55:
772:. This mission had a similar purpose to Operation Rumpunch, with UN troops attempting to take control of the means of communication (radio station and post office), alongside arresting the remaining mercenaries. However, unlike the previous mission, Operation Morthor only managed to arrest one Katangan minister, and led to fighting which required a negotiated ceasefire between UN Representative O’Brien and Prime Minister Tshombe to halt. During the ceasefire, UN troops failed to secure Tshombe, who managed to flee into Rhodesia. Following this, and due to the levels of bloodshed, the Secretary-General ordered an end to Operation Morthor.
656:. Although the contingent of 156 Irish soldiers repelled several attacks by a larger force, they eventually surrendered to the Katangese forces after running out of ammunition and water. The Irish company inflicted approximately 1,300 casualties (including, according to some estimates, up to 300 killed) on the Katangese force, with no deaths amongst the Irish "A" Company. A relief column of approximately 500 Indian, Irish, and Swedish UN troops, sent to break the siege, was unsuccessful and suffered several casualties (including at least five killed). The captured Irish company was held as
881:
808:
200:
740:
issued orders for the removal of "all non-Congolese officers and mercenaries", and for UN assistance in this action. Operation
Rumpunch began at 4:30 and was deemed largely successful by both Cruise and Secretary-General Hammarskjöld, but it did not succeed in removing all mercenaries, and left the more radical mercenaries, some of whom had been members of the German and Italian militaries of World War Two, behind, safely within Katanga.
213:
173:
239:
226:
62:
916:. The Katangese forces dug in here and brought heavy and sustained ground and air fire onto the relief column, killing up to five Indian UN troops, injuring a number of Irish UN troops and ultimately forcing the column off the bridge. Additionally, during the effort to reach the trapped company, the Katanga forces set off charges on the railway bridge to impede potential relief efforts.
954:
707:
Belgian state, and to apply political pressure on
Belgium to force their removal from the theatre. The already politically complex position of Belgium was further complicated by Prime Minister Tshombe's appointment to America of a Belgian civil servant, Michel Struelens, to promote the international reputation of Katanga and its independence through propaganda.
877:. The Irish Support Platoon of A Company knocked out most of the Katangese mortar and artillery positions, including the 75mm gun, with counter-battery fire from 60mm mortars. The fire from the UN Irish positions proved accurate and effective. Mercenary officers were reportedly observed shooting native gendarmes to stem the rout caused in Katangese lines.
744:
Irish
Battalion and Group Mide of the Swedish Battalion were sent to Jadotville to explain to the families of those arrested what had occurred, and to ensure peace in the area. However, four days later Group Mide (and shortly after Company B) returned to Elizabethville due to the aggression of the white population at Jadotville.
1028:
The veterans of
Jadotville were dissatisfied that the Defence Forces refused to acknowledge the battle and that there was an implied black mark on the reputation of their commander. A number of Irish soldiers, who had been involved in the siege, reputedly took their own lives in later years. Quinlan,
925:
On 16 September, a second attempt to reach the Irish
Company was made, but failed with another three Indian troops being killed and a further eight soldiers suffering injuries. The Katangese asked Quinlan for a ceasefire, as their own forces had been diminished. By this time, their effective strength
752:
Despite the antagonism at
Jadotville, these troops were substituted by Company A of the 35th Irish Battalion on 3 September 1961, under the command of Commandant Patrick Quinlan. According to both Conor O’Brien and General McKeown this decision was made due to the petition of Belgian Foreign Minister
735:
By August 1961, tensions between the UN and
Katangan leadership had deteriorated due to the arrival of both O’Brien and an Indian battalion (who both believed, following the February Security Council Resolution, that their goal was to crush the resistance in Katanga) and the breakdown of negotiations
944:
After being released, the troops were returned to their base in
Elisabethville. Some weeks later, however, "A" Company found itself in active combat again, this time with the support of Swedish UN troops. Eventually, they were reinforced with fresh troops from Ireland (their replacement was the 36th
710:
Following the torture and killing of Prime
Minister Lumumba on 17 January 1961 – under orders from Moise Tshombe and with indirect assistance of the Belgian state – the UN Security Council passed Resolution 161A a month later on 21 February 1961. In the pursuit of reintegrating the seceded provinces
1005:
Only in 2005 did the Irish Army pardon
Company A for their surrender, and until the early 21st century, the Irish state did not give much recognition to the battle of Jadotville either. The term "Jadotville Jack" was sometimes applied as a term of derision about the Irish Defence Forces. After the
743:
As a result of Operation Rumpunch, Katangan Minister Godefroid Munongo ramped up actions against those who were anti-secession, which led to 45,000 people seeking assistance from the UN compound in Elisabethville. Additionally, on 29 August 1961, following Operation Rumpunch, Company B of the 35th
731:
Prior to being deployed to Katanga in June 1961 as part of the ONUC mission, Conor Cruise O’Brien was an Irish diplomat within the UN foreign office in the Republic of Ireland. Upon arrival in Elisabethville, he planned and executed Operation Rumpunch in an attempt to remove the mercenaries within
706:
The UN's attempts to remove the Belgian presence from the seceded provinces of Katanga (and later Kasai) proved difficult due to members of the Belgian military transitioning into mercenaries while they continued to head the Katangese gendarmerie. This made it more challenging to link them to the
929:
Quinlan lacked any clear direction or communication from his superiors, and the Katangese gradually infringed on the ceasefire agreement to undermine "A" Company's position. With his position untenable --without any clear orders or promise of assistance, having run out of ammunition and food and
739:
Operation Rumpunch was ordered by O’Brien and the UN Civilian Operations Chief, Mahmoud Khairi on 28 August 1961, with the aim to take non-Katangan members of the state into their custody. Prior to its start, on 24 August, both President Kasavubu and newly appointed Prime Minister Cyrille Adoula
718:
Following Resolution 161A, four battalions were sent into Katanga who, at the demand of the Congolese government, were from non-colonial powers. However, these troops were under-equipped and outnumbered by the approximately 5,000 members of the Katanga gendarmerie. For instance, only the Swedish
679:
Prior to independence, the Congo had been a colonial possession of the Belgian state since 1908, with its resources controlled by businesses owned primarily by Belgium and Britain. The most powerful of these companies were the Belgian owned Société Générale de Belgique and the British controlled
1013:
Although "A" Company, 35th Battalion had tactically defeated a vastly larger enemy force at Jadotville, the Irish Defence Forces' leadership did not overtly acknowledge the battle. There may have been perceived shame that "A" Company had surrendered, or because of political and strategic errors
815:
Due to anti-UN and pro-Katangese sentiments in the region, the troops were not universally welcomed. Two companies of ONUC peacekeepers — one Swedish and one Irish — had been withdrawn from Jadotville in the days prior to "A" Company's arrival. While it is not clear why the Katangese wanted to
930:
being low on water-- Quinlan accepted their second offer to surrender. On 17 September, Quinlan met with Katanga Minister Munongo, in which a formal written ceasefire and surrender agreement was made, which contained the proviso that the Irish Company would keep their weapons and be unharmed.
