1828:
recruited within South Africa for
Katanga and allowed both arms and European mercenaries to go to Katanga. Welensky wanted to intervene militarily to bring Katanga into the Central African Federation, but was unable to do so as the Federation had only a small army of 3, 270 men at a time when black nationalist unrest was increasing all over the federation. However, Welensky allowed Katanga to continue its copper exports via federation railroads, permitted arms to be smuggled into Katanga, and allowed the Katangese to recruit white mercenaries within the federation who came mostly from Southern Rhodesia. In addition, the Federation's authorities generally allowed free passage of white mercenaries from South Africa, France and Belgium into Katanga. The town of Ndola in Northern Rhodesia was the principle base for the mercenaries that went into Katanga. In a letter to the Foreign Secretary Lord Home, Welensky wrote he was "unwilling to stand by idly and watch Mr. Tshombe destroyed...if he is in danger of being destroyed by Afro-Asian pressures masquerading as United Nations operations, I shall do everything within my power to assist in his survival".
2305:. The frustrated United Nations went on to adopt a new plan, one that called for the adoption of a federal constitution in Congo within thirty days, an end to the illegal Katangese rebellion, the unification of currency, and the sharing of mining revenues on a fifty–fifty split between Katanga and the central government. U Thant, who was the chief architect of this proposal, also demanded that Tshombe unconditionally release all of his political prisoners. Belgium and the United States, hoping that the latter would have a positive role in reforming a unified Congo, endorsed the plan. While Cyrille Adoula immediately accepted this compromise, Moise Tshombe stipulated conditions. A series of discussions hosted by the UN followed although it failed to yield tangible results. Thant, who had become increasingly incensed by what he regarded as the Katangese state stalling for time, imposed economic sanctions. This, however, only succeeded in destroying the last hopes the Secretary-General had for a peaceful integration. On December 19, an exasperated Tshombe withdrew from ongoing negotiations in protest.
2232:
serving as police officers in
Katanga be expelled, but the president did not comply. Any chances of negotiation for the peaceful removal of remaining foreign players was quickly crushed by the revelation that some UN personnel had been planning to aid in a conspiracy to remove Tshombe from power, seize the radio station in Élisabethville, and apprehend his Gendarmes. The Katangese quickly unearthed the plot, and when Tshombe confronted the UN with his charges it was revealed, much to the latter's embarrassment, that these allegations were based on fairly solid evidence. If such an incident had been allowed to take place, it would clearly have been considered a violation of the ONUC's vows to remain neutral in internal issues besides taking proper action to prevent a major conflict. The following day, hostilities reopened after 155 Irish soldiers protecting civilians in
573:
548:
2417:, former Prime Minister, was appointed Resident Minister of the new province. The United Nations provided assistance in reuniting divided economic and administrative divisions. On 29 January, the Secretary-General's office stated that most UN action in the former state would be limited to economics and that a substantially reduced force would be maintained to keep order. Denmark, Ghana, and the Philippines each pledged to dispatch more personnel. U Thant also called for a slow reduction of military presence, in case a second secession was attempted by fanatics or diehards. Although he defended the use of force taken by ONUC in ousting Tshombe, he also commented regarding the final campaign, "For a peace force, even a little fighting is too much, and only a few casualties are too many."
1987:, which in a pamphlet declared: "Each new demand, no matter how extreme, has been fulfilled by the groggy demoralized Western nations. From 'infant independence' to gold-plated Cadillacs, every squeak of the Negro wheel has brought forth a new application of golden 'grease' in the effort to appease the unappeasable black revolution". Like other nationalists in the Third World who had experienced European imperialism and racism, African nationalists tended to be somewhat anti-Western in the 1950s–1960s, making the cause of African nationalism very suspect to rightists in the West, and as such Katanga which was dominated by the Belgians was seen as an example of the right sort of an African state. The conservative American intellectual
2267:, the vast majority of UN troopers used antiquated rifles and civilian vehicles plated with only makeshift protection. During the fighting, the Katangese authorities offered a conditional ceasefire, which was immediately rejected by the ONUC. Eventually, it became clear that any objective to depose Moise Tshombe had failed. The British, Belgian, and French governments became especially critical of 'peacekeeping operations' in Congo which would involve such interference in domestic affairs. They called for an immediate ceasefire. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, protested that more force should have been used to subdue Katanga and initiate an immediate reunification with the Mobutu government.
2092:
well. Sparsely deployed and on many occasions even outgunned by both sides, UN forces had an almost hopeless task of attempting to prevent outright civil war. Anticipating the need for continued ONUC presence in the state, the
Security Council authorized an increased presence in Élisabethville. By mid-1961, however, presidential security forces had killed almost 7,000 Balubas. Factional strife also began to engulf the struggling regime. Increased numbers of peacekeepers only enraged the Baluba people, who viewed the United Nations as an unwanted intruder and began attacking both Katangese and UN soldiers with little discrimination.
2301:, which would have reunited Katanga with Congo. However, this remained an agreement on paper only. The Katangese government insisted that should the plan in full be honored by Leopoldville, Tshombe be entitled to aid in drafting a new Congolese constitution and elect his own representatives to Parliament. However, both sides began to express reservations about the terms less than a week later. The president wished that his agreement should be ratified by his national assembly before it could be considered binding; this misunderstanding quickly led to a collapse in relations with Congolese government of Prime Minister
2253:
2220:
2309:
could not economically function if
Katanga were allowed to secede, causing Kennedy to come down on the side of Congolese unity. In New York Struelens called a press conference to say: "When the UN says it has committed no atrocities in Katanga, I distribute pictures of atrocities and so give proof of the bloody mess of the UN in Katanga". In response, the Kennedy administration cancelled Struelens's visa with the intention of expelling him, but backed down after Katanga's friends in Congress raised a media uproar. To win the propaganda war, Kennedy commissioned the Undersecretary of State
2200:. Tshombe subsequently signed a pledge to reunite Katanga with the rest of the nation, and was released accordingly. However, by August it was clear he had no intention of implementing this agreement. Tshombe openly declared in a speech that month that he would defend Katanga's rights as a sovereign state and would do everything to maintain this status quo even in the face of all opposition. During Tshombe's absence, posters with his image were put up on the streets of Élisabethville, and a college of three ministers was created to temporarily take over Tshombe's presidency. The
1980:, an "urbane and soft-spoken" Belgian who had previously been in charge of promoting tourism to Belgian Congo. As the United States did not have diplomatic relations with Katanga, Struelens traveled to New York from Brussels on a Belgian passport. The fact that Katanga was represented by a white man from Belgium was often used to attack Katanga as a sham. Struelens told a journalist that his mission was "to tell the Katanga story in the Western Hemisphere, based on the belief that Katanga is the only barrier against communist influence in the Congo".
1708:
of
Belgian settlers. As 33.7% of the revenue of the Congo came from the sale of the copper mined in Katanga, ownership of the company was an important consideration for the leaders of the Congolese Independence movement while the Belgian government was most reluctant to give up its share in the UMHK, and did not finally do so until 1967. In January 1959, it was announced that Belgium would grant independence to the Congo in June 1960. Starting in March 1960, the UMHK began to financially support CONAKAT and bribed the party leader,
1804:, the right-hand man to Eyskens and his most influential adviser, was likewise an adamant supporter of Katanga, seeing a chance for Belgium to hold onto the most valuable part of the Congo. Between the pressure from his Foreign Minister to not recognize Katanga vs. the pressure from the King to recognize Katanga, Eyskens was left torn and confused. Though unwilling to recognize Katanga out of the fear of the American reaction, the prime minister did accede to pressure from Baudouin and d'Aspremont Lynden to support Katanga.
2109:
staffed by
Belgian officers, and White volunteers of Belgian extraction constituted about 117 men under Tshombe's direction. Although from January to February 1961, gestures were made to remove these 'illegal combatants' from the Congo, their places were quickly taken by a sizable force of nearly 500 British, Rhodesian, French, and South African irregulars. Many of them were given command assignments in the Gendarmes, while others formed a pro-Tshombe unit known as the "International Company", composed chiefly of
200:
2368:
2318:
2044:
2331:
outright military tension. When the
Katangese populace celebrated the anniversary of their independence, for example, UN officials blocked the roads into Élisabethville, fearful of the 2,000-strong "honour guard" that was scheduled to march in upcoming parades. Several thousand civilian residents promptly demonstrated against this unilateral action. Two months later, the local authorities impounded several railroad cars bearing equipment and supplies for use in ONUC operations and a number of
2088:
local UN forces to justify military operations in ending the secession of
Katanga. Despite the resolution, during the next six months, the UN undertook no major military operations, concentrating instead on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations. However, many sources on location claimed that UN personnel initiated and maintained a high degree of violence and were both overtly and indirectly responsible for hundreds if not even thousands of civilian deaths.
