by the Xiongnu rebels and his palace was burned down. Nanai-vandak also said the city of
3345:, High nosed Sogdians were slaughtered in Youzhou in 761. Youzhou had Linzhou, another "protected" prefecture attached to it and Sogdians lived there in great numbers. because Gao Juren, like Tian Shengong wanted to defect to the Tang dynasty and wanted them to publicly recognize and acknowledge him as a regional warlord and offered the slaughter of the Central Asian Hu "barbarians" as a blood sacrifice for the Tang court to acknowledge his allegiance without him giving up territory. according to the book, "History of An Lushan" (安祿山史記). Another source says the slaughter of the Hu barbarians serving Ashina Chengqing was done by Gao Juren in Fanyang in order to deprive him of his support base, since the Tiele, Tongluo, Sogdians and Turks were all Hu and supported the Turk Ashina Chengqing against the Mohe, Xi, Khitan and Goguryeo origin soldiers led by Gao Juren. Gao Juren was later killed by Li Huaixian, who was loyal to Shi Chaoyi. A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by former Yan rebel general
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limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity. Another epitaph in
Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January 815. This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar. In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.
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1977:
555:
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1612:
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3353:, since Tian Shengong was defecting to the Tang dynasty and wanted them to publicly recognized and acknowledge him, and the Tang court portrayed the war as between rebel hu barbarians of the Yan against Han Chinese of the Tang dynasty, Tian Shengong slaughtered foreigners as a blood sacrifice to prove he was loyal to the Han Chinese Tang dynasty state and for them to recognize him as a regional warlord without him giving up territory, and he killed other foreign Hu barbarian ethnicities as well whose ethnic groups were not specified, not only Arabs and Persians since it was directed against all foreigners.
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11509:... di almeno un testo cristiano in cinese, il rotolo P. 3847, contenente la traduzione cinese dell'inno siriaco Gloria in excelsis Deo, di cui fu redatta anche una traduzione sogdiana(giunta a noi in frammenti) a Bulayìq (Turfan). L'unico elemento che ci conferma, infine, una assai probabile presenza cristiana in quest'epoca nel sud della Cina, legata ai commerci marittimi, è il ritrovamento presso Guilin (odierno Guangxi) dell'epitaffio funebre del cristiano An Yena, morto tra il 707 e il 709.
7119:, p. 30: "Of a total of sixteen countries, seven have always been identified beyond doubt, as they kept their name until historical times or even to the present day. Five of these countries are at the beginning of the list, directly following Airyanem Vaējah: Gava "inhabited by the Sogdians", Merv, Bactria, Nisāya said to be "between Margiana and Bactria" and therefore corresponding at least in part to medieval Juzjān in northwest Afghanistan. Then comes the sixth country, Harōiva "
49:
2819:, was approached by Sogdian merchants requesting permission to seek an audience with the Sassanid king of kings for the privilege of traveling through Persian territories in order to trade with the Byzantines. Istämi refused the first request, but when he sanctioned the second one and had the Sogdian embassy sent to the Sassanid king, the latter had the members of the embassy poisoned. Maniah, a Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi to send an embassy directly to Byzantium's capital
3158:
1476:
691:
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6757:
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served as the official palace of the rulers of
Samarkand. The oldest surviving Sogdian monumental wall murals date to the 5th century and are located at Panjakent, Tajikistan. In addition to revealing aspects of their social and political lives, Sogdian art has also been instrumental in aiding historians' understanding of their religious beliefs. For instance, it is clear that Buddhist Sogdians incorporated some of their own
3276:
3237:(618 – 907 AD), the Sogdians "became the most influential of the non-Chinese groups resident in China". Two different types of Sogdians came to China, envoys and merchants. Sogdian envoys settled, marrying Chinese women, purchasing land, with newcomers living there permanently instead of returning to their homelands in Sogdiana. They were concentrated in large numbers around Luoyang and Chang'an, and also
4496:
3404:
Amoghavajrya's assistance in crushing An Lushan, Estoteric
Buddhism became the official state Buddhist sect supported by the Tang dynasty, "Imperial Buddhism" with state funding and backing for writing scriptures, and constructing monasteries and temples. The disciples of Amoghavajra did ceremonies for the state and emperor. Tang dynasty Emperor Suzong was crowned as
8613:
place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) the main scenes from the northern wall represents the ruler sitting cross-legged on a throne (see Figs 13, 14) (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the
Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions.
3325:(755 – 763 AD), which split the loyalties of the Sogdians in China. The An Lushan rebellion was supported by many Sogdians, and in its aftermath many of them were slain or changed their names to escape their Sogdian heritage, so that little is known about the Sogdian presence in North China since that time. The former Yan rebel general Gao Juren of
8535:
development. Syriac
Christians would have numbered among these initial Sogdian colonists, and religious persecutions in the Sassanid Empire also drove Christians into Zhetysu, where the ruling Turks offered greater religious tolerance. The region experienced a significant religious-political development when the
1212:, with the aid of native Bactrian and Sogdian troops. With the Scythian and Sogdian rebels defeated, Spitamenes was allegedly betrayed by his own wife and beheaded. Pursuant with his own marriage to Roxana, Alexander encouraged his men to marry Sogdian women in order to discourage further revolt. This included
4090:, with only a small minority of Zoroastrian texts. But, tombs of Sogdian merchants in China dated to the last third of the 6th century show predominantly Zoroastrian motifs or Zoroastrian-Manichaean syncretism, while archaeological remains from Sogdiana appear fairly Iranian and conservatively Zoroastrian.
4476:
girls were exoticized in poems. Han men did not want to legally marry them unless they had no choice such as if they were on the frontier or in exile since the Han men would be socially disadvantaged and have to marry non-Han. The task of taking care of herd animals like sheep and cattle was given to
3720:
of the 6th to 7th centuries in
Samarkand, Uzbekistan, offer a rare surviving example of Sogdian art. The paintings, showing scenes of daily life and events such as the arrival of foreign ambassadors, are located within the ruins of aristocratic homes. It is unclear if any of these palatial residences
3416:
of a
Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, who Lady An (安氏) who died in 821 and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese husband, Hua Xian (花献) who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion,
2426:
remarked that "the largest of these embassies to foreign states numbered several hundred persons, while even the smaller parties included over 100 members ... In the course of one year anywhere from five to six to over ten parties would be sent out." In terms of the silk trade, the
Sogdians also
4439:
demonstrates that at least one
Chinese man bought a Sogdian girl in 639 AD. One of the archaeologists who excavated the Astana site, Wu Zhen, contends that, although many households along the Silk Road bought individual slaves, as demonstrated in the earlier documents from Niya, the Turpan documents
4223:
Among the Sogdian Christians known in China from inscriptions and texts were An Yena, a Christian from An country (Bukhara). Mi Jifen a Christian from Mi country (Maymurgh), Kang Zhitong, a Sogdian Christian cleric from Kang country (Samarkand), Mi Xuanqing a Sogdian Christian cleric from Mi country
4098:
monastery to the north of Turpan contained Sogdian Christian texts, and there are numerous Manichaean texts in Sogdiana from nearby Qocho. The reconversion of Sogdians from Buddhism to Zoroastrianism coincided with the adoption of Zoroastrianism by the Sassanid Empire of Persia. From the 4th century
11478:
The first one is the funerary inscription of another Bukharan Christian, who died during the Jinglong JptH era (707–710) in Guilin ££^, southern China, and whose name was An Yena^Wffi (see Jiang Boqin 1994). The second is the epitaph of the Sogdian gentleman Mi Jifen ^Iffi^ (714–805) from Maymurgh;
8716:
The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the
8612:
The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the
3959:
For both sexes clothes were tight-fitted, and narrow waists and wrists were appreciated. The silhouettes for grown men and young girls emphasized wide shoulders and narrowed to the waist; the silhouettes for female aristocrats were more complicated. The Sogdian clothing underwent a thorough process
910:
was part of the Greek civilization. As the Achaemenids conquered it, they met persistent resistance and revolt. One of their solutions was to ethnically cleanse rebelling regions, relocating those who survived to the far side of the empire. Thus Sogdiana came to have a significant Greek population.
4459:
Sogdian slave girls and their Chinese male owners made up the majority of Sogdian female-Chinese male pairings, while free Sogdian women were the most common spouse of Sogdian men. A smaller number of Chinese women were paired with elite Sogdian men. Sogdian man-and-woman pairings made up eighteen
2598:
fled the capital, there was no worthwhile business there for Indian and Sogdian merchants. Furthermore, in 568 AD, a Turko-Sogdian delegation travelled to the Roman emperor in Constantinople to obtain permission to trade and in the following years commercial activity between the states flourished.
3408:
by Amoghavajra after victory against An Lushan in 759 and he had invoked the Acala vidyaraja against An Lushan. The Tang dynasty crown prince Li Heng (later Suzong) also received important strategic military information from Chang'an when it was occupied by An Lushan though secret message sent by
3403:
used his rituals against An Lushan while staying in Chang'an when it was occupied in 756 while the Tang dynasty crown prince and Xuanzong emperor had retreated to Sichuan. Amoghavajra's rituals were explicitly intended to introduced death, disaster and disease against An Lushan. As a result of
12540:
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pg 147: "The Sajids were a line of caliphal governors in north-western Persia, the family of a commander in the 'Abbasid service of Soghdian descent which became culturally
4471:
Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Han Chinese men engaged in mostly extra-marital sexual relationships with them as the "Hu" women in China mostly occupied
3149:
who had a daughter named Shayn and she wrote to her mother Chatis in Sogdia. Miwnay and her daughter were abandoned in China by Nanai-dhat, her husband who was also Sogdian like her. Nanai-dhat refused to help Miwnay and their daughter after forcing them to come with him to Dunhuang and then
8534:
after the Göktürk Khaganate took over the region in the sixth century. Following that conquest, the Sogdians, an Iranian people historically known for their commercial influence throughout the Silk Road networks, colonized the area under the encouragement of Turkic rulers eager for economic
4093:
However, the Sogdians epitomized the religious plurality found along the trade routes. The largest body of Sogdian texts are Buddhist, and Sogdians were among the principal translators of Buddhist sutras into Chinese. However, Buddhism did not take root in Sogdiana itself. Additionally, the
7122:
2128:
2717:
noted with approval that Sogdian boys were taught to read and write at the age of five, though their skill was turned to trade, disappointing the scholarly Xuanzang. He also recorded the Sogdians working in other capacities such as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.
1441:. The Kushan Empire became the center of the profitable Central Asian commerce. They began minting unique coins bearing the faces of their own rulers. They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion, particularly when they allied with the
3986:
The Sogdians practiced a variety of religious faiths. However, Zoroastrianism was most likely their main religion, as demonstrated by material evidence, such as the discovery in Samarkand, Panjakent and Er-Kurgan of murals depicting votaries making offerings before fire altars and
3653:
The 6th century is thought to be the peak of Sogdian culture, judging by its highly developed artistic tradition. By this point, the Sogdians were entrenched in their role as the central Asian traveling and trading merchants, transferring goods, culture and religion. During the
13509:
Taenzer, Gertraud (2016), "Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in Carmen Meinert,
10744:
Taenzer, Gertraud (2016), "Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in Carmen Meinert,
2566:) describes Sogdians as "skilled merchants" who attracted many foreign traders to their land to engage in commerce. They were described by the Chinese as born merchants, learning their commercial skills at an early age. It appears from sources, such as documents found by Sir
962:, were able to regain their independence. Persia's massive loss of Central Asian territory is widely attributed to the ruler's lack of control. However, unlike Egypt, which was quickly recaptured by the Persian Empire, Sogdiana remained independent until it was conquered by
4130:, establishing an annual trade relationship of one million bolts of Chinese silk for one hundred thousand horses. The Uyghurs relied on Sogdian merchants to sell much of this silk further west along the Silk Road, a symbiotic relationship that led many Uyghurs to adopt
4467:
of silk were paid to a certain Mi Lushan, a slave dealing Sogdian, by a Chinese man named Tang Rong (唐榮) of Chang'an, for the purchase of an eleven-year-old girl. A person from Xizhou, a Tokharistani (i.e. Bactrian), and three Sogdians verified the sale of the girl.
4134:. However, evidence of Manichaean liturgical and canonical texts of Sogdian origin remains fragmentary and sparse compared to their corpus of Buddhist writings. The Uyghurs were also followers of Buddhism. For instance, they can be seen wearing silk robes in the
10677:(Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Ideas). THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS. pp. 109–135, viii, xv, 156, 164, 115, 116.
10697:(Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Ideas). The University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 155–156, 149, 150, viii, xv.
10640:
10647:. Vol. 16 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies (Volume 16 of Handbuch der Orientalistik: Achte Abteilung, Central Asia) (Volume 16 of Handbuch der Orientalistik. 8, Zentralasien). BRILL. p. 262.
8641:
Peintures murales qui ornaient (...) la résidence privée des derniers souverains qarakhanides de Samarkande (fin du 12ième - début du 13ième siècle (...) le souverain assis, les jambes repliées sur le trône, tient une flèche, symbole du pouvoir
11580:
Hulsewé, A.F.P. (1986). "Ch'in and Han law", in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 520–544. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 524–525,
9966:
It is evident that when the Northern Wei defeated Northern Liang and seized its capital (439), they captured a large number of Sogdian merchants living in Wuwei and resettled them in Pingcheng (present-day Datong), the capital of the Northern
4384:). During the Tang period, slaves were not allowed to marry a commoner's daughter, were not allowed to have sexual relations with any female member of their master's family, and although fornication with female slaves was forbidden in the
3356:
Sogdians continued as active traders in China following the defeat of the rebellion, but many of them were compelled to hide their ethnic identity. A prominent case was An Chongzhang, Minister of War, and Duke of Liang who, in 756, asked
10344:
8717:
place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions.
12057:... 1033 Chinese Mohammedans, " 9012 " How Can We Best Reach the Mohammedan Women ?, " 6025 " How Islam Entered China, " 1057 " The Hu - Chi, Mainly Iranian Girls Found in China during the Tang Period, " 2010 " The Hui and the ...
12027:... 1033 Chinese Mohammedans, " 9012 " How Can We Best Reach the Mohammedan Women ?, " 6025 " How Islam Entered China, " 1057 " The Hu - Chi, Mainly Iranian Girls Found in China during the Tang Period, " 2010 " The Hui and the ...
10343:(A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). University of Alberta Libraries. pp. 91, 92, 93.
10184:(Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Ideas). The University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 110, 111.
12087:
11989:... see Mikinosuke ISHIDA, " Etudes sino – iraniennes, I : A propos du Hou – siuan – wou, " AIRDTB, 6 ( 1932 ) 61–76, and " The Hu – chi, Mainly Iranian Girls, found in China during the Tang Period, " MRDTB, 20 ( 1961 ) 35–40 .
10226:(A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). University of Alberta Libraries. pp. 93, 94.
7131:, p.166 "The fact that the oldest Young Avestan texts apparently contain no reference to western Iran, including Media, would seem to indicate that they were composed in eastern Iran before the Median domination reached the area.".
10613:
3263:
explaining the history of their illustrious houses. Their burial practices blended both Chinese forms such as carved funerary beds with Zoroastrian sensibilities in mind, such as separating the body from both the earth and water.
1730:
in the 7th century AD. These paintings suggest that Sogdia was a very cosmopolitan environment at that time, as delegates of various nations, including Chinese and Korean delegates, are also shown. From around 650, China led the
7186:, p. 51: "If Gava and Gabae refer to an identical place, then the present text appears to refer to a situation whereby the center of Sogdia was to lie, not at Samarkand, but further to the west, perhaps at or near Bukhara."
10717:(Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Ideas). The University of Texas at Dallas. p. 164.
7158:
2696:
region and shows that twenty-nine out of the thirty-five commercial transactions involved Sogdian merchants, and in thirteen of those cases both the buyer and the seller were Sogdian. Trade goods brought to China included
3392:
militarily crush the An Lushan rebellion, with Yisi personally acting as a military commander and Yisi and the Nestorian Church of the East were rewarded by the Tang dynasty with titles and positions as described in the
2240:
9662:
2160:
1195:
After an extended campaign putting down Sogdian resistance and founding military outposts manned by his Macedonian veterans, Alexander united Sogdiana with Bactria into one satrapy. The Sogdian nobleman and warlord
8997:
Mark J. Dresden (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1219,
8053:
Mark J. Dresden (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1217,
3525:(Pelliot chinois 3319V). Each "clan" name refers to a different city-state as the Sogdian used the name of their hometown as their Chinese surname. Of these the most common Sogdian surname throughout China was
2202:
brought about the forced immigration to Samarkand of artisans and intellectuals from across Asia, transforming it not only into a trade hub but also into one of the most important cities of the Islamic world.
1646:
Because of the Hephthalite occupation of Sogdia, the original coinage of Sogdia came to be flooded by the influx of Sasanian coins received as a tribute to the Hephthalites. This coinage then spread along the
524:
inscriptions, Sugda and Suguda, and the knowledge derived from Middle Sogdian that Old Persian -gd- applied to Sogdian was pronounced as voiced fricatives, -γδ-, Szemerényi arrives at *Suγδa as an Old Sogdian
3002:
The style of this period in Kizil is characterized by strong Iranian-Sogdian elements probably brought with intense Sogdian-Tocharian trade, the influence of which is especially apparent in the Central-Asian
10374:
2621:
clan and economic clout of the Sogdians. Sogdian trade, with some interruptions, continued into the 9th century. For instance, camels, women, girls, silver, and gold were seized from Sogdia during a raid by
2692:, which suggests their importance to the socioeconomic structure of China. The Sogdian influence on trade in China is also made apparent by a Chinese document which lists taxes paid on caravan trade in the
1490:
10065:
Ce sont les décors funéraires les plus riches de cette époque, venant juste après ceux de la famille impériale; il est probable que les sabao étaient parmi les éléments les plus fortunés de la population.
2650:
and religious faiths of the Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors", while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and
1950:, emigrated to the east, where the Turks had been more welcoming and more tolerant of their religion since the time of Sassanian religious persecutions. They particularly created colonies in the area of
2756:
1001:
closely related to Sogdian, and were already engaging in overland trade. Some of them had also gradually settled the land to engage in agriculture. Similar to how the Yuezhi offered tributary gifts of
1623:
The wealth of the Sasanian ransoms and tributes to the Hephthalites may have been reinvested in Sogdia, possibly explaining the prosperity of the region from that time. Sogdia, at the center of a new
11969:
Katô Hakushi Kanreki Kinen Ronbunshû Kankôkai. 83–91. Tokyo: Fuzanbô. ———. 1948. Tôshi sôshô. Tokyo: Kaname Shohô. ———. 1961. "The hu-chi, mainly Iranian girls, found in China during the Tang period.
11711:
offers a fictionalized account of a Kuchean courtesan's experiences in the 9th century without providing any sources, although she has clearly drawn on the description of the prostitutes' quarter in
12268:
7441:"The province of Sogdia was to Asia what Macedonia was to Greece: a buffer between a brittle civilization and the restless barbarians beyond, whether the Scyths of Alexander's day and later or the
3482:(r. 846–859). Although the region occasionally fell under the rule of different states, it retained its multilingual nature as evidenced by an abundance of manuscripts (religious and secular) in
10335:
2431:
of the Middle East and West Asia. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade between China and Central Asia along the Silk Roads as late as the 10th century, their language serving as a
2148:
11082:
Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 5–6,
2293:. The Sogdians, however, established a trading network across the 1500 miles from Sogdiana to China. In fact, the Sogdians turned their energies to trade so thoroughly that the Saka of the
4543:
and Nestorian Christianity in China. In 1926, Japanese scholar Kuwabara compiled evidence for Sogdians in Chinese historical sources, and by 1933, Chinese historian Xiang Da published his
2416:
Following Zhang Qian's embassy and report, commercial Chinese relations with Central Asia and Sogdiana flourished, as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the 1st century BC. In his
12365:
9263:
Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 9,
8141:, pp. 144–160. "Sogdiana under its nomadic elites became the principal center of agricultural wealth and population in Central Asia." and paragraph on "The Shift of the Trade Routes"
8027:
Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 5,
2613:
were the main Sogdian centers in the north that dominated the caravan routes of the 6th to 8th centuries. Their commercial interests were protected by the resurgent military power of the
1655:, probably as a consequence of the Hephthalite control of Sogdia, and becomes prominent in Sogdian coinage from 500 to 700 AD, including in the coinage of their indigenous successors the
4376:
existed in China since ancient times, although during the Han dynasty the proportion of slaves to the overall population was roughly 1%, far lower than the estimate for the contemporary
1025:. Although the Sogdians were at times independent and living outside the boundaries of large empires, they never formed a great empire of their own like the Yuezhi, who established the
11619:
For specific figures in regards to percentage of the population being enslaved, see Frier, Bruce W. (2000). "Demography", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone (eds),
4563:. The Japanese historian Ikeda on wrote an article in 1965, outlining the history of the Sogdians inhabiting Dunhuang from the beginning of the 7th century, analyzing lists of their
2642:
obtained enormous deliveries of silk from Tang China in exchange for horses, in turn relying on the Sogdians to sell much of this silk further west. Peter B. Golden writes that the
529:. Applying sound changes apparent in other Sogdian words and inherent in Indo-European, he traces the development of *Suγδa from Skuδa, "archer", as follows: Skuδa > *Sukuda by
12040:
11952:
10586:
1703:, perhaps in 557. The Turks retained the area north of the Oxus, including all of Sogdia, while the Sasanians obtained the areas south of it. The Turks fragmented in 581, and the
11479:
in his study Ge Chengyong has discovered that Mi's son was a Christian monk and that his family was therefore most probably Christian, too (see Ge Chengyong 2001). Generally ...
1459:
2827:, but also proposed an alliance against Sassanid Persia. Justin II agreed and sent an embassy to the Turkic Khaganate, ensuring the direct silk trade desired by the Sogdians.
2301:, "Sogdian", whatever their culture or ethnicity. The Sogdians had learnt to become expert traders from the Kushans, together with whom they initially controlled trade in the
1581:
conquered the territory of Sogdiana, and incorporated it into their Empire, around 479 AD, as this is the date of the last known independent embassy of the Sogdians to China.
13014:
Enoki, Kazuo, (1998), "Yü-ni-ch'êng and the Site of Lou-Lan", and "The Location of the Capital of Lou-Lan and the Date of the Kharoshthi Inscriptions", in Rokuro Kono (ed.),
3007:
with Sogdian textile designs, as well as Sogdian longswords of many of the figures. Other characteristic Sogdian designs are animals, such as ducks, within pearl medallions.
13426:
1046:
10954:
Kazuo Enoki (1998), "Yü-ni-ch'êng and the Site of Lou-Lan", and "The Location of the Capital of Lou-Lan and the Date of the Kharoshthi Inscriptions", in Rokuro Kono (ed.),
1671:
1604:. The Hephthalites probably ruled over a confederation of local rulers or governors, linked through alliance agreements. One of these vassals may have been Asbar, ruler of
9455:"Sogdiana under its nomadic elites became the principal center of agricultural wealth and population in Central Asia." and paragraph on "The Shift of the Trade Routes" in
3194:
1915:
in 710, decided that resistance against al-Harashi's large Arab force was pointless, and thereafter persuaded his followers to declare allegiance to the Umayyad governor.
7589:
For another publication calling her "Sogdian", see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed),
3145:
discovered 5 letters written in Sogdian known as the "Ancient Letters" in an abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang in 1907. One of them was written by a Sogdian woman named
3154:
was no more as the Xiongnu rebellion resulted in disaster for the Sogdian diaspora in China. Han Chinese men frequently bought Sogdian slave girls for sexual relations.
13413:
Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in
12201:
Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in
12188:
Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in
11898:
11829:
Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in
8670:
We cannot exclude the possibility that this action was related to the dramatic events of the year 1212, when Samarqand was taken by the Khwarazmshah Muḥammad b. Tekish.
8299:
3672:
considered it one of the four fairest regions of the world. Where the Sogdians moved in considerable numbers, their language made a considerable impact. For instance,
1878:
governed Khorasan (717–719), many native Sogdians, who had converted to Islam, began to revolt when they were no longer exempt from paying the tax on non-Muslims, the
4392:
was also permitted when a slave woman gave birth to her master's son, which allowed for her elevation to the legal status of a commoner, yet she could only live as a
432:
root meaning "propel, shoot" (cf. English shoot). *skud- is the zero-grade; that is, a variant in which the -e- is not present. The restored Scythian name is *Skuδa (
13666:
12002:
11982:
3637:
and selling products such as iron goods. The Sogdians had been migrating to Turfan since the 4th century, yet the pace of migration began to climb steadily with the
3252:
to service their communities once they reached the threshold of roughly 100 households. From the Northern Qi to Tang periods, the leaders of these communities, the
3131:
Aside from the Sogdians of Central Asia who acted as middlemen in the Silk Road trade, other Sogdians settled down in China for generations. Many Sogdians lived in
683:. Although there is no universal consensus on the chronology of the Avesta, most scholars today argue for an early chronology, which would place the composition of
1351:
at the time. The request for an alliance was denied by the son of the slain Yuezhi king, who preferred to maintain peace in Transoxiana rather than seek revenge.
946:(i.e. Achaemenid provincial governors) for Sogdiana in historical records, modern scholarship has concluded that Sogdiana was governed from the satrapy of nearby
9829:
Hansen, Valerie (2005). "The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800". In Trombert, Eric; Vaissière, Étienne de la (eds.).