803:
On 5 September the Katangan forces began constructing roadblocks on the roads available to Company A, which prompted Commandant Quinlan to order his men to build further trench fortifications. On 9 September, Quinlan’s request that the company be removed from Jadotville or provided with more
756:
The launching of Operation Morthor is considered controversial due to the contention that it was outside the remit given to ONUC, even by the February Security Council Resolution. Additionally, there is speculation over whether UN Secretary-General Hammarskjöld knew beforehand that Special
844:, Belgian settlers and local tribesmen, attacked the Irish company. The attackers had a strength of 3,000–5,000 men – consisting of mostly Katangese and settlers, but with many Belgian, French and Rhodesian mercenaries armed with a mix of weapons. Additionally, these forces had limited
804:
personnel due to the hostile situation was transmitted to the UN Headquarters at Elizabethville by Captain Liam Donnelly, with a second request two days later. However, neither of Quinlan’s requests were granted prior to the launching of Operation Morthor on the 13 September 1961.
926:
may have been reduced to 2,000 men. Later that same day, a ceasefire agreement was reached between Quinlan and the Burgomaster of the Katangan forces, enabling the Irish troops to re-supply with water; the Gendarmerie retreated from their positions surrounding the UN compound.
911:
Attempting to reach the besieged A Company, the relief column, named "Force Kane" after its commander Commandant John Kane, was stymied in a series of battles at a pinch point called the Lufira Bridge. This bridge carried the Jadotville-to-Elisabethville Highway across the
824:
On the morning of Wednesday 13 September 1961, the soldiers stationed at Jadotville were informed of Operation Morthor by UN Headquarters at Elisabethville. At 07:40, 20 Katangese troops attacked while many of the UN Irish troops of A Company were attending an open-air
800:, were ordered to the mining town some weeks earlier to assist in the protection of its citizens; this was a result of the Belgian foreign minister calling the UN secretary-general to report that Belgian settlers and the local population feared for their safety.
1029:
who died in 1997, had his public reputation restored nine years after his death. John Gorman, a retired soldier who had been a 17-year-old private during the fight, campaigned to have the Battle of Jadotville recognised. In 2004 Irish Minister for Defence
1241:
Selon les précisions que me donna De Troye, les 12 mercenaires blancs qui commandaient les 500 gendarmes katangais avaient , en réalité , redouté de voir leurs troupes indisciplinées massacrer les soldats de l'ONU , ce qui eût été catastrophique pour
1072:
Following the failure of Operation Morthor, Conor Cruise O'Brien worked at the University of Ghana, before moving to the New York University and publishing several academic texts. Following academia, he also became a member of the Irish parliament.
711:
into the Congo, this resolution gave permission for the use of force, if required. However, it was not utilised for another seven months, until Conor Cruise O'Brien was sent to Elisabethville as the Special Representative for UN Secretary-General
680:
Union Minière du Haut Katanga. Following the Congolese declaration of independence in June 1960, in pursuit of retaining economic benefits, Belgium disregarded the sovereignty of the Congo to support the secession of the Katangan province under
2040:
Lufira River the UN didn't have the bridging equipment to bypass the Katangan position the Katangan gendarmes were now being led by freshly recruited French, German, Belgian and South African soldiers who were Algerian veterans almost to a
1068:
On the same day as Commandant Quinlan's surrender to Minister Munongo, Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, on route to peace talks with Prime Minister Moise Tshombe, died in an aeroplane crash, which happened under "dubious" circumstances.
2213:: "Quinlan's men were to find themselves in combat again, literally days before they boarded the Globemasters to go home. This time it was on the night of December 12, when the Katangese set up a roadblock near the Soco petrol depot"
1033:
agreed to hold a full review of the battle. A Defence Forces inquiry cleared Quinlan and "A" Company of allegations of soldierly misconduct. A commemorative stone recognising the soldiers of "A" Company was erected on the grounds of
1861:
Bill Ready of Mullingar, then a private aged 20 ... Sergeant Ready was the first casualty, shot in the left thigh about four hours later. ... ... I was back out in the trenches before long because everyone was required that could
3368:
3438:
1911:
1923:
933:
A Company, 35th Battalion, suffered five wounded in action during the siege. The Katangese suffered up to 300 killed, including 30 mercenaries and an indeterminate number of wounded, with figures ranging from 300 to 1,000.
852:
trainer-light ground attack jet fitted with a pair of underwing bombs and twin 7.5 mm machine guns, which repeatedly attacked the UN position. The Irish soldiers were armed with personal weapons, several water-cooled
757:
Representative O’Brien was going to launch the operation. The general consensus is that Hammarskjöld did know of the proposal but did not give a direct go-ahead for it, and that O’Brien launched it on his own initiative.
2462:
1276:
1045:
In 2016 the Irish government awarded a Presidential Unit Citation to "A" Company, the first in the State's history. In October 2017 a plaque commemorating Quinlan was unveiled in his native County Kerry, by former
3361:
791:
Soon after the start of Operation Morthor, the Katangese led a counterattack on an isolated unit of Irish UN soldiers based in the mining town of Jadotville, approximately 100 kilometers from the main UN base in
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
1367:
the entire garrison of Jadotville was forced to surrender on 17 September a force variously estimated at between 2,000 and 5,000, suffering five wounded while inflicting perhaps 150 casualties on the gendarmes
3396:
2091:, p. 229: "An attempt by Gurkha infantry, accompanied by Irish armored cars, to make a lightning dash across the bridge Three of the Indians were killed outright and eight other soldiers were wounded"
865:
under the command of Lieutenant Kevin Knightly (the Fords were armed with one Vickers machine gun each, mounted in their cupolas – reportedly firing 15,000 rounds of ammunition over the next four days).