256:
2120:. Several were the heads of a para commando training program in Katanga. On March 30, one of the first public reports mentioning large contingents of foreign soldiers claimed that the mercenaries in Katanga included "Belgians, Italians, and 100 South Africans". Serious fighting soon broke out as President Tshombe began to incite both Katangese civilians and White mercenaries to attack UN forces after the ONUC dispatched elements of the nearly 5,000-man-strong
186:
2101:
1720:
population. In the run-up to the
Congolese independence, the leaders of the white Belgian settlers in Katanga were in close contact with the leaders of the white settlers in the Central African Federation, discussing a plan under which Katanga would break away from the Congo once independence was granted, and then join the Central African Federation. In March 1960, Etienne Harford, the Belgian consul in Salisbury (modern Harare) told Sir
2139:
32:
2245:
from the central
Congolese government to take command. This attempt was not at all bloodless and was resisted by the Gendarmes and their mercenary allies. The initial UN initiative to take over the post offices was efficiently repulsed. Later that day, Katangese soldiers launched a coordinated attack on ONUC forces. An eight-day battle was waged in the city, resulting in the deaths of 11 UN personnel. One company of Irish troops, at
2351:
voiced their dissent. But it soon became apparent that Katanga's bid for international recognition was doomed; skyrocketing pressure for direct action, growing American interests, the militant mood of the UNF commanders, and Belgium's pledge to cease supporting a rebel government all suggested that soon the United Nations would take more forceful measures against Moise Tshombe in the near future.
1662:
2228:
rounding up mercenaries at 5 am, culminating in the bloodless capture of nearly 400 men. Not a single shot had been fired. Although Belgium's consul in Katanga was ordered to deport the remaining Belgian nationals, including political advisers, he countered that he could only exercise legal authority over those who were official staff affiliated with his nation's government or military.
2389:
unidentified Europeans, who died as a result of actions taken by the UNF. Following these incidents, U Thant suspended further military operations while Belgian and British officials opened up discussions with Tshombe and attempted to talk him into capitulating. It became clear that he was running desperately short of time. On 11 January, peacekeepers entered
1780:
descent, as well as many Belgian expatriates who had invested heavily in the province. For the most part, Katanga's white residents openly backed the secession. Unlike Lumumba, Tshombe had openly courted them, likely because he believed they possessed much needed technical skills, and their exodus would prove catastrophic to the Katangese economy.
2452:
of Katanga being both head of state and head of government. The president headed the Cabinet of Ministers and was also the Commander in Chief of the Katangese military. The president had a four-year renewable term but was not elected by popular vote, but by a two-thirds majority of the deputies of the Katanga parliament – the National Assembly.
1747:, accusing the central government of communist leanings and dictatorial rule, announced that Katanga was seceding from the Congo. To assist him, the UMHK gave Tshombe an advance of 1,250 million Belgian francs (approximately 25 million US dollars in 1960 – $ 257,480,000 today). Tshombe's first act was to ask the Belgian Prime Minister,
1903:'s scheme of Katangese secession, but provided technical, financial, and military aid in order to keep Katanga stable in terms of public order and domestic security. The Belgians went on to advise the ONUC force against unnecessary interventions against the state, as it would only "risk increasing the confusion." At the same time,
1875:(ONUC). The first UN troops arrived the next day, but there was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's mandate. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray, Lumumba wanted to use the UN peacekeepers to subdue Katanga by force. Referring to the resolution, Lumumba wrote to UN Secretary-General
1879:, 'From these texts it is clear that, contrary to your personal interpretation, the UN force may be used to subdue the rebel government of Katanga.' ONUC refused. To Hammarskjöld, the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese matter and the UN was forbidden to intervene by Article 2 of the United Nations Charter.
2393:, near the Rhodesian border. The Katangese Gendarmes had already been routed and failed to pose a serious threat. Remaining mercenaries, mostly Frenchmen and South Africans, were unable to provide any effective leadership. They ignored instructions to follow a "scorched earth" policy and fled the country by way of
1925:
close to chaos and everything would depend upon the "watchfulness" of d'Aspremont Lynden, who had taken charge of relations with Katanga. Although most of Belgium's military personnel were withdrawn from Katanga in September 1960, over two hundred stayed on, making horizontal career shifts into roles as paid
2464:
The Grand Council acted occasionally as an upper house but did not hold legislative power. It consisted of 20 leading tribal chiefs. The Grand Council had veto powers on key issues including constitutional matters, legal practice, taxation and the functioning and running of the vital mining industry.
2231:
Altogether, about 300 of those captured were expelled from Congo, although several of the mercenaries later returned. White Katangese especially resented this action by the UN. Tshombe was taken by surprise, and tensions escalated rapidly. On 11 September, the UNF further demanded that all foreigners
2227:
In August and September, the UN conducted two operations to arrest and repatriate mercenary soldiers and the Belgian political advisers from Katanga by military force, deeming that such foreigners were the backbone behind the regime. The first operation was carried out by Indian UNF troops, who began
2000:
that was in fact a sham, a Japanese colony that masqueraded as a real country. Just as Puyi was the supposed ruler of Manchukuo with real power exercised by Japanese officials, it was noted that in case of Katanga the leader was Tshombe, but the real power was exercised by Belgian officials.
1991:
wrote in a column praising Katanga that what African nationalists want was "to destroy the power and privileges of the white men; to take over their property, or most of it; and to permit white men to remain only as servants and handmaids". Within liberal circles, Katanga was widely compared to
1763:
denied them permission to land at the airport and radioed that while Kasa-Vubu could visit Katanga if he wished, Lumumba was not allowed to enter the territory. Infuriated, the President and Prime Minister returned to Luluabourg. Tshombe immediately appointed his own commander, a Colonel Norbert Muke
2359:
On 24 December 1962, United Nations forces and Katangese Gendarmes clashed near a UNF observation post near Élisabethville. A helicopter was subsequently shot down, and President Tshombe expressed regrets over what initially appeared to be a misunderstanding, promising to call off his forces. But by
2342:
indicated that the Katangese regime was purchasing new military aircraft and increasing the size of its army, reporting that they now had at their disposal "40,000 troops and Gendarmerie, at least 400 mercenaries and at least 20 planes." These figures were exaggerated. The Secretary-General's office
2313:
to make a case to the media that Katanga was unworthy of American support. In a speech that was later published as a pamphlet published by the State Department, Ball argued that the majority of the people in Katanga did not support the Tshombe regime and noting the way that Belgian officials had all
2308:
The new administration of John F. Kennedy had decided that the Adoula government represented the best hope of stability in the Congo, all more so as Adoula professed to be a firm anti-Communist. As Katanga happened to possess most of the Congo's mineral wealth, it was realized that Adoula government
2091:
From late 1960 onwards, Katanga was characterised by a series of clashes between pro-Tshombe loyalists and Baluba tribesmen, whose political leaders were nominally allied to Leopoldville and opposed Katangese secession. Smaller battles were fought against ANC units attacking from other provinces, as
1707:
was the Belgian state. Katanga was a center of mining with uranium, tin and copper all being extracted from the earth. The wealth drawn by the mining industry had attracted about 32,000 Belgian settlers to Katanga by the 1950s, making it into the province of the Belgian Congo with the largest number
2460:
Legislative power was divided between the president and parliament who both had legislative powers. The National Assembly consisted of 64 deputies (58 of them belonged to CONAKAT). 85% of the seats were directly elected while the other 15% were for representatives of traditional tribal authorities.
2451:
The political system of Katanga was significantly different from that established in the Republic of the Congo where executive power was divided between the president as head of state and the prime minister as head of government. Instead Katanga had a purely presidential republic with the President
2404:
on 21 January, his last stronghold. Land mines and demolitions were to be removed, and all armed loyalists directed to surrender their weapons. Tshombe reportedly claimed in a final address to his supporters: "For the last two and a half years you have twice fought heroically against the enemy. Now
2350:
announced it would be sending a US military mission to Katanga, a move that was severely criticised by white and black Katangese alike. At least a hundred local students, many of them European, subsequently protested at the United States consulate. The Congolese government and the Eastern Bloc also
2195:
were arrested after attending the Coquilhatville Conference of Congo Leaders, the day they were about to board a plane back to their country. Tshombe was held under house arrest and charged with inciting revolt against the Congolese government, the illegal seizure of arms and aircraft, and printing
2108:
In February 1961, attempting to bolster his position in Katanga, Moise Tshombe began importing more foreign mercenaries from neighboring states to assist his Gendarmes. The "Mercenary Problem", as the international community termed it, was a major concern of the ONUC. The Katangese Army was already
1929:
serving with the nation's Gendarmes. As late as 1963, several of these mercenaries were still at large, having shed their military uniforms for civilian dress. Other notable Belgian nationals who stayed on included political advisers and some diplomatic ministers. Upon the arrival of United Nations
1834:
writes: '..during the entire month of August, a ..race against the clock took place with the objective of building a more or less efficient Katangese gendarmery before the eventual withdrawal of the Belgian troops. The commander of the new gendarmery, Major Crèvecoeur, called for former officers of
2384:
to prevent them from proceeding, but the latter was able to cross using debris, despite light resistance and sporadic sniper fire. It was later suggested that this was due to the slow state of communications then plaguing ONUC in Katanga and the Congo at large. The subsequent capture of Jadotville
2087:
in the Congo, including '... the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort'. This resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and foreign mercenaries but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. However, it was ultimately interpreted by the
1924:
and 58 Belgian civil servants in charge of the ministries. Between 4–8 August 1960, Pierre Kauch of the National Bank of Belgium visited Katanga on behalf of the Belgian government with the aim of establishing a central bank for Katanga. Upon his return to Brussels, Kauch reported that Katanga was
1887:
and strengthened the call for Belgium to withdraw its forces. On 9 August, Security Council Resolution 146 mentioned Katanga for the first time and explicitly allowed UN forces to enter Katanga whilst forbidding their use to 'intervene in or influence the outcome of any internal conflict.' Unhappy
2375:
Within three days, Élisabethville was under UN control. A number of Gendarmes were either captured or forced to withdraw further west. The foreign mercenaries scattered. Fighter aircraft conducted over seventy sorties against the Katangese Air Force; all but two jets were destroyed on the ground.