4317:
inscription from Chang'an (modern Xi'an), dated to the year 781. Within the Syriac inscription is a list of priests and monks, one of whom is named Gabriel, the
1939:, where their ruler at-Tar (or Alutar) promised them safety and refuge from the Umayyads. However, at-Tar secretly informed al-Harashi of the Sogdians hiding in
7167:, "The earliest records of the name of Sogdiana (Soḡd) are found in the Avesta (Vendīdād, 1.4; Yašt 10.14; the by-name of Sogdian lands in the Avesta is Gauua".
5287:
3013:
813:
connects it with Gabae, a Sogdian stronghold in western Sogdia and speculates that during the time of the Avesta, the center of Sogdia may have been closer to
7921:
1530:
9051:
Howard, Michael C., Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, pp 133–34.
12347:
Chen (陈), Boyi (博翼) (2011). "10 跋《明秦府承奉正康公墓志铭》"A Sogdian Descendant?—Study of the Epitaph of Kang Jing: The Man Who Served at Ming Prince Qin's Mansion"".
4448:
were places where women were commonly sold, with ample evidence of the slave trade in Turfan thanks to contemporary textual sources that have survived. In
2983:, record many scenes of traders from Central Asia in the 5–6th century: these combine influence from the Eastern Iran sphere, at that time occupied by the
2784:
2541:) became dominant as traveling merchants, occupying a key position along the ancient Silk Road. They played an active role in the spread of faiths such as
1897:, the Sogdians were able to expel the Umayyad Arab garrison from Samarkand, and Umayyad attempts to restore power there were rebuffed until the arrival of
11805:
10298:
13707:
4748:
3369:
with the rebel leader. This change of surnames was enacted retroactively for all of his family members, so that his ancestors would also be bestowed the
809:
While it is widely accepted that Gava referred to the region inhabited by the Sogdians during the Avestan period, its meaning is not clear. For example,
4297:
had been built there. His claim is confirmed by a Chinese text of the 14th century explaining how a Sogdian named Mar-Sargis from Samarkand founded six
1180:
safe at the fortress of the Sogdian Rock, yet after its fall Roxana was soon wed to Alexander as one of his several wives. Roxana, a Sogdian whose name
12778:
10971:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 20–21 footnote #38,
10101:
J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 417
9224:
J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 416
9060:
J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 412
1060:
13061:"A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interaction and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin | Transcultural Studies"
12158:
9413:
3028:
3040:
12754:
Archaeological Researches in Uzbekistan. 2001. Tashkent. The edition is based on results of German-French-Uzbek co-expeditions in 2001 in Uzbekistan
3944:(5th and 6th centuries) and Turkic (7th and early 8th centuries). The latter did not become common immediately after the political dominance of the
14102:
12468:
4579:, noting that these were common in Turfan whereas Sogdians living closer to the center of Chinese civilization for generations adopted traditional
436:), which among the Pontic or Royal Scythians became *Skula, in which the δ has been regularly replaced by an l. According to Szemerényi, Sogdiana (
11691:
11254:
Grenet, Frantz (2007). "Religious Diversity among Sogdian Merchants in Sixth-Century China: Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Hinduism".
4305:
during the second half of the 13th century. Nestorian Christianity had existed in China earlier during the Tang dynasty when a Persian monk named
1420:, moving from place to place with their herds, and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors.
1320:. From then until about 40 BC the Yuezhi tepidly minted coins imitating and still bearing the images of the Greco-Bactrian kings Eucratides I and
914:
3346:
11494:
La via radiosa per l'Oriente: i testi e la storia del primo incontro del cristianesimo con il mondo culturale e religioso cinese (secoli VII-IX)
14107:
13729:
4224:(Maymurgh), Mi Xuanying, a Sogdian Christian cleric from Mi country (Maymurgh), An Qingsu, a Sogdian Christian monk from An country (Bukhara).
4126:(744–840 AD) developed close ties to Tang China once it had aided the Tang in suppressing the rebellion of An Lushan and his Göktürk successor
3139:(266–420), but fled following the collapse of the Jin dynasty's control over northern China in 311 AD and the rise of northern nomadic tribes.
1200:(370–328 BC), allied with Scythian tribes, led an uprising against Alexander's forces. This revolt was put down by Alexander and his generals
6400:
5582:
5457:
3995:, Sogdian burials shared similar features with traditional Chinese practices, yet they still retained essential Zoroastrian rituals, such as
13267:, B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi (eds.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp. 449–472.
2373:
13656:
4440:
point to a massive escalation in the volume of the slave trade. In 639 a female Sogdian slave was sold to a Chinese man, as recorded in an
3229:(386 – 535 AD), and was the ancestor of An Tugen, a man who rose from a common merchant to become a top ranking minister of state for the
14024:
10266:
5787:
4399:
4212:, may be represented in Sogdian art as a four-armed goddess riding atop a lion. As seen in an 8th-century mural from Panjakent, portable
3861:
during the 13th century. Later in 1599, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci decided to convert the Mongolian alphabet to make it suitable for the
3669:
3621:
is read. Sogdians of Dunhuang also commonly formed and joined lay associations among their local communities, convening at Sogdian-owned
2656:
48:
12735:
12730:
7745:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 8–9,
7727:
7035:
6985:
4079:
3664:
13595:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes,
9830:
4595:, prolific translator and one of the most politically powerful Buddhist monks of Chinese history, of Sogdian descent through his mother
3900:, and came to speak Persian. In 819, the Persians founded the Samanid Empire in the region. They are among the ancestors of the modern
1354:
13505:. Veröffentlichungen der iranischen Kommission Band 9. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; azargoshnap.net.
10562:
Rooted in Hope: China – Religion – Christianity Vol 1: Festschrift in Honor of Roman Malek S.V.D. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday
7593:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 4,
14092:
13410:. Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 181–185, ISSN (Online) 2160–5068, ISSN (Print) 5004–4295, DOI: 10.1515/CHAR.2006.6.1.181, January 2006.
8929:"Silk Road, North China [Northern Silk Road, North Silk Road] Ancient Trackway : The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map"
6792:
3288:
14013:
12070:
4609:
in China; he rose to prominence by fighting (and losing) frontier wars between 741 and 755. Later, he precipitated the catastrophic
14132:
14117:
13406:
Rong, Xinjiang, "The Sogdian Caravan as Depicted in the Relieves of the Stone Sarcophagus from Shi's Tomb of the Northern Zhou" in
12747:
On the History of the Ancient Town of Vardāna and the Objavija Feud in Ērān ud Anērān. Studies Presented to B. I. Maršak (1st part)
9799:
9632:
6286:
3342:
9015:
Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshohocken: Infinity Publishing, pp 61–65.
8462:, eds B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp 459–60.
8429:, eds B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp 457–58.
13040:
12527:
Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923–936) and Later Jin (936–947) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh century Sources
11378:
11360:
2965:
2017:
13682:
12881:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations,
12267:
Vohidov, Rahim; Eshonqulov, Husniddin (2006). "III-BOB X X II ASRLAR O'ZBEK ADABIYOTI 3 .1 . X -X II asrlardagi madaniy hayot".
13592:
Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan
9603:
Sogdian Ancient Letter No. 3. Reproduced from Susan Whitfield (ed.), The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith (2004) p. 248.
8449:, eds B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, p. 459.
8285:"A Reflection of the Hephthalite Empire: The Biographical Narra- tive in the Reliefs of the Tomb of the Sabao Wirkak (494–579)"
2316:
Unlike the empires of antiquity, the Sogdian region was not a territory confined within fixed borders, but rather a network of
2094:
3268:
are among the most lavish of the period in this country, and are only inferior to Imperial tombs, suggesting that the Sogdian
2056:
disappeared in the region by the end of the Samanid period. The Samanids were also responsible for converting the surrounding
13630:
13519:
13486:
13397:
13354:
13332:
13314:
13242:
13157:
13132:
13123:
Grenet, Frantz (2005). "An Archaeologist's Approach to Avestan Geography". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).
13116:
12904:
12797:
12657:
12593:
12449:
12402:
12375:
12331:
12304:
12226:
11881:
11854:
11772:
11745:
11724:
Wu Zhen 2000 (p. 154 is a Chinese-language rendering based on Yoshida's Japanese translation of the Sogdian contract of 639).
11454:
11145:
10817:
10652:
10623:
10596:
10569:
10493:
10425:
10320:
10292:
10206:
10159:
10058:
9990:
9959:
9867:
9699:
9490:
9440:
9399:
9378:
9357:
9289:
9212:
9170:
8879:
8818:
8793:
8758:
8737:
8483:
8410:
8357:
8330:
8267:
8169:
8144:
7866:
7577:
7509:
7411:
7390:
7246:
7204:
7170:
6986:"Samarqand's Cast Coinage of the Early 7th–Mid-8th Centuries AD: Assessment based on Chinese sources and numismatic evidence"
6943:
3577:
is said to have expressed a desire to live among the "nine tribes" which may have been a reference to the Sogdian community.
17:
13690:
13322:
8284:
13060:
10483:
10413:
4149:
13737:
11379:"A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin"
1553:
1256:, a former satrap of Sogdiana, seems to have held the Sogdian territory as a rival claimant to the Greco-Bactrian throne;
13527:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century
11122:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century
11071:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century
11058:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century
10709:
10689:
10669:
10176:
6281:
6126:
5102:
13041:
A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin
12216:
11361:
A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin
3311:
In addition to being merchants, monks, and government officials, Sogdians also served as soldiers in the Tang military.
14112:
13722:
12877:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed),
12168:
12124:
12097:
12042:近三十年中國文史哲論著書目: Studies on Chinese Philosophy, Religion, History, Geography, Biography, Art, and Language and Literature
11962:
11935:
11908:
10967:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed),
10764:
8634:
8560:
8005:
7980:
7741:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed),
7280:
4540:
3973:
7630:, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 64–65 (see also footnote #62 for mention of Sogdian troops),
13612:
13471:
13446:
13376:
13299:
13257:
13227:
13209:
13187:
13172:
13005:
12976:
12950:
12922:
12871:
12853:
12827:
12812:
12511:
12490:
11662:
11641:
11607:
11586:
11568:
11502:
11430:
11344:
11297:
11169:
11108:
11087:
11039:
11018:
10997:
10942:
9840:
9763:
9736:
9331:
9310:
9268:
9146:
9091:
9003:
8915:
8903:
8843:
8709:
8663:
8605:
8059:
8032:
7958:
7792:
7771:
7703:
7677:
7656:
7635:
7366:
7345:
7321:
7267:
4692:
4252:
4143:
2364:
1631:
became extremely prosperous under its nomadic elites. The Hephthalites took on the role of major intermediary on the
888:
10557:
7785:
The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: the Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria
5886:
3818:
written c. 581, the Sogdian language was also an official language of the First Turkic Khaganate established by the
3088:
2920:(r. 408–450) and altogether only forty-eight of them have been found (compared to thirteen-hundred silver coins) in
2098:
Detail of a Kara-Khanid ruler of Samarkand (sitting cross-legged on a throne in the complete reconstructed relief),
14097:
9686:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. Vol. 10. Brill. pp. 43–70.
7906:
5292:
4790:
3061:
595:
11984:
Slippery Paths: The Performance and Canonization of Turkic Literature and Uyghur Muqam Song in Islam and Modernity
4567:
and the role of Zoroastrianism and Buddhism in their religious life. Yoshida Yutaka and Kageyama Etsuko, Japanese
4555:
published an article in 1952, demonstrating the presence of a Sogdian colony founded in Six Hu Prefectures of the
4200:; the gods Brahma, Indra, and Shiva were known by their Sogdian names Zravan, Adbad and Veshparkar, respectively.
4032:
3580:
2190:
the once vibrant cities of Bukhara and Samarkand. However, in 1370, Samarkand saw a revival as the capital of the
1134:
A now-independent and warlike Sogdiana formed a border region insulating the Achaemenid Persians from the nomadic
13864:
6845:
6184:
5881:
4334:
3981:
3445:
3265:
2929:
2321:
1962:. These Sogdians are known for producing beautiful silver plates with Eastern Christian iconography, such as the
13248:
Braja Bihārī Kumar (2007). "India and Central Asia: Links and Interactions", in J.N. Roy and B.B. Kumar (eds.),
12609:
Hansen, Valerie (2003). "New Work on the Sogdians, the Most Important Traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500–1000".
10111:
Hansen, Valerie (2003). "New Work on the Sogdians, the Most Important Traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500–1000".
8178:
7828:
4821:, son of Kaydar Nasr ibn 'Abdallah (see above), and yet another Abbasid governor of Egypt during the 9th century
4423:
merchants. There were many inns in Turpan. Some provided Sogdian sex workers with an opportunity to service the
4023:
3960:
of Islamization in the ensuing centuries, with few of the original elements remaining. In their stead, turbans,
3956:'s reforms, Sogd was Turkized and the local nobility was officially included in the Khaganate's administration.
14162:
12560:
12050:
12012:
11794:
11421:
Braja Bihārī Kumar (2007). "India and Central Asia: Links and Interactions", in J.N. Roy and B.B. Kumar (eds),
10279:
8952:
7843:
5909:
4560:
4381:
4232:
4139:
4060:
3105:
2664:
2652:
1802:
1752:
1660:
959:
950:. The satraps were often relatives of the ruling Persian kings, especially sons who were not designated as the
761:
The second mention is found in the first chapter of the Vendidad, which consists of a list of the sixteen good
312:
230:
13497:
12243:
8518:
3790:, widely spoken Eastern Iranian languages of Central Asia in ancient times. Sogdian was also prominent in the
679:) is mentioned as the land of the Sogdians. Gava is, therefore, interpreted as referring to Sogdia during the
623:
urban culture: original Bronze Age towns appear in the archaeological record beginning with the settlement at
14192:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14087:
13868:
13715:
12766:
9752:
Livšic, Vladimir A. (2009). "Sogdian "Ancient Letters" (II, IV, V)". In Orlov, Andrei; Lourie, Basil (eds.).
6785:
6669:
5167:
2713:. These were exchanged for Chinese paper, copper, and silk. In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim
2686:, where they retained autonomy in terms of governance and had a designated official administrator known as a
2599:
Put simply, the Sogdians dominated trade along the Silk Road from the 2nd century BC until the 10th century.
2176:
1732:
8539:
conquered Zhetysu in 766 and then, most likely, converted to Syriac Christianity in the late eighth century.
7087:
3420:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
12910:
12483:
The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200-275/815-889 C.E.)
12245:
A Biographical Study on Bukong 不空 (aka. Amoghavajra, 705–774) : Networks, Institutions, and Identities
11213:
10542:
6820:
5302:
4772:
4754:
4472:
positions where sexual services were sold to patrons like singers, maids, slaves and prostitutes. Southern
2660:
1508:
11795:"Les Sogdiens en Chine: The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800"
2936:
over the course of the 7th century. The fact that these Eastern Roman coins were almost always found with
2853:
It appears, however, that direct trade with the Sogdians remained limited in light of the small amount of
1714:
probably became the main trading partners of the Sogdians, as appears from the tomb of the Sogdian trader
12932:
11471:
10287:. Qiraat No. 8 (February – March 2017). King Faisal Center For Research and Islamic Studies. p. 11.
9883:
Wang, Tingting; Fuller, Benjamin T.; Jiang, Hongen; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Hu, Yaowu (13 January 2022).
9251:, ed. Michael Adas, American Historical Association, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001, p. 168.
9194:, ed. Michael Adas, American Historical Association, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001, p. 169.
8473:
6991:
6146:
4364:
4298:
4290:
3692:
labelled it as "Nafupo" (納縛溥), which according to Hisao Matsuda is a transliteration of the Sogdian word
3642:
2751:
2731:
1898:
1870:(661–750), initiated the Muslim conquest of Sogdia during the early 8th century, with the local ruler of
1643:
to carry on the trade of silk and other luxury goods between the Chinese Empire and the Sasanian Empire.
1201:
1155:
1042:
967:
12456:
Mi Fu (1052-1107), a Northerner by birth (and of Sogdian heritage) developed a passionate attachment to
11446:
From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
10418:
From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
5891:
3479:
3341:
and lances were used to impale their children when he rebelled against the rebel Yan emperor Shi Chaoyi
782:
The second of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was the Gava of the Sogdians (
14043:
13462:
Stark, Sören. "Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien",
12997:
12968:
12845:
11676:
9571:
6674:
6644:
4638:
4411:
Sogdian and Chinese merchants regularly traded in slaves in and around Turpan during the Tang dynasty.
4099:
onwards, Sogdian Buddhist pilgrims left behind evidence of their travels along the steep cliffs of the
3673:
3338:
3065:
2221:
1808:
599:
538:
13596:
13279:
12803:
Belenitskii, A. M. and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
9753:
3892:. The great majority of the Sogdian people assimilated with other local groups such as the Bactrians,
3613:(歸義軍) period (c. 850 – c. 1000 AD) of Dunhuang is evident in a large number of manuscripts written in
3259:
During the 6–7th centuries AD, Sogdian families living in China created important tombs with funerary
2309:
during the 'birth' of the Silk Road. Later, they became the primary middlemen after the demise of the
2008:, Kyrgyzstan) in 751, against the Chinese Tang dynasty. This conflict incidentally introduced Chinese
958:. Rebellious states of the Persian Empire took advantage of the weak Artaxerxes II, and some, such as
14202:
11288:
A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
11030:
A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
11009:
A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
10988:
A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
9322:
An, Jiayao (2002), "When Glass Was Treasured in China", in Juliano, Annette L. and Judith A. Lerner,
6624:
6413:
6350:
5916:
5637:
4486:
3772:
3638:
3136:
2747:
2595:
2571:
1537:" as his territory, and noting that its limits formed the northeastern Sasanian borderlands with the
249:
11492:
10886:
10232:
5185:
3517:
There were nine prominent Sogdian clans (昭武九姓). The names of these clans have been deduced from the
14197:
14003:
13760:
13265:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750
8460:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750
8447:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750
8427:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750
6778:
6760:
6697:
6244:
6196:
6161:
5951:
5157:
4776:
4684:
3949:
3909:
3759:
3499:
2937:
1976:
1936:
1704:
1611:
1475:
1242:
1050:
554:
226:
10485:
Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East
10201:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. Brill. p. 220.
9480:
8871:
8396:
6454:
4575:
of the Sogdian language, were able to reconstruct Sogdian names from forty-five different Chinese
2830:
2032:, yet retained a great deal of autonomy and upheld the mercantile legacy of the Sogdians. Yet the
794:, who is all death, and he counter-created the locust, which brings death unto cattle and plants.
13670:
13645:
13274:, ed. Michael Adas, American Historical Association, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001.
11871:
11218:
9430:
8088:
6825:
6810:
6805:
6434:
6191:
6044:
5876:
5775:
5470:
5327:
3350:
2933:
2709:, as well as glass containers, Mediterranean coral, brass Buddhist images, Roman wool cloth, and
2627:
2524:
2078:
The Samanids occupied the Sogdian region from circa 819 until 999, establishing their capital at
2048:(940–1020). So too did the original religions of the Sogdians decline; Zoroastrianism, Buddhism,
1932:
1234:
1185:
846:
462:
429:
13052:
12886:
10976:
10618:. The Sheng Yen Series in Chinese Buddhist Studies. Columbia University Press. pp. 11, 12.
10591:. The Sheng Yen Series in Chinese Buddhist Studies. Columbia University Press. pp. 10, 11.
10521:(10). Department of Philosophy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan: 551.
9681:
7750:
7598:
5542:
3633:
Kingdom engaged in a variety of occupations that included: farming, military service, painting,
2537:
Subsequent to their domination by Alexander the Great, the Sogdians from the city of Marakanda (
1838:
1188:, who inherited his late father's throne in 323 BC (although the empire was soon divided in the
1071:
13437:(1995). "The Avesta as source for the early history of the Iranians". In Erdosy, George (ed.).
10443:"The Rhetoric of Antiquity. Politico-Religious Propaganda in the Nestorian Steleof Chang'an 安長"
10227:
8785:
6766:
6742:
6299:
5801:
5172:
4258:(No. 9) as depicting Sogdians, who inhabited Turfan as an ethnic minority during the phases of
4015:, when they gradually converted to Islam, as is shown by Richard Bulliet's "conversion curve".
4012:
3554:
3358:
2816:
2727:
2574:. A letter written by Sogdian merchants dated 313 AD and found in the ruins of a watchtower in
2554:
2217:
2195:
2111:
2053:
1875:
1688:
1309:
1245:
998:
265:
210:
118:
13590:
12645:
12585:
12296:
12114:
11925:
11444:
10196:
10147:
9980:
9857:
9160:
8320:
8257:
8188:
7445:, Turks and Mongols who eventually poured south to wreck the thin veneer of Iranian society" (
6935:
4864:, a Sogdian warlord who led an uprising against Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC
4559:
during the Chinese Tang period, composed of Sogdians and Turkic peoples who migrated from the
4227:
3315:, whose father was Sogdian and mother a Gokturk, rose to the position of a military governor (
3057:
1241:
The military power of the Sogdians never recovered. Subsequently, Sogdiana formed part of the
14127:
13970:
13195:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel
12392:
12321:
11844:
11762:
11735:
10873:
10536:
10090:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel
10035:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel
9949:
9035:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel
8402:
8347:
8159:
6997:
6902:
5981:
5617:
5252:
3562:
2956:
2579:
2503:
2139:
2099:
1928:
1257:
974:, allied with the Macedonians and sent troops to Alexander in 329 BC for his war against the
855:
510:
482:
323:
in 999, coinciding with the decline of the Sogdian language, as it was largely supplanted by
13569:(2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat – Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians".
11135:
9716:
6131:
14167:
14122:
13960:
13824:
13748:
13434:
9896:
9553:
9463:
In S. Johnson (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, P. 142-169
8866:(2001). "Chapitre 5 : Des Kouchans à l'Islam – Les Sogdiens sur la route de la soie".
6659:
6429:
6106:
6071:
5869:
5602:
5522:
5232:
5227:
5012:
4710:, Buddhist monk and influent philosopher of the 7th century, considered the founder of the
4552:
4532:
4115:
in addition to their full names, in hopes that the Buddha would grant them his protection.
3780:
3745:, a common non-Buddhist image similarly found in the paintings of Samarkand and Panjakent.
3522:
3471:
3437:
2862:
2835:
2743:
1947:
1449:
against the Sogdians in 84, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of
1276:
1189:
954:. Sogdiana likely remained under Persian control until roughly 400 BC, during the reign of
880:
437:
186:
13493:
10615:
Chinese Esoteric Buddhism: Amoghavajra, the Ruling Elite, and the Emergence of a Tradition
10588:
Chinese Esoteric Buddhism: Amoghavajra, the Ruling Elite, and the Emergence of a Tradition
10048:
10016:
9586:
4644:
395:
8:
13839:
11186:
9780:
9141:. Archäologische und historische Studien (Nomaden und Sesshafte, vol. 6). Reichert, 2008
8859:
6861:
6634:
5986:
5595:
5537:
5192:
5147:
4921:
4882:
4873:
4840:
4818:
4610:
4548:
4512:
4352:
4217:
4131:
4059:, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva;
3925:
3920:
3850:
3834:
3711:
3322:
3122:
2788:
2583:
2119:
1959:
1812:
1163:
1121:
963:
687:
texts like the Mihr Yasht and the Vendiad in the first half of the first millennium BCE.
