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participants who prepare to volunteer their bodies to the gods are called the Ma Song. During the main ritual at the temples, the Ma Song fall into a trance and pierce their cheeks with ritual objects, including knives, spears, relics, and other items of personal significance. Then, the Ma Song demonstrate their submission by presenting their expressive forms of self-mutilation in a public procession. In his research project starting in 2012, Schneider identified the affective states of the Ma Song that reflected a religious frame of submission. While in
Western cultures dominance is seen as a cherished goal, Schneider observed an unusual appreciation of submission amongst the Ma Song. This might be generalizable to other religious practices where believers submit in devotion. This study has been made possible through the support by Fulbright Scholar grant PD2082693, the National Research Council of Thailand in Bangkok, and the members of the Phuket Provincial Cultural Office. Dr. Schneider was depicted on his research site in a National Geographic documentation by Morgan Freeman.
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agreed upon between all members; partial skinning (the skin is not removed, just cut and flipped over); slashing of limbs, chest, stomach and especially tongue with swords, axes and knives; bloodletting; removal of tissue (normally limited to cysts) and intentionally wrapping or standing near fire crackers as they are lit.
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In accordance with the traditions, many religious mediums will conduct ritualized mutilation upon themselves and one another while under a trance-like state, including but not limited to: impaling through cheeks, arms, face, legs, back etc., with everything from as small as syringes to as large as is
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A carnival-like atmosphere pervades the temple throughout the nine-day festival. During this period of time, the constant tinkling of a prayer bell and chants from the temple priests or mediums are heard. Most devotees stay at the temple, eat vegetarian meals, maintain celibacy and recite continuous
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On the eve of the lunar ninth month, temples dedicated to Nine
Emperor Gods will conduct an important ceremony to invoke and welcome the Nine Emperor Gods. Since the arrival of the Nine Emperor Gods is believed to be descending through the waterways, processions are held from temples to the seashore
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This is done without anaesthetic, always inside or near the temples surrounded by other devotees with only iodine, petroleum jelly and surgical gloves as precautionary measures. Despite this scenario, many of the people performing the rituals are also the people who will care for many of the people
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During the festival, food stalls sell Thai and
Chinese food made without animal products. Noodle dishes, curries and soups are prepared without meat, fish sauce, eggs or dairy. Realistic vegetarian meats are used instead. The dishes are prepared without the use of garlic, chili, or strong spices.
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To this effect few people ever need to have prolonged medical treatment, and although in the weeks after the festival many people will be seen covered in bandages, scarring is uncommon, stitching, even on individual devotees who impale their cheeks, is rare, and return to daily activity for the
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will not feel any pain. They can also be seen shaking their heads back and forth continually, and usually do not seem to "see" their surroundings. At the temple during the festival there is also firewalking and blade-ladder climbing. While large crowds of people gather to watch, the entranced
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According to an early-nineteenth-century interpretation of
Chinese Taoism by a local community of Chinese immigrant miners, the Nine Emperor Gods descend from poles located in the shrine's yards and incarnate by using the bodies of the participants as shells for walking on Earth. The
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wearing elaborate costumes who pierce their cheeks and tongues with all manner of things, including swords, banners, machine guns, table lamps, and flowers. While the face is the most common area pierced, some also pierce their arms with pins and fishhooks. Teams of people accompany the
832:, to display their devotion to their beliefs and the trance itself, which has a profound impact upon demeanour for days or weeks after, frequently with devotees appearing exceptionally calm and focused in their day-to-day activities after the festival is completed.
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During the
Vegetarian Festival, shops in Phuket and throughout Thailand display red and yellow jay flags (เจ) to indicate they are serving appropriate vegan food for observant participants. Vegan food is prepared because it is considered the most pure.
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In addition to eating pure food, festival participants must keep their thoughts pure and wear white as a symbol of purity. Also to maintain purity devout festival participants abstain from sex, alcohol and stimulants during the festival.
645:(斗母元君) who holds the Registrar of Life and Death. Today, most Nine Emperor God temples do not acknowledge the existence of Dou Fu Yuan Jun. However, Dou Fu Yuan Jun is invoked alongside Dou Mu Yuan Jun in Great Dipper Honouring known as
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had more than 100 vegetarian food stalls during the 2022 festival. It was also reported that
Chinese temples in Hat Yai stockpiled vegetarian food in advance of the festival and hired more people. Many tourists come from Malaysia.