2244:
No longer able to take the increasing violence in Katanga, the ONUC commanders finally agreed to a new plan which would remove the Katangese government from power. It called for UNF troops to apprehend mercenaries, seize post offices and radio stations in Élisabethville, and send a representative
1919:
that his government was opposed to Tshombe's intrigues and was concerned that long-term separation would compromise Congo's economic vitality. The government of Katanga had attached to it 1,133 Belgian technicians in charge of the civil service, 114 Belgian Army officers and 117 Belgian Army NCOs
1779:
population of the northern districts of the province were actively opposed to independence, and even the population in the south, while generally more sympathetic to Tshombe, was never directly consulted on the matter. Katanga was also home to a disproportionately large white community of Belgian
2892:
Former Vice-President of the Senate in Léopoldville for CONAKAT's rival BALUBAKAT party, rallied to Tshombe's side on 15 July 1960. The office in Brussels closed on 26 January 1962. In December 1962, he moved back to Léopoldville as a Senator for the central government. His collaborators include
2330:
As 1962 drew to a close, the United Nations gradually increased its operational strength in Katanga, with Thant considering ever more seriously the option of forcibly ending Tshombe's secession. As UNF forces continued to be harassed by Gendarmerie, the political stalemate rapidly escalated into
1735:
received independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960, it was already wracked by ethnic factionalism and political tension. A coalition of CONAKAT politicians and Belgian settlers had made an attempt shortly before that date to issue their own declaration of independence in Katanga, but the Belgian
1719:
that united the British colonies of Northern Rhodesia (modern Zambia), Nyasaland (modern Malawi), and Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe). Via gerrymandering, much of the black population of the Central African Federation was in effect disfranchised and the Federation was dominated by the white
1807:
Within a week of Katanga's unilateral declaration of independence, Lumumba sent a telegram to the Secretary-General of the UN, insisting that something be done about "Belgium's military aggression" in his country and its overt backing of Katangese secession. Lumumba requested "urgent military
2124:
into the capital. On 5 April 1961, the Secretary-General criticised Belgian mercenaries for their service in Katanga and condemned Tshombe for turning the Katangese public against the United Nations Force. Hostilities broke out again three days later, when Belgian and South African Gendarmes
1827:
were openly hostile towards the operation from its conception, and maintained consistent opposition against any interference with the Katanga state. Portugal permitted arms and mercenaries to enter Katanga from the Portuguese colony of Angola. Likewise, South Africa allowed mercenaries to be
2388:
After the fall of Jadotville, several controversial incidents occurred involving UN forces and foreign civilians in Katanga. Two Belgian women in a car were killed at a road checkpoint after being fired upon by its Indian UNF guards. There were other civilian casualties, including two more
2125:
assaulted Kabalo, a Baluba town in northern Katanga, and engaged the Ethiopian peacekeepers stationed there. In the battle that followed, at least 30 mercenaries were disarmed and captured. It was not until 30 April that the State of Katanga agreed to cease hostilities against the ONUC.
2376:
Tshombe escaped his capital but threatened to launch a counteroffensive unless the UNF restrained itself and called off its attack. A truce was observed until January 1, but, in a controversial act of defiance, UN personnel explicitly ignored their orders from New York and assaulted
1816:
remained neutral, the latter quietly hostile towards the very idea of peacekeeping in Congo. The British initially provided general assistance to the UN troops who were eventually dispatched, but refused to cooperate with subsequent efforts to deal with Tshombe's rebellious regime.
2240:
in support of the Gendarme unit, the troopers refused to surrender and during the ensuing fighting inflicted heavy casualties on the attacking forces. The outnumbered Irish company was eventually forced to surrender. They were held as prisoners of war for approximately one month.
1934:
that the UN use their military advantage to forcibly remove his regime from power. The Security Council, however, only reaffirmed that the ONUC would not be party to any internal disputes but would enter Katanga to assist with keeping the peace. The first such personnel, largely
1930:
forces in the Congo, they were opposed to allowing ONUC freedom of movement in Katanga and insisted upon obstructing the peacekeeping effort. This view was generally strengthened with President Tshombe himself as time advanced, especially with increasingly vocal demands from
1841:
who had left the Congo after the July troubles or were in Katanga.' The numbers of the new force were originally fixed at 1,500 volunteers from 16 to 21 years of age recruited from 'safe' ethnic groups. Almost all the aircraft of the Force Publique had been transferred to
1795:
of 1956 when Britain, France and Israel were all humiliated when the United States opposed their attack on Egypt with the Congo playing the role of Egypt and Belgium the role of the nations that attacked Egypt. For the same reasons, the Belgian representative at
1950:
soldiers trucked into the province on a motley assortment of Soviet military vehicles. This incident would only lead to the further deterioration of relations between the two governments; sporadic clashes would continue for the next two years. On 8 November, an
1866:
to remove its military personnel from the Congo and for the UN to provide 'military assistance' to the Congolese forces to allow them 'to meet fully their tasks'. Lumumba demanded that Belgium remove its troops immediately, threatening to seek help from the
2082:
met in the wake of Lumumba's death in a highly emotional atmosphere charged with anti-colonial feeling and rhetoric. On 21 February 1961, the Council adopted resolution 161, which authorised 'all appropriate measures' to 'prevent the occurrence of
1882:
Disagreements over what the UN force could and could not do continued throughout its deployment despite the passage of two further Security Council resolutions. Passed on 22 July, Security Council Resolution 145 affirmed that Congo should be a
2290:), under questionable circumstances. There is some evidence that suggests the plane was shot down. Hammarskjöld's death set off a succession crisis at the United Nations, as there was no line of succession and the Security Council had to
242:
1975:
On 3 October 1960, Katanga opened up an unrecognized diplomatic mission in New York with the aim of lobbying both for the recognition by the United States and to gain admission to the United Nations. The head of the mission was
1764:
of the Force Publique, to form a new military force, the Katanga Gendarmerie. The gendarmerie was staffed with Belgian officers who were, in effect, seconded to Tshombe as military advisers. On 16 July 1960, Eyskens extended
1598:(CONAKAT) political party. The new Katangese state did not enjoy full support throughout the province and was constantly plagued by ethnic strife in its northernmost region. It was dissolved in 1963 following an invasion by
2484:
on 4 August 1960, eleven ministers were appointed. Names and positions are taken from the report of the Belgian parliamentary inquiry into the assassination of Lumumba, names of cabinet members are taken from Guy Weber,
1724:, the prime minister of the Federation, that the Belgian government wanted a "political association" of Katanga with the federation after independence. The same month in an interview with Rene McColl, a journalist from
1152:
2012:. It mostly functioned as a recruitment office for foreign mercenaries, although such activities were illegal in France. A considerable number of French mercenaries were recruited to fight in Katanga, including
4782:
Loffman R.A. (2019) Religion, Class and the Katangese Secession, 1957–1962. In: Church, State and Colonialism in Southeastern Congo, 1890–1962. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave
2920:
Collaborators at the Paris office include Colonel Bernard Delègue (political adviser); Captain Jean-Louis Bovagnet (military adviser); and Jacques Sidos (consular adviser for cultural and press relations)
2249:. Tshombe's army enjoyed unchallenged air power, and the tiny Katangese Air Force carried out successful strafing and bombing runs on UN positions entrenched in Jadotville, Élisabethville, and Kamina.
2989:) was the law enforcement and state security of Katanga. The General Commissioner of Police was Pius Sapve and the force was governed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, headed by Godefroid Munongo.
2420:
In July 1964, Moise Tshombe returned from exile to become Prime Minister of Congo at the head of a coalition government, succeeding Cyrille Adoula. He was dismissed from his position in October 1965.
2360:
27 December, the firing on both sides had not ceased; UN officers notified the National Assembly that they would take all necessary action in self-defense unless a ceasefire was observed immediately.
5119:
2540:(Chef de Cabinet); Xavier Grandjean (Deputy Chef de Cabinet); Paul Ngoie (Attaché); Captain Mwamba (Ordinance Officer); Ivan Grignard (government secretary); Evariste Mbuyi (deputy of Ivan Grignard)
2797:(Chef de Cabinet until October 1961); Gabriel Letellier (Chef de Cabinet from October to November 1961); Barhélemy Bwengu (Deputy Chef de Cabinet); Christian Souris (public relations officer)
1632:'s central government, it continued even after the democratically elected prime minister was violently overthrown, leading to Lumumba's own kidnap and murder inside the breakaway state. After
4999:
4889:
4243:
241:
1983:
Though the United States refused to recognize Katanga, Struelens was able to persuade much of the American right to support Katanga. One of Struelens's allies were the ultra-right-wing
1800:, André de Staercke, was opposed to a venture that was likely to anger the United States. Henri Crener, the Belgian consul in Élisabethville, was a fierce supporter of Katanga.