719:
battalion had armoured transportation that could not be pierced by high-velocity ammunition and modern weaponry, whereas the force they were facing had heavy weaponry (mortars and artillery) and three
4021:
900:), made several attempts to relieve the besieged Irish soldiers. The supporting force of mercenaries (many of them French, German, Belgian and South African; almost all veterans of the
3354:
2383:
1658:
David N. Gibbs, ‘Dag Hammarskjold, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960-61: A Reinterpretation’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(1) (1993), 163-174 (p. 166)
2470:
2577:
919:
On 14 September, the Katangan Fouga jet flew passes over the battlefield, dropping bombs that rendered the Company's vehicles inert. and caused injuries to two Irish soldiers.
54:
3601:
2006:
during Morthor. Nambiar, Sundaram, Chhina, 'For the Honor of India: A History of Indian Peacekeeping,' Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, USI of India, New Delhi,
2223:
3664:
945:
Battalion). After weeks of fighting and their six-month tour of duty now complete, "A" Company was rotated out of the battle zone and were home in Ireland that December.
2908:
1945:
3541:
3650:
3643:
3445:
3099:
2863:
3281:
862:
816:
isolate the Irish UN troops, some commentators have suggested that the goal may have been to take the Irish as prisoners for leverage in negotiations with the UN.
3874:
554:
1267:
4011:
3313:
108:
1848:
1199:
3548:
4051:
2356:
2058:
2551:
1382:
3260:
3169:
1906:
During the siege at Jadotville in September 1961 two Ford armoured cars fired 15,000 rounds of ammunition over four days while defending Irish soldiers
1897:
1304:
A Jadotville, du côté katangais, il y a eu pendant les trois jours de bagarres, deux soldats africains et un mercenaire français tués , et huit blessés
418:
3274:
2414:
1006:
incident no Irish soldier received any decoration for his actions at Jadotville, although Commandant Quinlan recommended a number of his men for the
968:
While Operation Morthor was halted by Secretary General Hammarskjöld, its failure and the bloodshed it caused led to an anti-UN campaign by Katanga.
3267:
1989:
3295:
2273:
1464:
Brownell, Josiah (2014), "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
1150:
soldier "injured in combat on foreign soil". He later said that after receiving medical treatment he returned to the fight as everybody was needed.
2174:
1879:
1212:
Although he is described in the text as a 'platoon commander' who was eventually a captain, the accompanying photograph is marked 'Lt Noel Carey'.
1920:, 122, 134: "Quinlan also had at his disposal two Ford armoured cars with Vickers medium machine guns, as well as a jeep with a mounted Vickers".
3608:
3523:
1760:
1743:
765:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3067:
2886:
2595:
2391:
4006:
3036:
2742:
Klinger, Janeen (2005). "Stabilisation Operations and Nation-Building: Lessons from United Nations Peacekeeping in the Congo, 1960-1964".
2529:
Leon Gordenker, 'Conor Cruise O'Brien and the Truth about the United Nations’, International Organisation, 23(4) (1969), 879-913 (p. 898).
1932:, 112: "'A' Company brought with them a section of two armoured cars commanded by Lt Kevin Knightly, from 35 Inf Bn’s Armoured Car Group..
1582:
Leon Gordenker, 'Conor Cruise O'Brien and the Truth about the United Nations’, International Organisation, 23(4) (1969), 879-913 (p. 897).
922:
During the siege, the Irish radioed to their headquarters: "We will hold out until our last bullet is spent. Could do with some whiskey".
775:
Operation Morthor led to criticism in the international press against the United Nations, especially in Europe. For instance, the British
1256:, p. 153: "the Katangans had begun moving in large numbers of troops culminating in a brigade strength unit of approximately 3,000"
2496:
2315:
Commandant Quinlan's action is cited in military textbooks worldwide as the best example of the use of the so-called perimeter defence.
1782:
1057:
was one of the last decisions taken by Enda Kenny before he retired as Taoiseach in June 2017. They were presented with newly-designed
3288:
4041:
2840:
987:
829:. Expecting to take the men off-guard, the first attackers moved in rapidly. However, they were spotted by an Irish sentry, and a
3962:
1999:
1285:, p.112, 152: "The Irish contingent was 'B' Company, 35 Inf Bn, and the Indian contingent 'B' Company of the 3/1 Gurkha Rifles.
411:
2263:
David O'Donoghue, 'Army's Congo Mission Casts a Long Shadow', Irish Studies in International Affairs, 17 (2006) 43-59 (p. 49).
2187:
he was shot at Jadotville, and held the unusual distinction of being the first Irish soldier injured in combat on foreign soil
1483:
Kent, John (2017), "The Neo-colonialism of Decolonisation: Katangan Secession and the Bringing of the Cold War to the Congo",
3930:
3764:
3253:
2975:
2011:
700:
625:
591:
472:
204:
776:
1021:, "Commandant Quinlan's action is cited in military textbooks worldwide as the best example of the use of the so-called
2829:
3996:
3060:
3013:
2994:
2956:
2937:
2732:
2711:
2033:
1724:
Gibbs, David N. (1993), "Dag Hammarskjold, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960-61: A Reinterpretation",
1360:
1234:
999:
404:
1042:
in 2005. A commissioned portrait of Quinlan was installed in the Congo Room of the Irish Defence Forces' UN School.
4001:
3491:
3347:
3340:
797:
278:
3636:
2079:, Force Kane II: "The Gurkhas suffered five fatalities and twelve wounded. Four Irish troops were also wounded"
1325:
3892:
3689:
3333:
2853:
2224:"The Real Siege of Jadotville Part III: Veteran Tony Dykes on the Fight for Elisabethville | All About History"
1334:
probably with the aim of taking the Irish as prisoners and using them as leverage in negotiations with the U.N.
1090:
783:, compared the UN troops’ actions to those of the Soviet Union, by calling them "The Red Army in blue berets".
652:. The siege took place during the seven-day escalation of hostilities between ONUC and Katangese forces during
568:
20:
1176:
596:
2555:
2302:
4046:
3720:
3053:
2003:
1007:
440:
3944:
3937:
2329:"Senior US officer criticises lack of medals for Irish soldiers who went 'above and beyond' at Jadotville"
833:
by Private Billy Ready alerted the company to the threat (Ready was wounded in a later exchange of fire).
601:
2646:
1993:
2801:
O'Neill, J.T. (2002), "Eyewitness: The Irish Company at Jadotville, Congo, 1961: Soldiers or Symbols?",
4016:
3991:
3755:
465:
2055:, p. 302: "Moishe Tshombe, leader of Katanga, declared, with Belgian support, Katanga independent
874:
4036:
1058:
937:
The Irish soldiers were held as hostages for approximately one month, in an effort to force terms of
1768:
3969:
3622:
3569:
2672:
699:
petitioned the United Nations for assistance in "protect the national territory of the Congo". The
3746:
3470:
3203:
3040:
660:
for approximately one month, before being released on 15 October as part of a prisoner exchange.
