116:
724:'s highest military award. He was the first recipient of the award. The citation read: "He endeavoured to create an opportunity to allow an injured comrade to escape by firing his Gustaf thereby drawing attention to his own position which he must have been aware would endanger his life. He had a reasonable opportunity to escape because he was not wounded but chose to remain with an injured comrade." At the time it was assumed that Browne had been killed at the scene. It was only later discovered that he had survived for two days before being killed in a separate attack.
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Three Irish soldiers managed to escape the initial fighting. One of them, Anthony Browne, reached a nearby village and gave all the money he had to the village women, hoping they would get him help, but was instead mobbed and beaten to death by the village men. His body was recovered two years later.
614:
and
European mercenaries and many Baluba were massacred. This left them suspicious of and hostile to any white European troops. Most surrounding villages had been deserted by their inhabitants. Irish troops were sent to the area to secure it and encourage local people to return. A search of the area
734:
Thomas Kenny, one of the survivors, believes that the real circumstances of
Anthony Browne's death were misrepresented by the army, because they wished to have a hero to offer to the public. The wording of the citation implied that Browne had died trying to protect the wounded Kenny, by moving into
755:
The effect of the Niemba ambush on Irish society's perception of the army was massive. The attack punctured the swelling pride that was emboldening the nation. The professionalism of our soldiers was called into question, which wasn't received well in
Ireland. It presented a stumbling block to the
640:
The section leader, Lt. Kevin
Gleeson, and Sergeant Gaynor were overtaken and beaten and hacked to death. The surprised Irish soldiers, who had not been deployed in a defensive formation after dismounting from their vehicles, retreated behind trees on either side of the road and opened fire on the
743:
Journalists Edward Doyle and
Raymond Smith attributed the deaths of the Irish peacekeepers to their lack of adequate equipment and combat experience. As a result of the ambush, new Irish soldiers detailed for duty in the Congo were specifically trained on how to confront roadblocks.
628:
militiamen armed with bows, poison-tipped arrows, spears and clubs, as well as some guns. While the Irish troops had arrived to protect the Baluba, the militia undoubtedly took them for
Katangese mercenaries. Lieutenant Kevin Gleeson, advancing unarmed with his
597:
until the end of 1955. The Irish Army was therefore anxious to become involved in ONUC and thereby validate
Ireland's recent membership, but was unprepared in terms of experience, training, uniforms, arms and vehicles, and was generally reliant on interpreters.
623:
On 8 November 1960, an eleven-man section from the Irish Army's 33rd
Battalion arrived at the bridge over the Luweyeye River. They were forced to leave their vehicles when they encountered a blockade on the road. While clearing it, they encountered about 100
768:
The notoriety of the attack, and the allegations of mutilation and cannibalism that circulated in the Irish popular press in its aftermath, led to the word "baluba" becoming a synonym for any "untrustworthy and barbaric" person in certain parts of
Ireland.
542:
The notoriety of the attack, and the allegations of mutilation and cannibalism that circulated in the Irish popular press in its aftermath, led to the word "baluba" becoming a synonym for any "untrustworthy and barbaric" person in certain parts of
Ireland.
578:, the southern, mineral-rich province of the Congo. An independence movement was fueled by mining companies who sought to continue their control of the resources in the region, as well as by local and tribal grievances. A local political leader,
653:. The Baluba however advanced on them, and the Irish were cut off from their vehicles. Despite taking heavy losses, the Baluba overran the Irish soldiers with 'sheer weight of numbers' after which most of the Irish casualties were inflicted.
756:
development of the Irish military and Ireland's position as an international force. However Ireland managed to regain its composure. Ireland's position in future UN peacekeeping operations was preserved due to an impressive handling of the
708:, where they lay in state. Gleeson's coffin was placed on a gun carriage, while those of the rest were placed on army trucks. Some of those trucks were preserved, one in the National Transport Museum. Following a funeral procession through
605:
or "Baluba" ethnic group did not support the Katangese secession. As a result, they came under attack from pro-Katangese and allied forces. The area around the railway station at Niemba suffered several raids by both Baluba and local
764:
The Baluba has long been associated with acts of cannibalism. Lurid stories circulated in the Irish popular press that the bodies of the victims had been mutilated and that their hearts had been removed to be eaten by the Baluba.
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550:, with whom they had recently been in conflict, the Baluba being opposed to Katangese secession. The Irish were part of a UN contingent that was sent to halt the Katangese secession from the Congo.
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However, the ambush was largely the result of mistaken identity. The Luba tribesmen seem to have mistaken the Irish UN troops for European mercenaries in the service of the
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589:, as well as Sweden and other European nations, supplied troops as part of the UN force. Ireland had applied for membership of the United Nations in 1946, but because of
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Prendeville, Tom, "Congo Hell Cannibals Killed My Comrades ..And Ate Every One; Irish Soldier Who Survived Jungle Horror...And Still Waits For Medal", 30 May 2004,
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A stone commemorating Lt. Gleeson can be found in his hometown of Carlow while a plaque commemorating Sgt. Hugh Gaynor can be found in his hometown of
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the open and drawing fire on himself, letting an opportunity to escape pass. In fact he did escape into the forest.