5143:
4853:
4005:"Enquête parlementaire visant à déterminer les circonstances exactes de l'assassinat de Patrice Lumumba et l'implication éventuelle des responsables politiques belges dans celui-ci"
1751:, for help. When the newly appointed commander of the Élisabethville military garrison arrived in the city, Katangese authorities immediately detained and expelled him. He flew to
4119:
2501:
died on 19 November 1961. They were not replaced. Cléophas Mukeba resigned on 22 April 1961, and was replaced by Chrysostome Mwewa, who became Secretary of State of Public Health.
5014:
4642:
5165:
4953:
1515:
5388:
2343:
responded by increasing trade sanctions, but several member states, the United Kingdom in particular, continued to oppose the use of embargoes to force a political solution.
4879:
5485:
5223:
5153:
5034:
5009:
1787:
was very supportive of Katanga and used all the power of the court to pressure the government into extending diplomatic recognition to Katanga. The Foreign Minister,
5289:
5203:
5080:
5024:
2260:
The dismal failure of the UNF could also be attributed to inferior equipment. While the Gendarmes were armed with automatic rifles, heavy machine guns, mortars, and
1617:, an army raised by the Tshombe government, was initially organised and trained by Belgium's military and consisted of Belgian soldiers as well as mercenaries from
5247:
620:
5362:
5218:
5109:
1808:
assistance" due to his government's inability to maintain order in the massive country. Among UN member states, sentiments towards Katanga were generally mixed.
846:
270:
5495:
5160:
5019:
4994:
1540:
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The Congolese government took immediate steps to reintegrate Katanga with the rest of the country. Gendarmes were absorbed into the national military, and
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the real power in Katanga argued that Katanga like Manchukuo was an artificial state created as a cloak for imperialism of others.
2291:
2841:(military adviser in December 1960, from 18 December 1960 Deputy Secretary of State and member of the Select Interministerial Council of Defense)
5381:
5324:
5228:
5181:
4871:
4505:
Hughes, Matthew (September 2003). "Fighting for White Rule in Africa: The Central African Federation, Katanga, and the Congo Crisis, 1958–1965".
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2926:
1249:
243:
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5284:
5208:
3737:
3003:
1946:
All of this only frustrated the Congolese government, which, on 27 August, launched a poorly organized, ill-fated, incursion into Katanga with
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with a mandate to recognize Katanga. The King's maneuver failed when the man he designated to serve as Foreign Minister in the new government,
5357:
5314:
5269:
4948:
1036:
3913:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3900:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3887:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3874:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3648:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3635:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3617:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3601:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3588:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
3572:
Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition",
5342:
2894:
2443:
was promulgated August 5, 1960. It consisted of 66 articles and set out the political structure of Katanga and the rights of its citizens.
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4033:
1120:
5416:
4334:
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5397:
5131:
1791:, knowing that the United States was opposed to breaking up the Congo, was against recognizing Katanga. Wigny feared a repeat of the
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1172:
5402:
3798:
2944:
Assisted Jacques Masangu at the representation in Brussels, and replaced him as the head of the office at the beginning of 1962.
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government opposed their plans. CONAKAT was especially concerned that the emerging Congolese government under prime minister
1683:(UMHK) company was founded and was granted the exclusive rights to mine copper in Katanga. The principal shareholders in the
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882:
764:
68:
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1740:
would dismiss its members from their positions in the Katangese provincial government and replace them with his supporters.
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1801:
1488:
4086:
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1165:
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Under UN pressure (military attacks), Tshombe later agreed to a three-stage plan from the new acting Secretary General,
1759:
of the secession. The two decided to fly to Katanga to examine the situation themselves. Katangese Minister of Interior
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75:
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4011:
1728:
newspaper, Welensky stated that he fully expected Katanga to break away from the Congo and join the Federation.
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4534:
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115:
49:
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René Bastin (Chef de Cabinet); Jean-Godefroid Mubanda (Deputy Chef de Cabinet); Paul Gibson (attaché and secretary)
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4862:
2075:
visited several bars in Élisabethville, telling patrons that Lumumba was murdered; the police took Samalenge away.
1899:
A subject of much controversy was Belgium's involvement with Katanga. Brussels had neither inspired nor engineered
1404:
631:
591:
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1613:, a mining company with concession rights in the region, and a large contingent of Belgian military advisers. The
1610:
82:
4884:
4128:
4004:
2079:
650:
4282:
2160:
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Tshombe and CONAKAT argued that the secession was the result of indigenous nationalist sentiment. However, the
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1441:
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860:
53:
887:
439:
424:
4911:
984:
672:
64:
4749:
2643:(Chef de Cabinet, until his appointment in Paris from December 1960); Pierre Ndaie (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
1947:
4395:
Boehme, Olivier (2005). "The Involvement of the Belgian Central Bank in the Katanga Secession, 1960–1963".
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2656:
2121:
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by a superior force of Gendarmes, including many Europeans. Despite suffering several attacks launched by
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199:
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1673:(UMHK) copper mine, pictured in 1917. Katanga's mineral wealth played an important part in the secession.
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Especially notable among the French mercenaries were professional career soldiers who had fought in the
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was launched the following day and peacekeepers marched on Élisabethville to neutralize the Gendarmes.
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1424:
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1100:
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1016:
757:
512:
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5500:
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Haut-Katanga: Lorsque les richesses économiques et pouvoirs politiques forcent une identité régionale
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with Eyskens's ambivalent policy, King Baudouin tried to replace him at the beginning of August with
1419:
1342:
1230:
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908:
2833:(Deputy Chef de Cabinet from October 1960 until November 1961, Chef de Cabinet from November 1961);
255:
4171:
2665:
André Muntu (Chef de Cabinet); Grégoire Kashala (Deputy Chef de Cabinet); Dr. de Scheitz (Adviser)
1535:
20:
3855:
Hamilton, Thomas J. (23 September 1961). "Interim U.N. Head is Urged by Rusk; His Timing Scored".
4415:
2834:
2481:
2440:
2434:
2252:
2149:
2035:. Just like the Paris mission, it recruited mercenaries to go and fight for the Katangese cause.
2021:
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1327:
750:
42:
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and executed shortly after arrival. On 18 January, Katangese Secretary of State of Information
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19:
This article is about the breakaway state that existed from 1960 to 1963. For other uses, see
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Economically, the Katanga province of the Belgian Congo was closely linked to the autonomous
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1409:
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1048:
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327:
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In October 1960, the Secretariats were created, thereby enlarging the Katangese government.
684:
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553:
3702:
2560:(Deputy Chef de Cabinet, from 12 July 1960 until October 1960); Paul Boons (legal adviser)
1347:
1235:
185:
8:
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4433:
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2361:
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2233:
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2110:
1859:
1784:
1633:
1622:
1105:
994:
805:
786:
769:
518:
385:
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While being nominally a multi-party democracy in reality the state was dominated by the
2271:
1876:
4404:
3754:
3511:
2904:(head of the cultural section); Mertens (protocol section); Henrard (economic section)
1493:
1461:
1352:
1131:
1125:
1115:
1110:
677:
4660:
Katanga 1960–63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World
4612:
3097:
The New Mercenaries: The History of the Hired Soldier from the Congo to the Seychelles
5337:
4800:
4709:
4688:
4663:
4647:
4627:
4588:
4570:
4552:
4530:
4493:
4477:
4455:
4437:
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4212:
Ils ont tué Monsieur H. Congo, 1961. Le complot des mercenaires français contre l'ONU
4045:
3838:"Hammarskjold Dies In African Air Crash; Kennedy Going To U. N. In Succession Crisis"
3682:
3341:
3100:
2570:
Minister of Finance, Vice-President of the Ministerial Council (from 30 August 1960)
2545:
2537:
2283:
2205:
1760:
1618:
1414:
1317:
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999:
989:
931:
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2192:
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2056:
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4514:
4343:
4298:
2951:
2704:
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2270:
In the course of the limited peace negotiations which ensued, UN Secretary-General
2060:
2047:
A Katangese postage stamp issued in 1961. Although Katanga was not a member of the
1977:
1893:
1889:
1756:
1603:
1569:
1503:
1456:
1451:
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1322:
1094:
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302:
163:
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355:
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4427:
4365:
4265:
4225:
3741:
2982:
2959:
2872:
2783:
2749:
2683:
Raymond Deghilage (Chef de Cabinet); Christophe Kolongo (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
2498:
2197:
2072:
2032:
2017:
1855:
1737:
1629:
1581:
1561:
1389:
1384:
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1369:
1312:
1307:
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1200:
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829:
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501:
297:
191:
148:
4327:"La France et le Congo ex-belge (1961–1965). Intérêts et influences en mutation"
2893:
Mwepu (head of the administrative section); Philippart (head of the consulate);
2830:
2557:
2367:
4757:
4580:
3982:
2909:
2660:
2640:
2317:
2302:
2013:
2009:
1916:
1837:
1809:
1748:
1636:, the rebels either scattered or surrendered to United Nations forces in 1963.
1510:
1431:
1215:
1189:
812:
4822:
4774:
Larmer, Miles and Kennes, Erik (2014) "Rethinking the Katangese Secession" in
2043:
1871:
if they did not leave within two days. The UN reacted quickly and established
5449:
5431:
5418:
4965:
4960:
4906:
4722:
4606:
3123:, 'Katanga Secession,' University of Wisconsin Press, 1966, 114–115, 155–174.
2899:
2802:
2794:
2762:
Jean Vandekerkhove (Chef de Cabinet); Raphaël Senga (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
2597:
2494:
2385:
prevented Tshombe's loyalists from making a stand there, as had been feared.