637:
458:
2947:
Dunleavy, Pat (2005). O'Donoghue, David (ed.). "Fighting For Our Lives With 'Jadotville Jack'".
1326:"The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville"
1177:"The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville"
3865:
3835:
3810:
547:
525:
506:
1880:"Brave Vets Medal Shame; Jungle fighters honoured.. with award they had to pay for themselves"
4031:
3912:
3883:
3221:
957:
849:
837:
720:
561:
184:
2483:
This is the first time that a Unit Citation has been awarded within the Irish Defence Forces
1222:
1591:
Christopher Hitchens, ‘Conor Cruise O’Brien’, Grand Street, 6(3) (1987), 142-160 (p. 146).
303:~3,000 Katanga mercenaries and irregulars led by Belgian, French and Rhodesian mercenaries
8:
3819:
3771:
1010:(MMG), Ireland's highest award for military valour, for their actions during the battle.
972:
854:
796:. The Irish unit, consisting of 155 men, designated "A" Company, commanded by Commandant
645:
513:
477:
218:
189:
3120:
2328:
1146:, who was shot in the leg, and thus earned "the unusual distinction" of being the first
712:
3696:
2789:
2781:
2436:
2070:
1103:
1053:. The decision of the state to honour individually the soldiers of Jadotville or their
3141:
3113:
3009:
2990:
2971:
2952:
2933:
2849:
2825:
2793:
2728:
2707:
2029:
2007:
1356:
1230:
1022:
995:
961:
653:
307:
39:
880:
807:
3801:
3787:
3732:
3516:
3484:
3155:
3134:
2806:
2773:
1143:
1035:
983:
fled the country. UN forces did not completely leave the Congo until 30 June 1964.
976:
769:
657:
649:
499:
489:
448:
178:
102:
3183:
980:
908:, Katanga's premier, whose secessionist government had been supported by Belgium.
905:
4026:
3901:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3657:
3235:
3148:
2722:
1350:
1106:. It had a limited cinematic release in September 2016, and worldwide release on
1030:
991:
897:
696:
692:
620:
575:
542:
537:
532:
1269:
Nominal Roll 'A' Company, 35 Irish Bn Irish Contingent JADOTVILLE - 18 Sept 1961
3828:
3615:
3594:
3127:
3106:
3092:
2344:
Jadotville was studied by US soldiers as example of excellent defensive tactics
1131:
826:
761:
520:
261:
199:
2777:
1111:
3985:
3780:
3562:
3162:
1883:
780:
681:
484:
124:
110:
2154:
2142:
2118:
3682:
3629:
3555:
3509:
3076:
3045:
2909:"Online Exhibition - The 60th anniversary of the Battle of Jadotville 1961"
2817:
2415:"The Siege of Jadotville: How the bravery of Irish UN soldiers was shunned"
1946:"The legacy of Jadotville for Irish veterans: Suicide, alcoholism and PTSD"
1783:"The Siege of Jadotville: How the bravery of Irish UN soldiers was shunned"
1095:
1081:
913:
901:
869:
The Katangese attacked in waves of 600 or so, preceded by bombardment from
830:
685:
674:
624:
began on 13 September 1961, lasting for five days. While serving under the
428:
43:
3024:
The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting Their Way Home
1849:"Band of brothers: Tom Farrell talks to some of the survivors 50 years on"
1413:
1200:"Band of brothers: Tom Farrell talks to some of the survivors 50 years on"
3739:
3477:
3228:
2985:
Froberg, Lars (2005). O'Donoghue, David (ed.). "Remembering Jadotville".
2067:, 133 "The relief force for Jadotville was commanded by Comdt John Kane".
1990:"Bravery of Irish soldiers at Jadotville siege to be examined – Naughten"
1099:
1054:
870:
845:
841:
453:
2785:
2621:
2578:"Jamie Dornan's latest film wins standing ovation at Galway Film Fleadh"
3587:
1147:
1110:, on 7 October 2016. A radio documentary on the siege was broadcast on
1050:
793:
633:
98:
2810:
2764:
O'Donoghue, David (2006). "Army's Congo Mission Casts a Long Shadow".
1556:
O'Donoghue, David (2006), "Army's Congo Mission Casts a Long Shadow",
764:
forces in Katanga launched the planned military offensive, code-named
2842:
The Battle of Jadotville; Irish Soldiers in Combat in the Congo, 1961
1139:
1047:
938:
858:
736:
between the Katangan and Congolese governments in May of that year.
691:
Due to this intervention in the Congo's sovereignty, Prime Minister
2989:(Reprinted 2006 ed.). Irish Academic Press. pp. 113–126.
2951:(Reprinted 2006 ed.). Irish Academic Press. pp. 105–112.
2026:
Missing in Action: The 50 Year Search for Ireland's Missing Soldier
1135:
16:
1961 battle between Irish UN troops and Katanga during Congo Crisis
2724:
The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship
884:
Irish ONUC troops in the Congo in 1960 (a year prior to the siege)
4022:
United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3176:
2357:"Five Irish soldiers took their own lives after Jadotville siege"
2303:"Former Taoiseach unveils plaque honouring Jadotville commandant"
1507:
The United Nations, Intra-State Peacekeeping and Normative Change
1107:
1062:
1039:
893:
2384:"From Galway to the Congo — into the Heart of Darkness – Part 2"
2862:
2552:"28th Galway Film Fleadh – July 2016 – The Siege of Jadotville"
2064:
1929:
1917:
1282:
889:
641:
396:
244:
2907:
2885:
2160:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2094:
2076:
1661:
1419:
1383:"Film 'Siege of Jadotville' to reveal heroism of Irish troops"
1018:
811:
Radio operator of "A" Company in the months prior to the siege
2596:"'The Siege of Jadotville' to receive limited cinema release"
2023:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1564:
1432:
1430:
1428:
231:
2166:
1823:
1821:
1509:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 105, 117
990:
during 1961, including the assassination of Prime Minister
2822:
The Siege at Jadotville: The Irish Army's Forgotten Battle
2106:
1801:
1700:
1606:
1594:
1537:
1513:
1442:
1425:
1086:
The Siege at Jadotville: The Irish Army's Forgotten Battle
953:
753:
Paul Spaak to protect the white population at Jadotville.