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Boehme, Olivier (2005). "The Involvement of the Belgian Central Bank in the Katanga Secession, 1960-1963".
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1983:
1976:
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United Nations peacekeeping troops were invited to help restore order and to end the Katanga secession.
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identified a damaged bridge, which a patrol was sent to, with a mission to effect repairs if possible.
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2008:
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The two surviving soldiers managed to hide and were found by other UN troops the following day.
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716:. For his conduct during the ambush, 19-year-old Trooper Browne was posthumously awarded the
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was ambushed, the first time the Irish Army was embroiled in battle since the 1922-23
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A total of nine Irish soldiers were killed: Lieutenant Kevin Gleeson of
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633:, Hugh Gaynor, attempted to greet them peacefully, but was hit with a
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558:
917:
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Missing in Action: The 50 Year Search for Ireland's Missing Soldier
747:
Fionn Rogan argues that the massacre had a corrosive effect in the
688:, Private Michael McGuinn of Carlow, and Private Gerard Killeen of
610:
tribes. On 4 October, several villages were attacked by Katangese
1215:
586:
950:
751:, where there had been strong support for the Congo expedition:
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677:
661:
296:
159:
2081:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of Ireland relations
1046:
Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000
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856:"Letters from Niemba: Irish troops in the Congo, 1960",
2061:
Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations
27:
Irish Army patrol (UN duty) in Congo-LĂ©opoldville, 1960
931:"Congo massacre survivor: Army must tell real story",
817:"Letters from Niemba: Irish troops in the Congo, 1960"
938:
1063:
956:
835:
874:"Plaque for Dublin soldier who died in the Congo"
2051:Ambushes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2022:
135:Niemba ambush (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
900:Gallantry Medals & Decorations of the World
792:"Athlone resident recalls Niemba ambush horror"
1100:
312:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
1114:
2046:Military history of the Republic of Ireland
700:The bodies of the Irish dead were flown to
1107:
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319:
305:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1275:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
1042:
944:
785:
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781:
676:, Private Matthew Farrell of Jamestown,
557:
1401:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
582:declared Katanga an independent state.
519:took place on 8 November 1960, when an
14:
2023:
1064:Riegel, Ralph; O'Mahony, John (2010).
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967:
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841:
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1970:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
1293:United Nations Operation in the Congo
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971:
778:
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537:United Nations Operation in the Congo
492:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
300:
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860:, Issue 6 (Nov/Dec 2010), Volume 18.
852:
850:
591:Irish neutrality during World War II
574:) in 1960, a civil war broke out in
29:
2002:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
997:
962:
790:Cusack, Adrian (10 November 2010).
692:. Some 25 Baluba were also killed.
24:
25:
2092:
863:
847:
1394:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1387:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1380:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1243:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
972:Rogan, Fionn (10 January 2014).
326:
231:
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190:
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34:
1015:
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974:"Niemba – The Birth of an Army"
2066:Ireland and the United Nations
2056:November 1960 events in Africa
1977:Torture and killing of Lumumba
925:
913:"RTÉ Television - War Stories"
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497:Torture and killing of Lumumba
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13:
1:
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992:Ethiopia: A View from Within
718:Military Medal for Gallantry
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684:, Trooper Anthony Browne of
680:, Trooper Thomas Fennell of
593:this had been vetoed by the
7:
902:, Pen and Sword, 200, p.54.
664:, Sergeant. Hugh Gaynor of
643:Carl Gustaf submachine guns
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2097:
2036:1960 in the United Nations
1043:Ishizuka, Katsumi (2014).
957:Riegel & O'Mahony 2010
672:, Corporal Liam Dougan of
668:, Corporal Peter Kelly of
1993:
1984:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
1961:
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637:of poison-tipped arrows.
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562:Baluba militiamen in 1962
502:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
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2009:Decolonisation of Africa
1662:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
1335:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
1024:African Economic History
760:the following September.
1760:Force Publique mutinies
1729:William "Rip" Robertson
1485:Cuban Exile Naval Force
1139:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
651:Bren light machine guns
570:became independent (as
535:had deployed troops as
341:Force Publique mutinies
1875:Port Francqui incident
762:
712:, they were buried at
563:
426:Port Francqui incident
225:Commanders and leaders
1952:Stanleyville mutinies
1581:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
1478:211th Makasi Squadron
1261:Katangese Gendarmerie
994:, Janus, 2005, p.306.
990:Michael B. Lentakis,
796:Westmeath Independent
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641:tribesmen with their
572:Republic of the Congo
561:
539:(ONUC) peacekeepers.