2213:
1988:
1984:
1960:
1908:
1900:
1884:
1732:
1589:
1399:
1337:
1294:
776:
667:
234:
4804:
2465:
The veto could be overridden by a two-thirds vote in the National Assembly.
4923:
4789:
The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting their Way Home,
4347:
3042:
3034:
2829:
Lieutenant-Colonel André Grandjean (Chef de Cabinet, until November 1961);
2592:
U. Van Grabeeckx (Chef de Cabinet); Gaston Ilunga (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
2400:
On 15 January, Moise Tshombe conceded defeat and allowed UN officials into
2381:
2371:
Swedish troops clear Kaminaville of Katangese resistance, 31 December 1962.
2261:
2117:
1997:
1936:
1904:
1868:
1788:
1721:
1645:
721:
410:
205:
4497:
4303:
3069:
2335:
peacekeepers were wounded by unmarked land mines on the Katangese border.
4598:
3038:
3013:
2813:
Albert Brodur (Chef de Cabinet); Léonard Ilunga (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
2670:
2414:
2201:
1926:
1792:
1776:
745:
4680:
Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict: The Sword Or the Olive Branch?
1996:, an ostensibly independent nation established in 1931 and ruled by the
598:
4527:
From the Congo to Soweto, U.S. Foreign Policy towards Africa since 1960
4408:
4294:
2818:
2608:
Marcel Petit (Chef de Cabinet); Benoît Nyunzi (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
2377:
2321:
Red Cross hospital bombarded by UN forces during Operation Unokat, 1962
2163: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1952:
1940:
284:
4567:
The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa – From Eisenhower to Kennedy
4270:. Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques. p. 133.
3799:"Dag Hammarskjöld's plane may have been shot down, ambassador warned"
2887:
2715:
Jean Nawej (Chef de Cabinet); Pherson Nguza (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
2100:
2084:
1993:
3773:"Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down"
2699:
Jean Michel (Chef de Cabinet); Jean Kalume (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
2138:
31:
4041:
2936:
2882:
2256:
Katangese gendarme guards with Swedish ONUC soldiers taken prisoner
2028:
1931:
1820:
926:
330:
4771:, Brussels, Centre de Recherche et d'Information Socio-Politiques.
4367:
La fabrique des barbouzes: Histoire des réseaux Foccart en Afrique
4148:
2532:
2469:
2401:
2390:
2298:
2068:
1863:
1752:
1593:
1147:
921:
312:
4643:
The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years Since Independence
1712:, into advocating policies that were favorable to the company.
1602:(ONUC) forces, and reintegrated with the rest of the country as
4753:
2394:
2332:
2287:
1964:
1956:
1912:
1843:
1813:
3944:
4933:
4861:
3016:, another secessionist government during the same time period
2279:
2005:
155:
4452:
Chief of Station, Congo: Fighting the Cold War in a Hot Zone
1661:
1609:
The Katangese secession was carried out with the support of
3568:
3566:
1854:
On 14 July 1960, in response to requests by Prime Minister
1797:
1031:
4490:
The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961
4224:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
1628:
Although the rebellion was conceived as an opposition to
3563:
3556:"Letters from Niemba: Irish troops in the Congo, 1960",
3218:
3216:
3201:
3177:
2191:
In June, President Tshombe and Foreign Affairs Minister
3932:
3915:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3902:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3889:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3876:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3870:
3868:
3866:
3650:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3637:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3631:
3629:
3627:
3619:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3613:
3611:
3603:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3590:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3584:
3582:
3574:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
4799:. Brussels: Académie royale des sciences d'outre-mer.
3719:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3340:(1st ed.). Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
3252:
3228:
3099:. New York: Paragon House Publishers. pp. 37–55.
2055:
Shortly afterwards, Patrice Lumumba was replaced in a
1849:
4117:
4091:"Enquête sur la mort de Patrice Lumumba: Témoignages"
4038:
Le Katanga de Moïse Tshombe ou le drame de la loyauté
3826:
2011, Hurst Publishers, 2014, Oxford University Press
3674:
3457:
3397:
3385:
3264:
3240:
3213:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3150:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
1772:(Mistebel) to assist Katanga with arms and advisers.
3920:
3863:
3624:
3608:
3579:
3189:
4263:
3829:
3538:
3526:
3354:
2380:. Katangese forces demolished the bridges over the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5486:Separatism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4176:Mille et quatre jours: Contes du Zaïre et du Shaba
3652:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 210 & 215
3162:
3147:
3126:
2051:, its stamps were tolerated on international mail.
1768:recognition to Katanga and on 22 July created the
1595:Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga
3956:
3338:Crisis in Congo: A United Nations Force in Action
1943:, the Katangese capital city, on 12 August 1960.
5447:
4791:Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2016.
2223:Swedish troops detain white Katangese mercenary.
4283:"La politique "Katangaise" de la Belgique (II)"
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3848:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
2216:to ensure the balance between the two leaders.
2004:Another mission was opened in December 1960 in
1621:and elsewhere. There was a similarly organized
3475:Gérard-Libois, 'Katanga Secession,' 1966, 114.
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3004:Front for the National Liberation of the Congo
5496:States and territories disestablished in 1963
4847:
4529:, New York, McNally & Loftin Publishers,
3504:
2063:. On 17 January 1961, Mobutu sent Lumumba to
1278:
1173:
705:
614:
4776:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
3968:
3904:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 218-219
3759:U.S. Army Area Handbook (Congo-Leopoldville)
3576:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 212–213
2405:their superiority has become overwhelming."
1666:
218:
140:
4794:
4426:Daniel, Donald C.; Hayes, Bradd C. (2016).
4425:
3950:
3276:
5491:States and territories established in 1960
4854:
4840:
4569:, New York, Macmillan Publishing Company,
3835:
1743:On the evening of 11 July, CONAKAT leader
1703:. In turn, the largest shareholder in the
1285:
1271:
1180:
1166:
712:
698:
621:
607:
254:
220:"Force, espoir et paix dans la prospérité"
4750:"The conspiracy of Katangese nationalism"
4676:
4469:, Armor Books. Essays by various authors.
4302:
3938:
3695:
3090:
3088:
3086:
2204:consisted of two of Katanga's strongmen,
2179:Learn how and when to remove this message
1862:adopted Resolution 143. This called upon
628:
478:496,871 km (191,843 sq mi)
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
4617:Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo
4359:
4357:
4113:
4111:
3917:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 219
3891:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 218
3878:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 216
3854:
3639:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 215
3621:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 214
3605:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 210
3592:, Issue 2 (Spring 2014) Volume 47 p. 213
2837:(adviser from 21 June to 21 July 1961);
2366:
2316:
2251:
2218:
2099:
2042:
1660:
1656:
4747:
4487:
4335:Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
4144:"DÉCÈS Etienne Ugeux, témoin d'Afrique"
4081:
4079:
3836:Halberstam, David (19 September 1961).
3725:
3335:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3094:
2823:Secretary of State of National Defense
2721:
5448:
4585:Du Congo de Lumumba au Zaïre de Mobutu
4504:
4394:
4209:
4170:
3796:
3770:
3544:
3532:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3270:
3222:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3141:
3083:
2807:Secretary of State of Public Function
2624:Henri Demers (Deputy Chef de Cabinet)
1584:that proclaimed its independence from
1121:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
16:1960–1963 unrecognised state in Africa
4835:
4797:Aux origines du séparatisme katangais
4701:
4657:
4626:, New York, Oxford University Press,
4544:Britain and the Congo Crisis, 1960–63
4540:
4354:
4324:
4280:
4108:
4085:
4044:: Éditions Louis Musin. p. 201.
4032:
3962:
3926:
3478:
3156:
2847:
2238:Katanga's mercenary-piloted Air Force
2212:, and Minister of National Education
2128:
1907:, the Foreign Minister, informed the
1873:United Nations Operation in the Congo
1600:United Nations Operation in the Congo
1475:
1266:
1161:
1076:
950:
905:
883:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
693:
602:
224:"Power, hope and peace in prosperity"
4178:. Vol. Fascicle 6. p. 772.
4076:
3663:The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba
3560:, Issue 6 (Nov/Dec 2010), Volume 18.
2772:Secretary of State of Foreign Trade
2675:Minister of Work and Social Affairs
2338:A subsequent report compiled by the
2161:adding citations to reliable sources
2132:
2095:
2038:
1970:
1955:platoon, sent to repair a bridge in
1783:Within the Belgian government, King
1077:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
4492:. London: Oxford University Press.
4363:
3731:
3512:"Security Council Resolutions 1960"
2778:Joseph Onckelinx (Chef de Cabinet)
2754:Secretary of State of Public Works
1850:Deployment of United Nations troops
1755:and informed Lumumba and President
1499:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
951:
906:
13:
4741:
4364:Bat, Jean-Pierre (19 March 2015).
4287:Courrier Hebdomadaire du C.R.I.S.P
4141:
4012:Belgian Chamber of Representatives
3550:
2788:Secretary of State of Information
2529:President of the State of Katanga
1187:
239:
14:
5517:
4954:Transitional Government (2003–06)
4812:
4662:. Cheltenham: The History Press.
4619:, University of California Press.
3771:Borger, Julian (17 August 2011).
3119:For more on the Gendarmerie, see
2556:Victor Tignée (Chef de Cabinet);
1846:, then requisitioned by Katanga.