2987:
The Irish Army in the Congo 1960–1964: The Far Battalions
2949:
The Irish Army in the Congo 1960–1964: The Far Battalions
1692:
Melber, Henning (2014), "The Death of Dag Hammarskjöld",
1525:
1401:
1818:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1466:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
904:) beat back these efforts. They had been brought in by
640:, were besieged at the UN base near the mining town of
2494:
1102:, and the movie had a "well received" premiere at the
975:
decisively defeated the forces of the self proclaimed
74:
Siege of Jadotville (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
2647:"First trailer of Siege of Jadotville is nail-biting"
2511:
2274:"Only one Jadotville siege Army veteran to get medal"
2046:
1969:
1967:
1898:"Irish wheels on African soil: the Ford armoured car"
1673:
1635:
1623:
2704:
The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony
2082:
615:
As part of the larger Congo Crisis (1960–1964), the
1459:
1457:
1247:
2532:
2497:"Jadotville hero is honoured on the Ring of Kerry"
2248:
2192:
1964:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
2297:
2295:
2204:
1940:
1938:
1377:
1375:
979:, reintegrating the region into the Congo, while
3983:
3039:, exhibition of contemporary documents from the
1719:
1717:
1715:
1454:
2488:
2463:"Jadotville ceremony rights a "grievous wrong""
1833:
1500:
1498:
1302:. Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 259-260.
1265:
768:, against mercenary military units serving the
2965:
2763:
2755:Melber, Henning (2017), "Mission Impossible",
2292:
1935:
1555:
1372:
1191:
1168:
941:that were embarrassing to the United Nations.
4012:1960s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3061:
2984:
2946:
2326:
1992:. Fine Gael News. 12 May 2004. Archived from
1712:
1652:
1221:
888:The 500 Irish and Swedish UN troops based in
412:
3075:
3003:
2927:
2887:"Stair - 35 Cathlan Coisithe sa Chongo 1961"
2864:Jadotville Independent Review Group - Report
2437:"Soldiers recognised for Jadotville bravery"
1495:
1485:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1174:
4052:Military history of the Republic of Ireland
3006:Red Legs: One Irish Boy's African Adventure
2800:
2136:
2112:
2100:
1846:
1812:
1706:
1667:
1617:
1600:
1570:
1543:
1519:
1448:
1436:
1197:
3068:
3054:
2930:Heroes of Jadotville (The Soldiers' Story)
2172:
1984:
1982:
1355:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29.
964:one used by the Katangese during the siege
419:
405:
2381:
1348:
3236:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
2175:"Death of Jadotville soldier Bill Ready"
1874:
1872:
1870:
1696:, no. 41, pp. 458-456 (p. 459)
1463:
1352:Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict
952:
879:
806:
3362:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
2741:
2412:
2000:1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)
1979:
1646:
1629:
1344:
1342:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
3984:
2838:
2766:Irish Studies in International Affairs
2754:
2720:
2701:
2554:. Galwayfilmfleadh.com. Archived from
2517:
2495:Majella O'Sullivan (29 October 2017).
2198:
2052:
1973:
1755:
1753:
1746:. 19 September 2024. 15 November 1965.
1691:
1679:
1558:Irish Studies in International Affairs
1531:
1407:
1297:
355:300 Irish, Indian and Swedish soldiers
3931:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
3254:United Nations Operation in the Congo
3049:
2824:. Dublin: Maverick House Publishers.
2816:
2538:
2210:
2088:
1867:
1827:
1726:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1723:
1560:, no. 17, pp. 43-59 (p. 45)
1253:
1076:
726:
701:United Nations Operation in the Congo
626:United Nations Operation in the Congo
619:
592:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
400:
2065:Independent Review Group Report 2021
2024:Ralph Riegel; John O'Mahony (2010).
1930:Independent Review Group Report 2021
1918:Independent Review Group Report 2021
1504:
1482:
1339:
1309:
1293:
1291:
1283:Independent Review Group Report 2021
747:
630:Opération des Nations Unies au Congo
4007:Military operations involving India
3963:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
2744:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
2469:. 17 September 2016. Archived from
2327:O'Riordan, Sean (19 October 2021).
1767:. 22 September 1961. Archived from
1750:
1694:Review of African Political Economy
1300:Ci-gît le Katanga, 1961, 1962, 1963
786:
632:, ONUC), a small contingent of the
13:
2928:Doyle, Rose; Quinlan, Leo (2006).
2921:
2161:35 Cathlan Coisithe sa Chongo 1961
2149:35 Cathlan Coisithe sa Chongo 1961
2125:35 Cathlan Coisithe sa Chongo 1961
2077:Irish Military Archives Exhibition
2028:. Mercier Press Ltd. p. 106.
1420:Irish Military Archives Exhibition
1130:Among the wounded was 20-year-old
61:
14:
4063:
3030:
1288:
1088:(2005), was adapted as the film,
3355:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
3348:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
3341:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
3204:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
3037:Battle of Jadotville Anniversary
3026:, Indiana University Press, 2016
2803:International Peacekeeping, 9(4)
2622:"The Siege of Jadotville (2016)"
2413:Sweeney, Eamon (5 August 2016).
840:, which was a combined force of
760:On Wednesday 13 September 1961,
426:
237:
224:
211:
198:
171:
60:
53:
4042:September 1961 events in Africa
2665:
2639:
2614:
2588:
2570:
2544:
2523:
2455:
2429:
2406:
2375:
2349:
2320:
2266:
2257:
2242:
2216:
2017:
1890:
1775:
1736:
1685:
1585:
1576:
1549:
1476:
1227:Une vie à tire-d'aile: Mémoires
1124:
1014:demonstrated at higher levels.
703:commenced shortly afterwards.
668:
3938:Torture and killing of Lumumba
2772:. Royal Irish Academy: 43–65.
2679:. RTÉ Radio 1. 21 January 2004
2249:Cruise O'Brien, Conor (1962).
2173:Eilis Ryan (7 November 2016).
1847:Tom Farrell (9 October 2011).
1259:
1215:
1198:Tom Farrell (9 October 2011).
636:'s 35th Battalion, designated
597:Torture and killing of Lumumba
153:
21:The Siege of Jadotville (film)
1:
1952:. Irish Times. 19 August 2019
1904:. No. 6. November 2010.
1349:Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1999).
1175:Ciaran Byrne (27 July 2016).
1157:
663:
2702:Asante, Molefi Kete (2014).
2004:99th Indian Infantry Brigade
1389:. Irish Times. 9 August 2014
1117:
1008:Military Medal for Gallantry
1002:to the Siege of Jadotville.