534:
308:
237:
202:
133:
13220:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
11677:"The Silk Road and the Economy of Gaochang: Evidence on the Circulation of Silver Coins"
10641:"Antric Threads Between India and China 1. Tantric Buddhism—Approaches and Reservations"
9900:
9807:
9640:
8089:"The Silk Road and the economy of Gaochang: evidence on the Circulation of silver coins"
7029:
6959:
3533:). The following surnames also appear frequently on Dunhuang manuscripts and registers:
3177:
Still, some Sogdians continued living in Gansu. A community of Sogdians remained in the
2861:
found in Central Asian and Chinese archaeological sites belonging to this era. Although
14207:
13900:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13554:
13383:
12993:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
12964:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
12841:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
12690:
12626:
12462:
11737:
Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800
11271:
11234:"The Funerary Couch of An Jia and the Art of Sogdian Immigrants in Sixth-century China"
10394:
10255:
10246:
History of An Lushan (An Lushan Shiji 安祿山史記) "唐鞠仁今城中殺胡者重賞﹐於是羯胡盡殪﹐小兒擲於中空以戈_之。高鼻類胡而濫死者甚眾"
10128:
9925:
9884:
9806:. Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. Archived from
9639:. Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. Archived from
9535:
9162:
Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800
8778:
8238:
8230:
7442:
6815:
6732:
6664:
6649:
6639:
6619:
6584:
6559:
6534:
6417:
5976:
5941:
5851:
5806:
5762:
5607:
5267:
5152:
4906:
4671:
3953:
3685:
3614:
2792:
2765:
2172:
2107:
1989:
1859:
1822:
1542:
1217:
868:
631:, spanning as far back as the 4th millennium BC, and then at Kök Tepe, near modern-day
300:
222:
13646:"The Sogdian Descendants in Mongol and post-Mongol Central Asia: The Tajiks and Sarts"
13418:
13016:
Studia Asiatica: The Collected Papers in Western Languages of the Late Dr. Kazuo Enoki
12141:
10956:
Studia Asiatica: The Collected Papers in Western Languages of the Late Dr. Kazuo Enoki
10558:"On the Difficult Practice of the Mean in Ordinary Life Teachings From the Zhongyong*"
9108:
7721:
3741:
show a pairing of a male and female deity with outstretched hands holding a miniature
1588:
cities (rectangular walls with an orthogonal network of streets) in Sogdiana, such as
1162:
or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of
14082:
13844:
13834:
13819:
13789:
13742:
13626:
13608:
13546:
13515:
13482:
13467:
13442:
13393:
13372:
13350:
13328:
13310:
13295:
13270:
Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in
13253:
13238:
13223:
13205:
13183:
13168:
13153:
13128:
13112:
13048:
13001:
12972:
12946:
12928:
12918:
12900:
12892:
12882:
12867:
12849:
12823:
12808:
12793:
12653:
12589:
12578:
12556:
12507:
12486:
12445:
12398:
12371:
12327:
12300:
12289:
12222:
12164:
12120:
12093:
12046:
12018:
12008:
11958:
11931:
11904:
11877:
11850:
11768:
11741:
11658:
11637:
11603:
11582:
11564:
11498:
11469:
11450:
11426:
11340:
11293:
11275:
11165:
11141:
11104:
11083:
11035:
11014:
10993:
10972:
10938:
10813:
10648:
10619:
10592:
10565:
10489:
10464:
10421:
10398:
10288:
10202:
10155:
10054:
9986:
9955:
9930:
9912:
9863:
9836:
9759:
9732:
9695:
9565:
9527:
9486:
9436:
9395:
9374:
9353:
9327:
9306:
9285:
9264:
9247:
Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in
9208:
9190:
Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in
9166:
9142:
9087:
8999:
8911:
8899:
8875:
8839:
8814:
8789:
8754:
8733:
8705:
8659:
8630:
8601:
8556:
8479:
8406:
8374:
8353:
8326:
8263:
8242:
8222:
8165:
8055:
8028:
8001:
7976:
7954:
7862:
7788:
7767:
7746:
7699:
7673:
7652:
7631:
7594:
7573:
7505:
7407:
7386:
7362:
7341:
7317:
7263:
7242:
7200:
6939:
6928:
6835:
6654:
6554:
6380:
6355:
6156:
6066:
6056:
6031:
5572:
5532:
5392:
5382:
5237:
5137:
5112:
4972:
4960:
4913:
4758:
4490:
4377:
4368:
3881:
3842:
3811:
3784:
3776:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3487:
3334:
2858:
2341:
2294:
2269:
1993:
1867:
1744:
1700:
1221:
994:
801:
762:
702:
The first mention of Gava is found in the Mihr Yasht, ie., the hymn dedicated to the
652:
415:
253:
182:
13215:
12353:. Vol. 9. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. pp. 283–297.
11561:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods
11548:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods
11546:
Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater,
11535:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods
11533:
Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater,
11522:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods
11520:
Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater,
11337:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods
9755:
Symbola Caelestis: Le symbolisme liturgique et paraliturgique dans le monde chrétien
8928:
7878:
7314:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods
6201:
3233:(550 – 577 AD). Valerie Hansen asserts that around this time and extending into the
2916:
from the Eastern Roman Empire found in China date to the reign of Byzantine emperor
2336:. Sogdian contacts with China were initiated by the embassy of the Chinese explorer
13655:. ACTA VIA SERICA Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2020: 187–198doi: 10.22679/avs.2020.5.1.007.
13578:
13566:
13093:
13072:
12682:
12618:
12249:
11390:
11263:
10522:
10454:
10386:
10360:
10120:
9920:
9904:
9724:
9687:
9519:
9415:
Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums
8975:, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 133.
8218:
8214:
6594:
6345:
6330:
6310:
6251:
6136:
6096:
5996:
5964:
5896:
5831:
5732:
5712:
5622:
5477:
5377:
5322:
5277:
5262:
4886:
4812:
4786:
4680:
4508:
4427:
merchants, since the official histories report that there were markets in women at
4294:
4263:
4165:
4161:
4123:
4048:
4004:
3996:
3854:
3838:
3826:
3754:
3634:
3618:
3491:
3483:
3279:
2996:
2800:
2739:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2480:
2454:
2333:
2325:
2187:
2037:
2033:
1863:
1845:
1726:, where they are probably shown attending the reception by the local Sogdian ruler
1628:
1261:
1209:
1006:
864:
810:
769:
for the Iranians. Gava is the second region mentioned on the list, directly behind
493:
453:
376:
364:
280:
245:
190:
129:
92:
13263:
Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in
13180:
Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia
8908:
A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24)
8458:
Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in
8445:
Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in
8425:
Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in
7670:
Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia
7649:
Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia
7628:
Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia
6360:
4793:(涼昭武公), a general of the Chinese Tang dynasty who fought against the rebellion of
4086:, and Tang are mostly Buddhist (translated from Chinese sources), Manichaean, and
3534:
3526:
2659:
of the 10th century drew upon Sogdian records dating to 750–840. After the end of
520:) was named from the Skuδa form. Starting from the names of the province given in
13925:
13920:
13910:
13694:
13687:
13387:
12991:
12987:
12962:
12958:
12839:
12835:
12435:
12433:
12417:
11708:
9112:
8110:
8108:
8106:
7807:"Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)"
7698:, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010,
7547:
7476:
7091:
6892:
6887:
6850:
6737:
6629:
6524:
6479:
6395:
6370:
6226:
6206:
6166:
6111:
6001:
5856:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5727:
5452:
5437:
5372:
5222:
5162:
5027:
4943:
4675:
4576:
4564:
4436:
4314:
3869:
3846:
3830:
3803:
3738:
3659:
3566:
3518:
3507:
3503:
3458:
of Dunhuang, Gansu, a major center of Buddhist learning and home to the Buddhist
3394:
3069:
2984:
2893:(2016) upends this notion by pointing to a hoard of sixteen Roman coins found at
2776:
2706:
2668:
2623:
2445:
2428:
2349:
2016:. The cultural consequences and political ramifications of this battle meant the
1997:
1924:
1785:
1719:
1695:
allied against the Hephthalites and defeated them after an eight-day battle near
1526:
1522:
1225:
842:
829:
770:
603:
563:
398:
devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the
356:
257:
218:
206:
194:
150:
12945:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp. 1–10,
11559:
Dresden, Mark J. (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater,
11335:
Dresden, Mark J. (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater,
10711:
Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China
10691:
Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China
10671:
Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China
10178:
Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China
7651:, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, p. 65 (see footnote #63),
3901:
3189:
in 439 AD, many Sogdians were forcibly relocated to the Northern Wei capital of
13940:
13930:
13888:
13756:
13525:
Tafazzoli, A. (2003), "Iranian Languages", in C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov,
12622:
12551:
Latham, John Derek (1971). "Arabic Literature". In Lang, David Marshall (ed.).
11164:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 2 & 5,
11120:
Tafazzoli, A. (2003), "Iranian Languages", in C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov,
11069:
Tafazzoli, A. (2003), "Iranian Languages", in C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov,
11056:
Tafazzoli, A. (2003), "Iranian Languages", in C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov,
10759:
10124:
9908:
7446:
7312:
Mark J. Dresden (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater,
6882:
6867:
6727:
6599:
6484:
6439:
6303:
6076:
6026:
5757:
5527:
5340:
5197:
5127:
5047:
4928:
4798:
4737:
4649:
4500:
4420:
4244:
4205:
4119:
4011:. Zoroastrianism remained the dominant religion among Sogdians until after the
3897:
3889:
3681:
3594:
3463:
3425:
3178:
3051:
2910:
2878:
2874:
2854:
2820:
2735:
2546:
2516:
2471:
2467:
2302:
2191:
2166:
Kara-Khanid bands of inscription with running animals, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.
2073:
2057:
2041:
2021:
1711:
1113:
1009:, the Sogdians are recorded in Persian records as submitting precious gifts of
834:
713:
703:
695:
680:
648:
501:
473:
445:
422:
368:
360:
320:
288:
272:
102:
11267:
9728:
9691:
9620:. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.
8372:
8103:
4535:
excavated from Dunhuang, Gansu to identify an ancient Sogdian colony south of
4220:-Veshparkar, Brahma-Zravan, and Indra-Abdab, according to Braja Bihārī Kumar.
3884:. Yaghnobi is largely a continuation of the medieval Sogdian dialect from the
2823:, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to Byzantine ruler
2231:
2044:), the spoken language of renowned poets and intellectuals of the age such as
1954:, where they continued to flourish into the 10th century with the rise of the
1946:
From 722, following the Muslim invasion, new groups of Sogdians, many of them
14076:
14058:
14045:
13799:
13550:
13076:
12726:
12721:
12276:. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Va O'rta Maxsus Ta'lim Vazirligi. p. 52.
12163:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 135, 136.
12022:
11394:
10468:
9916:
9531:
8226:
7951:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
7716:
7024:
6897:
6692:
6529:
6449:
6444:
6271:
6216:
6211:
5971:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5811:
5722:
5717:
5687:
5642:
5612:
5577:
5387:
5357:
4977:
4877:
4711:
4453:
4177:
4069:
3933:
3862:
3858:
3787:
3617:
from left to right instead of vertically, mirroring the direction of how the
3495:
3475:
3433:
3204:
Other Sogdians came from the west and took positions in Chinese society. The
2917:
2683:
2614:
2433:
2310:
2180:
2013:
1775:
1740:
1538:
1481:
1466:
1434:
1096:
1026:
1022:
955:
951:
876:
614:
261:
214:
13307:
Archaeology and Religion in Early Northwest India: History, Theory, Practice
13218:. (1986). "Ch'in and Han law", in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds.),
12686:
12652:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158.
11425:, 3–33. New Delhi: Published for Astha Bharati Concept Publishing Company.
11099:
Boyce, Mary (1983), "Parthian Writings and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater,
10154:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158.
7859:
Archaeology and Religion in Early Northwest India: History, Theory, Practice
7284:
6544:
6489:
6116:
6086:
2795:
writes of how the Sogdians attempted to establish a direct trade of Chinese
1521:
Historical knowledge about Sogdia is somewhat hazy during the period of the
698:. Sources for the different localizations are given in the file description.
13252:, 3–33. New Delhi: Published for Astha Bharati Concept Publishing Company.
12807:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 11–78,
11497:. Spiritualità orientale. Edizioni Qiqajon, Comunità di Bose. p. 121.
11034:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 34–35,
9934:
9613:
9324:
Silk Road Studies: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 7
8863:
8536:
8530:
Turkic peoples, both indirectly and directly, helped bring Christianity to
6707:
6702:
6589:
6574:
6474:
6464:
6459:
6385:
6375:
6315:
6256:
6221:
6021:
5931:
5921:
5682:
5677:
5347:
5257:
4997:
4917:
4851:
4807:
4744:
4725:
4657:
4606:
4580:
4568:
4528:
4464:
4416:
4338:
4271:
4259:
4104:
4087:
4045:
3606:
3585:
3570:
3546:
3542:
3467:
3449:
3370:
3366:
3304:
3234:
3226:
3186:
3182:
3079:
2988:
2945:
2890:
2886:
2866:
2812:
2761:
2618:
2403:
2184:
2005:
1964:
1886:
1748:
1578:
1562:
1348:
1265:
1253:
1159:
1117:
1010:
896:
872:
791:
279:(618–907 AD). Sogdian merchants and diplomats travelled as far west as the
276:
166:
13582:
13512:
Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries)
12270:
O'zbek Mumtoz Adabiyoti Tarixi (Eng qadimgi davrlardan XVI asr oxirigacha)
11137:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
10747:
Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries)
10459:
10442:
9680:
Vaissière, Étienne de la (2005). "Chapter Two About the Ancient Letters".
7907:"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"
4547:, detailing the Sogdian influence on Chinese social religious life in the
4321:
of "Xumdan" and "Sarag", the Sogdian names for the Chinese capital cities
3991:
holding the bones of the dead – in accordance with Zoroastrian ritual. At
3412:
Epitaphs were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in
1335:
in 126 BC, which sought an offensive alliance with the Yuezhi against the
690:
13529:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp. 323–30.
12525:
11712:
9165:. Oxford Studies in Early Empires. Oxford University Press. p. 245.
8499:
7766:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 3–5,
7262:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 2–3,
7221:
6514:
6469:
6424:
6365:
6335:
6325:
6231:
6151:
5821:
5737:
5667:
5627:
5412:
5282:
5142:
4992:
4902:
4855:
4625:
4613:, which lasted from 755 to 763 and led to the decline of the Tang dynasty
4592:
4516:
4449:
4404:
4389:
4322:
4310:
4197:
4100:
4083:
4056:
4008:
3941:
3929:
3799:
3705:
3655:
3459:
3405:
3400:
3249:
3246:
3230:
3162:
3142:
3113:
3020:
2980:
2972:
2898:
2870:
2567:
2562:
2345:
2089:
2049:
2009:
2001:
1781:
1585:
1442:
1328:
1321:
774:
766:
723:
521:
324:
292:
106:
13558:
13165:
Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China
13047:, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp. 134–163.
12897:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
11655:
Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China
11634:
Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China
11292:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 35,
11013:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 13,
10992:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 47,
10527:
10510:
9282:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
8234:
8202:
4602:
3945:
3662:
around Samarkand retained its Sogdian name, Samarkand. According to the
3454:
2991:, with strong Sogdian cultural elements. Sogdia, at the center of a new
2948:
in Chinese Silk Road commerce of Central Asia compared to Eastern Rome.
2494:
2285:, but would trade goods through middlemen based in oasis towns, such as
2134:
Kara-Khanid band of inscription containing a fragment of poetry reading
2118:
In 999 the Samanid Empire was conquered by an Islamic Turkic power, the
1943:, who were then slaughtered by al-Harashi's forces after their arrival.
13988:
13945:
13752:
12694:
12630:
12441:
12253:
12119:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 218.
12092:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 158.
11957:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 235.
11930:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 202.
10390:
10132:
9539:
7340:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 3,
6877:
6712:
6519:
6340:
6016:
5816:
5632:
5512:
5482:
5362:
5217:
4951:
4861:
4698:
4667:
4634:
4629:
4556:
4524:
4329:, respectively. In regards to textual material, the earliest Christian
4318:
4286:
4248:
4213:
4127:
3877:
3538:
3157:
3151:
2940:
and Eastern Roman gold coins were used more as ceremonial objects like
2882:
2839:
2710:
2682:
During the 5th and 6th century, many Sogdians took up residence in the
2610:
2542:
2390:
2337:
2317:
2025:
1916:
1829:
1504:
1500:
1332:
1289:
1249:
1232:, Seleucus I named three new Hellenistic cities in Asia after her (see
1197:
1151:
1100:
1030:
931:
919:
907:
883:
of Darius. A contingent of Sogdian soldiers fought in the main army of
636:
628:
620:
178:
174:
170:
162:
82:
13894:
11903:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 20.
10866:"Traces of the Lost 10 Tribes of Israel in Chinese and Korean Sources"
10337:
The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763
10224:
The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763
9587:"Aurel Stein Discovers the Sogdian "Ancient Letters" 313 CE to 314 CE"
8874:" (in French). Vol. 411. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. p. 104.
7479:, vi.3.9: with no satrap to rule them, they were under the command of
3849:
empires of ancient Iran. The Sogdian alphabet formed the basis of the
3193:, thereby fostering exchanges and trade for the new dynasty. Numerous
2024:(819–999), a Persian state centered at Bukhara (in what is now modern
1172:
of Macedonian Greece, and conqueror of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
14029:
13873:
13859:
13794:
13362:
Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia
13294:
Pasadena; Chicago; London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press,
13202:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
11600:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
10017:"CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiii. Eastern Iranian Migrations to China"
9459:"Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity: 5 Central Asia and the Silk Road"
7484:
7464:
Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia
6717:
6614:
6604:
6101:
6081:
5492:
5487:
5242:
5212:
5202:
5087:
5072:
5037:
4920:. They were targeted for slaughter by the Tang government during the
4794:
4766:
4720:
4702:
4620:
4616:
4598:
4424:
4393:
4385:
4274:
4051:
of a Sogdian man wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, a probable
4000:
3885:
3688:. However, centuries later in 664 AD, the Tang Chinese Buddhist monk
3574:
3558:
3550:
3466:
after the An Lushan Rebellion, in 848 the ethnic Han Chinese general
3377:
3343:
and defeated rival Yan dynasty forces under the Turk Ashina Chengqing
3312:
3238:
3198:
3121:: Sogdians having a toast, with females wearing Chinese headdresses.
2992:
2824:
2804:
2772:
2768:
2639:
2538:
2483:
of a Sogdian merchant in northern China, Tang dynasty, 7th century AD
2423:
2399:
2386:
2385:: Sogdian men feasting and eating at a banquet, from a wall mural of
2329:
2282:
2103:
2079:
1920:
1789:
1771:
1770:, Iranian and Hephthalite principalities...), paying hommage to king
1758:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1692:
1652:
1648:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1601:
1593:
1569:
1558:
1135:
1109:
1084:
1014:
979:
900:
850:
818:
747:
530:
407:
399:
380:
352:
348:
304:
284:
275:
and rose to prominence in the military and government of the Chinese
252:, is no longer spoken. However, a descendant of one of its dialects,
241:
158:
154:
70:
13338:
13272:
Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History
12986:
Emmerick, R. E. (1983). "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs". In
12673:
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1952). "A Sogdian Colony in Inner Mongolia".
12348:
12045:(illustrated, annotated ed.). Liberal Arts Press. p. 209.
11869:
11842:
11760:
11443:
Nicolini-Zani, Mattco (2013). Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.).
11233:
11103:, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1151–1152.
10865:
9523:
9249:
Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History
9192:
Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History
8811:
The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle
4539:
in Xinjiang (Northwest China), which he argued was the base for the
3908:
can be found in the modern Tajik language, although the latter is a
3256:, were incorporated into the official hierarchy of state officials.
2808:
2570:
and others, that by the 4th century they may have monopolized trade
1931:), whereas the Sogdians following Karzanj, the ruler of Pai (modern
1651:. The symbol of the Hephthalites appears on the residual coinage of
1529:
of Persia conquered and incorporated Sogdia as a satrapy in 260, an
575:: Bead necklace from the tomb of the so-called “Sarazm princess” in
197:, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, and then was annexed by the
13935:
13905:
13780:
13534:
13104:
Ghafurov, Babadjan, "Tajiks", published in USSR, Russia, Tajikistan
12769:[A treasure discovery of Hephthalite Drachms from Bactria]
12745:
11073:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp 325–26.
10560:. In Hoster, Barbara; Kuhlmann, Dirk; Wesolowski, Zbigniew (eds.).
10375:"Silk Road Christians and the Translation of Culture in Tang China"
9458:
8120:
7806:
6840:
6722:
6549:
6266:
6261:
5836:
5826:
5672:
5562:
5557:
5502:
5497:
5432:
5427:
5247:
5107:
5097:
5092:
5067:
5002:
4848:, the primary wife of Alexander the Great during the 4th century BC
4824:
4782:
4688:
4572:
4419:
rule was a center of major commercial activity between Chinese and
4403:
Contract written in Sogdian for the purchase of a slave in 639 CE,
4343:
4302:
4240:
4209:
4193:
3977:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3689:
3630:
3598:
3530:
3511:
3429:
3389:
3362:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3219:
3166:
2961:
2941:
2921:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2714:
2587:
2550:
2290:
2154:
Kara-Khanid medallion with fighting birds, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.
2045:
2029:
1981:
1640:
1605:
1541:. However, by the 5th century the region was captured by the rival
1534:
1446:
1363:
1205:
1173:
1168:
1018:
985:
During the Achaemenid period (550–330 BC), the Sogdians lived as a
982:
region (even though this anticipated campaign never materialized).
971:
935:
884:
860:
737:
666:
632:
340:
296:
110:
58:
12720:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
9951:
Studies on the History and Culture Along the Continental Silk Road
9507:
8813:. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 94–102 (Ch.9, Sogdian Traders).
8132:
4251:
praying in front of the Buddha. Modern scholarship has identified
3452:, a large community of Sogdians also existed in the multicultural
1996:, which quickly asserted itself in Central Asia after winning the
1248:, a breakaway state from the Seleucid Empire founded in 248 BC by
879:
as regular soldiers and cavalrymen. Sogdia was also listed on the
240:, although never politically united, were centered on the city of
13965:
13950:
13915:
13849:
13499:
Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka
13457:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 1
12941:
Dresden, Mark J. (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay,
12007:(illustrated, annotated ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 153.
7612:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 1
6855:
6579:
6504:
6320:
6121:
6061:
6011:
6006:
5991:
5841:
5782:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5657:
5547:
5517:
5507:
5422:
5407:
5312:
5307:
5207:
5132:
5117:
5062:
5032:
5022:
4876:, emir and official of the Abbasid caliphate and ancestor of the
4867:
4828:
4733:
4729:
4601:(安祿山), a military leader of Sogdian (from his father's side) and
4536:
4504:
4373:
4326:
4278:
4173:
4157:
4095:
3988:
3905:
3893:
3626:
3413:
3381:
3260:
3211:
3206:
3132:
2869:
imported Han Chinese silk while the Han dynasty Chinese imported
2846:
2702:
2672:
2643:
2591:
2272:
2256:
2083:
1955:
1940:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1874:
offering him aid as an Umayyad ally. However, when his successor
1656:
1636:
1589:
1450:
1407:
1399:
1340:
1336:
1317:
1293:
1147:
1125:
1092:
975:
947:
927:
814:
684:
670:
526:
433:
404:
Four Old Iranian Ethnic Names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka
336:
198:
78:
74:
11367:, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134–163
11160:
Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay,
10363:"至揚州，大掠百姓商人資產，郡內比屋發掘略遍，商胡波斯被殺者數千人" "商胡大食, 波斯等商旅死者數千人波斯等商旅死者數千人."
8838:. Translated by James Ward. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32, 84, 91.
7762:
Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay,
7336:
Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay,
7258:
Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay,
6964:
T.D. Yih and J. de Kreek (hosted on the Chinese Coinage Website)
5367:
4683:, son of Artaios, who led a contingent of Sogdian troops in the
3275:
2775:, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, circa 655 CE,
2721:
1548:
1176:, a Sogdian nobleman of Bactria, had hoped to keep his daughter
13993:
13955:
13877:
12957:
Dresden, Mark J. (1983). "Sogdian Language and Literature". In
12434:
Kaikodo (Gallery : New York, N.Y.), Sarah Handler (1999).
11124:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, p 325.
11060:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, p 323.
8868:
De Kaboul à Samarcande : Les archéologues en Asie centrale
8531:
8373:
Compareti (University of California, Berkeley), Matteo (2007).
8203:"ON THE PORTRAITS OF THE SOGDIAN KINGS (IKHSHĪDS) OF SAMARQAND"
7672:, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 67–8,
7488:
7480:
7028:
6872:
6830:
6609:
6539:
6499:
6494:
6390:
6276:
6171:
6141:
6051:
5796:
5692:
5647:
5567:
5442:
5417:
5122:
5082:
5077:
5057:
5052:
5007:
4845:
4836:
4832:
4762:
4707:
4473:
4441:
4432:
4412:
4330:
4306:
4282:
4236:
4181:
4142:
of Xinjiang, China, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing
4108:
3992:
3961:
3940:
Early medieval Sogdian costumes can be divided in two periods:
3795:
3764:
3734:
3730:
3677:
3622:
3589:
3462:. Although Dunhuang and the Hexi Corridor were captured by the
3329:
descent ordered a mass slaughter of West Asian (Central Asian)
3292:
3283:
3190:
3146:
3109:
3101:
3004:
2925:
2693:
2528:
2353:
2306:
2286:
2265:
2171:
From 1212, the Kara-Khanids in Samarkand were conquered by the
1951:
1784:, under the massive presence of Turkic officers and courtiers.
1778:
1715:
1696:
1676:
1565:
1412:
1380:
1359:
1313:
1285:
1229:
1177:
1143:
1139:
990:
943:
923:
849:
in 546–539 BC, a fact mentioned by the ancient Greek historian
709:
706:
658:
624:
585:
576:
344:
11621:
The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192
11470:
S.V.D. Research Institute, Monumenta Serica Institute (2009).
7554:. Page last modified 17 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
3767:, a Sogdian merchant and official who died in China in 580 CE.
3645:
in 651, followed by the Islamic conquest of Samarkand in 712.
1911:, who had previously overthrown the pro-Umayyad Sogdian ruler
1433:
From the 1st century AD, the Yuezhi morphed into the powerful
13854:
13829:
13764:
13427:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
12506:, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 450,
11311:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
11256:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
9856:
Cheang, Sarah; Greef, Erica de; Takagi, Yoko (15 July 2021).
8065:
7853:
7851:
7720:
7361:, trans. Peter T. Daniels, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, p. 746,
7079:
6960:"Soghdian Kai Yuans (lectured at the Dutch 1994-ONS meeting)"
6564:
6509:
6091:
5846:
5652:
5552:
5447:
5402:
5397:
5352:
5317:
5272:
5042:
5017:
4967:
4803:
4716:
4663:
4495:
4460:
out of twenty-one marriages according to existing documents.