1802:Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden
1489:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1292:
5471:1963 disestablishments in Africa
4863:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4507:The International History Review
3675:Ludo de Witte; Witte De (2001).
3336:Lefever, Ernest W., ed. (1965).
3070:"Katanga – nationalanthems.info"
2137:
719:
592:Democratic Republic of the Congo
571:
546:
400:
198:
184:
30:
4429:Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping
4318:
4274:
4257:
4218:
4203:
4182:
4164:
4135:
4058:
4026:
4014:. 16 November 2001. p. 924
3997:
3907:
3894:
3881:
3816:
3797:Borger, Julian (4 April 2014).
3790:
3764:
3748:
3704:Moïse Kapenda Tshombe Biography
3668:
3655:
3642:
3595:
3469:
3027:
2981:The Katangese National Police (
2602:Minister of National Education
2480:Through the application of the
2428:
2148:needs additional citations for
2080:United Nations Security Council
1639:
41:needs additional citations for
4890:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
4787:Erik Kennes and Miles Larmer,
4748:Crellin, Zac (4 August 2016).
4725:& Atmore, Anthony. (1994)
4467:Revolt in the Congo, 1960–1964
4118:Jean Omasombo Tshonda (2018).
3113:
3062:
2586:Minister of Telecommunication
2497:died on 14 November 1961, and
2455:
1963:and nine of its men killed by
888:Torture and killing of Lumumba
453:
1:
5466:1960 establishments in Africa
5461:Former unrecognized countries
4705:The Plot Against South Africa
4677:Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1999).
4519:10.1080/07075332.2003.9641007
4244:Éditions de la pensée moderne
3051:
3033:Co-founder, with his brother
2709:Minister of Economic Affairs
2325:
2196:counterfeit money by issuing
1685:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
1680:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
1669:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
1611:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
4971:M23 offensive (2022–present)
4944:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
4919:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
4895:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
4795:Yakemtchouk, Romain (1988).
4736:, Princeton University Press
4729:, Cambridge University Press
4454:, New York, Public Affairs,
4264:Jules Gérard-Libois (1963).
3678:The Assassination of Lumumba
3488:. Keith Kyle. Archived from
3056:
2956:Katanga Information Services
2618:Minister of Foreign Affairs
2475:
2446:
2408:
2354:
2122:99th Indian Infantry Brigade
1696:Société Générale de Belgique
1405:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1333:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
1005:Assassination of Habyarimana
7:
5086:Foreign policy under Mobutu
4658:Othen, Christopher (2015).
4488:Hoskyns, Catherine (1965).
2992:
2987:Police Nationale Katangaise
2965:
2933:European Economic Community
2914:Resident Minister in Paris
2879:European Economic Community
2487:Le Katanga de Moïse Tshombe
2423:
1541:Child soldiers in the Congo
1064:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
939:Non-aggression pact of 1979
10:
5522:
4929:State of Katanga (1960–63)
4387:
4370:. Nouveau Monde Editions.
2999:Free Republic of the Congo
2969:
2931:Secretary of State at the
2653:Minister of Public Health
2489:, unless otherwise noted.
2432:
2274:and 15 others were killed
2234:Jadotville were surrounded
2104:Katangese gendarme in 1961
2031:, a mission was headed by
1948:Armée Nationale Congolaise
1717:Central African Federation
1649:
1643:
1017:Great Lakes refugee crisis
18:
5375:
5323:
5255:
5246:
5189:
5180:
5056:
5047:
4990:
4981:
4939:First Congo War (1996–98)
4870:
4465:Epstein, H. (ed). (1974)
2976:
2950:Furthermore, the Belgian
2877:Resident Minister at the
2550:Minister of the Interior
2348:American State Department
2247:Jadotville, were captured
1896:, declined to take part.
1705:Comité Spécial de Katanga
1690:Comité Spécial du Katanga
1484:
1476:
1343:2014 North Kivu offensive
1302:
1197:
1089:
985:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
980:Second Sudanese Civil War
963:
918:
893:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
729:
639:
587:
525:
507:
497:
487:
482:
472:
467:
463:
450:
435:
420:
416:
406:
396:
392:
378:
374:
366:
362:
348:
344:
336:
323:
311:
290:
277:
265:
253:
229:
214:
180:
175:
132:
5061:Administrative divisions
4702:Vaqué, Klaus D. (1989).
4587:, Brussels, P. Legrain,
4397:African Economic History
4190:"Charles (Carlo) Huyghe"
3824:Who Killed Hammarskjold?
3095:Mockler, Antony (1987).
3020:
2693:Minister of Agriculture
2208:and Minister of Finance
1536:Western DR Congo clashes
1516:2011 coup d'etat attempt
4966:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
4907:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
4819:Constitution of Katanga
4732:Young, Crawford (1965)
4708:. Varama. p. 244.
4325:Genin, Vincent (2013).
4239:Notre guerre au Katanga
4210:Picard, Maurin (2019).
4142:AP (19 February 1998).
3951:Daniel & Hayes 2016
2482:Constitution of Katanga
2441:Constitution of Katanga
2435:Constitution of Katanga
1770:Mission Technique Belge
1531:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1338:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1328:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
733:Force Publique mutinies
331:constitutional republic
260:Katanga in green (1961)
4924:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
4885:Colonization (1867–85)
4525:Jackson, H.F. (1982),
4348:10.3406/rbph.2013.8477
3983:"Katanga Constitution"
3681:. Verso. p. 126.
3661:Kanza, Thomas. (1979)
2986:
2831:Charles "Carlo" Huyghé
2558:Charles "Carlo" Huyghé
2372:
2322:
2257:
2224:
2105:
2052:
2049:Universal Postal Union
1701:Tanganyika Concessions
1674:
1667:
1592:, leader of the local
1588:on 11 July 1960 under
1573:
1565:
1447:Kasindi church bombing
1226:October 2020 offensive
818:Port Francqui incident
247:
219:
156:
141:
4734:Politics in the Congo
4624:JFK: Ordeal in Africa
4622:Mahoney, R.D. (1983)
4472:Gondola, C.D. (2002)
4422:, London, Hutchinson.
4416:Cruise O'Brien, Conor
4304:10.3917/cris.184.0001
4066:"Bartelous' obituary"
3486:"The UN in the Congo"
2730:Secretaries of State
2505:Government Ministers
2493:died on 23 May 1961,
2370:
2340:Brookings Institution
2320:
2255:
2222:
2103:
2046:
1825:Union of South Africa
1664:
1657:The initial secession
1652:Katangese Gendarmerie
1650:Further information:
1576:), also known as the
1526:2013 Kinshasa attacks
1410:Anti-MONUSCO protests
1032:Formation of the AFDL
440:South Kasai secession
246:
4769:Sécession au Katanga
4541:James, Alan (1996).
4474:The History of Congo
4267:Sécession au Katanga
4172:Vandewalle, Frédéric
3761:, United States Army
2722:Secretaries of State
2634:Minister of Justice
2346:On 20 December, the
2157:improve this article
1348:2017 CNPSC offensive
862:Violettes Imperiales
489:• 1960 estimate
50:improve this article
5428: /
4565:Kalb, M.G. (1982),
4476:, Greenwood Press,
4420:To Katanga and Back
4214:(in French). Seuil.
3953:, pp. 215–216.
3121:Jules Gérard-Libois
3009:Siege of Jadotville
2972:Katanga Gendarmerie
2962:on 1 October 1960.
2854:
2768:Bonaventure Makonga
2731:
2566:Jean-Baptiste Kibwe
2506:
2362:Operation Grandslam
2292:vote on a successor
2210:Jean-Baptiste Kibwe
2111:White South African
1860:UN Security Council
1634:Operation Grandslam
1623:Katangese Air Force
1615:Katanga Gendarmerie
1578:Republic of Katanga
1442:August 2022 attacks
1106:Gbadolite Agreement
1059:Overthrow of Mobutu
995:Burundian Civil War
386:Jean-Baptiste Kibwe
5506:Proposed countries
5481:History of Katanga
5224:Telecommunications
5071:Court of Cassation
5035:Former place names
4646:, The Free Press,
4450:Devlin, L. (2007)
4230:Le Bailly, Jacques
4087:Brassinne, Jacques
3857:The New York Times
3842:The New York Times
3755:United States Army
3454:, p. 605-606.
3442:, p. 603-605.
3430:, p. 602-607.
3418:, p. 602-603.
3210:, p. 596-598.
3186:, p. 593-595.
2852:
2848:Other appointments
2835:Edgard Tupët-Thomé
2729:
2504:
2373:
2323:
2258:
2225:
2198:Katangese currency
2129:Later developments
2106:
2053:
2022:Edgard Tupët-Thomé
1675:
1586:Congo-Léopoldville
1521:Batwa–Luba clashes
1494:Katanga insurgency
1462:Kirindera massacre
1241:Nyamamba and Mbogi
1132:Effacer le tableau
1126:Kisangani massacre
1111:Sun City Agreement
1037:Massacres of Hutus
877:Other major events
758:Congo-Stanleyville
685:Léopoldville riots
678:1944 Kivu uprising
567:Congo-Léopoldville
554:Congo-Léopoldville
271:Unrecognized state
248:
65:"State of Katanga"
5432:11.133°S 27.100°E
5411:
5410:
5371:
5370:
5290:Human trafficking
5242:
5241:
5176:
5175:
5144:Political parties
5137:National Assembly
5081:Foreign relations
5043:
5042:
4765:Gérard-Libois, J.