998:, led elements of the UN to
988:failures of the UNOC mission
948:
892:, together with Indian army
7:
3022:Erik Kennes, Miles Larmer,
10:
4068:
2848:. South Dublin Libraries.
2721:Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005).
2694:
2363:. Irish Times. 15 May 2019
1094:(2016). The cast includes
1059:Siege of Jadotville Medals
896:(seemingly 3rd Battalion,
863:Ford Mark VI armoured cars
672:
648:loyal to the secessionist
18:
3954:
3945:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
3922:
3710:
3674:
3579:
3533:
3501:
3462:
3455:
3323:
3305:
3245:
3213:
3193:
3084:
2915:, Irish Military Archives
2778:10.3318/ISIA.2006.17.1.43
2673:"The Siege At Jadotville"
2002:was operating as part of
1104:2016 Galway Film Festival
971:In January 1963, UNOC'S
819:
602:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
436:
362:
293:
252:
163:
81:
49:
37:
32:
3997:Sieges involving Ireland
3970:Decolonisation of Africa
3623:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
3296:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
2896:, Defence Forces Ireland
2839:Whelan, Michael (2006).
2228:www.historyanswers.co.uk
1491:(1): 93-130 (pp. 102-03)
1266:Patrick Quinlan (1961).
1162:
4002:Sieges involving Sweden
3721:Force Publique mutinies
3690:William "Rip" Robertson
3446:Cuban Exile Naval Force
3100:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
3041:Irish Military Archives
2966:Foghlú, Sean Ó (2011).
2382:Carney, Jim (c. 2012).
1229:. Fayard. p. 142.
1091:The Siege of Jadotville
644:(modern-day Likasi) by
441:Force Publique mutinies
3836:Port Francqui incident
2932:. Dublin: New Island.
2305:. RTE. 28 October 2017
1298:Valahu, Mugur (1963).
994:and the death toll of
965:
885:
812:
526:Port Francqui incident
253:Commanders and leaders
3913:Stanleyville mutinies
3542:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
3439:211th Makasi Squadron
3222:Katangese Gendarmerie
3004:Greene, John (2012).
2727:. Algora Publishing.
1732:(1): 163-174 (p. 168)
1223:de Kémoularia, Claude
956:
883:
838:Katangese Gendarmerie
810:
673:Further information:
363:Casualties and losses
185:Katangese Gendarmerie
3894:Violettes Imperiales
3517:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
3471:Conor Cruise O'Brien
3369:5 Mechanised Brigade
3156:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
2805:, pp. 127–144,
2757:African Security, 10
2473:on 18 September 2016
2177:. Westmeath Examiner
1996:on 1 September 2007.
1505:Aksu, Eşref (2010),
1065:on 2 December 2017.
861:and two Irish-built
855:Vickers machine guns
570:Violettes Imperiales
388:1 helicopter damaged
376:3 - 5 Indians killed
136:Battle of Jadotville
89:13–17 September 1961
4047:20th-century sieges
3570:Frédéric Vandewalle
2913:militaryarchives.ie
2894:militaryarchives.ie
2653:. 10 September 2016
2602:. 12 September 2016
2558:on 23 November 2017
2499:. Irish Independent
2443:. 17 September 2016
2139:, pp. 137–138.
2103:, pp. 135–136.
1851:. Irish Independent
1744:"Southern Rhodesia"
1670:, pp. 131–132.
1534:, pp. 262–263.
1202:. Irish Independent
973:Operation Grandslam
723:at their disposal.
621:[ʒa.do.vil]
617:siege of Jadotville
385:1 transport vehicle
190:Katangese Air Force
120: /
33:Siege of Jadotville
3923:Other major events
3756:Congo-Stanleyville
3229:South Kasai forces
2759:, pp. 254–271
2467:Westmeath Examiner
2230:. 29 November 2017
1830:, p. 201-208.
1573:, pp. 129–30.
1410:, p. 302-303.
1138:) Bill Ready from
1077:In popular culture
1000:downplay attention
966:
886:
813:
727:Operation Rumpunch
684:, which began the
586:Other major events
466:Congo-Stanleyville
382:156 Irish captured
334:1 soldier, 1 pilot
19:For the film, see
4017:Mercenary warfare
3992:Conflicts in 1961
3979:
3978:
3711:Main operations /
3706:
3705:
3334:White mercenaries
3196:government forces
3114:Christophe Gbenye
3085:Political leaders
2977:978-1-907221-06-4
2970:. Book Republic.
2811:10.1080/714002781
2582:Irish Independent
2394:on 5 October 2011
2014:, 2009, 201, 217.
2012:978-81-902097-8-6
1771:on 20 April 2008.
1023:perimeter defence
996:Operation Morthor
836:The paramilitary
766:Operation Morthor
748:Operation Morthor
654:Operation Morthor
610:
609:
445:Secession crisis
395:
394:
370:8 - 1,000 wounded
308:close air support
159:
158:
125:10.983°S 26.733°E
40:Operation Morthor
4059:
4037:State of Katanga
3972:
3965:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3790:
3788:Battle of Kabalo
3783:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3727:Secession crisis
3723:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3637:Siegfried Müller
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3549:Jules Crèvecoeur
3544:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3494:
3487:
3485:Dewan Prem Chand
3480:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3316:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3206:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3170:Gaston Soumialot
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3135:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
3130:
3123:
3121:Dag Hammarskjöld
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3019:
3000:
2981:
2968:No White Feather
2962:
2943:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2868:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2813:
2797:
2760:
2751:
2738:
2717:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2390:. Archived from
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:Katanga and Back
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2021:
2015:
1997:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:"War in Katanga"
1757:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:. 27 July 2016.
1322:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1172:
1151:
1144:County Westmeath
1128:
1036:Custume Barracks
977:State of Katanga
787:Before the siege
770:State of Katanga
713:Dag Hammarskjöld
658:prisoners of war
650:State of Katanga
646:Katangese forces
623:
490:Battle of Kabalo
431:
421:
414:
407:
398:
397:
243:
241:
240:
230:
228:
227:
217:
215:
214:
203:
202:
177:
175:
174:
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
137:
132:
131:
126:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
83:
82:
64:
63:
57:
30:
29:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4056:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3918:
3911:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3859:Simba rebellion
3857:
3852:Kwilu rebellion
3850:
3845:Kanyarwanda War
3843:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3770:
3765:UN intervention
3763:
3754:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3670:
3663:
3658:Roger Trinquier
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3602:Charles Gardien
3600:
3593:
3586:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3326:mercenary units
3325:
3319:
3312:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3149:Patrice Lumumba
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3033:
3016:
2997:
2978:
2959:
2940:
2924:
2922:Further reading
2919:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2856:
2845:
2832:
2735:
2714:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2584:. 11 July 2016.