4445:
4428:
4348:
4201:
4189:
4185:
4153:
4112:
4078:
The Sogdian religious texts found in China and dating to the
4052:
3873:
3791:
3742:
3385:
3300:
3296:
3242:
3170:
2976:
2698:
2688:
2676:
2606:
2602:
2575:
2418:
2407:
2199:
2061:
1908:
1890:
1880:
1871:
1767:
1763:
1597:
1438:
1417:
1394:
1305:
1301:
1281:
1213:
1088:
1047:
Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia
986:
734:
662:
384:
372:
316:
114:
11355:
11353:
9885:"Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road"
8478:. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294.
8441:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8325:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110.
7134:
3210:
describes how a Sogdian came from Anxi (western Sogdiana or
3052:
Sogdian merchants, generals, and statesmen in Imperial China
13980:
13883:
13424:
Rose, J., "The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries",
13292:
The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1.
13032:
Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in ed. Antje Richter
12834:
Boyce, Mary (1983). "Parthian Writings and Literature". In
12790:
The History of Central Asia: the Age of the Steppe Warriors
7383:
The History of Central Asia: the Age of the Steppe Warriors
7239:
The History of Central Asia: the Age of the Steppe Warriors
6569:
5662:
5297:
4987:
4982:
3197:
have been found in Northern Wei tombs, such as the tomb of
2842:
2796:
2427:
served as middlemen between the Chinese Han Empire and the
2253:
1893:
was necessary for new converts. With the aid of the Turkic
1680:
1497:
1389:
1002:
892:
411:
54:
13699:
12759:
Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road
11309:
J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries',
11180:
11178:
7883:, C. Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, A. Burnham, ed.
7848:
7696:
The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1
7690:
7688:
7686:
7530:
Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road
7146:
3225:, meaning caravan leader) who lived in Jiuquan during the
2865:
apparently reached Han China from 166 AD onwards, and the
2679:
and the northeastern one toward the nearby Turkic tribes.
2630:. In the 10th century, Sogdiana was incorporated into the
2106:, circa 1200 CE. It was possibly defaced in 1212 when the
1271:
13250:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
13111:, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 47,
12485:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, p. 77,
12390:
11423:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
11350:
10511:"Jingjiao under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology"
10420:(illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 113.
10385:. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15–38.
8784:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp.
8432:
7886:
7830:
Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica
7199:, Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 12,
7019:
7017:
7015:
3853:
of the 8th century, which in turn was used to create the
1347:, which gives considerable insight into the situation in
260:
of Tajikistan. It was widely spoken in Central Asia as a
12864:
From Cyrus to Alexander: a History of the Persian Empire
11863:
11836:
11473:
Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies, Volume 57
10920:
Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
10903:
Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
10850:
Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
10833:
Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
10780:
Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
10731:
Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
10148:"Chapter 5 – The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road"
7359:
From Cyrus to Alexander: a History of the Persian Empire
7233:
7231:
7215:
7213:
4337:
coincide with the reign of the Sasanian Persian monarch
3470:(799–872) managed to wrestle control of the region from
3173:, 4th-5th century CE. He may have been a Sogdian trader.
2932:
and Chinese conquest of 640, with a gradual adoption of
1796:
906:
During this period of Persian rule, the western half of
311:
among the Sogdians and their descendants began with the
12767:"Ein Schatzfund Hephthalitischer Drachmen Aus Baktrien"
11563:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 1225–1226,
11326:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p 67–8.
11175:
11052:
11050:
11048:
10414:"A BELLIGERENT PRIEST – YISI AND HIS POLITICAL CONTEXT"
9047:
9045:
9043:
8475:
Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources
7683:
7177:
4743:
Kang Jing (康景)? – a possible Sogdian who worked at the
4444:
cemetery legal document written in Sogdian. Khotan and
4068:: A Zoroastrian fire worship ceremony, depicted on the
3629:. Sogdians living in Turfan under the Tang dynasty and
3046:
Sab leading the way for the 500 traders, Kizil Cave 17.
2617:, whose empire was built on the political power of the
1465:
Battle scenes between "Kangju" Saka warriors, from the
1158:
army, he became claimant to the Achaemenid throne. The
642:
205:
in 328 BC. It would continue to change hands under the
13623:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
13389:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
13182:, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill,
12646:"CHAPTER 5 The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road"
12248:(Thesis). University of British Columbia. p. 23.
11849:. École française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 300–301.
11754:
10488:. Library of Medieval Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing.
10308:
9835:. École française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 295–300.
8780:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
7861:, London, New York, New Delhi: Routledge, pp 112–123,
7475:
Independent Sogdiana: Lane Fox (1973, 1986:533) notes
7012:
4660:(安重榮), a general of China's Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
4180:
known to have been worshipped in Sogdiana. These were
4118:
The Sogdians also practiced Manichaeism, the faith of
2671:
resumed trade on the northwestern road leading to the
2470:, a Sogdian trader and official in China, depicted on
2090:
Turco-Mongol conquests: Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1212)
1268:
may have recovered sovereignty of Sogdia temporarily.
777:
and the Iranians, according to Zoroastrian tradition:
414:, as well as many other words for "Scythian", such as
287:
trade route. While initially practicing the faiths of
13371:, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors,
12866:, trans. Peter T. Daniels, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns,
12672:
12394:
The Prison Papers of Bozorg Alavi: A Literary Odyssey
11788:
11786:
11784:
8910:, Leiden, Boston, Koln: Koninklijke Brill NV, p 278,
8049:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8041:
7943:
7931:
7432:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p 67.
7308:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7228:
7210:
4728:(康僧會), Buddhist monk of the 3rd century who lived in
4463:
A document dated 731 AD reveals that precisely forty
3272:
were among the wealthiest members of the population.
2951:
1608:, who also minted his own coinage during the period.
467:
13222:, pp 520–544 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12943:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
12805:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
12422:
Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira, Volume II
11733:
11290:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
11187:"The Late Sogdian Costume (the 5th – 8th centuries)"
11162:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
11045:
11032:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
11011:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
10990:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
10643:. In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (eds.).
10084:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10050:
Histoire et cultures de l'Asie centrale préislamique
9207:, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 47,
9040:
7764:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
7622:
7620:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7338:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
7260:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
4243:, China, 9th century AD, with kneeling figures with
4007:
to Zoroastrian deities, including the supreme deity
2803:. After forming an alliance with the Sasanian ruler
2785:
smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire
1743:
all became nominal vassals of China, as part of the
712:. In verse 10.14 it is described how Mithra reaches
283:. They played an essential part as middlemen in the
13034:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
11623:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 827–54.
10922:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
10905:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
10852:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
10835:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
10804:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10782:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
10733:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
9669:. History of International Relations. 5 March 2021.
9344:
9342:
9340:
9259:
9257:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9021:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8961:
7377:
7375:
7110:
3676:, the native name of the Tarim Basin city-state of
3185:, but when the Northern Liang were defeated by the
2352:
in Central Asia and named the area of Sogdiana as "
1362:(left) fighting a Sogdian behind a shield (right),
515:
487:
406:. In it, the names provided by the Greek historian
379:, Sogdian cities included sites stretching towards
13349:, Canberra: Australian National University Press,
12777:(in German). Vol. 116/117. pp. 253–268.
12744:Adylov, Šuhrat T.; Mirzaahmedov, Jamal K. (2006).
12743:
12577:
12288:
12184:
12182:
12180:
11781:
11550:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 274–5.
11339:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1224,
8973:Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies
8777:
8753:, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, pp 14–15,
8732:, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, pp 12–13,
8143:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012 (
8126:
8038:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8017:
7332:
7330:
7316:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1216,
7299:
6927:
4885:, Hadith composer and Islamic scholar, writer of
3825:Sogdian was written largely in three scripts: the
2924:and the rest of China. The use of silver coins in
2663:, Sogdian trade underwent a crisis. Following the
1339:. Zhang Qian, who spent a year in Transoxiana and
1036:
756:Mihr Yasht 10.14 (translated by Ilya Gershovitch).
13043:", in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds.),
12384:
12266:
11876:. École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 300.
11767:. École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 299.
11417:
11415:
11413:
11411:
10071:
10053:. Paris, France: Collège de France. p. 320.
9882:
9855:
9633:"Sogdian Ancient Letter III: Letter to Nanaidhat"
9373:, 2nd edition, London & New York: Routledge,
9243:
9241:
9239:
9186:
9184:
9182:
8685:, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger, pp 4–5.
7617:
7557:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7518:
6990:Andrew Reinhard (Pocket Change – The blog of the
4785:(李抱玉), formerly known as An Chongzhang (安重璋) and
4456:in the taverns and inns of the capital Chang'an.
4003:before burying the bones in ossuaries. They also
2320:, from one oasis to another, linking Sogdiana to
2211:
1666:
875:, in addition to incorporating Sogdians into his
824:
14074:
13625:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11636:, Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill, pp 38–39,
11537:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 274.
11524:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 275.
11363:", in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds),
10787:
10564:. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series. Routledge.
9985:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 148–160.
9337:
9305:, London & New York: Routledge, pp 122–123,
9254:
9018:
8958:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8572:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7372:
4815:, a 9th-century general of the Abbasid caliphate
3529:(石, generally given to those from Chach, modern
2901:), dated to the reigns of various emperors from
2437:for Asian trade as far back as the 4th century.
2028:) that nominally observed the Abbasids as their
1718:. The Turks also appear in great numbers in the
1584:The Hephthalites may have built major fortified
1516:
584:: 12-petalled flower from the cult structure in
13532:
12177:
11870:Éric Trombert; Étienne de La Vaissière (2005).
11843:Éric Trombert; Étienne de La Vaissière (2005).
11761:Éric Trombert; Étienne de La Vaissière (2005).
11602:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, p. 177,
10256:"成德军的诞生：为什么说成德军继承了安史集团的主要遗产" in 时拾史事 2020-02-08
10194:
9758:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 344–352.
9508:"Central Asians on a Northern Ch'i Gate Shrine"
9363:
9106:
8988:, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger, p. 3.
8858:
8586:, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger, p. 4.
8138:
8114:
8014:
7532:, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61.
7424:
7422:
7420:
7327:
7219:Antoine Simonin. (8 January 2012). "Sogdiana."
7085:
3349:happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the
2018:retreat of the Chinese empire from Central Asia
1392:] river. They are bordered on the south by
934:, offering tributary gifts to the Persian king
363:). Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern
13605:Records of the Great Historian, Han Dynasty II
13535:"Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"?"
13233:Ibbotson, Sophie and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016),
12575:
12319:
12286:
12218:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia
11408:
9236:
9179:
8896:Records of the Great Historian, Han Dynasty II
8550:
7515:
6925:
4435:. The Sogdian-language contract buried at the
3948:but only in c. 620 when, especially following
2999:became extremely prosperous around that time.
1971:
1600:, continuing the city-building efforts of the
1138:to the north and east. It was led at first by
970:, Pharasmanes, an already independent king of
895:claims that the palace there was adorned with
716:and looks at the entirety of the Airyoshayan (
694:Overview over the geographical horizon of the
315:in the 8th century. The Sogdian conversion to
13723:
13345:Nourzhanov, Kirill, Christian Bleuer (2013),
12569:
12280:
12000:
11657:, Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill, p. 39,
11490:
11442:
10447:Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture
9778:
9560:. translated by Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams.
9394:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 97–98,
9371:Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire
9139:Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien
9084:Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
8749:Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016),
8728:Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016),
8569:
7535:
7500:Horn, LT Bernd; Spencer, Emily, eds. (2012),
7241:, London, New York: I.B. Tauris, p. 202–203,
6786:
4806:(米芾), painter, poet, and calligrapher of the
4107:. It was here that they carved images of the
2995:between China to the Sasanian Empire and the
2722:Trade and diplomacy with the Byzantine Empire
1627:between China to the Sasanian Empire and the
1549:Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479–557 AD)
1120:, from the region of Sogdiana; the legend on
783:
741:
731:where navigable rivers rush with wide a swell
717:
674:
12739:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
12467:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12420:, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (1930),
11449:(illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster.
9618:The Sogdians – Influencers on the Silk Roads
9558:Silk Road Seattle – University of Washington
9554:"The Sogdian Ancient Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5"
8629:. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 221–222.
8282:
8259:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila
7731:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
7417:
7195:Kirill Nourzhanov, Christian Bleuer (2013),
7039:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4901:A community of merchant Sogdians resided in
3928:, a Sogdian sarcophagus in China during the
3775:language called Sogdian, closely related to
3034:Two-headed dragon capturing traders, Cave 17
2040:of the Samanids (the ancestor to the modern
1828:Letter of an Arab Emir to the Sogdian ruler
1525:(247 BC – 224 AD) in Persia. The subsequent
1216:, daughter of the rebel Spitamenes, who wed
383:, such as that at the archeological site of
14025:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
13701:The Sogdians: Influencers on the Silk Roads
13514:, Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp. 106–179,
13479:Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century
13092:
12927:
12555:. London: C. Tinling & Co. p. 33.
12397:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 85–.
12313:
11133:
10416:. In Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.).
10037:, McFarland & Company, 2012, pp 134–35.
9435:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 99, 484.
9326:, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, pp. 79–94,
9102:
9100:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8322:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
8262:. Cambridge University Press. p. 284.
7570:Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century
7152:
7140:
4637:(安從進), a general of Later Tang and China's
4341:(r. 438–457), and were translated from the
4122:, which they spread among the Uyghurs. The
3593:statuette of Sogdian merchants riding on a
2791:monks, the 6th-century Byzantine historian
2348:. Zhang wrote a report of his visit to the
1980:Decorated niche from the Abbasid mosque of
1885:because of a new law stating that proof of
1531:inscription dating to the reign of Shapur I
13730:
13716:
13492:
13347:Tajikistan: a Political and Social History
13309:, London, New York, New Delhi: Routledge,
12820:Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants
12424:, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, p. 218.
11727:
11715:in Beilizhi; Whitfield, 1999, pp. 138–154.
11249:
11247:
10935:Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants
9482:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
9432:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
9352:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 97,
8516:
8398:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
8349:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
8164:. Oxford University Press US. p. 28.
7975:. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 42–47.
7197:Tajikistan: a Political and Social History
7073:
7061:
7049:
6793:
6779:
4396:and not as the wife of her former master.
4281:, China during the late 13th century, the
4231:Pranidhi scene, temple 9 (Cave 20) of the
3019:Dragon-King Mabi saving traders, Cave 14,
2877:(2012) wrote that no Roman coins from the
2578:, was intended to be sent to merchants in
1437:, covering an area from Sogdia to eastern
268:'s court languages for writing documents.
53:Approximate extent of Sogdia, between the
13565:
13382:
13145:, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger.
13059:Gasparini, Mariachiara (3 January 2014).
13058:
12761:, West Conshohocken: Infinity Publishing.
11377:Gasparini, Mariachiara (3 January 2014).
11376:
10555:
10526:
10458:
10373:Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (26 May 2017).
10231:
9924:
9714:
9679:
9474:
9472:
8833:
8702:Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life
8656:Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life
8598:Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life
8517:O'Daly, Briton (Yale University) (2021).
8352:. Columbia University Press. p. 31.
8318:
8283:Grenet, Frantz; Riboud, Pénélope (2003).
8184:
7804:
7385:, London, New York: I.B. Tauris, p. 207,
7183:
6919:
3841:, which had been widely used in both the
3625:in scheduled meetings mentioned in their
2944:, confirms the pre-eminent importance of
2281:Most merchants did not travel the entire
319:was virtually complete by the end of the
13477:Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008),
13433:
13237:, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd,
12985:
12725:
12523:
12357:
12350:Collected Studies on Ming History 明史研究论丛
12346:
12208:
12156:
12112:
12085:
11950:
11923:
11896:
11184:
10752:
10281:The earliest Muslim communities in China
10092:, McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 135.
9456:
9097:
9037:, McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 134.
8688:
8551:Allegranzi, Viola; Aube, Sandra (2022).
8390:
8388:
8345:
8161:The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction
8157:
7904:
7715:
7568:Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008),
7169:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPavel2017 (
7128:
7023:
4648:Sogdian musicians and attendants on the
4643:
4494:
4480:
4452:Sogdian girls also frequently appear as
4398:
4226:
4148:
3964:, and sleeved coats became more common.
3919:
3758:
3579:
3428:, a Sogdian official in China. Built in
3419:
3339:identifying them through their big noses
3274:
3156:
2955:
2829:
2755:
2638:encompassed northern Central Asia. This
2206:
2093:
1975:
1757:
1710:Archaeological remains suggest that the
1670:
1610:
1552:
1353:
1275:
913:
828:
689:
14103:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia
13662:from the original on 23 September 2020.
13290:Magill, Frank N. et al. (eds.) (1998).
13204:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
12956:
12784:from the original on 23 September 2010.
12584:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
12363:
12295:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
12214:
12004:Islam in China: A Critical Bibliography
11734:Jonathan Karam Skaff (23 August 2012).
11244:
10638:
10372:
9982:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD
9505:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8555:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 181.
8200:
7970:
7953:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. page 5-6.
7281:"Avesta: Vendidad (English): Fargard 1"
6934:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
4545:Tang Chang'an and Central Asian Culture
3648:
1901:(fl. 720–735). The Sogdian ruler (i.e.
1272:Saka and Kushan periods (146 BC–260 AD)
1184:means "little star", was the mother of
833:Sogdian soldier circa 338 BCE, tomb of
355:), including the fertile valley of the
14:
14075:
13602:
13430:, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 412.
13320:
13167:, Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill,
13122:
12643:
12608:
12550:
12001:Israeli, Raphael; Gorman, Lyn (1994).
11253:
11197:
10707:
10687:
10667:
10481:
10350:from the original on 18 February 2020.
10304:from the original on 10 February 2022.
10174:
10145:
10110:
10046:
9862:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101.
9828:
9779:Sims-Williams, N. (15 December 1985).
9751:
9485:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 165.
9478:
9469:
9428:
9411:
9073:, Leiden, Koln: E. J. Brill, pp 35–37.
8624:
8394:
8000:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 56.
7995:
7937:
7892:
7116:
7088:"SOGDIANA iii. HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY"
3997:allowing the bodies to be picked clean
3609:and multilingual Sogdians during this
3321:) in the northeast before leading the
2422:published in 94 BC, Chinese historian
2020:. It also allowed for the rise of the
1533:claiming "Sogdia, to the mountains of
891:in 480 BC. A Persian inscription from
181:. Sogdiana was also a province of the
14108:Archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan
13711:
13439:The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia
13369:Concise Encyclopedia of World History
13277:
13197:, Jefferson: McFarland & Company.
12833:
12764:
12504:Concise Encyclopedia of World History
12235:
12205:(17 December 2009); 10, S., pp 148–9.
11980:
11262:(2). Duke University Press: 463–478.
10907:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 870, 873.
10611:
10584:
10319:sfn error: no target: CITEREFQi2010 (
10014:
9797:
9630:
9422:
9405:
9284:, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 600,
9158:
8898:, Columbia University Press, p. 234,
8699:
8653:
8595:
8385:
8314:
8312:
8276:
8151:
8086:
8082:
8080:
8071:
7989:
7964:
7927:from the original on 14 January 2017.
7502:No Easy Task: Fighting in Afghanistan
7164:
4313:, as described in a dual Chinese and
2067:
1797:Arab Muslim conquest (8th century AD)
1374:the Great Yuezhi live 2,000 or 3,000
887:during his second, ultimately-failed
639:, from at least the 15th century BC.
371:in modern Uzbekistan, as well as the
13417:(17 December 2009); 10, S. 147–160,
13125:Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I
12427:
12391:Donné Raffat; Buzurg ʻAlavī (1985).
12241:
12038:
11811:from the original on 5 November 2013
11707:Xin Tangshu 221a:6230. In addition,
10508:
10440:
10411:
9978:
9849:
9117:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
8906:; see also: Loewe, Michael, (2000),
8808:
8775:
8764:
8492:
8471:
8255:
7844:Also a Saka according to this source
7096:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
3967:
3882:a descendant of the Sogdian language
2960:Central Asian foreigner worshipping
1844:Wealthy Arab, Palace of Devashtich,
1762:Ambassadors from various countries (
1635:, after their great predecessor the
1312:around 145 BC, soon followed by the
1284:warrior, as a defeated enemy of the
643:Young Avestan period (c. 900–500 BC)
375:region of modern Tajikistan. In the
13280:"SOGDIANA ii. Historical Geography"
13152:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
13143:Global Security Watch: Central Asia
13036:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 853–77.
12934:The Zend-Avesta Part 1 The Vendidad
12192:(17 December 2009); 10, S., p. 148.
11987:. Indiana University. p. 303.
11833:(17 December 2009); 10, S., p. 150.
11674:
11231:
10958:, Tokyo: Kyu-Shoin, pp 200, 211–57.
10924:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 872–73.
10837:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 871–72.
10735:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 870–71.
10333:
10277:
10221:
10040:
9479:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
9465:. Oxford University Press: 144–160.
9429:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
9086:. Brill Academic Publishers, 2002.
8986:Global Security Watch: Central Asia
8704:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–120.
8683:Global Security Watch: Central Asia
8600:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 114–115.
8584:Global Security Watch: Central Asia
8395:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
8256:Maas, Michael (29 September 2014).
6127:Western Mexico Shaft Tomb Tradition
4912:A community of Sogdians existed in
3472:the Tibetans during their civil war
3361:to allow him to change his name to
2889:have been found in China. However,
2845:, 8th century AD, most likely from
2036:gradually declined in favor of the
1919:(r. 706–722), the Sogdian ruler of
1260:were later copied locally and bore
1228:. According to the Roman historian
579:, Sogdia, middle 4th millennium BC.
457:
428:, descend from *skeud-, an ancient
410:and the names of his title, except
24:
13638:
13455:Smith, William eds et al. (1873),
13324:The History of Buddhism in Vietnam
13023:Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia
12323:The History of Buddhism in Vietnam
11792:
11313:, vol. 30, no. 3 (2010), pp. 416–7
11212:Lee Lawrence. (3 September 2011).
10812:, Oxford University Press, p. 98,
10749:, Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp 35–37.
10509:Chin, Ken-pa (26 September 2019).
10314:
9947:
9584:
9071:Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia
8627:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
8553:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
8465:
8309:
8194:
8077:
7998:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
7973:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
7811:Proceedings of the British Academy
7610:William Smith, eds et al. (1873),
7572:, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87,
7406:, Oxford University Press, p. 72,
3974:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3763:Epitaph in Sogdian by the sons of
2952:Sogdian traders in the Tarim Basin
2807:to defeat the Hephthalite Empire,
1854:
1343:, wrote a detailed account in the
1316:, the nomadic predecessors of the
193:. Sogdiana was first conquered by
25:
14219:
13676:
13533:de la Vaissière, Etienne (2003).
12792:, London, New York: I.B. Tauris,
12580:A History of Chinese Civilization
12291:A History of Chinese Civilization
11697:from the original on 17 May 2021.
10863:
10195:de la Vaissière, Étienne (2018).
9715:Vaissière, Étienne de la (2005).
9119:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
9107:de la Vaissiere, Étienne (2004).
8834:Vaissière, Étienne de La (2005).
8305:from the original on 31 May 2022.
7098:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
6930:A History of Chinese Civilization
4895:
4765:of the Abbasids as the prince of
4693:Second Persian invasion of Greece
4586:
4507:, early 8th century, showing the
4160:), attended by Sogdian devotees.
3100:: kneeling Sogdian donors to the
3058:Iranians_in_China § Sogdians
2259:textile fragment, dated c. 700 AD
1735:, and the Sogdian rulers such as
989:people much like the neighboring
588:, Sogdia, early 3rd millennium BC
42:6th century BC to 11th century AD
14093:Former countries in Central Asia
14012:
12937:. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
12750:. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.
12713:
12666:
12637:
12602:
12544:
12534:
12517:
12496:
12475:
12411:
12340:
12260:
12195:
12150:
12133:
12106:
12079:
12062:
12032:
11994:
11974:
11944:
11917:
11890:
11823:
11718:
11701:
11668:
11647:
11626:
11613:
11592:
11574:
11553:
11540:
11527:
11514:
11484:
11463:
11436:
11370:
11329:
11316:
11303:
11282:
11225:
11214:"A Mysterious Stranger in China"
11206:
11154:
11127:
11114:
11093:
11076:
11063:
11024:
11003:
10982:
10961:
10948:
10927:
10910:
10893:
10857:
10854:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, p. 872.
10840:
10823:
10770:
10738:
10721:
10701:
10681:
10661:
10632:
10605:
10578:
10549:
10502:
10475:
10434:
10405:
10366:
10354:
10327:
10271:
10267:李碧妍, 《危机与重构：唐帝国及其地方诸侯》2015-08-01
10260:
10249:
10240:
10215:
10188:
10168:
10139:
10104:
10095:
10027:
10008:
9999:
9972:
9941:
9876:
9859:Rethinking Fashion Globalization
9822:
9791:
9772:
9745:
9708:
9673:
9655:
9624:
9606:
9597:
9578:
9546:
9499:
9457:Vaissière, Etienne de la (212).