4727:Africa since 1800
4715:978-0-620-14537-4
4694:978-0-275-96173-2
4652:978-0-7432-3222-7
4558:978-1-349-24528-4
4443:978-1-349-23855-2
4234:Duchemin, Jacques
3688:978-1-85984-618-6
2948:
2947:
2845:
2844:
2719:
2718:
2689:Sylvestre Kilonda
2546:Godefroid Munongo
2538:Jacques Bartelous
2284:Northern Rhodesia
2189:
2188:
2181:
2096:Mercenary warfare
2039:Further conflicts
1971:Foreign relations
1761:Godefroid Munongo
1726:The Daily Express
1619:Northern Rhodesia
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1471:
1470:
1415:Kishishe massacre
1318:Makobola massacre
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1211:North Night Final
1153:ICC investigation
1072:
1071:
1000:Rwandan Civil War
990:1991 Zaire unrest
946:
945:
932:Battle of Kolwezi
901:
900:
737:Secession crisis
597:
596:
583:
582:
579:
578:
559:
558:
425:Katanga secession
401:National Assembly
380:• 1960–1963
350:• 1960–1963
244:
126:
125:
118:
100:
5513:
5501:Former republics
5456:State of Katanga
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5391:
5384:
5253:
5252:
5214:Franc (currency)
5187:
5186:
5054:
5053:
4988:
4987:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4808:
4778:, pp. 1–21.
4761:
4719:
4698:
4673:
4638:Meredith, Martin
4613:Lemarchand, René
4562:
4522:
4501:
4447:
4412:
4382:
4381:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4226:Trinquier, Roger
4222:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3979:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3822:Susan Williams,
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3762:
3752:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3672:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3599:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3570:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3514:. United nations
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3492:on 18 April 2005
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3352:
3351:
3333:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3066:
3045:
3031:
2952:Michel Struelens
2903:
2855:
2851:
2839:Jacques Duchemin
2758:Union congolaise
2744:Cabinet members
2732:
2728:
2705:Salomon Tshizand
2519:Cabinet members
2507:
2503:
2491:Salomon Tshizand
2276:in a plane crash
2272:Dag Hammarskjöld
2184:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2141:
2133:
2061:Mobutu Sese Seko
1978:Michel Struelens
1894:Paul-Henri Spaak
1890:Paul Van Zeeland
1877:Dag Hammarskjöld
1757:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1699:and the British
1672:
1604:Katanga Province
1558:State of Katanga
1504:Operation Shujaa
1479:
1473:
1472:
1457:Mukondi massacre
1452:Makugwe massacre
1437:Otomabere attack
1323:Makombo massacre
1297:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1192:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1101:Lusaka Ceasefire
1095:Operation Kitona
1084:
1082:
1081:Second Congo War
1074:
1073:
1012:Rwandan genocide
958:
956:
948:
947:
913:
911:
903:
902:
782:Battle of Kabalo
724:
714:
707:
700:
691:
690:
656:Congo Free State
634:
623:
616:
609:
600:
599:
575:
574:
563:
562:
550:
549:
543:
542:
527:
526:
516:
442:
427:
388:
358:
280:and largest city
273:
258:
245:
222:
202:
188:
167:
159:
152:
144:
134:State of Katanga
130:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5446:
5445:
5437:-11.133; 27.100
5436:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5367:
5363:Public holidays
5319:
5238:
5172:
5110:Law enforcement
5039:
4977:
4934:Zaire (1965–97)
4866:
4860:
4826:
4815:
4744:
4742:Further reading
4739:
4716:
4695:
4687:. p. 166.
4670:
4559:
4551:. p. 219.
4444:
4436:. p. 320.
4390:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4355:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4279:
4275:
4262:
4258:
4246:
4223:
4219:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4140:
4136:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4077:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3853:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3769:
3765:
3753:
3749:
3745:, Sep. 22, 1961
3736:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3707:. BookRags, Inc
3701:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3564:
3558:History Ireland
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3355:
3348:
3334:
3277:
3273:, pp. 2–3.
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3093:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3032:
3028:
3023:
2995:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2897:
2873:Jacques Masangu
2850:
2784:Lucas Samalenge
2750:Gabriel Kitenge
2724:
2649:Cléophas Mukeba
2630:Valentin Ilunga
2499:Lucas Samalenge
2478:
2458:
2449:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2411:
2357:
2328:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2154:
2142:
2131:
2098:
2073:Lucas Samalenge
2067:, where he was
2041:
2033:Jacques Masangu
2018:Roger Trinquier
1973:
1920:commanding the
1852:
1738:Patrice Lumumba
1659:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1630:Patrice Lumumba
1582:breakaway state
1574:Nchi Ya Katanga
1566:État du Katanga
1554:
1545:
1480:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1370:Kipupu massacre
1313:Kasika massacre
1308:Lemera massacre
1298:
1293:
1291:
1254:
1231:Boga and Tchabi
1193:
1188:
1186:
1157:
1143:Pretoria Accord
1138:Bogoro massacre
1085:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1021:
975:Shaba Invasions
959:
955:First Congo War
954:
952:
942:
914:
910:Shaba Invasions
909:
907:
897:
835:Simba rebellion
830:Kwilu rebellion
825:Kanyarwanda War
765:UN intervention
725:
720:
718:
689:
635:
629:
627:
572:
547:
511:
502:Katangese franc
490:
475:
459:21 January 1963
456:
443:
438:
428:
423:
384:
381:
354:
351:
318:
307:
281:
269:
261:
249:
240:
225:
210:
209:
208:
203:
195:
194:
189:
171:
170:
161:
157:Nchi Ya Katanga
146:
142:État du Katanga
135:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5519:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5260:Child marriage
5256:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5161:Prime Minister
5158:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5120:Chief of Staff
5112:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865: articles
4859:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4814:
4813:External links
4811:
4810:
4809:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4772:
4762:
4758:Pambazuka News
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4723:Oliver, Roland
4720:
4714:
4699:
4693:
4674:
4669:978-0750989169
4668:
4655:
4635:
4620:
4610:
4603:Congo Disaster
4596:
4578:
4563:
4557:
4538:
4523:
4513:(3): 592–615.
4502:
4485:
4470:
4463:
4448:
4442:
4423:
4413:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4353:
4317:
4281:CRISP (1963).
4273:
4256:
4217:
4202:
4181:
4163:
4134:
4131:. p. 378.
4107:
4096:. p. 25.1
4075:
4057:
4050:
4025:
3996:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3939:Mockaitis 1999
3931:
3929:, p. 193.
3919:
3906:
3893:
3880:
3862:
3847:
3828:
3815:
3789:
3763:
3747:
3738:War in Katanga
3730:
3728:, p. 368.
3718:
3694:
3687:
3667:
3654:
3641:
3623:
3607:
3594:
3578:
3562:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3503:
3477:
3468:
3466:, p. 609.
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3406:, p. 613.
3396:
3394:, p. 612.
3384:
3353:
3346:
3275:
3263:
3261:, p. 100.
3251:
3239:
3237:, p. 140.
3227:
3225:, p. 599.
3212:
3200:
3198:, p. 594.
3188:
3176:
3161:
3146:
3125:
3112:
3105:
3082:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2978:
2975:
2970:Main article:
2967:
2964:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:Dominique Diur
2906:
2905:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
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2798:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2780:
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2776:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2755:
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2745:
2742:
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2736:
2723:
2720:
2717:
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2713:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2641:Dominique Diur
2638:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:Évariste Kimba
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:Alphonse Kiela
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2477:
2474:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2433:Main article:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2407:
2356:
2353:
2327:
2324:
2303:Cyrille Adoula
2193:Évariste Kimba
2187:
2186:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2097:
2094:
2065:Élisabethville
2040:
2037:
2014:Roger Faulques
2010:Dominique Diur
1972:
1969:
1941:Élisabethville
1937:Swedish forces
1922:Force Publique
1851:
1848:
1838:Force Publique
1749:Gaston Eyskens
1658:
1655:
1644:Main article:
1641:
1638:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:Dongo conflict
1508:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Masambo attack
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:Ituri conflict
1185:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
970:
964:
961:
960:
944:
943:
941:
936:
935:
934:
924:
919:
916:
915:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
874:
873:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
832:
827:
822:
821:
820:
815:
813:Kindu atrocity
810:
803:
802:
801:
789:
784:
779:
774:
762:
761:
760:
755:
754:
753:
743:
735:
730:
727:
726:
717:
716:
709:
702:
694:
688:
687:
682:
681:
680:
675:
665:
664:
663:
653:
647:
646:
640:
637:
636:
626:
625:
618:
611:
603:
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594:
589:
585:
584:
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580:
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560:
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539:
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533:
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522:
509:
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491:
488:
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479:
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457:
451:
448:
447:
444:
436:
433:
432:
429:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
407:Historical era
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:
382:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:Vice-president
364:
363:
360:
359:
352:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
325:
321:
320:
315:
309:
308:
306:
305:
300:
294:
292:
288:
287:
285:Élisabethville
282:
279:
275:
274:
267:
263:
262:
259:
251:
250:
238:
227:
226:
223:
212:
211:
204:
197:
196:
190:
183:
182:
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178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
168:
153:
137:
136:
133:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5518:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5444:
5441:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5379:
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5364:
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5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Social issues
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
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5217:
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5212:
5210:
5207:
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5188:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5167:
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5150:
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5145:
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5064:
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5059:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Deforestation
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4961:Kivu conflict
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Early history
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:0-19-503341-8
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4607:Penguin Books
4604:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4593:2-87057-011-2
4590:
4586:
4582:
4581:Kestergat, J.