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2476:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2417:. Derry Journal
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2388:The Tuam Herald
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2335:
2325:
2321:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2278:The Irish Times
2272:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2022:
2018:
1998:3rd Battalion,
1988:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1902:History Ireland
1896:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1789:. 5 August 2016
1781:
1780:
1776:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1682:, pp. 264.
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1503:
1496:
1481:
1477:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1347:
1340:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1237:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1079:
992:Patrice Lumumba
960:similar to the
951:
898:1 Gorkha Rifles
822:
789:
750:
729:
697:Joseph Kasavubu
693:Patrice Lumumba
677:
671:
666:
613:
612:
611:
606:
543:Simba rebellion
538:Kwilu rebellion
533:Kanyarwanda War
473:UN intervention
432:
427:
425:
391:
379:5 Irish wounded
369:
358:
313:
289:
272:
266:Michel de Clary
238:
236:
225:
223:
212:
210:
197:
172:
170:
135:
133:
130:-10.983; 26.733
129:
127:
123:
122:
119:
114:
111:
109:
107:
106:
105:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3829:Kindu atrocity
3825:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3665:Hugh van Oppen
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3595:Roger Faulques
3591:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3463:United Nations
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3306:Other entities
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3243:
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3225:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3128:Albert Kalonji
3124:
3117:
3110:
3107:Gaston Eyskens
3103:
3096:
3093:Cyrille Adoula
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3031:External links
3029:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3001:
2995:
2982:
2976:
2963:
2957:
2944:
2938:
2923:
2920:
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2905:
2883:
2873:(Report). 2021
2860:
2854:
2836:
2831:978-0954870713
2830:
2814:
2798:
2761:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2664:
2638:
2613:
2587:
2569:
2543:
2531:
2522:
2520:, p. 265.
2510:
2487:
2454:
2428:
2405:
2374:
2361:irishtimes.com
2348:
2333:Irish Examiner
2319:
2291:
2280:. 15 July 2021
2265:
2256:
2241:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2115:, p. 136.
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2034:
2016:
1978:
1963:
1950:irishtimes.com
1934:
1922:
1910:
1889:
1866:
1832:
1817:
1815:, p. 133.
1800:
1774:
1749:
1735:
1711:
1709:, p. 134.
1699:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1651:
1634:
1622:
1620:, p. 131.
1605:
1603:, p. 130.
1593:
1584:
1575:
1563:
1548:
1546:, p. 128.
1536:
1524:
1522:, p. 127.
1512:
1494:
1475:
1453:
1451:, p. 139.
1441:
1439:, p. 135.
1424:
1412:
1400:
1387:irishtimes.com
1371:
1361:
1338:
1308:
1287:
1275:
1258:
1246:
1235:
1214:
1190:
1166:
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1161:
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1156:
1153:
1152:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1078:
1075:
958:Fouga Magister
950:
947:
875:75mm field gun
850:Fouga Magister
821:
818:
794:Elisabethville
788:
785:
777:Prime Minister
762:United Nations
749:
746:
728:
725:
695:and President
670:
667:
665:
662:
608:
607:
605:
604:
599:
594:
583:
582:
581:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
540:
535:
530:
529:
528:
523:
521:Kindu atrocity
518:
511:
510:
509:
497:
492:
487:
482:
470:
469:
468:
463:
462:
461:
451:
443:
437:
434:
433:
424:
423:
416:
409:
401:
393:
392:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
371:
368:3 - 300 killed
365:
364:
360:
359:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
341:
335:
332:
326:
323:
316:
314:
312:
311:
304:
300:
296:
295:
291:
290:
288:
287:
286:Kevin Knightly
284:
281:
275:
273:
271:
270:
269:Henri Lasimone
267:
264:
262:Roger Faulques
258:
255:
254:
250:
249:
248:
247:
234:
221:
194:
193:
192:
187:
166:
165:
161:
160:
157:
156:
150:
146:
145:
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
59:
58:
52:
51:
50:
47:
46:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4064:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:Niemba ambush
3778:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3662:
3659:
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3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:Jean Schramme
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:UN contingent
3244:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3184:Moïse Tshombe
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:Pierre Mulele
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3015:9781904244837
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2996:0-7165-3319-7
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2958:0-7165-3319-7
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2939:1-905494-31-9
2935:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:Power, Declan
2815:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2734:9780875864181
2730:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2713:9781135013493
2709:
2706:. Routledge.
2705:
2700:
2699:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2498:
2491:
2484:
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2468:
2464:
2458:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2416:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2253:. Hutchinson.
2252:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2176:
2169:
2163:, p. 99.
2162:
2157:
2151:, p. 97.
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2127:, p. 95.
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2035:9781856356947
2031:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1886:. 5 May 2002.
1885:
1884:Sunday Mirror
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1788:
1787:Derry Journal
1784:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1649:, p. 92.
1648:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1632:, p. 91.
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1472:(2): 212, 213
1471:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1362:9780275961732
1358:
1354:
1353:
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1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
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1313:
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1301:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1236:9782213658476
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1201:
1194:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:According to
1015:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
981:Moïse Tshombe
978:
974:
969:
963:
959:
955:
946:
942:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
917:
915:
909:
907:
906:Moïse Tshombe
903:
899:
895:
891:
882:
878:
876:
873:and a French
872:
871:81 mm mortars
867:
864:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
817:
809:
805:
801:
799:
795:
784:
782:
781:Harold Wilson
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
722:
716:
714:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
682:Moise Tshombe
676:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
618:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:
579:
578:
574:
572:
571:
567:
565:
564:
560:
558:
557:
553:
551:
550:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:
512:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:Niemba ambush
483:
481:
480:
476:
475:
474:
471:
467:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
444:
442:
439:
438:
435:
430:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
402:
399:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
372:
367:
366:
361:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
315:
309:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
285:
282:
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277:
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268:
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259:
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233:
222:
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209:
208:
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201:
195:
191:
188:
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183:
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180:
168:
167:
162:
155:
151:
148:
147:
142:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
56:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
4032:Congo Crisis
3902:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3867:Dragon Rouge
3866:
3820:
3811:Camp Massart
3802:
3794:
3772:
3683:Larry Devlin
3630:Jack Malloch
3609:Hans Germani
3556:Marc Goosens
3524:Norbert Moke
3510:Louis Bobozo
3214:Rebel forces
3142:Théo Lefèvre
3077:Congo Crisis
3023:
3005:
2986:
2967:
2948:
2929:
2912:
2898:, retrieved
2893:
2875:. Retrieved
2870:
2841:
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2769:
2765:
2756:
2750:(2): 83–101.