265:Casualties and losses
1933:Violettes Imperiales
1556:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1510:Conor Cruise O'Brien
1408:5 Mechanised Brigade
1195:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
935:, 5, November, 2000.
470:Violettes Imperiales
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
2076:Tanganyika Province
1609:Frédéric Vandewalle
758:siege at Jadotville
749:Republic of Ireland
722:Republic of Ireland
237:Kevin Gleeson
2071:History of Katanga
1962:Other major events
1795:Congo-Stanleyville
1268:South Kasai forces
821:historyireland.com
739:Effects in Ireland
714:Glasnevin Cemetery
702:Casement Aerodrome
647:Lee–Enfield rifles
564:
525:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
486:Other major events
366:Congo-Stanleyville
2041:Conflicts in 1960
2018:
2017:
1750:Main operations /
1745:
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1373:White mercenaries
1235:government forces
1153:Christophe Gbenye
1124:Political leaders
1070:. Mercier Press.
933:Irish Independent
880:. 3 February 2018
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373:UN intervention
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823:. 5 March 2013
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1049:. Routledge.
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958:
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946:
945:Ishizuka 2014
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898:Clark, John,
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96:
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74:
71:February 2018
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Niemba Ambush
2031:Congo Crisis
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1906:Dragon Rouge
1905:
1859:
1850:Camp Massart
1841:
1819:
1811:
1722:Larry Devlin
1669:Jack Malloch
1648:Hans Germani
1595:Marc Goosens
1563:Norbert Moke
1549:Louis Bobozo
1253:Rebel forces
1181:Théo Lefèvre
1116:Congo Crisis
1066:
1045:
1030:(33): 1–29.
1027:
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1016:Bibliography
1012:
1004:
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882:. Retrieved
877:
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825:. Retrieved
820:
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799:. Retrieved
795:
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699:
659:
655:
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600:
595:Soviet Union
584:
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541:
516:
514:
485:
484:
476:
469:
462:
455:
449:Dragon Rouge
448:
414:
407:Camp Massart
400:
384:
378:
329:Congo Crisis
240:
188:
183:Belligerents
174:Luba victory
105:Congo Crisis
103:Part of the
77:
68:
44:
1924:White Giant
1915:Dragon Noir
1779:South Kasai
1736:Che Guevara
1690:Jerry Puren
1683:John Peters
1531:Pat Quinlan
1517:K.A.S. Raja
1471:15 Commando
1464:14 Commando
1457:13 Commando
1450:12 Commando
1443:11 Commando
1118:(1960–1965)
842:Boehme 2005
827:27 December
801:27 December
682:Donnycarney
603:Luba people
463:White Giant
456:Dragon Noir
354:South Kasai
2025:Categories
1834:Jadotville
1655:Mike Hoare
1627:Bob Denard
1495:Commanders
1436:9 Commando
1429:6 Commando
1422:5 Commando
1415:4 Commando
1005:The People
884:3 February
773:References
670:Templeogue
566:After the
554:Background
523:patrol in
521:Irish Army
395:Jadotville
1860:Grandslam
1812:Rum Punch
1619:Mercenary
1541:Congolese
1363:Belgian /
1233:Congolese
1007:, London.
706:Baldonnel
696:Aftermath
690:Rathmines
612:gendarmes
415:Grandslam
379:Rum Punch
285:25 killed
276:1 wounded
59:talk page
1786:Invasion
1328:Ethiopia
359:Invasion
273:9 killed
260:~100 men
252:Strength
155:Location
53:You may
1994:Related
1772:Katanga
1752:battles
1573:Belgian
1307:Ireland
1216:U Thant
1036:4617603
635:barrage
587:Ireland
576:Katanga
533:Ireland
349:Katanga
247:Unknown
241:†
220:militia
211:Ireland
164:Katanga
1842:UNOKAT
1314:Sweden
1300:Canada
1074:
1053:
1034:
918:RTÉ.ie
878:RTE.ie
710:Dublin
686:Rialto
678:Dublin
662:Carlow
619:Ambush
401:UNOKAT
257:11 men
208:
171:Result
160:Niemba
129:Niemba
1942:South
1714:Other
1321:India
1032:JSTOR
674:Cabra
608:Pygmy
477:South
61:, or
1072:ISBN
1051:ISBN
886:2018
829:2016
803:2016
649:and
626:Luba
601:The
515:The
218:Luba
197:ONUC
147:Date
1353:CIA
704:in
2027::
1028:33
1026:.
976:.
964:^
915:.
876:.
865:^
849:^
819:.
794:.
780:^
731:.
645:,
531:.
162:,
1108:e
1101:t
1094:v
1080:.
1059:.
1038:.
980:.
921:.
888:.
831:.
805:.
320:e
313:t
306:v
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
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