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also has many vendors selling vegan food during the festival. The
American chef Dan Sriprasert used the vegan recipes he learned to make at his mother's food stall in Nan during the festival to create the menu for the popular
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and coordinate mortal Life and Death issues. The Nine
Emperors is formed by the seven stars of the Big Dipper of the North Ursa Major (visible) and two assistant stars (invisible to most people). The Nine Emperor Stars are:
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The
Vegetarian Festival has significant economic impact on the nation. In 2023, the festival was forecast to generate revenue of 44.6 billion baht, a forecast 5.5% increase over 2022 revenue and the highest in 10 years.
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Many varieties of tofu are prepared and sold during the festival. Popular dishes are vegetarian pink noodle soup, which uses mushrooms to substitute pork blood cubes, fried tofu, deep-fried spring roll, and fried taro.
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692:. According to Long Hua, this information is inaccurate and considered derogatory to the actual teachings of Taoism as the Nine Emperor Gods are actually high-ranking Star Lords who preside over the movement of
680:(九皇爺) loosely translates as "Grandfather", a title worshipers commonly use to bring a more intimate relationship between themselves and the Nine Emperors. The Nine Emperor Gods should not be mixed up with the
286:. The Phuket Vegetarian Festival attracts crowds of spectators because of many of the unusual religious rituals that are performed. The Vegetarian Festival takes place at the same time as the Hindu festival
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also have many vendors selling vegan food during the festival. In 2023, the
Michelin Guide-listed restaurant at the Carlton Hotel Bangkok Sukhumvit advertised an extensive vegetarian menu for the festival.
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devotees occurs shortly after the completion of the ritual, frequently before the festival ends unless performed on the last days, much sooner than before the bandages themselves are removed.
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refers to how the spirits of the gods use the bodies of these people as a vehicle, as one rides a horse. Only pure, unmarried men or women without families of their own can become
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According to Rev. Long Hua, the 35th generation Taoist priest from Singapore, honouring the Northern Dipper stars prolongs one's life, eliminate calamities, and absolves
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The characters เจ as often shown on stickers or flags to indicate that food is vegetarian. The characters have been stylised to be more reminiscent of Chinese writing.
854:กินเจ, which has come to be translated as abstinence from eating meat, poultry, seafood, and dairy products. Vendors and proprietors of restaurants indicate that
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At the temple they undergo a series of rituals to protect them for the duration of the festival, during which flagellation and self-mutilation is practiced. The
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During the Vegetarian Festival in Thailand, streets are filled with food stalls offering vegan Thai and Chinese food, e.g. buns and dim sums with mushrooms.
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The ninth day of the festival is its climax. An important procession that draws thousands of devotees to send the Nine Emperor Gods back via waterways.
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Parades usually start at 9 minutes past the hour, disrupting traffic during morning rush hours. The procession walks from an ahm to Phuket town.
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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or river to symbolize this belief. Devotees dressed in traditional white, carrying incense and candles, await for their arrival.
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to keep their wounds clean and to help support the heavier piercings. It is believed that while they are possessed the
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or Princes of the Ming loyalists. Popular folk culture has it that the Nine Emperor Gods are actually loyalists of the
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Regular Session Social Psychology 3 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association. Seattle, USA
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chanting of prayer. It is believed that there will be rain throughout the nine days of the celebration.
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Freeman, Morgan (2017). "The Story of God with Morgan Freeman Season 2 episode 1 "The Chosen One."".
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Phuket has the largest festival, but many other cities in Thailand celebrate the festival as well.
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During a period of nine days, those who are participating in the festival dress all in white and
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862:) written on it in red. However, technically, only food prepared in the sacred kitchen of the
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distribute blessed candy and pieces of orange cloth with Chinese characters printed on them
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from early morning to witness piercing ceremony and to participate in the parade afterwards
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also exist among the Chinese communities in Singapore and Malaysia during this festival.
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food is for sale at their establishments by putting a yellow flag out with the word เจ (
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Meeting of the International Society for Research on Emotion (ISRE). Geneva Switzerland
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1586:"Nine Emperor Gods Festival celebrated with many people of all races and religions"
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1518:– via Sociological Abstracts; full version available at Sociology*Express.
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are getting ready to participate in the morning parade starting from one of the
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Piercing is supervised by medical staff and performed using special instruments
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Phuket Vegetarian Festival 2018 | Nine Emperor Gods Festival 2018 - Video
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Schneider, Andreas (2018). "How Contextual Frames Normalize Submission".
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as it must undergo a series of rituals before it can be given that name.
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Schneider, Andreas (2016). "Self-attitudes in the Frame of Submission".