9449:
9384:
9316:
9295:
9274:
9227:
9218:
9197:
9152:
9131:
9076:
7787:, Stuttgart: Steiner, pp 82–84,
7694:Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998),
6996:. 12 August 2016. Archived from
6756:
6755:
5528:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans
4870:, 8th-century ruler of Samarkand
4031:
4022:
3565:(曹, from Kabudhan, north of the
3388:helped the Tang dynasty general
3365:because of his shame in sharing
3087:
3078:
3062:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
3039:
3027:
3012:
2909:(270–275 AD). The earliest gold
2502:
2493:
2453:
2444:
2372:
2363:
2239:
2230:
2159:
2147:
2127:
1837:
1821:
1568:
1489:
1474:
1458:
1070:
1059:
596:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
562:
553:
47:
14133:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
14118:Northern and Southern dynasties
13367:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos, (2007),
10784:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, p 871.
10708:Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019).
10688:Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019).
10668:Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019).
10175:Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019).
9954:. Springer Nature. p. 11.
9063:
9054:
9009:
8991:
8978:
8946:
8921:
8888:
8852:
8827:
8802:
8743:
8722:
8675:
8647:
8618:
8589:
8544:
8519:"An Israel of the Seven Rivers"
8510:
8452:
8419:
8375:"The Chinese Scene at Afrāsyāb"
8366:
8339:
8249:
8117:, pp. 128–129 and note 35.
7898:
7872:
7837:
7821:
7798:
7777:
7756:
7735:
7709:
7662:
7641:
7604:
7583:
7494:
7469:
7456:
7435:
7396:
7351:
7273:
7252:
7189:
6846:List of ancient Iranian peoples
4916:since at least the time of the
4140:Uyghur Bezeklik Buddhist murals
3982:Bible translations into Sogdian
3444:During the Tang and subsequent
2930:Tang campaign against Karakhoja
2764:emissaries at the court of the
1679:with a Turkic Chieftain in his
1300:Finally Sogdia was occupied by
1037:Hellenistic period (327–145 BC)
942:Given the absence of any named
359:(called the Polytimetus by the
13599:. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
13539:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
13392:. Edinburgh University Press.
12576:Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996).
12553:A Guide to Eastern Literatures
12287:Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996).
11491:Nicolini-Zani, Matteo (2006).
11324:The Silk Road in World History
11101:Cambridge History of Iran, 3.2
9948:Li, Xiao (10 September 2020).
9159:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012).
8658:. Leiden: Brill. p. 120.
8292:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8219:10.1080/05786967.2007.11864723
8127:Adylov & Mirzaahmedov 2006
7614:, London: John Murray, p. 122.
7430:The Silk Road in World History
7067:
7055:
7043:
6978:
6952:
6926:Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996).
4747:Mansion of the Prince of Qin (
4358:
4347:, the standard version of the
4233:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
4072:, a Sogdian merchant in China.
4061:Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)
3106:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
2873:as discovered in their tombs,
2665:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
2212:Central Asia and the Silk Road
1803:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
1753:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
1667:Turkic Khaganates (557–742 AD)
1661:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
1659:(642–755 AD), ending with the
825:Achaemenid period (546–327 BC)
313:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
231:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
13:
1:
13607:. Columbia University Press.
13419:urn:nbn:de:kobv:b4-opus-11068
13109:Central Asia in World History
13100:. Cambridge University Press.
12899:, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill,
12502:Carlos Ramirez-Faria (2007),
12160:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
12139:
12116:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
12089:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
12068:
11954:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
11927:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
11900:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
11232:Jin, Xu 徐津 (1 January 2019).
10937:, Odyssey Books, pp 239–241,
9787:. Vol. II. pp. 7–9.
9303:The Persians: An Introduction
9205:Central Asia in World History
6907:
4628:(安重誨), a minister of China's
4549:Tang-era Chinese capital city
4301:there, in addition to one in
4132:Manichaeism from the Sogdians
2938:Sasanian Persian silver coins
2531:, 8th century, British Museum
2515:: Sogdian coin, 6th century,
2344:(r. 141–87 BC) of the former
1733:conquest of the Western Turks
1619:, Sogdia, 5th–7th century CE.
1517:Sasanian satrapy (260–479 AD)
1503:armour with neck-guard, from
1331:by a Chinese mission, led by
608:
299:and, to a lesser extent, the
136:as well as "hybrids" of both.
13589:von Le Coq, Albert. (1913).
13150:The Silk Road: A New History
13025:, Leiden, Koln: E. J. Brill.
12650:The Silk Road: A New History
12524:Barenghi, Maddalena (2014).
12039:Ling, Scott K., ed. (1975).
11185:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2003).
11134:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
10810:The Silk Road: A New History
10152:The Silk Road: A New History
9392:The Silk Road: A New History
9350:The Silk Road: A New History
8500:"Anikova Plate The Sogdians"
7949:de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).
7905:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012).
7504:, Dundurn Press Ltd, p. 40,
7404:The Silk Road: A New History
7283:. Avesta.org. Archived from
7086:de La Vaissière, É. (2011).
6912:
4755:Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin
4299:Nestorian Christian churches
4144:Sogdian donors to the Buddha
3686:nearby Hellenistic influence
3523:Tang-era Dunhuang manuscript
2885:(27 BC – 330 AD) era of the
1509:Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan
1327:The Yuezhis were visited in
800:Vendidad 1.4 (translated by
330:
27:Ancient Iranian civilization
7:
13481:, London: Sphinx Fine Art,
13200:Hucker, Charles O. (1975).
13193:Howard, Michael C. (2012),
12481:Gordon, Matthew S. (2001),
12069:李, 白. "卷184#越女詞五首 卷一百八十四".
11598:Hucker, Charles O. (1975).
11222:. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
11140:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–.
10612:Goble, Geoffrey C. (2019).
10585:Goble, Geoffrey C. (2019).
10556:Lippiello, Tiziana (2017).
9800:"Sodgian Ancient Letter II"
9717:"About the Ancient Letters"
9280:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007),
8346:Millward, James A. (2007).
8158:Millward, James A. (2013).
8087:Pei 裴, Chengguo 成国 (2017).
7552:Articles on Ancient History
7225:. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
6992:American Numismatic Society
4935:
4388:, it was widely practiced.
4365:History of slavery in China
4309:came to Chang'an in 653 to
3915:
3748:
3643:Fall of the Sasanian Empire
2752:Europeans in Medieval China
2142:, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.
1972:Abbasid Caliphate (750–819)
1410:], and on the north by
1043:Wars of Alexander the Great
1029:(30–375 AD) of Central and
903:originating from Sogdiana.
847:campaigning in Central Asia
516:
488:
468:
309:gradual conversion to Islam
10:
14224:
13466:, vol. 6. Reichert, 2008.
13098:The Avestan Hymn to Mithra
13021:Frumkin, Grégoire (1970),
12998:Cambridge University Press
12969:Cambridge University Press
12915:Sogdian Traders: A History
12846:Cambridge University Press
12788:Baumer, Christoph (2012),
12705:
12623:10.1163/156853203322691347
12157:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
12113:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
12086:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
11951:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
11924:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
11897:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
10198:Sogdian Traders: A History
10125:10.1163/156853203322691347
10015:Vaissière, Étienne de la.
9979:Watt, James C. Y. (2004).
9909:10.1038/s41598-021-04383-5
9683:Sogdian Traders: A History
8836:Sogdian Traders: A History
7783:Jeffrey D. Lerner (1999),
7466:, Da Capo Press, pp 60–69.
7222:World History Encyclopedia
4639:Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
4551:. The Canadian Sinologist
4484:
4362:
4055:engaging in a ritual at a
3971:
3924:Sogdians, depicted on the
3810:). Judging by the Sogdian
3752:
3725:into their version of the
3709:
3703:
3674:during China's Han dynasty
3333:in Fanyang, also known as
3066:Ethnic minorities in China
3055:
2725:
2582:, warning them that after
2402:, 6th century AD, showing
2222:Cities along the Silk Road
2215:
2071:
1809:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
1806:
1800:
1370:Zhang Qian also reported:
1264:. The Greco-Bactrian king
1040:
968:invaded the Persian Empire
733:towards Parutian Ishkata,
646:
612:
600:Ethnic minorities in China
593:
544:
533:> *Sukuδa > *Sukδa (
441:
14113:Archaeology of Tajikistan
14021:
14010:
13775:
13693:21 September 2013 at the
13415:Berichte und Abhandlungen
13163:Hansson, Anders, (1996),
13039:Gasparini, Mariachiara. "
12775:Numismatische Zeitschrift
12203:Berichte und Abhandlungen
12190:Berichte und Abhandlungen
11831:Berichte und Abhandlungen
11476:. H. Vetch. p. 120.
11359:Gasparini, Mariachiara. "
11268:10.1215/1089201x-2007-017
11193:(Webfestschrift Marshak).
10379:Studies in Church History
9729:10.1163/9789047406990_005
9723:. Brill. pp. 43–70.
9692:10.1163/9789047406990_005
9506:Scaglia, Gustina (1958).
9069:Grégoire Frumkin (1970),
8319:Whitfield, Susan (2004).
8201:Fedorov, Michael (2007).
7971:Ilyasov, Djangar (2022).
7805:Abdullaev, Kazim (2007).
7381:Christoph Baumer (2012),
7237:Christoph Baumer (2012),
5917:Indus Valley Civilisation
4854:(石敬瑭), Emperor of China,
4773:Kaydar Nasr ibn 'Abdallah
4487:German Turfan expeditions
4256:scenes of the same temple
4216:can be "associated" with
3896:, and in particular with
3680:was "Kroraina", possibly
3639:Muslim conquest of Persia
2928:persisted long after the
2748:Byzantine-Mongol alliance
2398:: Detail of a mural from
1252:, for roughly a century.
845:conquered Sogdiana while
784:
742:
505:
497:
477:
449:
264:and served as one of the
256:, is still spoken by the
124:
98:
88:
66:
46:
41:
34:
13321:Nguyen, Tai Thu (2008).
13148:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
13141:Hanks, Reuel R. (2010),
13107:Peter B. Golden (2011),
13077:10.11588/ts.2014.1.12313
13028:Galambos, Imre (2015), "
12911:de la Vaissière, Étienne
12644:Hansen, Valerie (2015).
12215:Lehnert, Martin (2010).
11740:. OUP US. pp. 70–.
11395:10.11588/ts.2014.1.12313
10916:Galambos, Imre (2015), "
10899:Galambos, Imre (2015), "
10846:Galambos, Imre (2015), "
10829:Galambos, Imre (2015), "
10808:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
10776:Galambos, Imre (2015), "
10727:Galambos, Imre (2015), "
10639:Lehnert, Martin (2007).
10541:: CS1 maint: location (
10482:Godwin, R. Todd (2018).
10146:Hansen, Valerie (2015).
9412:Hertel, Herbert (1982).
9390:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
9348:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
9203:Peter B. Golden (2011),
8984:Hanks, Reuel R. (2010),
8681:Hanks, Reuel R. (2010),
8582:Hanks, Reuel R. (2010),
7402:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
6698:Ancient Maritime History
4670:(see below) and wife of
4533:Tang Chinese manuscripts
3910:Western Iranian language
3837:, each derived from the
3500:Eastern Iranian language
3480:Emperor Xuānzong of Tang
3214:) to China and became a
2760:Chinese silk in Sogdia:
2667:in the 8th century, the
2626:(692–716), ruler of the
1984:, Samarkand, 750–825 CE.
1937:Principality of Farghana
1923:, led his forces to the
1899:Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi
1705:Western Turkic Khaganate
1691:and the Sasanians under
1051:Hellenistic civilization
785:gāum yim suγδō.shaiianəm
250:Eastern Iranian language
227:Western Turkic Khaganate
14098:History of Central Asia
13688:Xerxes II and Sogdianus
13683:Sogdian on Interlinguae
13671:Smithsonian Institution
13603:Watson, Burton (1993).
13305:Michon, Daniel (2015).
13178:Holt, Frank L. (1989),
13065:. Transcultural Studies
12862:Briant, Pierre (2002),
12818:Boulnois, Luce (2005),
12765:Alram, Michael (2008).
12736:Encyclopædia Britannica
12687:10.1163/156853252X00094
12320:Tai Thu Nguyen (2008).
11653:Anders Hansson (1996),
11632:Anders Hansson (1996),
11383:. Transcultural Studies
11238:The Burlington Magazine
11219:The Wall Street Journal
10047:GRENET, Frantz (2020).
9301:Brosius, Maria (2006),
8894:Watson, Burton (1993),
8625:Frantz, Grenet (2022).
7996:Frantz, Grenet (2022).
7857:Michon, Daniel (2015),
7728:Encyclopædia Britannica
7668:Holt, Frank L. (1989),
7647:Holt, Frank L. (1989),
7626:Holt, Frank L. (1989),
7036:Encyclopædia Britannica
6826:History of Central Asia
6821:Étienne de La Vaissière
6811:Buddhism in Afghanistan
6806:Ancient Iranian peoples
4827:, Sogdian warlord from
4719:, 8th-century ruler of
4701:, 8th-century ruler of
4335:translated into Sogdian
3665:Encyclopædia Britannica
3660:valley of the Zarafshan
3351:Yangzhou massacre (760)
3104:(fresco, with detail),
2732:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
2628:Second Turkic Khaganate
2572:between India and China
1933:Kattakurgan, Uzbekistan
1862:(669–716), Governor of
1639:, and contracted local
1416:. They are a nation of
1186:Alexander IV of Macedon
1154:in his flight from the
390:
271:Sogdians also lived in
13621:Wood, Francis (2002).
13459:, London: John Murray.
13327:. CRVP. pp. 36–.
12971:. pp. 1216–1229.
12848:. pp. 1151–1165.
12326:. CRVP. pp. 36–.
12221:. Brill. p. 351.
11981:Light, Nathan (1998).
11675:Pei, Chengguo (2017).
10933:Luce Boulnois (2005),
10881:Cite journal requires
10645:The Spread of Buddhism
9591:History of Information
9570:: CS1 maint: others (
8955:, trans. Burton Watson
8776:Wood, Francis (2002).
8472:Sims, Eleanor (2002).
7880:Silk Road, North China
7357:Pierre Briant (2002),
6767:Post-classical History
6743:Cradle of Civilization
5802:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
5503:Massylii Confederation
4779:during the 9th century
4775:, Abbasid governor of
4769:during the 9th century
4653:
4520:
4517:Zoroastrian fire altar
4477:"Hu" slaves in China.
4408:
4285:explorer and merchant
4267:
4262:(7th–8th century) and
4169:
4164:, 7th–8th century AD.
3937:
3932:dynasty (550–577 AD).
3888:region of the western
3771:The Sogdians spoke an
3768:
3699:
3602:
3573:(何, from Kushaniyah).
3537:(史, from Kesh, modern
3441:
3432:in 580 AD, during the
3359:Emperor Suzong of Tang
3308:
3266:Sogdian tombs in China
3174:
2968:
2934:Chinese bronze coinage
2850:
2817:First Turkic Khaganate
2780:
2728:First Perso-Turkic War
2218:Sino-Persian relations
2177:Khwarezmia was invaded
2115:
2082:(819–892) and then at
2054:Nestorian Christianity
1985:
1876:al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah
1793:
1689:First Turkic Khaganate
1684:
1620:
1596:, as they had also in
1574:
1431:
1402:], on the west by
1367:
1310:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1297:
1246:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1150:. After assassinating
1112:copy of a coin of the
1091:wearing a distinctive
939:
865:Aramaic writing system
838:
807:
759:
718:
699:
675:
335:Sogdiana lay north of
266:First Turkic Khaganate
211:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
119:Nestorian Christianity
14163:10th century in China
13971:Hellespontine Phrygia
13583:10.2143/PERS.16.0.511
13464:Nomaden und Sesshafte
13360:Prevas, John (2004),
13286:. Iranica Foundation.
13278:Lurje, Pavel (2017).
13045:Transcultural Studies
12757:Ahmed, S. Z. (2004),
12140:劉, 昫. "卷193 卷一百九十三".
11873:Les sogdiens en Chine
11846:Les sogdiens en Chine
11764:Les sogdiens en Chine
11365:Transcultural Studies
10460:10.18573/j.2007.10291
9832:Les sogdiens en Chine
9369:Warwick Ball (2016),
8872:Découvertes Gallimard
8403:Bloomsbury Publishing
7528:Ahmed, S. Z. (2004),
6903:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
5513:Kingdom of Mauretania
4927:Turkic Khaganate era
4647:
4501:silver coin of Khunak
4498:
4485:Further information:
4481:Modern historiography
4402:
4382:the entire population
4380:(estimated at 15% of
4363:Further information:
4230:
4152:
4049:Chinese clay figurine
3972:Further information:
3923:
3762:
3696:meaning "new water."
3583:
3423:
3289:Xiuding temple pagoda
3278:
3195:Central Asian objects
3160:
3116:, China, 8th century
3056:Further information:
2959:
2833:
2759:
2726:Further information:
2646:not only adopted the
2553:along the Silk Road.
2297:called all merchants
2207:Economy and diplomacy
2097:
1979:
1929:Zarafshan, Tajikistan
1832:, found in Mount Mugh
1807:Further information:
1761:
1707:took over in Sogdia.
1675:The Sogdian merchant
1674:
1614:
1556:
1372:
1357:
1279:
1222:a son and future heir
1103:, 3rd–2nd century BC.
1041:Further information:
999:Indo-Iranian language
917:
832:
779:
728:
693:
661:, namely in the Mihr
647:Further information:
619:Sogdiana possessed a
613:Further information:
594:Further information:
161:, and in present-day
18:Nine Sogdian Surnames
14193:10th century in Asia
14158:9th century in China
14153:8th century in China
14148:7th century in China
14143:6th century in China
14138:5th century in China
14088:Achaemenid satrapies
13284:Encyclopædia Iranica
13000:. pp. 263–275.
12879:Sino-Platonic Papers
12367:新中國出土墓誌: 陜西 (no.1-2)
10969:Sino-Platonic Papers
10088:Howard, Michael C.,
10033:Howard, Michael C.,
9810:on 25 September 2023
9785:Encyclopædia Iranica
9033:Howard, Michael C.,
8971:Howard, Michael C.,
8860:Gorshenina, Svetlana
8700:Karev, Yury (2013).
8654:Karev, Yury (2013).
8596:Karev, Yury (2013).
8526:Sino-Platonic Papers
8139:de la Vaissière 2012
8115:de la Vaissière 2003
7743:Sino-Platonic Papers
7591:Sino-Platonic Papers
7462:John Prevas (2004),
6351:Senegambia Megaliths
5603:Proto-Indo-Europeans
5543:Kingdom of the Aurès
5523:Kingdom of Ouarsenis
4553:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
4523:In 1916, the French
3737:bronze plaques on a
3649:Language and culture
3380:Christians like the
2744:Sino-Roman relations
2707:Sassanian silverware
2653:purveyors of culture
2340:during the reign of
2114:took over Samarkand.
1948:Nestorian Christians
1889:and literacy in the
1615:Relief of a hunter,
1366:, 1st century BC/AD.
1262:Aramaic inscriptions
1190:Wars of the Diadochi
881:Behistun Inscription
696:Young Avestan period
365:regions of Samarkand
351:) and the Jaxartes (
187:Behistun Inscription
185:, and listed on the
151:Iranian civilization
14188:9th century in Asia
14183:8th century in Asia
14178:7th century in Asia
14173:6th century in Asia
14055: /
13703:(Online exhibition)
13408:Chinese Archaeology
13384:Rezakhani, Khodadad
13341:on 31 January 2015.
13018:, Tokyo: Kyu-Shoin.
12530:(PhD). p. 3-4.
12242:Yang, Zeng (2010).
11322:Liu, Xinru (2010),
10528:10.3390/rel10100551
9901:2022NatSR..12..669W
8809:Dean, Riaz (2022).
7895:, pp. 233–236.
7451:Alexander the Great
7428:Liu, Xinru (2010),
5987:Ancestral Puebloans
5498:Kingdom of Blemmyes
5193:Aegean Civilization
4922:An Lushan rebellion
4883:Muhammad al-Bukhari
4841:Alexander the Great
4819:Muzaffar ibn Kaydar
4757:, a general of the
4611:An Lushan Rebellion
4353:Syriac Christianity
4266:(9th–13th century).
4088:Nestorian Christian
3926:Anyang funerary bed
3904:. Numerous Sogdian
3851:Old Uyghur alphabet
3835:Manichaean alphabet
3712:Art of Central Asia
3545:(安, from Bukhara),
3474:, establishing the
3323:An Lushan Rebellion
3123:Anyang funerary bed
2881:(507–27 BC) or the
2789:Nestorian Christian
2527:Sogdian coin, from
2120:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1960:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1813:Sogdian city-states
1561:, Sogdia, with the
1507:. 1st century BCE.
1164:Alexander the Great
1083:: painted clay and
964:Alexander the Great
343:, and southeast of
238:Sogdian city-states
203:Alexander the Great
13985:Samaritan Province
13494:Szemerényi, Oswald
13435:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
12929:Darmesteter, James
12893:de Crespigny, Rafe
12254:10.14288/1.0363332
10864:Chung, Ha-Sung H.
10441:Deeg, Max (2007).
10412:Deeg, Max (2013).
10391:10.1017/stc.2016.3
10317:, p. 221-227.
9889:Scientific Reports
9798:Keramidas, Kimon.
9643:on 19 October 2023
9631:Keramidas, Kimon.
6816:Buddhism in Khotan
6733:Ancient Literature
6282:Indigenous Peoples
5942:Satavahana Dynasty
5548:Kingdom of Makuria
5518:Kingdom of Nobatia
5508:Kingdom of Numidia
5488:Nasamones Chiefdom
5483:Garamantes Kingdom
5268:Barbarian Kingdoms
4789:as Duke Zhaowu of
4672:Seleucus I Nicator
4654:
4605:origin during the
4541:spread of Buddhism
4521:
4409:
4295:Christian churches
4268:
4176:, there were five
4170:
4080:Northern dynasties
4053:Zoroastrian priest
4005:sacrificed animals
3938:
3769:
3718:Afrasiab paintings
3627:epistolary letters
3615:Chinese characters
3603:
3442:
3309:
3175:
2969:
2897:, China (formerly
2851:
2793:Menander Protector
2783:Shortly after the
2781:
2657:Muslim geographers
2525:Chinese-influenced
2116:
2112:Muḥammad b. Tekish
2108:Khwarazmian Empire
2068:Samanids (819–999)
1986:
1860:Qutayba ibn Muslim
1794:
1685:
1621:
1575:
1543:Hephthalite Empire
1368:
1298:
1296:, 1st century BCE.
1218:Seleucus I Nicator
1095:-style headdress,
1089:Zoroastrian priest
966:. When the latter
940:
889:invasion of Greece
839:
773:, the homeland of
700:
681:time of the Avesta
347:between the Oxus (
301:Church of the East
223:Hephthalite Empire
134:Chinese cash coins
14038:
14037:
13743:Achaemenid Empire
13741:Provinces of the
13631:978-0-520-24340-8
13567:Vogelsang, Willem
13520:978-90-04-30741-4
13487:978-1-907200-02-1
13399:978-1-4744-0030-5
13355:978-1-925021-15-8
13334:978-1-56518-098-7
13315:978-1-138-82249-8
13243:978-1-78477-017-4
13158:978-0-19-993921-3
13134:978-0-7556-2459-1
13117:978-0-19-515947-9
13094:Gershevitch, Ilya
12917:. Leiden: Brill.
12905:978-90-04-15605-0
12822:, Odyssey Books,
12798:978-1-78076-060-5
12677:. Second Series.
12659:978-0-19-021842-3
12595:978-0-521-49781-7
12451:978-962-7956-20-4
12404:978-0-8156-0195-1
12377:978-7-5010-0662-5
12333:978-1-56518-098-7
12306:978-0-521-49781-7
12228:978-90-04-20401-0
11883:978-2-85539-653-8
11856:978-2-85539-653-8
11793:Hansen, Valerie.
11774:978-2-85539-653-8
11747:978-0-19-973413-9
11456:978-3-643-90329-7
11147:978-1-84511-283-7
10818:978-0-19-993921-3
10654:978-90-04-15830-6
10625:978-0-231-55064-2
10598:978-0-231-55064-2
10571:978-1-351-67277-1
10495:978-1-78672-316-1
10427:978-3-643-90329-7
10294:978-603-8206-39-3
10278:Wan, Lei (2017).
10208:978-90-474-0699-0
10161:978-0-19-021842-3
10060:978-2-7226-0516-9
10021:iranicaonline.org
9992:978-1-58839-126-1
9961:978-981-15-7602-7
9869:978-1-350-18130-4
9781:"Ancient Letters"
9701:978-90-47-40699-0
9663:"Sogdian letters"
9614:"Ancient Letters"
9492:978-1-83860-868-2
9442:978-1-83860-868-2
9418:. pp. 48–49.
9400:978-0-19-993921-3
9379:978-0-415-72078-6
9358:978-0-19-993921-3
9290:978-90-04-15605-0
9213:978-0-19-515947-9
9172:978-0-19-987590-0
8881:978-2-07-076166-1
8820:978-0-670-09362-5
8795:978-0-520-24340-8
8759:978-1-78477-017-4
8738:978-1-78477-017-4
8485:978-0-300-09038-3
8412:978-1-83860-868-2
8359:978-0-231-13924-3
8332:978-1-932476-13-2
8269:978-1-316-06085-8
8171:978-0-19-978286-4
8129:, pp. 34–36.
7867:978-1-138-82249-8
7578:978-1-907200-02-1
7510:978-1-4597-0164-9
7453:(1973) 1986:301).