2747:
2743:
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2681:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2657:11 September
2655:. Retrieved
2650:
2641:
2631:11 September
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
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2606:15 September
2604:. Retrieved
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2572:
2562:11 September
2560:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2546:
2541:, p. 1.
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2525:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2490:
2482:
2477:17 September
2475:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2466:
2457:
2447:17 September
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2440:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
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2232:. Retrieved
2227:
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2179:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:
2144:
2137:O'Neill 2002
2132:
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2113:O'Neill 2002
2108:
2101:O'Neill 2002
2096:
2084:
2072:
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2039:
2025:
2019:
1994:the original
1954:. Retrieved
1949:
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1913:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1860:
1853:. Retrieved
1813:O'Neill 2002
1791:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1769:the original
1764:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1707:O'Neill 2002
1702:
1693:
1687:
1675:
1668:O'Neill 2002
1663:
1654:
1647:Klinger 2005
1630:Klinger 2005
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1618:O'Neill 2002
1601:O'Neill 2002
1596:
1587:
1578:
1571:O'Neill 2002
1566:
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1544:O'Neill 2002
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1488:
1484:
1478:
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1449:O'Neill 2002
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1437:O'Neill 2002
1415:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
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1278:
1268:
1261:
1249:
1240:
1226:
1217:
1204:. Retrieved
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1170:
1126:
1096:Jamie Dornan
1089:
1085:
1084:'s history,
1082:Declan Power
1080:
1071:
1067:
1044:
1031:Willie O'Dea
1027:
1016:
1012:
1004:
986:The various
985:
970:
967:
943:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
918:
914:Lufira River
910:
902:Algerian War
887:
868:
859:60mm mortars
835:
831:warning shot
823:
814:
802:
790:
774:
759:
755:
751:
742:
738:
734:
730:
717:
709:
705:
690:
686:Congo Crisis
678:
675:Congo Crisis
669:Congo Crisis
629:
616:
614:
585:
584:
576:
569:
562:
555:
549:Dragon Rouge
548:
514:
507:Camp Massart
500:
494:
478:
429:Congo Crisis
349:
337:
328:
325:156 soldiers
319:
310:jet aircraft
196:
169:
164:Belligerents
44:Congo Crisis
25:
3885:White Giant
3876:Dragon Noir
3740:South Kasai
3697:Che Guevara
3651:Jerry Puren
3644:John Peters
3492:Pat Quinlan
3478:K.A.S. Raja
3432:15 Commando
3425:14 Commando
3418:13 Commando
3411:12 Commando
3404:11 Commando
3079:(1960–1965)
2871:military.ie
2600:Irish Times
2518:Melber 2017
2338:8 September
2199:Haskin 2005
2053:Asante 2014
1974:Whelan 2006
1793:12 February
1680:Melber 2017
1532:Melber 2017
1408:Asante 2014
1112:RTÉ Radio 1
1100:Mark Strong
1055:next of kin
846:air support
842:mercenaries
798:Pat Quinlan
638:"A" Company
563:White Giant
556:Dragon Noir
454:South Kasai
279:Pat Quinlan
128: /
3986:Categories
3795:Jadotville
3616:Mike Hoare
3588:Bob Denard
3456:Commanders
3397:9 Commando
3390:6 Commando
3383:5 Commando
3376:4 Commando
2877:15 January
2855:0954766067
2539:Power 2005
2503:30 October
2367:19 October
2309:30 October
2284:25 January
2211:Power 2005
2181:30 October
2089:Power 2005
1956:27 January
1855:30 October
1828:Power 2005
1393:15 January
1254:Power 2005
1206:30 October
1183:31 October
1158:References
1148:Irish Army
1051:Enda Kenny
732:the area.
721:Fouga jets
664:Background
642:Jadotville
634:Irish Army
495:Jadotville
350:Force KANE
283:Noel Carey
134: (
99:Jadotville
68:Jadotville
3821:Grandslam
3773:Rum Punch
3580:Mercenary
3502:Congolese
3324:Belgian /
3194:Congolese
2794:154640724
2683:15 August
2421:9 October
2398:6 January
1140:Mullingar
1118:Footnotes
1114:in 2004.
1048:Taoiseach
949:Aftermath
939:ceasefire
515:Grandslam
479:Rum Punch
338:Norwegian
154:aftermath
3747:Invasion
3289:Ethiopia
2820:(2005).
2786:30002097
2441:RTÉ News
1225:(2007).
1136:Sergeant
459:Invasion
294:Strength
94:Location
38:Part of
3955:Related
3733:Katanga
3713:battles
3534:Belgian
3268:Ireland
3177:U Thant
2900:1 March
2695:Sources
1134:(later
1132:Private
1108:Netflix
1063:Athlone
1040:Athlone
894:Gurkhas
848:from a
449:Katanga
343:1 pilot
329:Swedish
219:Ireland
179:Katanga
115:26°44′E
112:10°59′S
103:Katanga
42:in the
4027:Likasi
3803:UNOKAT
3275:Sweden
3261:Canada
3012:
2993:
2974:
2955:
2936:
2852:
2828:
2792:
2784:
2731:
2710:
2677:rte.ie
2234:16 May
2032:
2010:
1862:move.'
1359:
1233:
1179:. Time
890:Kamina
820:Battle
501:UNOKAT
346:
299:500 -
245:Sweden
242:
229:
216:
176:
149:Result
3903:South
3675:Other
3282:India
2890:(PDF)
2867:(PDF)
2846:(PDF)
2790:S2CID
2782:JSTOR
1163:Notes
962:armed
577:South
320:Irish
232:India
3010:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2902:2024
2879:2022
2850:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2685:2020
2659:2016
2633:2016
2626:IMDb
2608:2016
2564:2016
2505:2017
2479:2016
2449:2016
2423:2016
2400:2012
2369:2020
2340:2024
2311:2017
2286:2024
2236:2018
2183:2017
2030:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1958:2021
1857:2017
1795:2022
1765:TIME
1395:2022
1357:ISBN
1330:TIME
1231:ISBN
1208:2017
1185:2017
1098:and
827:mass
205:ONUC
152:See
86:Date
3314:CIA
2807:doi
2774:doi
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