1264:"Celebrating the Vegetarian Festival 2022: where to go and what to eat"
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1288:"Celebrating the Vegetarian Festival at Wah Lok Cantonese Restaurant"
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632:(九皇星君/九皇大帝) are the nine sons manifested by Father Emperor Zhou Yu
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1362:"Fare from Royal Projects set to star at Thailand J Food Festival"
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1312:"Hat Yai prepares for start of the vegetarian festival on Monday"
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celebration beginning on the eve of the ninth lunar month of the
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Schneider, Andreas (2015). "Esthetic Experience of Submission".
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Lian Zhen Gang Xing Jun (玉廉貞綱星君) 5th Star (Visible) Bayer: ε UMa
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To commemorate to honour the gods on a large scale for nine days
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Malls in Thailand participate in the festival that include the
474:"Vegetarian Festival" redirects here. For other festivals, see
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1236:"How to Experience the Phuket Vegetarian Festival in Thailand"
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Nine Emperor Gods Festival celebration in popular folk culture
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Altar of the Second Emperor of the Nine Emperor Gods Altar at
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The Nine Emperor Gods Festival - INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
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Po Jun Guan Xing Jun (破軍關星君) 7th Star (Visible) Bayer: η UMa
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Lu Cun Zhen Xing Jun (祿存貞星君) 3rd Star (Visible) Bayer: γ UMa
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Ju Men Yuan Xing Jun (巨門元星君) 2nd Star (Visible) Bayer: β UMa
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Tan Lang Tai Xing Jun (貪狼太星君)1st Star (Visible) Bayer: α UMa
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Wen Qu Niu Xing Jun (文曲紐星君) 4th Star (Visible) Bayer: δ UMa
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1192:"Celebrating Navaratri and the Nine Emperor Gods festival"
1338:"15 years later, a vegan pioneer still sets the standard"
1167:"The Most Colorful Festivals Worth Attending In Thailand"
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Wu Qu Ji Xing Jun (武曲紀星君) 6th Star (Visible) Bayer: ζ UMa
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Nine Emperor Gods 九皇大帝 Temple in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
1386:"Spending uptick forecast during vegetarian festival"
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You Bi Da Dao Xing Jun (右弼大道星君) 9th Star (Invisible)
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Zuo Fu Da Dao Xing Jun (左輔大道星君) 8th Star (Invisible)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
920:The festivities in Phuket include a procession of
1544:The Chinese Vegetarian Festival in Phuket Bangkok
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1440:"Looking back at the Nine Emperor Gods festival"
895:ม้า is the word for horse in Thai, and the name
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828:The purpose of this practice is a mixture of
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768:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
282:, where over the half of the population is
222:เทศกาลกินเจ, เทศกาลกินผัก (ภาคใต้ประเทศไทย)
1142:"When is the best time to visit Thailand?"
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788:Learn how and when to remove this message
608:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1631:Phuket Vegetarian Festival 2018 - Phuket
1611:Singapore Nine Emperor Gods Project 九皇文化
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672:of oneself and his family. The term
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1262:Catellya, Cita (2022-09-22).
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1234:Rodgers, Greg (2019-08-15).
1165:Levy, Cynthia (2022-03-30).
1121:List of vegetarian festivals
812:Phuket ritualized mutilation
476:List of vegetarian festivals
58:"Nine Emperor Gods Festival"
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1531:National Geographic Channel
1426:The Ninth Month Celebration
1190:Lin, Tsen Ee (2021-10-07).
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1140:Mason, Sam (2022-09-05).
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1592:(online). 2016-10-09
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455:ن سمبيلن مهاراج ديوا
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1656:October observances
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32:This article
30:
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1448:. Retrieved
1446:. 2022-10-08
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1390:Bangkok Post
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1341:
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1318:. 2022-09-25
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1292:Bangkok Post
1291:
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1267:
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1239:
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1216:. 2021-10-04
1214:Thailand NOW
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341:Hanyu Pinyin
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167:Celebrations
159:Significance
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1444:MalaysiaNow
1092:, Singapore
870:ศาลเจ้า or
585:may not be
415:เทศกาลกินเจ
275:เทศกาลกินเจ
175:Observances
1645:Categories
1596:2022-07-11
1575:2022-07-11
1450:2023-05-20
1395:2023-10-08
1371:2023-10-06
1347:2022-09-05
1322:2022-10-22
1297:2023-10-06
1273:2022-09-28
1245:2022-09-05
1220:2022-09-05
1176:2022-09-14
1151:2022-09-14
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638:Big Dipper
516:Chiang Mai
482:Vegan food
436:Malay name
284:Peranakans
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1240:TripSavvy
1171:TheTravel
778:June 2022
749:does not
668:and past
598:June 2022
403:Thai name
288:Navaratri
254:Indonesia
250:Singapore
1413:消災七元北斗星君
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852:ghin jeh
587:reliable
266:Thailand
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770:removed
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