7412:978-0-19-993921-3
7391:978-1-78076-060-5
7287:on 4 October 2016
7247:978-1-78076-060-5
7205:978-1-925021-15-8
7143:, pp. 79–80.
7064:, pp. 26–36.
7052:, pp. 45–46.
6945:978-0-521-49781-7
6836:Iranian languages
6803:
6802:
6381:Sahelian Kingdoms
6356:Pre-Imperial Mali
6032:St. Johns culture
5573:Kingdom of Altava
5568:Kingdom of Alodia
5538:Kingdom of Masuna
5533:Kingdom of Capsus
5383:Kingdom of Simien
5138:Achaemenid Empire
4914:Jicheng (Beijing)
4759:Abbasid caliphate
4674:, founder of the
4491:Albert von Le Coq
4378:Greco-Roman world
4369:Iranians in China
4044:: An 8th-century
3968:Religious beliefs
3812:Bugut inscription
3727:Buddhist Pantheon
3605:The influence of
3438:Xi'an City Museum
3335:Jicheng (Beijing)
3135:, capital of the
2979:, mid-way in the
2766:Ikhshid of Sogdia
2661:the Uyghur Empire
2295:Kingdom of Khotan
1994:Abbasid Caliphate
1868:Umayyad Caliphate
1745:Anxi Protectorate
1701:Battle of Bukhara
1687:The Turks of the
1557:Local coinage of
1469:. 1st century CE.
1142:, the Achaemenid
1007:emperors of China
841:Achaemenid ruler
802:James Darmesteter
653:Avestan geography
514:
486:
466:
450:Sug'd, Sug'diyona
396:Oswald Szemerényi
183:Achaemenid Empire
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
14215:
14203:Cultural regions
14070:
14069:
14067:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14056:
14053:
14052:
14051:
14048:
14033:
14016:
13732:
13725:
13718:
13709:
13708:
13663:
13661:
13650:
13618:
13586:
13562:
13506:
13504:
13452:
13403:
13364:, Da Capo Press.
13342:
13337:. Archived from
13287:
13138:
13101:
13087:
13085:
13083:
13011:
12988:Yarshater, Ehsan
12982:
12959:Yarshater, Ehsan
12938:
12859:
12836:Yarshater, Ehsan
12785:
12783:
12772:
12751:
12740:
12719:
12717:
12716:
12699:
12698:
12670:
12664:
12663:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12606:
12600:
12599:
12583:
12573:
12567:
12566:
12548:
12542:
12538:
12532:
12531:
12521:
12515:
12500:
12494:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12466:
12458:
12431:
12425:
12415:
12409:
12408:
12388:
12382:
12381:
12364:中國文物硏究所 (1994).
12361:
12355:
12354:
12344:
12338:
12337:
12317:
12311:
12310:
12294:
12284:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12264:
12258:
12257:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12212:
12206:
12199:
12193:
12186:
12175:
12174:
12154:
12148:
12147:
12137:
12131:
12130:
12110:
12104:
12103:
12083:
12077:
12076:
12066:
12060:
12059:
12036:
12030:
12029:
11998:
11992:
11991:
11978:
11972:
11971:
11948:
11942:
11941:
11921:
11915:
11914:
11894:
11888:
11887:
11867:
11861:
11860:
11840:
11834:
11827:
11821:
11820:
11818:
11816:
11810:
11802:History.yale.edu
11799:
11790:
11779:
11778:
11758:
11752:
11751:
11731:
11725:
11722:
11716:
11705:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11681:
11672:
11666:
11651:
11645:
11630:
11624:
11617:
11611:
11596:
11590:
11578:
11572:
11557:
11551:
11544:
11538:
11531:
11525:
11518:
11512:
11511:
11488:
11482:
11481:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11440:
11434:
11419:
11406:
11405:
11403:
11401:
11374:
11368:
11357:
11348:
11333:
11327:
11320:
11314:
11307:
11301:
11286:
11280:
11279:
11251:
11242:
11241:
11229:
11223:
11210:
11204:
11201:
11195:
11194:
11182:
11173:
11158:
11152:
11151:
11131:
11125:
11118:
11112:
11097:
11091:
11080:
11074:
11067:
11061:
11054:
11043:
11028:
11022:
11007:
11001:
10986:
10980:
10965:
10959:
10952:
10946:
10931:
10925:
10914:
10908:
10897:
10891:
10890:
10884:
10879:
10877:
10869:
10861:
10855:
10844:
10838:
10827:
10821:
10806:
10785:
10774:
10768:
10756:
10750:
10742:
10736:
10725:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10705:
10699:
10698:
10696:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10665:
10659:
10658:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10609:
10603:
10602:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10553:
10547:
10546:
10540:
10532:
10530:
10506:
10500:
10499:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10462:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10370:
10364:
10361:Old Tang History
10358:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10342:
10331:
10325:
10324:
10312:
10306:
10305:
10303:
10286:
10275:
10269:
10264:
10258:
10253:
10247:
10244:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10219:
10213:
10212:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10172:
10166:
10165:
10143:
10137:
10136:
10108:
10102:
10099:
10093:
10086:
10069:
10068:
10044:
10038:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10012:
10006:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9976:
9970:
9969:
9945:
9939:
9938:
9928:
9880:
9874:
9873:
9853:
9847:
9846:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9776:
9770:
9769:
9749:
9743:
9742:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9648:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9610:
9604:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9585:Norman, Jeremy.
9582:
9576:
9575:
9569:
9561:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9476:
9467:
9466:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9409:
9403:
9388:
9382:
9367:
9361:
9346:
9335:
9320:
9314:
9299:
9293:
9278:
9272:
9261:
9252:
9245:
9234:
9231:
9225:
9222:
9216:
9201:
9195:
9188:
9177:
9176:
9156:
9150:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9113:Yarshater, Ehsan
9104:
9095:
9080:
9074:
9067:
9061:
9058:
9052:
9049:
9038:
9031:
9016:
9013:
9007:
8995:
8989:
8982:
8976:
8969:
8956:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8933:Megalithic.co.uk
8925:
8919:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8783:
8773:
8762:
8747:
8741:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8697:
8686:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8593:
8587:
8580:
8567:
8566:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8523:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8469:
8463:
8456:
8450:
8443:
8430:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8392:
8383:
8382:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8316:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8289:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8198:
8192:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8101:
8100:
8084:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8051:
8036:
8025:
8012:
8011:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7968:
7962:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7911:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7876:
7870:
7855:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7802:
7796:
7781:
7775:
7760:
7754:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7724:
7713:
7707:
7692:
7681:
7666:
7660:
7645:
7639:
7624:
7615:
7608:
7602:
7587:
7581:
7566:
7555:
7544:
7533:
7526:
7513:
7498:
7492:
7473:
7467:
7460:
7454:
7439:
7433:
7426:
7415:
7400:
7394:
7379:
7370:
7355:
7349:
7334:
7325:
7310:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7277:
7271:
7256:
7250:
7235:
7226:
7217:
7208:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7162:
7156:
7153:Darmesteter 1880
7150:
7144:
7141:Gershevitch 1967
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7092:Yarshater, Ehsan
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7032:
7030:"Sogdiana"
7021:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6933:
6923:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6759:
6758:
6401:African Kingdoms
6252:Ortoiroid People
5965:Northern America
5788:Bactria–Margiana
5583:African Kingdoms
5558:Nemencha Kingdom
5553:Kingdom of Hodna
5458:African Kingdoms
5358:Kingdom of Kerma
5263:Migration Period
5103:Israel and Judah
4940:
4939:
4888:Salih Al-Bukhari
4874:Abu'l-Saj Devdad
4835:, and father of
4813:Malik ibn Kaydar
4577:transliterations
4561:Mongolian steppe
4437:Astana graveyard
4386:Tang code of law
4166:Hermitage Museum
4124:Uyghur Khaganate
4035:
4026:
4013:Islamic conquest
3855:Mongolian script
3839:Aramaic alphabet
3827:Sogdian alphabet
3755:Sogdian language
3670:Arab geographers
3635:leather crafting
3619:Sogdian alphabet
3519:Chinese surnames
3367:the same surname
3091:
3082:
3043:
3031:
3016:
2997:Byzantine Empire
2871:Roman glasswares
2801:Byzantine Empire
2740:Sogdian warriors
2506:
2497:
2481:ceramic figurine
2457:
2448:
2393:, 7th century AD
2376:
2367:
2275:, 7th century AD
2264:: and a Sogdian
2243:
2234:
2175:. Soon however,
2163:
2151:
2131:
2038:Persian language
2034:Sogdian language
1907:) of Samarkand,
1864:Greater Khorasan
1846:Penjikent murals
1841:
1825:
1629:Byzantine Empire
1572:
1493:
1478:
1462:
1429:
1156:Macedonian Greek
1074:
1063:
938:, 5th century BC
805:
787:
786:
757:
745:
744:
722:, 'lands of the
721:
719:airiio.shaiianem
678:
566:
557:
519:
509:
507:
499:
491:
481:
479:
471:
461:
459:
451:
443:
377:High Middle Ages
281:Byzantine Empire
191:Darius the Great
51:
36:Sogdia, Sogdiana
32:
31:
21:
14223:
14222:
14218:
14217:
14216:
14214:
14213:
14212:
14198:Culture of Iran
14073:
14072:
14063:
14061:
14057:
14054:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14042:
14041:
14039:
14034:
14027:
14017:
14008:
13994:Skudra (Thrace)
13975:Greater Phrygia
13771:
13770:
13736:
13695:Wayback Machine
13679:
13659:
13648:
13644:
13641:
13639:Further reading
13636:
13615:
13502:
13449:
13400:
13335:
13135:
13081:
13079:
13008:
12979:
12856:
12781:
12770:
12729:, ed. (1911). "
12714:
12712:
12708:
12703:
12702:
12681:(4/5): 317–56.
12671:
12667:
12660:
12642:
12638:
12607:
12603:
12596:
12574:
12570:
12563:
12549:
12545:
12539:
12535:
12522:
12518:
12501:
12497:
12480:
12476:
12460:
12459:
12452:
12432:
12428:
12418:Ibn Taghribirdi
12416:
12412:
12405:
12389:
12385:
12378:
12362:
12358:
12345:
12341:
12334:
12318:
12314:
12307:
12285:
12281:
12273:
12265:
12261:
12240:
12236:
12229:
12213:
12209:
12200:
12196:
12187:
12178:
12171:
12155:
12151:
12138:
12134:
12127:
12111:
12107:
12100:
12084:
12080:
12067:
12063:
12053:
12037:
12033:
12015:
11999:
11995:
11979:
11975:
11965:
11949:
11945:
11938:
11922:
11918:
11911:
11895:
11891:
11884:
11868:
11864:
11857:
11841:
11837:
11828:
11824:
11814:
11812:
11808:
11797:
11791:
11782:
11775:
11759:
11755:
11748:
11732:
11728:
11723:
11719:
11709:Susan Whitfield
11706:
11702:
11694:
11679:
11673:
11669:
11652:
11648:
11631:
11627:
11618:
11614:
11597:
11593:
11579:
11575:
11558:
11554:
11545:
11541:
11532:
11528:
11519:
11515:
11505:
11489:
11485:
11468:
11464:
11457:
11441:
11437:
11420:
11409:
11399:
11397:
11375:
11371:
11358:
11351:
11334:
11330:
11321:
11317:
11308:
11304:
11287:
11283:
11252:
11245:
11230:
11226:
11211:
11207:
11202:
11198:
11183:
11176:
11159:
11155:
11148:
11132:
11128:
11119:
11115:
11098:
11094:
11081:
11077:
11068:
11064:
11055:
11046:
11029:
11025:
11008:
11004:
10987:
10983:
10966:
10962:
10953:
10949:
10932:
10928:
10915:
10911:
10898:
10894:
10882:
10880:
10871:
10870:
10862:
10858:
10845:
10841:
10828:
10824:
10807:
10788:
10775:
10771:
10757:
10753:
10743:
10739:
10726:
10722:
10714:
10706:
10702:
10694:
10686:
10682:
10674:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10637:
10633:
10626:
10610:
10606:
10599:
10583:
10579:
10572:
10554:
10550:
10534:
10533:
10507:
10503:
10496:
10480:
10476:
10439:
10435:
10428:
10410:
10406:
10371:
10367:
10359:
10355:
10347:
10340:
10332:
10328:
10318:
10313:
10309:
10301:
10295:
10284:
10276:
10272:
10265:
10261:
10254:
10250:
10245:
10241:
10233:10.1.1.978.1069
10220:
10216:
10209:
10193:
10189:
10181:
10173:
10169:
10162:
10144:
10140:
10109:
10105:
10100:
10096:
10087:
10072:
10061:
10045:
10041:
10032:
10028:
10013:
10009:
10005:ch. 92, p. 3047
10004:
10000:
9993:
9977:
9973:
9962:
9946:
9942:
9881:
9877:
9870:
9854:
9850:
9843:
9827:
9823:
9813:
9811:
9796:
9792:
9777:
9773:
9766:
9750:
9746:
9739:
9721:Sogdian Traders
9713:
9709:
9702:
9678:
9674:
9661:
9660:
9656:
9646:
9644:
9629:
9625:
9612:
9611:
9607:
9602:
9598:
9583:
9579:
9563:
9562:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9524:10.2307/3249023
9504:
9500:
9493:
9477:
9470:
9454:
9450:
9443:
9427:
9423:
9410:
9406:
9389:
9385:
9368:
9364:
9347:
9338:
9321:
9317:
9300:
9296:
9279:
9275:
9262:
9255:
9246:
9237:
9232:
9228:
9223:
9219:
9202:
9198:
9189:
9180:
9173:
9157:
9153:
9136:
9132:
9122:
9120:
9109:"Sogdian Trade"
9105:
9098:
9081:
9077:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9041:
9032:
9019:
9014:
9010:
8996:
8992:
8983:
8979:
8970:
8959:
8951:
8947:
8937:
8935:
8927:
8926:
8922:
8893:
8889:
8882:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8807:
8803:
8796:
8774:
8765:
8748:
8744:
8727:
8723:
8712:
8698:
8689:
8680:
8676:
8666:
8652:
8648:
8637:
8623:
8619:
8608:
8594:
8590:
8581:
8570:
8563:
8549:
8545:
8521:
8515:
8511:
8504:sogdians.si.edu
8498:
8497:
8493:
8486:
8470:
8466:
8457:
8453:
8444:
8433:
8424:
8420:
8413:
8405:. p. 243.
8393:
8386:
8371:
8367:
8360:
8344:
8340:
8333:
8317:
8310:
8302:
8287:
8281:
8277:
8270:
8254:
8250:
8199:
8195:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8156:
8152:
8142:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8113:
8104:
8085:
8078:
8074:, coin type 46.
8070:
8066:
8052:
8039:
8026:
8015:
8008:
7994:
7990:
7983:
7969:
7965:
7948:
7944:
7936:
7932:
7924:
7909:
7903:
7899:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7873:
7856:
7849:
7842:
7838:
7827:
7826:
7822:
7803:
7799:
7782:
7778:
7761:
7757:
7740:
7736:
7714:
7710:
7693:
7684:
7667:
7663:
7646:
7642:
7625:
7618:
7609:
7605:
7588:
7584:
7567:
7558:
7545:
7536:
7527:
7516:
7499:
7495:
7487:, according to
7477:Quintus Curtius
7474:
7470:
7461:
7457:
7440:
7436:
7427:
7418:
7401:
7397:
7380:
7373:
7356:
7352:
7335:
7328:
7311:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7257:
7253:
7236:
7229:
7218:
7211:
7194:
7190:
7182:
7178:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7155:, pp. 5–9.
7151:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7084:
7080:
7074:Szemerényi 1980
7072:
7068:
7062:Szemerényi 1980
7060:
7056:
7050:Szemerényi 1980
7048:
7044:
7022:
7013:
7003:
7001:
7000:on 12 June 2018
6984:
6983:
6979:
6969:
6967:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6893:Yaghnobi people
6888:Tomb of Yu Hong
6851:Philip (satrap)
6799:
6748:
6747:
6738:Ancient Warfare
6688:
6680:
6679:
6420:
6406:
6405:
6306:
6292:
6291:
6247:
6237:
6236:
6187:
6177:
6176:
6047:
6037:
6036:
5967:
5957:
5956:
5952:Middle Kingdoms
5912:
5902:
5901:
5872:
5862:
5861:
5778:
5768:
5767:
5753:Eurasian Nomads
5748:Five Barbarians
5743:Four Barbarians
5728:Pannonian Avars
5598:
5596:Eurasian Steppe
5588:
5587:
5473:
5463:
5462:
5453:Nilotic Peoples
5378:Kingdom of Axum
5373:Kingdom of Kush
5368:Kingdom of Dʿmt
5343:
5333:
5332:
5188:
5178:
5177:
4963:
4944:Ancient history
4938:
4898:
4676:Seleucid Empire
4589:
4565:Sinicized names
4519:on the reverse.
4493:
4483:
4371:
4361:
4315:Syriac language
4172:In addition to
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4064:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4027:
3984:
3970:
3918:
3870:Yaghnobi people
3831:Syriac alphabet
3804:Northwest China
3773:Eastern Iranian
3757:
3751:
3739:Buddhist temple
3723:Iranian deities
3714:
3708:
3702:
3651:
3567:Zeravshan River
3395:Nestorian Stele
3384:Priest Yisi of
3241:in present-day
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3112:in the eastern
3094:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3070:Western Regions
3054:
3047:
3044:
3035:
3032:
3023:
3017:
2985:Sasanian Empire
2954:
2863:Roman embassies
2859:Byzantine coins
2777:Afrasiab murals
2754:
2724:
2624:Qapaghan Qaghan
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2429:Parthian Empire
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2404:elephant riders
2394:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2350:Western Regions
2303:Ferghana Valley
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2260:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2216:Main articles:
2214:
2209:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2152:
2143:
2132:
2092:
2076:
2070:
1998:Battle of Talas
1974:
1935:), fled to the
1925:Zarafshan Range
1857:
1855:Umayyads (−750)
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1786:Afrasiab murals
1739:as well as the
1720:Afrasiab murals
1669:
1573:on the reverse.
1551:
1527:Sasanian Empire
1523:Parthian Empire
1519:
1512:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1430:
1424:
1384:, north of the
1364:Noin-Ula carpet
1274:
1226:Seleucid throne
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1104:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1039:
918:Sogdians on an
863:introduced the
843:Cyrus the Great
827:
806:
799:
796:
790:Thereupon came
789:
771:Airyanem Vaejah
758:
755:
752:
740:, Gava Sogdia (
732:
655:
645:
617:
611:
606:
604:Western Regions
592:
591:
590:
589:
580:
569:
568:
567:
559:
558:
547:
537:) > *Suγδa (
393:
333:
219:Sasanian Empire
207:Seleucid Empire
195:Cyrus the Great
149:was an ancient
62:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14221:
14211:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14160:
14155:
14150:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14036:
14035:
14028:(according to
14022:
14019:
14018:
14011:
14009:
14007:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13983:
13978:
13977:
13976:
13973:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13892:
13886:
13881:
13871:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13784:
13776:
13773:
13772:
13769:
13768:
13757:Naqsh-e Rustam
13745:
13738:
13735:
13734:
13727:
13720:
13712:
13706:
13705:
13697:
13685:
13678:
13677:External links
13675:
13674:
13673:
13664:
13640:
13637:
13635:
13634:
13619:
13613:
13600:
13587:
13563:
13530:
13523:
13507:
13490:
13475:
13460:
13453:
13447:
13441:. De Gruyter.
13431:
13422:
13411:
13404:
13398:
13380:
13365:
13358:
13343:
13333:
13318:
13303:
13288:
13275:
13268:
13261:
13246:
13231:
13216:Hulsewé, A.F.P
13213:
13198:
13191:
13176:
13161:
13146:
13139:
13133:
13127:. I.B.Tauris.
13120:
13105:
13102:
13090:
13089:
13088:
13037:
13026:
13019:
13012:
13006:
12983:
12977:
12954:
12939:
12925:
12908:
12890:
12875:
12860:
12854:
12831:
12816:
12801:
12786:
12762:
12755:
12752:
12741:
12727:Chisholm, Hugh
12709:
12707:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12665:
12658:
12636:
12601:
12594:
12568:
12561:
12543:
12533:
12516:
12495:
12474:
12450:
12444:. p. 74.
12426:
12410:
12403:
12383:
12376:
12356:
12339:
12332:
12312:
12305:
12279:
12259:
12234:
12227:
12207:
12194:
12176:
12170:978-0812201017
12169:
12149:
12132:
12126:978-0812201017
12125:
12105:
12099:978-0812201017
12098:
12078:
12061:
12051:
12031:
12013:
11993:
11973:
11964:978-0812201017
11963:
11943:
11937:978-0812201017
11936:
11916:
11910:978-0812201017
11909:
11889:
11882:
11862:
11855:
11835:
11822:
11780:
11773:
11753:
11746:
11726:
11717:
11700:
11667:
11646:
11625:
11612:
11591:
11573:
11552:
11539:
11526:
11513:
11503:
11483:
11462:
11455:
11435:
11407:
11369:
11349:
11328:
11315:
11302:
11281:
11243:
11224:
11205:
11196:
11174:
11153:
11146:
11126:
11113:
11092:
11075:
11062:
11044:
11023:
11002:
10981:
10960:
10947:
10926:
10909:
10892:
10883:|journal=
10856:
10839:
10822:
10786:
10769:
10760:Zizhi Tongjian
10751:
10737:
10720:
10700:
10680:
10660:
10653:
10631:
10624:
10604:
10597:
10577:
10570:
10548:
10501:
10494:
10474:
10433:
10426:
10404:
10365:
10353:
10334:Chamney, Lee.
10326:
10307:
10293:
10270:
10259:
10248:
10239:
10222:Chamney, Lee.
10214:
10207:
10187:
10167:
10160:
10138:
10103:
10094:
10070:
10059:
10039:
10026:
10007:
9998:
9991:
9971:
9960:
9940:
9875:
9868:
9848:
9841:
9821:
9790:
9771:
9764:
9744:
9737:
9707:
9700:
9672:
9654:
9623:
9605:
9596:
9577:
9545:
9498:
9491:
9468:
9448:
9441:
9421:
9404:
9383:
9362:
9336:
9315:
9294:
9273:
9253:
9235:
9226:
9217:
9196:
9178:
9171:
9151:
9137:Stark, Sören.
9130:
9096:
9075:
9062:
9053:
9039:
9017:
9008:
8990:
8977:
8957:
8945:
8920:
8887:
8880:
8870:. Collection "
8851:
8844:
8826:
8819:
8801:
8794:
8763:
8742:
8721:
8710:
8687:
8674:
8664:
8646:
8636:978-8412527858
8635:
8617:
8606:
8588:
8568:
8562:978-8412527858
8561:
8543:
8509:
8491:
8484:
8464:
8451:
8431:
8418:
8411:
8384:
8365:
8358:
8338:
8331:
8308:
8275:
8268:
8248:
8193:
8185:Rezakhani 2017
8177:
8170:
8150:
8131:
8119:
8102:
8076:
8064:
8037:
8013:
8007:978-8412527858
8006:
7988:
7982:978-8412527858
7981:
7963:
7942:
7940:, p. 234.
7930:
7897:
7885:
7871:
7847:
7836:
7820:
7797:
7776:
7755:
7734:
7722:"Apamea"
7719:, ed. (1911).
7717:Chisholm, Hugh
7708:
7682:
7661:
7640:
7616:
7603:
7582:
7556:
7534:
7514:
7493:
7468:
7455:
7447:Robin Lane Fox
7434:
7416:
7395:
7371:
7350:
7326:
7298:
7272:
7251:
7227:
7209:
7188:
7184:Vogelsang 2000
7176:
7157:
7145:
7133:
7121:
7109:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7042:
7027:, ed. (1911).
7025:Chisholm, Hugh
7011:
6977:
6951:
6944:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6883:Tomb of Wirkak
6880:
6875:
6870:
6868:Sughd Province
6865:
6862:Sogdian Daēnās
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6763:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6728:Historiography
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6414:Southeast Asia
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6304:Central Africa
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5852:Fergana Valley
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5807:Yavana Kingdom
5804:
5799:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5758:Nomadic Empire
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5341:Horn of Africa
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:Inner Mongolia
4925:
4910:
4897:
4896:Diaspora areas
4894:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4849:
4843:
4839:, the wife of
4831:, follower of
4822:
4816:
4810:
4801:
4799:Tibetan Empire
4780:
4770:
4752:
4751:) as a servant
4741:
4738:Three Kingdoms
4723:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4678:
4666:, daughter of
4661:
4650:tomb of Wirkak
4642:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4619:(安慶緒), son of
4614:
4596:
4588:
4587:Notable people
4585:
4527:and historian
4513:on the obverse
4482:
4479:
4360:
4357:
4291:a large number
4270:When visiting
4206:mother goddess
4138:scenes of the
4040:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
3969:
3966:
3950:Western Turkic
3917:
3914:
3890:Fergana Valley
3872:living in the
3794:city-state of
3753:Main article:
3750:
3747:
3704:Main article:
3701:
3698:
3650:
3647:
3595:Bactrian camel
3464:Tibetan Empire
3446:Five Dynasties
3426:tomb of Wirkak
3307:, 7th century.
3179:Northern Liang
3096:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3011:
2953:
2950:
2905:(14–37 AD) to
2879:Roman Republic
2875:Valerie Hansen
2867:ancient Romans
2821:Constantinople
2787:from China by
2736:Byzantine silk
2723:
2720:
2648:writing system
2609:in modern-day
2547:Zoroastrianism
2517:British Museum
2511:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2268:wine cup with
2248:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2192:Timurid Empire
2183:and its ruler
2169:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2133:
2126:
2091:
2088:
2074:Samanid Empire
2072:Main article:
2069:
2066:
2058:Turkic peoples
2042:Tajik language
2022:Samanid Empire
1992:in 750 to the
1973:
1970:
1856:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1801:Main article:
1798:
1795:
1668:
1665:
1550:
1547:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1422:
1273:
1270:
1114:Greco-Bactrian
1079:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1038:
1035:
1021:, the Persian
995:spoke Bactrian
835:Artaxerxes III
826:
823:
797:
780:
753:
743:gaom-ca suγδəm
729:
649:Avestan period
644:
641:
610:
607:
571:
570:
561:
560:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
546:
543:
392:
389:
361:ancient Greeks
332:
329:
321:Samanid Empire
289:Zoroastrianism
273:Imperial China
138:
137:
128:Imitations of
126:
122:
121:
103:Zoroastrianism
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
68:
64:
63:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14220:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14149:
14146:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14080:
14078:
14071:
14068:
14059:40.4°N 69.4°E
14031:
14026:
14020:
14015:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13968:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13896:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13879:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13785:
13782:
13778:
13777:
13774:
13767:inscriptions)
13766:
13762:
13758:
13754:
13750:
13746:
13744:
13740:
13739:
13733:
13728:
13726:
13721:
13719:
13714:
13713:
13710:
13704:
13702:
13698:
13696:
13692:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13672:
13668:
13667:Sogdian music
13665:
13658:
13654:
13647:
13643:
13642:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13616:
13614:0-231-08167-7
13610:
13606:
13601:
13598:
13594:
13593:
13588:
13584:
13580:
13576:
13572:
13568:
13564:
13560:
13556:
13552:
13548:
13544:
13540:
13536:
13531:
13528:
13524:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13508:
13501:
13500:
13495:
13491:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13476:
13473:
13472:3-89500-532-0
13469:
13465:
13461:
13458:
13454:
13450:
13448:9783110144475
13444:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13429:
13428:
13423:
13420:
13416:
13412:
13409:
13405:
13401:
13395:
13391:
13390:
13385:
13381:
13378:
13377:81-269-0775-4
13374:
13370:
13366:
13363:
13359:
13356:
13352:
13348:
13344:
13340:
13336:
13330:
13326:
13325:
13319:
13316:
13312:
13308:
13304:
13301:
13300:0-89356-313-7
13297:
13293:
13289:
13285:
13281:
13276:
13273:
13269:
13266:
13262:
13259:
13258:81-8069-457-7
13255:
13251:
13247:
13244:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13229:
13228:0-521-24327-0
13225:
13221:
13217:
13214:
13211:
13210:0-8047-0887-8
13207:
13203:
13199:
13196:
13192:
13189:
13188:90-04-08612-9
13185:
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13173:90-04-10596-4
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13046:
13042:
13038:
13035:
13031:
13027:
13024:
13020:
13017:
13013:
13009:
13007:0-521-20092-X
13003:
12999:
12996:. Cambridge:
12995:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12980:
12978:0-521-24693-8
12974:
12970:
12967:. Cambridge:
12966:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12952:
12951:0-520-03765-0
12948:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12935:
12930:
12926:
12924:
12923:90-04-14252-5
12920:
12916:
12912:
12909:
12906:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12891:
12888:
12884:
12880:
12876:
12873:
12872:1-57506-120-1
12869:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12855:0-521-24693-8
12851:
12847:
12844:. Cambridge:
12843:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12829:
12828:962-217-721-2
12825:
12821:
12817:
12814:
12813:0-520-03765-0
12810:
12806:
12802:
12799:
12795:
12791:
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12776:
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12763:
12760:
12756:
12753:
12749:
12748:
12742:
12738:
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12732:
12728:
12723:
12722:public domain
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12572:
12564:
12558:
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12547:
12537:
12529:
12528:
12520:
12513:
12512:81-269-0775-4
12509:
12505:
12499:
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12491:0-7914-4795-2
12488:
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12074:
12073:
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12048:
12044:
12043:
12035:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12016:
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11997:
11990:
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11977:
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11966:
11960:
11956:
11955:
11947:
11939:
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11920:
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11893:
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11866:
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11749:
11743:
11739:
11738:
11730:
11721:
11714:
11710:
11704:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11684:The Silk Road
11678:
11671:
11664:
11663:90-04-10596-4
11660:
11656:
11650:
11643:
11642:90-04-10596-4
11639:
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11622:
11616:
11609:
11608:0-8047-0887-8
11605:
11601:
11595:
11588:
11587:0-521-24327-0
11584:
11577:
11570:
11569:0-521-24699-7
11566:
11562:
11556:
11549:
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11536:
11530:
11523:
11517:
11510:
11506:
11504:88-8227-212-5
11500:
11496:
11495:
11487:
11480:
11475:
11474:
11466:
11458:
11452:
11448:
11447:
11439:
11432:
11431:81-8069-457-7
11428:
11424:
11418:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11373:
11366:
11362:
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11354:
11346:
11345:0-521-24699-7
11342:
11338:
11332:
11325:
11319:
11312:
11306:
11299:
11298:0-520-03765-0
11295:
11291:
11285:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11250:
11248:
11239:
11235:
11228:
11221:
11220:
11215:
11209:
11203:Tobin 113–115
11200:
11192:
11188:
11181:
11179:
11171:
11170:0-520-03765-0
11167:
11163:
11157:
11149:
11143:
11139:
11138:
11130:
11123:
11117:
11110:
11109:0-521-20092-X
11106:
11102:
11096:
11089:
11088:0-520-03765-0
11085:
11079:
11072:
11066:
11059:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11041:
11040:0-520-03765-0
11037:
11033:
11027:
11020:
11019:0-520-03765-0
11016:
11012:
11006:
10999:
10998:0-520-03765-0
10995:
10991:
10985:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10964:
10957:
10951:
10944:
10943:962-217-721-2
10940:
10936:
10930:
10923:
10919:
10913:
10906:
10902:
10896:
10888:
10875:
10867:
10860:
10853:
10849:
10843:
10836:
10832:
10826:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10805:
10803:
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10797:
10795:
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10791:
10783:
10779:
10773:
10766:
10762:
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10755:
10748:
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10724:
10713:
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10704:
10693:
10692:
10684:
10673:
10672:
10664:
10656:
10650:
10646:
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10627:
10621:
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10608:
10600:
10594:
10590:
10589:
10581:
10573:
10567:
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10544:
10538:
10529:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
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10491:
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10486:
10478:
10470:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10437:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10408:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10369:
10362:
10357:
10346:
10339:
10338:
10330:
10322:
10316:
10311:
10300:
10296:
10290:
10283:
10282:
10274:
10268:
10263:
10257:
10252:
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10234:
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10204:
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10171:
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10118:
10114:
10107:
10098:
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10079:
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10067:
10062:
10056:
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10051:
10043:
10036:
10030:
10022:
10018:
10011:
10002:
9994:
9988:
9984:
9983:
9975:
9968:
9963:
9957:
9953:
9952:
9944:
9936:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9879:
9871:
9865:
9861:
9860:
9852:
9844:
9842:9782855396538
9838:
9834:
9833:
9825:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9794:
9786:
9782:
9775:
9767:
9765:9781463222543
9761:
9757:
9756:
9748:
9740:
9738:9789047406990
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9711:
9703:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9684:
9676:
9668:
9664:
9658:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9619:
9615:
9609:
9600:
9592:
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9573:
9567:
9559:
9555:
9549:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9512:Artibus Asiae
9509:
9502:
9494:
9488:
9484:
9483:
9475:
9473:
9464:
9460:
9452:
9444:
9438:
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9387:
9380:
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9359:
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9341:
9333:
9332:2-503-52178-9
9329:
9325:
9319:
9312:
9311:0-415-32089-5
9308:
9304:
9298:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9270:
9269:0-520-03765-0
9266:
9260:
9258:
9250:
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9240:
9230:
9221:
9214:
9210:
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9174:
9168:
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9163:
9155:
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9147:3-89500-532-0
9144:
9140:
9134:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9103:
9101:
9093:
9092:0-391-04173-8
9089:
9085:
9082:Wink, André.
9079:
9072:
9066:
9057:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9036:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9012:
9005:
9004:0-521-24699-7
9001:
8994:
8987:
8981:
8974:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8954:
8949:
8934:
8930:
8924:
8917:
8916:90-04-10364-3
8913:
8909:
8905:
8904:0-231-08167-7
8901:
8897:
8891:
8883:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8864:Rapin, Claude
8861:
8855:
8847:
8845:90-04-14252-5
8841:
8837:
8830:
8822:
8816:
8812:
8805:
8797:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8781:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8718:
8713:
8711:9789004257009
8707:
8703:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8684:
8678:
8671:
8667:
8665:9789004257009
8661:
8657:
8650:
8643:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8621:
8614:
8609:
8607:9789004257009
8603:
8599:
8592:
8585:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8564:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8540:
8538:
8533:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8487:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8468:
8461:
8455:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8428:
8422:
8414:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8399:
8391:
8389:
8380:
8376:
8369:
8361:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8342:
8334:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8315:
8313:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8271:
8265:
8261:
8260:
8252:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8186:
8181:
8173:
8167:
8163:
8162:
8154:
8146:
8140:
8135:
8128:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8099:: 57, note 5.
8098:
8094:
8090:
8083:
8081:
8073:
8068:
8061:
8060:0-521-24699-7
8057:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8034:
8033:0-520-03765-0
8030:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8009:
8003:
7999:
7992:
7984:
7978:
7974:
7967:
7960:
7959:90-04-15605-4
7956:
7952:
7946:
7939:
7934:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7914:The Silk Road
7908:
7901:
7894:
7889:
7882:
7881:
7875:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7845:
7840:
7832:
7831:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7793:3-515-07417-1
7790:
7786:
7780:
7773:
7772:0-520-03765-0
7769:
7765:
7759:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7730:
7729:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7705:
7704:0-89356-313-7
7701:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7679:
7678:90-04-08612-9
7675:
7671:
7665:
7658:
7657:90-04-08612-9
7654:
7650:
7644:
7637:
7636:90-04-08612-9
7633:
7629:
7623:
7621:
7613:
7607:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7553:
7549:
7546:Livius.org. "
7543:
7541:
7539:
7531:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7465:
7459:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7376:
7368:
7367:1-57506-120-1
7364:
7360:
7354:
7347:
7346:0-520-03765-0
7343:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7323:
7322:0-521-24699-7
7319:
7315:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7269:
7268:0-520-03765-0
7265:
7261:
7255:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7232:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7214:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7185:
7180:
7172:
7166:
7161:
7154:
7149:
7142:
7137:
7130:
7129:Skjaervø 1995
7125:
7118:
7113:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7076:, p. 39.
7075:
7070:
7063:
7058:
7051:
7046:
7038:
7037:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7016:
6999:
6995:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6947:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6931:
6922:
6918:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:Yagnob Valley
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6784:
6782:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6762:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6693:Human History
6691:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6585:Mueang Pahang
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6530:Gangga Negara
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
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6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6430:Austronesians
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6361:Djenné-Djenno
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
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6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6181:
6180:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:Mississippian
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Sangam Period
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Maurya Empire
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5927:Mahajanapadas
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:Kushan Empire
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:Proto-Mongols
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5613:Indo-Iranians
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:Harla Kingdom
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:British Isles
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:Sajid dynasty
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:) during the
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Huayan school
4709:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4581:Chinese names
4578:
4574:
4570:
4569:ethnographers
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:serving maids
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4247:features and
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:Hindu deities
4175:
4174:Puranic cults
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4070:Tomb of Anjia
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3934:Guimet Museum
3931:
3927:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3863:Manchu people
3860:
3859:Mongol Empire
3857:of the early
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3788:Saka language
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3476:Guiyi Circuit
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3434:Northern Zhou
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3409:Amoghavajra.
3407:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:Tian Shengong
3344:
3340:
3337:, in Youzhou
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3125:, 550–577 AD.
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:Theodosius II
2915:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:ruler of the
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:Hexi Corridor
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:Uighur Empire
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:lingua franca
2430:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2410:and monsters.
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:Kushan Empire
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:Mongol Empire
2179:by the early
2178:
2174:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:Islamic world
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:The Umayyads
1983:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:(near modern
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1792:, 648–651 AD.
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:and possibly
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Western Turks
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:Kushan Empire
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1467:Orlat plaques
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Kushan Empire
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:and bore him
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1097:Takhti-Sangin
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:Kushan Empire
1024:
1023:king of kings
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Artaxerxes II
953:
952:heir apparent
949:
945:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:standing army
874:
870:
869:coin currency
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
848:
844:
836:
831:
822:
820:
816:
812:
803:
795:
793:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
751:
749:
739:
736:
727:
725:
720:
715:
711:
708:
705:
697:
692:
688:
686:
685:Young Avestan
682:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
654:
650:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
615:Indo-Iranians
605:
601:
597:
587:
583:
578:
574:
565:
556:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
518:
512:
503:
495:
490:
484:
475:
470:
464:
455:
447:
439:
435:
431:
430:Indo-European
427:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
262:lingua franca
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Kushan Empire
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
135:
131:
127:
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120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
14128:Tang dynasty
14040:
13998:
13763: /
13759: /
13755: /
13751: /
13700:
13652:
13622:
13604:
13591:
13574:
13570:
13542:
13538:
13526:
13511:
13498:
13478:
13463:
13456:
13438:
13425:
13414:
13407:
13388:
13368:
13361:
13346:
13339:the original
13323:
13306:
13291:
13283:
13271:
13264:
13249:
13234:
13219:
13201:
13194:
13179:
13164:
13149:
13142:
13124:
13108:
13097:
13080:. Retrieved
13068:
13064:
13044:
13033:
13029:
13022:
13015:
12992:
12963:
12942:
12933:
12914:
12896:
12878:
12863:
12840:
12819:
12804:
12789:
12774:
12758:
12746:
12734:
12678:
12674:
12668:
12649:
12639:
12617:(1/3): 158.
12614:
12610:
12604:
12579:
12571:
12552:
12546:
12536:
12526:
12519:
12503:
12498:
12482:
12477:
12455:
12436:
12429:
12421:
12413:
12393:
12386:
12366:
12359:
12349:
12342:
12322:
12315:
12290:
12282:
12269:
12262:
12244:
12237:
12217:
12210:
12202:
12197:
12189:
12159:
12152:
12142:
12135:
12115:
12108:
12088:
12081:
12071:
12064:
12056:
12041:
12034:
12026:
12003:
11996:
11988:
11983:
11976:
11968:
11953:
11946:
11926:
11919:
11899:
11892:
11872:
11865:
11845:
11838:
11830:
11825:
11813:. Retrieved
11801:
11763:
11756:
11736:
11729:
11720:
11703:
11687:
11683:
11670:
11654:
11649:
11633:
11628:
11620:
11615:
11599:
11594:
11576:
11560:
11555:
11547:
11542:
11534:
11529:
11521:
11516:
11508:
11493:
11486:
11477:
11472:
11465:
11445:
11438:
11422:
11398:. Retrieved
11386:
11382:
11372:
11364:
11336:
11331:
11323:
11318:
11310:
11305:
11289:
11284:
11259:
11255:
11237:
11227:
11217:
11208:
11199:
11190:
11161:
11156:
11136:
11129:
11121:
11116:
11100:
11095:
11078:
11070:
11065:
11057:
11031:
11026:
11010:
11005:
10989:
10984:
10968:
10963:
10955:
10950:
10934:
10929:
10921:
10917:
10912:
10904:
10900:
10895:
10874:cite journal
10859:
10851:
10847:
10842:
10834:
10830:
10825:
10809:
10781:
10777:
10772:
10758:
10754:
10746:
10740:
10732:
10728:
10723:
10710:
10703:
10690:
10683:
10670:
10663:
10644:
10634:
10614:
10607:
10587:
10580:
10561:
10551:
10537:cite journal
10518:
10514:
10504:
10484:
10477:
10450:
10446:
10436:
10417:
10407:
10382:
10378:
10368:
10356:
10336:
10329:
10310:
10280:
10273:
10262:
10251:
10242:
10223:
10217:
10197:
10190:
10177:
10170:
10151:
10141:
10119:(1/3): 158.
10116:
10112:
10106:
10097:
10089:
10064:
10049:
10042:
10034:
10029:
10020:
10010:
10001:
9981:
9974:
9965:
9950:
9943:
9892:
9888:
9878:
9858:
9851:
9831:
9824:
9812:. Retrieved
9808:the original
9803:
9793:
9784:
9774:
9754:
9747:
9720:
9710:
9682:
9675:
9666:
9657:
9645:. Retrieved
9641:the original
9636:
9626:
9617:
9608:
9599:
9590:
9580:
9557:
9548:
9515:
9511:
9501:
9481:
9462:
9451:
9431:
9424:
9414:
9407:
9391:
9386:
9370:
9365:
9349:
9323:
9318:
9302:
9297:
9281:
9276:
9248:
9233:Wood 2002:66
9229:
9220:
9204:
9199:
9191:
9161:
9154:
9138:
9133:
9121:. Retrieved
9116:
9083:
9078:
9070:
9065:
9056:
9034:
9011:
8993:
8985:
8980:
8972:
8948:
8936:. Retrieved
8932:
8923:
8907:
8895:
8890:
8867:
8854:
8835:
8829:
8810:
8804:
8779:
8750:
8745:
8729:
8724:
8715:
8701:
8682:
8677:
8669:
8655:
8649:
8640:
8626:
8620:
8611:
8597:
8591:
8583:
8552:
8546:
8537:Karluk Turks
8529:
8525:
8512:
8503:
8494:
8474:
8467:
8459:
8454:
8446:
8426:
8421:
8397:
8378:
8368:
8348:
8341:
8321:
8295:
8291:
8278:
8258:
8251:
8210:
8206:
8196:
8180:
8160:
8153:
8134:
8122:
8096:
8092:
8067:
7997:
7991:
7972:
7966:
7950:
7945:
7933:
7917:
7913:
7900:
7888:
7879:
7874:
7858:
7839:
7829:
7823:
7814:
7810:
7800:
7784:
7779:
7763:
7758:
7742:
7737:
7726:
7711:
7695:
7669:
7664:
7648:
7643:
7627:
7611:
7606:
7590:
7585:
7569:
7551:
7529:
7501:
7496:
7471:
7463:
7458:
7450:
7437:
7429:
7403:
7398:
7382:
7358:
7353:
7337:
7313:
7289:. Retrieved
7285:the original
7275:
7259:
7254:
7238:
7220:
7196:
7191:
7179:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:. Retrieved
7095:
7081:
7069:
7057:
7045:
7034:
7002:. Retrieved
6998:the original
6989:
6980:
6968:. Retrieved
6963:
6954:
6929:
6921:
6860:
6765:Followed by
6703:Protohistory
6575:Tarumanagara
6465:Singhanavati
6460:Suvarnabhumi
6386:Ghana Empire
6316:Dhar Tichitt
6257:Guanahatabey
6197:Casma–Sechin
6022:Thule people
5932:Nanda Empire
5922:Vedic Period
5792:
5776:Central Asia
5683:Hephthalites
5678:Iranian Huns
5471:North Africa
5348:Land of Punt
4950:Preceded by
4918:Tang dynasty
4887:
4852:Shi Jingtang
4808:Song dynasty
4749:明朝藩王列表 (秦王系)
4745:Ming dynasty
4732:(modern-day
4726:Kang Senghui
4685:Persian army
4658:An Chongrong
4607:Tang dynasty
4544:
4529:Paul Pelliot
4522:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4417:Tang dynasty
4410:
4372:
4342:
4339:Yazdegerd II
4269:
4260:Tang Chinese
4253:
4222:
4171:
4135:
4117:
4105:Hunza Valley
4092:
4077:
4065:
4046:Tang dynasty
4041:
3985:
3958:
3939:
3880:still speak
3876:province of
3867:
3824:
3770:
3715:
3693:
3663:
3652:
3610:
3604:
3588:
3586:Tang dynasty
3521:listed in a
3516:
3468:Zhang Yichao
3453:
3450:Song dynasty
3443:
3411:
3399:
3375:
3355:
3316:
3310:
3305:Tang dynasty
3282:
3269:
3258:
3253:
3235:Tang dynasty
3227:Northern Wei
3222:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3187:Northern Wei
3176:
3141:
3130:
3118:
3097:
3001:
2989:Hephthalites
2970:
2946:Greater Iran
2911:
2891:Warwick Ball
2887:Roman Empire
2852:
2782:
2779:, Samarkand.
2762:Tang dynasty
2711:Baltic amber
2687:
2681:
2601:
2561:
2557:
2536:
2520:
2512:
2476:
2463:
2432:
2417:
2415:
2395:
2382:
2315:
2298:
2280:
2261:
2252:: a Sogdian
2249:
2196:Turko-Mongol
2185:Genghis Khan
2170:
2135:
2122:(840–1212).
2117:
2077:
2006:Talas Oblast
1987:
1965:Anikova dish
1963:
1945:
1902:
1887:circumcision
1879:
1858:
1776:Western Turk
1751:, until the
1749:Tang dynasty
1709:
1686:
1645:
1622:
1583:
1579:Hephthalites
1576:
1520:
1482:Orlat plaque
1432:
1425:
1411:
1403:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1349:Central Asia
1344:
1326:
1308:overran the
1299:
1266:Eucratides I
1254:Euthydemus I
1240:
1233:
1194:
1181:
1167:
1160:Sogdian Rock
1133:
1118:Euthydemus I
1105:
1080:
1011:lapis lazuli
984:
941:
905:
897:lapis lazuli
873:Central Asia
854:
840:
808:
792:Angra Mainyu
781:
760:
730:
701:
656:
618:
581:
572:
539:assimilation
425:
418:
403:
402:in his work
394:
334:
277:Tang dynasty
270:
235:
167:Turkmenistan
153:between the
146:
142:
141:
29:
14168:5th century
14123:Sui dynasty
14062: /
13653:Joo Yup Lee
13545:: 119–132.
11191:Transoxiana
9667:ringmar.net
8379:Eurasiatica
8298:: 141–142.
7938:Watson 1993
7893:Watson 1993
7117:Grenet 2005
6670:Philippines
6515:Tambralinga
6470:Sungai Batu
6425:Melanesians
6366:Igodomigodo
6300:West Africa
6152:Teotihuacan
6045:Mesoamerica
5857:Tarim Basin
5822:Transoxiana
5173:Mesopotamia
5143:Sea Peoples
4903:Northern Qi
4856:temple name
4691:during the
4626:An Chonghui
4593:Amoghavajra
4450:Tang poetry
4405:Astana Tomb
4390:Manumission
4359:Slave trade
4311:proselytize
4289:noted that
4264:Uyghur rule
4214:fire altars
4198:Vaishravana
4101:Indus River
4057:fire temple
4009:Ahura Mazda
3942:Hephtalitic
3930:Northern Qi
3894:Chorasmians
3806:(in modern
3800:Tarim Basin
3781:Khwarazmian
3706:Sogdian art
3668:, medieval
3656:Middle Ages
3490:, but also
3460:Mogao Caves
3406:cakravartin
3401:Amoghavajra
3247:Zoroastrian
3245:, building
3231:Northern Qi
3181:capital of
3163:Yingpan man
3143:Aurel Stein
3137:Jin dynasty
3119:Right image
3114:Tarim Basin
3021:Kizil Caves
2981:Tarim Basin
2973:Kizil Caves
2838:on Sogdian
2596:Jin emperor
2568:Aurel Stein
2563:Book of Sui
2555:The Chinese
2521:Right image
2477:Right image
2396:Right image
2346:Han dynasty
2318:city-states
2262:Right image
2173:Kwarazmians
2086:(892–999).
2050:Manichaeism
2010:papermaking
2002:Talas River
2000:(along the
1586:Hippodamian
1496:Model of a
1443:Han dynasty
1329:Transoxiana
1322:Heliocles I
1292:, northern
1243:Hellenistic
1122:the reverse
817:instead of
775:Zarathustra
767:Ahura Mazda
765:created by
704:Zoroastrian
676:gava-, gāum
522:Old Persian
438:Old Persian
325:New Persian
293:Manichaeism
107:Manichaeism
14077:Categories
14064:40.4; 69.4
13989:Sattagydia
13946:Massagetae
13897:(Gandhara)
13825:Cappadocia
13779:Akaufaka (
13753:Persepolis
13235:Uzbekistan
12675:T'oung Pao
12611:T'oung Pao
12562:0297002740
12541:Arabised."
12052:9575475399
12014:0313278571
10113:T'oung Pao
9895:(1): 669.
9123:4 November
8751:Uzbekistan
8730:Uzbekistan
8642:(Fig.171).
8187:, p.
8072:Alram 2008
7491:, iii.8.3.
7443:White Huns
7165:Pavel 2017
6908:References
6878:Tocharians
6713:Bronze Age
6708:Copper Age
6620:Shailendra
6535:Sri Ksetra
6520:Langkasuka
6440:Micronesia
6341:Senegambia
6192:Caral-Supe
6132:Teuchitlán
6117:Chupícuaro
6087:Gran Coclé
6017:Pre-Dorset
5910:South Asia
5817:Badakhshan
5633:Tocharians
5608:Afanasievo
5218:Pelasgians
5168:The Levant
4952:prehistory
4862:Spitamenes
4858:Gaozu (高祖)
4699:Divashtich
4668:Spitamenes
4635:An Congjin
4630:Later Tang
4557:Ordos Loop
4525:Sinologist
4503:, king of
4319:archdeacon
4287:Marco Polo
4249:green eyes
4128:Shi Siming
4001:scavengers
3954:Ton-jazbgu
3878:Tajikistan
3843:Achaemenid
3833:, and the
3802:region of
3783:, and the
3733:, Sogdian
3710:See also:
3682:from Greek
3597:, 723 AD,
3539:Shahrisabz
3504:the region
3502:native to
3371:surname Li
3223:sarthavaha
3218:(薩保, from
3098:Left image
2883:Principate
2840:polychrome
2611:Kyrgyzstan
2543:Manicheism
2513:Left image
2474:in 579 AD.
2464:Left image
2391:Tajikistan
2383:Left image
2342:Emperor Wu
2338:Zhang Qian
2250:Left image
2026:Uzbekistan
2004:in modern
1952:Semirechye
1917:Divashtich
1866:under the
1830:Devashtich
1563:Hepthalite
1505:Khalchayan
1501:cataphract
1333:Zhang Qian
1290:Khalchayan
1280:Head of a
1250:Diodotus I
1198:Spitamenes
1152:Darius III
1101:Tajikistan
1087:head of a
1031:South Asia
932:Persepolis
920:Achaemenid
908:Asia Minor
714:Mount Hara
637:Uzbekistan
629:Tajikistan
621:Bronze Age
609:Prehistory
339:, east of
199:Macedonian
179:Kyrgyzstan
175:Kazakhstan
171:Tajikistan
163:Uzbekistan
132:coins and
14208:Silk Road
14030:Herodotus
14023:See also
13961:Phoenicia
13874:Eber-Nari
13869:2nd Egypt
13865:1st Egypt
13860:Drangiana
13840:Chorasmia
13815:Babylonia
13795:Arachosia
13551:0890-4464
13053:2191-6411
12887:2157-9687
12463:cite book
12370:. 文物出版社.
12023:0742-6836
11276:144300435
10977:2157-9687
10515:Religions
10469:1754-517X
10453:: 17–30.
10399:164239427
10228:CiteSeerX
9917:2045-2322
9532:0004-3648
9518:(1): 17.
9381:, p. 154.
8528:: 10–12.
8243:194538468
8227:0578-6967
8093:Silk Road
7751:2157-9687
7599:2157-9687
7485:Gaugamela
7291:4 January
7102:31 August
6913:Citations
6718:Axial Age
6675:Singapore
6660:Indonesia
6615:Srivijaya
6605:Dvaravati
6455:Hồng Bàng
6450:Polynesia
6445:Melanesia
6435:Australia
6287:Seafaring
6245:Caribbean
6102:Cuicuilco
6082:Xochipala
6057:Epi-Olmec
5870:East Asia
5278:Germanics
5253:Etruscans
5243:Tartessos
5238:Talaiotic
5213:Illyrians
5203:Thracians
5088:Phoenicia
5073:Phrygians
5038:Babylonia
4961:Near East
4795:An Lushan
4767:Osrushana
4721:Samarkand
4703:Panjakent
4695:in 480 BC
4652:, 580 AD.
4621:An Lushan
4617:An Qingxu
4599:An Lushan
4573:linguists
4499:A minted
4425:Silk Road
4394:concubine
4275:Zhenjiang
4245:Caucasian
4192:(Shiva),
4162:Penjikent
4111:and holy
3989:ossuaries
3886:Osrushana
3785:Khotanese
3607:Sinicized
3575:Confucius
3559:Samarkand
3557:(康, from
3551:Panjakent
3549:(米, from
3498:(another
3496:Khotanese
3436:dynasty.
3378:Nestorian
3313:An Lushan
3239:Xiangyang
3199:Feng Hetu
2993:Silk Road
2942:talismans
2825:Justin II
2805:Khosrow I
2799:with the
2773:Samarkand
2769:Varkhuman
2640:khaganate
2636:until 840
2580:Samarkand
2539:Samarkand
2424:Sima Qian
2406:fighting
2400:Varakhsha
2387:Panjakent
2330:Indochina
2322:Byzantium
2283:Silk Road
2188:destroyed
2136:kām-i dil
2104:Samarkand
2080:Samarkand
2030:overlords
1921:Panjakent
1790:Samarkand
1772:Varkhuman
1737:Varkhuman
1728:Varkhuman
1724:Samarkand
1693:Khosrow I
1683:. 579 AD.
1653:Samarkand
1649:Silk Road
1633:Silk Road
1625:Silk Road
1602:Kidarites
1594:Panjikent
1559:Samarkand
1304:when the
1258:his coins
1136:Scythians
1085:alabaster
1015:carnelian
980:Black Sea
976:Scythians
926:from the
901:carnelian
856:Histories
851:Herodotus
819:Samarkand
811:Vogelsang
748:Chorasmia
735:Haraivian
673:of Gava (
531:anaptyxis
511:romanized
483:romanized
478:Суғд, سغد
463:romanized
408:Herodotus
400:Scythians
381:Issyk Kul
357:Zeravshan
353:Syr Darya
349:Amu Darya
331:Geography
305:West Asia
285:Silk Road
258:Yaghnobis
242:Samarkand
159:Syr Darya
155:Amu Darya
130:Sassanian
99:Religion
89:Languages
71:Samarkand
14083:Sogdians
13936:Margiana
13906:Hyrcania
13901:Gedrosia
13835:Carmania
13781:Quhistan
13749:Behistun
13691:Archived
13657:Archived
13597:Tafel 19
13559:24049310
13496:(1980).
13386:(2017).
13096:(1967).
13071:(2014).
12931:(1880).
12913:(2005).
12895:(2007),
12779:Archived
12731:Sogdiana
11806:Archived
11713:Chang'an
11692:Archived
11389:(2014).
10765:vol. 249
10345:Archived
10299:Archived
9935:35027587
9814:19 April
9647:19 April
9566:cite web
8300:Archived
8235:25651416
7922:Archived
7817:: 87–98.
6841:Margiana
6761:Category
6723:Iron Age
6687:See also
6645:Thailand
6635:Malaysia
6625:Cambodia
6595:Kalingga
6550:Quduqian
6311:Kintampo
6267:Kalinago
6262:Saladoid
6227:Tiwanaku
6162:Veracruz
6137:Veraguas
6097:Tlatilco
5997:Mogollon
5977:Hopewell
5892:Mongolia
5837:Margiana
5832:Khorasan
5827:Khwarazm
5673:Xionites
5623:Tungusic
5563:Laguatan
5478:Carthage
5433:Sarapion
5428:Avalites
5393:Barbaria
5363:Macrobia
5328:Caucasus
5248:Guanches
5148:Anatolia
5098:Arameans
5093:Alashiya
5068:Hittites
4936:See also
4825:Oxyartes
4797:and the
4787:ennobled
4783:Li Baoyu
4689:Xerxes I
4515:, and a
4407:No. 135.
4344:Peshitta
4323:Chang'an
4303:Hangzhou
4283:Venetian
4272:Yuan-era
4254:praṇidhi
4241:Xinjiang
4218:Mahadeva
4210:Shaktism
4194:Narayana
4190:Mahadeva
4136:praṇidhi
4063:, Italy.
3978:Mar Ammo
3946:Gökturks
3916:Clothing
3906:cognates
3898:Persians
3847:Parthian
3820:Gokturks
3816:Mongolia
3808:Xinjiang
3777:Bactrian
3749:Language
3690:Xuanzang
3631:Gaochang
3611:Guiyijun
3531:Tashkent
3512:Sanskrit
3455:entrepôt
3390:Guo Ziyi
3382:Bactrian
3363:Li Baoyu
3331:Sogdians
3327:Goguryeo
3318:jiedushi
3287:dancer,
3261:epitaphs
3220:Sanskrit
3167:Xinjiang
2987:and the
2966:Cave 188
2962:Maitreya
2922:Xinjiang
2907:Aurelian
2903:Tiberius
2899:Chang'an
2715:Xuanzang
2675:and the
2669:Samanids
2634:, which
2615:Göktürks
2594:and the
2588:Han-Zhao
2584:Liu Cong
2551:Buddhism
2472:his tomb
2291:Dunhuang
2140:Afrasiab
2100:Afrasiab
2046:Ferdowsi
1982:Afrasiab
1958:and the
1657:Ikhshids
1641:Sogdians
1617:Varahsha
1606:Vardanzi
1535:Tashkent
1511:, nb 40.
1447:Ban Chao
1445:general
1423:—
1378:west of
1206:Craterus
1182:Roshanak
1174:Oxyartes
1169:basileus
1110:barbaric
1093:Bactrian
1019:Darius I
972:Khwarezm
936:Darius I
922:Persian
885:Xerxes I
861:Darius I
798:—
754:—
667:Vendidad
665:and the
633:Bulungur
517:Sogdianē
506:Σογδιανή
416:Assyrian
341:Khwarezm
297:Buddhism
254:Yaghnobi
229:and the
157:and the
147:Sogdiana
125:Currency
111:Buddhism
59:Jaxartes
57:and the
14050:69°24′E
14047:40°24′N
13966:Phrygia
13951:Parthia
13916:Hindush
13895:Gandāra
13891:(Nubia)
13850:Colchis
13845:Cilicia
13820:Bactria
13810:Assyria
13805:Armenia
13786:Amyrgoi
13669:by the
13571:Persica
13082:25 July
12990:(ed.).
12961:(ed.).
12838:(ed.).
12724::
12706:Sources
12695:4527336
12631:4528925
11815:25 July
11433:, p. 8.
11400:25 July
10315:Qi 2010
10133:4528925
9926:8758759
9897:Bibcode
9540:3249023
9115:(ed.).
8938:25 July
8532:Zhetysu
8213:: 155.
7094:(ed.).
6856:Poykent
6650:Vietnam
6640:Myanmar
6580:Kantoli
6555:Pan Pan
6525:Tagaung
6505:Tun Sun
6418:Oceania
6396:Pygmies
6321:Oualata
6207:Paracas
6167:Totonac
6147:Cholula
6122:Quelepa
6112:Mezcala
6107:Zapotec
6072:Huastec
6062:Capacha
6012:Sinagua
6007:Patayan
6002:Fremont
5992:Hohokam
5842:Parthia
5783:Bactria
5763:Siberia
5708:Tuyuhun
5703:Xianbei
5698:Kumo Xi
5658:Xiongnu
5618:Scythia
5423:Aromata
5408:Mosylon
5313:Thracia
5308:Illyria
5233:Nuragic
5228:Torrean
5223:Argaric
5208:Dacians
5133:Phrygia
5118:Chaldea
5063:Mitanni
5033:Assyria
5023:Berbers
4868:Tarkhun
4829:Bactria
4734:Vietnam
4730:Jiaozhi
4537:Lop Nur
4509:crowned
4505:Bukhara
4421:Sogdian
4374:Slavery
4327:Luoyang
4279:Jiangsu
4158:trisula
4096:Bulayiq
3962:kaftans
3952:Khagan
3798:in the
3731:Zhetysu
3684:due to
3623:taverns
3569:), and
3492:Sogdian
3488:Tibetan
3484:Chinese
3414:Luoyang
3280:Sogdian
3250:temples
3212:Parthia
3207:Bei shi
3133:Luoyang
3108:, near
3005:caftans
2912:solidus
2847:Bukhara
2834:A lion
2813:Göktürk
2703:alfalfa
2673:Khazars
2644:Uyghurs
2592:Luoyang
2590:sacked
2558:Sui Shu
2273:gilding
2270:mercury
2257:brocade
2084:Bukhara
2012:to the
1956:Karluks
1941:Khujand
1913:Tarkhun
1904:ikhshid
1895:Turgesh
1747:of the
1637:Kushans
1590:Bukhara
1484:hunter.
1451:Kashgar
1408:Parthia
1400:Bactria
1341:Bactria
1337:Xiongnu
1318:Kushans
1294:Bactria
1288:, from
1224:to the
1202:Amyntas
1148:Bactria
1128:script.
1126:Aramaic
1005:to the
987:nomadic
978:of the
948:Bactria
944:satraps
928:Apadana
853:in his
815:Bukhara
763:regions
746:), and
671:toponym
657:In the
545:History
535:syncope
527:endonym
513::
494:Chinese
485::
465::
454:Persian
442:Suguda-
426:Skuthēs
369:Bukhara
337:Bactria
246:Sogdian
93:Sogdian
79:Khujand
75:Bukhara
67:Capital
13999:Sogdia
13956:Persis
13878:Levant
13790:Arabia
13629:
13611:
13557:
13549:
13518:
13485:
13470:
13445:
13396:
13375:
13353:
13331:
13313:
13298:
13256:
13241:
13226:
13208:
13186:
13171:
13156:
13131:
13115:
13051:
13004:
12975:
12949:
12921:
12903:
12885:
12870:
12852:
12826:
12811:
12796:
12718:
12693:
12656:
12629:
12592:
12559:
12510:
12489:
12448:
12401:
12374:
12330:
12303:
12225:
12167:
12123:
12096:
12049:
12021:
12011:
11961:
11934:
11907:
11880:
11853:
11771:
11744:
11690:: 40.
11661:
11640:
11606:
11585:
11567:
11501:
11453:
11429:
11343:
11296:
11274:
11240:: 824.
11168:
11144:
11107:
11086:
11038:
11017:
10996:
10975:
10941:
10816:
10651:
10622:
10595:
10568:
10492:
10467:
10424:
10397:
10291:
10230:
10205:
10158:
10131:
10057:
9989:
9958:
9933:
9923:
9915:
9866:
9839:
9762:
9735:
9698:
9538:
9530:
9489:
9439:
9398:
9377:
9356:
9330:
9309:
9288:
9267:
9211:
9169:
9145:
9090:
9002:
8914:
8902:
8878:
8842:
8817:
8792:
8757:
8736:
8708:
8662:
8633:
8604:
8559:
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8409:
8356:
8329:
8266:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8168:
8058:
8031:
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7979:
7957:
7865:
7791:
7770:
7749:
7702:
7676:
7655:
7634:
7597:
7576:
7548:Roxane
7508:
7489:Arrian
7481:Bessus
7410:
7389:
7365:
7344:
7320:
7266:
7245:
7203:
7004:9 June
6970:8 June
6966:. 1994
6942:
6873:Kangju
6831:Huteng
6655:Brunei
6610:Chenla
6600:Melayu
6560:Arakan
6545:Lâm Ấp
6540:Champa
6500:Chi Tu
6495:Nanyue
6490:Âu Lạc
6485:Thaton
6391:Takrur
6277:Arawak
6272:Kalina
6202:Chavín
6172:Toltec
6157:Nicoya
6142:Diquis
6077:Mixtec
6052:Olmecs
6027:Glades
5797:Kangju
5793:Sogdia
5723:Shiwei
5718:Khitan
5713:Rouran
5693:Wuhuan
5648:Yuezhi
5643:Donghu
5493:Cyrene
5443:Essina
5418:Toniki
5413:Mundus
5288:Iberia
5198:Greece
5186:Europe
5153:Arabia
5123:Urartu
5113:Himyar
5083:Canaan
5078:Ugarit
5058:Urkesh
5053:Yamhad
5048:Amurru
5008:Dilmun
4846:Roxana
4837:Roxana
4833:Bessus
4763:vassal
4761:and a
4740:period
4708:Fazang
4681:Azanes
4474:Baiyue
4442:Astana
4433:Khotan
4415:under
4413:Turpan
4333:texts
4331:gospel
4307:Alopen
4237:Turfan
4196:, and
4182:Brahma
4156:(with
4113:stupas
4109:Buddha
3993:Turfan
3980:, and
3902:Tajiks
3829:, the
3796:Turfan
3765:Wirkak
3735:gilded
3694:Navapa
3678:Loulan
3658:, the
3590:sancai
3510:, and
3508:Uyghur
3478:under
3293:Anyang
3284:Huteng
3191:Datong
3147:Miwnay
3110:Turpan
3102:Buddha
3068:, and
2926:Turfan
2811:, the
2809:Istämi
2750:, and
2705:, and
2699:grapes
2694:Turpan
2619:Ashina
2549:, and
2529:Kelpin
2468:An Jia
2408:tigers
2354:Kangju
2307:Kangju
2287:Khotan
2266:silver
2198:ruler
2194:. The
2052:, and
1782:Shekui
1779:Khagan
1716:An Jia
1699:, the
1697:Qarshi
1677:An Jia
1566:tamgha
1418:nomads
1413:Kangju
1381:Dayuan
1360:Yuezhi
1314:Yuezhi
1302:nomads
1286:Yuezhi
1235:Apamea
1230:Appian
1210:Coenus
1208:, and
1178:Roxana
1166:, the
1144:satrap
1140:Bessus
1124:is in
1106:Bottom
1049:, and
993:, who
991:Yuezhi
924:relief
710:Mithra
669:, the
659:Avesta
625:Sarazm
602:, and
586:Sarazm
577:Sarazm
496::
434:archer
345:Kangju
307:, the
225:, the
221:, the
217:, the
213:, the
209:, the
201:ruler
177:, and
143:Sogdia
14004:Yehud
13941:Media
13926:Lydia
13921:Libya
13911:Ionia
13855:Dahae
13830:Caria
13765:Daeva
13660:(PDF)
13649:(PDF)
13555:JSTOR
13503:(PDF)
12782:(PDF)
12771:(PDF)
12691:JSTOR
12627:JSTOR
12274:(PDF)
11809:(PDF)
11798:(PDF)
11695:(PDF)
11680:(PDF)
11272:S2CID
10715:(PDF)
10695:(PDF)
10675:(PDF)
10395:S2CID
10348:(PDF)
10341:(PDF)
10302:(PDF)
10285:(PDF)
10182:(PDF)
10129:JSTOR
9536:JSTOR
9111:. In
8953:Shiji
8786:65–68
8522:(PDF)
8303:(PDF)
8288:(PDF)
8239:S2CID
8231:JSTOR
7925:(PDF)
7910:(PDF)
7090:. In
6665:Timor
6565:Kutai
6510:Funan
6371:Bantu
6346:Serer
6217:Moche
6212:Nazca
6185:Andes
6092:Izapa
5972:Adena
5897:Tibet
5887:Korea
5882:Japan
5877:China
5847:Dahae
5733:Turks
5668:Hunas
5653:Wusun
5638:Qiang
5578:Libya
5448:Rauso
5438:Nicon
5403:Malao
5398:Opone
5353:Nubia
5323:Malta
5318:Dacia
5293:Italy
5283:Slavs
5273:Celts
5158:Egypt
5128:Media
5108:Sabaʾ
5043:Qatna
5028:Akkad
5018:Nubia
5013:Magan
5003:Hatti
4978:Egypt
4968:Sumer
4804:Mi Fu
4791:Liang
4777:Egypt
4717:Gurak
4664:Apama
4603:Tūjué
4531:used
4511:king
4465:bolts
4446:Kucha
4429:Kucha
4349:Bible
4202:Durga
4186:Indra
4154:Shiva
4066:Right
3874:Sughd
3792:oasis
3743:camel
3729:. At
3599:Xi'an
3430:Xi'an
3386:Balkh
3301:China
3297:Hunan
3270:Sabao
3254:sabao
3243:Hubei
3216:sabao
3183:Wuwei
3171:China
2977:Kucha
2975:near
2914:coins
2895:Xi'an
2855:Roman
2836:motif
2689:Sabao
2677:Urals
2607:Talas
2603:Suyab
2576:Gansu
2419:Shiji
2334:China
2326:India
2200:Timur
2110:shah
2062:Islam
1909:Gurak
1891:Quran
1881:jizya
1872:Balkh
1768:Korea
1764:China
1712:Turks
1598:Herat
1439:India
1428:, 123
1426:Shiji
1406:[
1398:[
1395:Daxia
1388:[
1345:Shiji
1306:Sakas
1214:Apama
1116:king
997:, an
960:Egypt
738:Margu
707:deity
663:Yasht
582:Right
502:Greek
474:Tajik
446:Uzbek
423:Greek
419:Aškuz
385:Suyab
373:Sughd
317:Islam
303:from
248:, an
115:Islam
13981:Saka
13931:Maka
13889:Kush
13884:Elam
13800:Aria
13761:Susa
13627:ISBN
13609:ISBN
13547:ISSN
13516:ISBN
13483:ISBN
13468:ISBN
13443:ISBN
13394:ISBN
13373:ISBN
13351:ISBN
13329:ISBN
13311:ISBN
13296:ISBN
13254:ISBN
13239:ISBN
13224:ISBN
13206:ISBN
13184:ISBN
13169:ISBN
13154:ISBN
13129:ISBN
13113:ISBN
13084:2017
13049:ISSN
13002:ISBN
12973:ISBN
12947:ISBN
12919:ISBN
12901:ISBN
12883:ISSN
12868:ISBN
12850:ISBN
12824:ISBN
12809:ISBN
12794:ISBN
12654:ISBN
12590:ISBN
12557:ISBN
12508:ISBN
12487:ISBN
12469:link
12446:ISBN
12399:ISBN
12372:ISBN
12328:ISBN
12301:ISBN
12223:ISBN
12165:ISBN
12121:ISBN
12094:ISBN
12047:ISBN
12019:ISSN
12009:ISBN
11959:ISBN
11932:ISBN
11905:ISBN
11878:ISBN
11851:ISBN
11817:2017
11769:ISBN
11742:ISBN
11659:ISBN
11638:ISBN
11604:ISBN
11583:ISBN
11565:ISBN
11499:ISBN
11451:ISBN
11427:ISBN
11402:2017
11341:ISBN
11294:ISBN
11166:ISBN
11142:ISBN
11105:ISBN
11084:ISBN
11036:ISBN
11015:ISBN
10994:ISBN
10973:ISSN
10939:ISBN
10887:help
10814:ISBN
10649:ISBN
10620:ISBN
10593:ISBN
10566:ISBN
10543:link
10490:ISBN
10465:ISSN
10422:ISBN
10321:help
10289:ISBN
10203:ISBN
10156:ISBN
10055:ISBN
9987:ISBN
9967:Wei.
9956:ISBN
9931:PMID
9913:ISSN
9864:ISBN
9837:ISBN
9816:2023
9760:ISBN
9733:ISBN
9696:ISBN
9649:2023
9572:link
9528:ISSN
9487:ISBN
9437:ISBN
9396:ISBN
9375:ISBN
9354:ISBN
9328:ISBN
9307:ISBN
9286:ISBN
9265:ISBN
9209:ISBN
9167:ISBN
9143:ISBN
9125:2011
9088:ISBN
9000:ISBN
8940:2017
8912:ISBN
8900:ISBN
8876:ISBN
8840:ISBN
8815:ISBN
8790:ISBN
8755:ISBN
8734:ISBN
8706:ISBN
8660:ISBN
8631:ISBN
8602:ISBN
8557:ISBN
8480:ISBN
8407:ISBN
8354:ISBN
8327:ISBN
8264:ISBN
8223:ISSN
8207:Iran
8166:ISBN
8145:help
8056:ISBN
8029:ISBN
8002:ISBN
7977:ISBN
7955:ISBN
7863:ISBN
7789:ISBN
7768:ISBN
7747:ISSN
7700:ISBN
7674:ISBN
7653:ISBN
7632:ISBN
7595:ISSN
7574:ISBN
7506:ISBN
7408:ISBN
7387:ISBN
7363:ISBN
7342:ISBN
7318:ISBN
7293:2016
7264:ISBN
7243:ISBN
7201:ISBN
7171:help
7104:2016
7006:2018
6972:2018
6940:ISBN
6630:Laos
6590:Lavo
6570:Xitu
6416:and
6376:Bura
6336:Ekoi
6302:and
6232:Wari
6222:Lima
6067:Maya
5663:Huns
5628:Mohe
5298:Gaul
5258:Rome
5163:Iran
4998:Armi
4993:Mari
4988:Ebla
4983:Elam
4973:Kish
4905:era
4571:and
4489:and
4431:and
4367:and
4325:and
4204:, a
4120:Mani
4103:and
4042:Left
3868:The
3845:and
3716:The
3641:and
3555:Kāng
3486:and
3448:and
3424:The
3376:The
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2857:and
2843:silk
2797:silk
2605:and
2332:and
2305:and
2299:suli
2254:silk
2220:and
1990:fell
1811:and
1681:yurt
1592:and
1577:The
1498:Saka
1404:Anxi
1390:Oxus
1282:Saka
1108:: a
1013:and
1003:jade
899:and
893:Susa
867:and
726:'),
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651:and
573:Left
489:Suġd
469:Soġd
421:and
412:Saka
391:Name
367:and
236:The
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55:Oxus
13579:doi
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12586:193
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12437:懐古堂
12299:–.
12297:278
12250:doi
12143:舊唐書
12072:全唐詩
11391:doi
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10901:She
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10831:She
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9520:doi
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