4579:
4576:
4575:0-02-560620-4
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4535:0-688-01626-X
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4482:0-313-31696-1
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:1-58648-405-2
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4379:
4377:9782369421979
4373:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4321:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4253:. p. 41.
4250:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4112:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4051:2-87083-013-0
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3941:, p. 38.
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3903:
3897:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3513:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3347:0-8157-5198-2
3343:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3249:, p. 99.
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3159:, p. 10.
3158:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3108:
3106:0-913729-72-8
3102:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:Odilon Mwenda
2925:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Albert Nyembo
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:Etienne Ugeux
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Joseph Kiwele
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Moïse Tshombe
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:Joseph Kiwele
2492:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
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2383:
2379:
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2352:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2214:Joseph Kiwele
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2183:
2180:
2172:
2169:November 2017
2162:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2146:This section
2144:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1989:James Burnham
1986:
1985:Liberty Lobby
1981:
1979:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:United States
1906:
1902:
1901:Moise Tshombe
1897:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1885:unitary state
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:Gérard-Libois
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:Moïse Tshombe
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:Belgian Congo
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1710:Moïse Tshombe
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:In 1906, the
1671:
1670:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:Moise Tshombe
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:2nd Kitshanga
1423:
1421:
1420:1st Kitshanga
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Kagogo ambush
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:Uvira clashes
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1295:Kivu conflict
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
965:
962:
957:
949:
940:
937:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
923:
920:
917:
912:
904:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
871:
870:
866:
864:
863:
859:
857:
856:
852:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:
838:
837:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
794:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:Niemba ambush
775:
773:
772:
768:
767:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
736:
734:
731:
728:
723:
715:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
695:
692:
686:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:Belgian Congo
666:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
642:
641:
638:
633:
630:Conflicts in
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
604:
601:
593:
590:
588:Today part of
586:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
555:
552:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
520:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
486:
481:
477:
471:
466:
462:
458:
455:
449:
446:8 August 1960
445:
441:
434:
430:
426:
419:
415:
412:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Moïse Tshombe
353:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
322:
316:
314:
310:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
293:
289:
286:
283:
276:
272:
268:
264:
257:
252:
236:
235:La Katangaise
232:
228:
221:
217:
213:
207:
201:
193:
187:
179:
174:
165:
158:
154:
150:
143:
139:
138:
131:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
5476:Congo Crisis
5413:
5300:Prostitution
5275:Demographics
5199:Central Bank
5098:Human rights
5066:Constitution
5000:Conservation
4928:
4912:World War II
4796:
4788:
4775:
4768:
4733:
4726:
4704:
4679:
4659:
4641:
4623:
4616:
4602:
4599:Legum, Colin
4584:
4566:
4543:
4526:
4510:
4506:
4489:
4473:
4466:
4451:
4428:
4419:
4403:(33): 1–29.
4400:
4396:
4366:
4339:
4333:
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4290:
4286:
4276:
4266:
4259:
4238:
4220:
4211:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4184:
4175:
4166:
4154:. Retrieved
4147:
4137:
4129:AfricaMuseum
4120:
4098:. Retrieved
4069:
4060:
4037:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3859:. p. 1.
3856:
3850:
3841:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3803:The Guardian
3802:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3777:The Guardian
3776:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3740:
3733:
3726:Hoskyns 1965
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3703:
3697:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3618:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3573:
3557:
3552:
3547:, p. 7.
3540:
3535:, p. 6.
3528:
3518:20 September
3516:. Retrieved
3506:
3496:12 September
3494:. Retrieved
3490:the original
3480:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3382:, p. 3.
3337:
3266:
3259:Hoskyns 1965
3254:
3247:Hoskyns 1965
3242:
3235:Hoskyns 1965
3230:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3174:, p. 4.
3144:, p. 2.
3115:
3096:
3073:. Retrieved
3064:
3043:Jeune Nation
3035:Pierre Sidos
3029:
2980:
2955:
2949:
2725:
2712:Independent
2486:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2438:
2429:Constitution
2419:
2412:
2399:
2387:
2382:Lufira River
2374:
2358:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2307:
2296:
2269:
2265:armored cars
2259:
2243:
2230:
2226:
2190:
2175:
2166:
2155:Please help
2150:verification
2147:
2118:Algerian War
2115:
2107:
2090:
2077:
2054:
2026:
2003:
1998:Emperor Puyi
1982:
1974:
1945:
1932:Léopoldville
1921:
1905:Pierre Wigny
1898:
1881:
1869:Soviet Union
1853:
1836:
1830:
1819:
1806:
1789:Pierre Wigny
1782:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1742:
1730:
1725:
1722:Roy Welensky
1714:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1646:Congo Crisis
1640:Congo Crisis
1627:
1608:
1594:
1577:
1557:
1555:
1130:
1093:
1042:
1024:
967:
876:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
841:Dragon Rouge
840:
806:
799:Camp Massart
792:
770:
740:
722:Congo Crisis
651:Colonization
643:
536:Succeeded by
535:
530:
474:• Total
431:11 July 1960
411:Congo Crisis
328:Presidential
230:
216:Motto:
215:
206:Coat of arms
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
5435: /
5194:Agriculture
4827:(in French)
4342:(4): 1066.
4247: [
4100:6 September
3985:(in French)
3665:, Schenkman
3545:Boehme 2005
3533:Boehme 2005
3464:Hughes 2003
3452:Hughes 2003
3440:Hughes 2003
3428:Hughes 2003
3416:Hughes 2003
3404:Hughes 2003
3392:Hughes 2003
3380:Boehme 2005
3271:Boehme 2005
3223:Hughes 2003
3208:Hughes 2003
3196:Hughes 2003
3184:Hughes 2003
3172:Boehme 2005
3142:Boehme 2005
3039:neo-fascist
3014:South Kasai
2954:opened the
2898: [
2679:Independent
2671:Paul Muhona
2456:Legislature
2415:Joseph Ileo
2311:George Ball
2202:triumvirate
2057:coup d'état
1967:tribesmen.
1927:mercenaries
1793:Suez crisis
1236:Plaine Savo
1116:Six-Day War
1043:Thunderbolt
855:White Giant
848:Dragon Noir
746:South Kasai
673:during WWII
531:Preceded by
454:Dissolution
397:Legislature
5450:Categories
5265:Corruption
5127:Parliament
5093:Government
5010:Ecoregions
4900:Atrocities
4783:Macmillan.
4310:15 January
4295:Cairn.info
4195:15 January
4156:15 January
4152:. Brussels
4070:Inmemoriam
4034:Weber, Guy
4018:15 January
3963:Vaqué 1989
3927:James 1996
3157:Othen 2015
3052:References
2958:office in
2895:de Spirlet
2819:Joseph Yav
2378:Jadotville
2326:Final days
2113:fighters.
1953:Irish Army
1939:, entered
1753:Luluabourg
1054:Kinsangani
1049:Lubumbashi
968:Background
787:Jadotville
661:Atrocities
644:Background
483:Population
324:Government
313:Demonym(s)
76:newspapers
5295:Languages
5280:Education
5234:Transport
5204:Companies
5149:President
5076:Elections
5025:Volcanoes
5015:Mountains
4983:Geography
4685:Greenwood
4601:. (1961)
4242:. Paris:
3075:21 August
3057:Citations
3041:movement
3037:, of the
2888:BALUBAKAT
2861:Function
2738:Function
2513:Function
2476:Ministers
2447:Executive
2409:Aftermath
2355:Surrender
2262:Greyhound
2085:civil war
1994:Manchukuo
1731:When the
807:Grandslam
771:Rum Punch
508:Time zone
493:1,700,000
337:President
317:Katangese
291:Languages
176:1960–1963
106:July 2017
5398:Category
5348:Football
5305:Religion
5115:Military
5049:Politics
5030:Wildlife
4805:19371066
4549:Springer
4434:Springer
4236:(1963).
4042:Brussels
4036:(1983).
3989:27 April
3808:2 August
3782:2 August
2993:See also
2966:Military
2960:New York
2941:CONAKAT
2937:Brussels
2917:CONAKAT
2883:Brussels
2826:CONAKAT
2810:CONAKAT
2791:CONAKAT
2775:CONAKAT
2696:CONAKAT
2637:CONAKAT
2621:CONAKAT
2605:CONAKAT
2589:CONAKAT
2573:CONAKAT
2553:CONAKAT
2424:Politics
2069:tortured
2029:Brussels
1961:ambushed
1823:and the
1821:Portugal
1785:Baudouin
1766:de facto
1580:, was a
1375:Kangbayi
1246:Response
927:Shaba II
751:Invasion
632:DR Congo
498:Currency
319:Katangan
5423:27°06′E
5420:11°08′S
5382:Outline
5338:Cuisine
5325:Culture
5248:Society
5229:Tourism
5182:Economy
4872:History
4767:(1963)
4640:(2005)
4615:(1964)
4583:(1986)
4418:(1962)
4409:4617603
4388:Sources
4149:Le Soir
3757:(1965)
3711:29 June
2853:Others
2661:Kalonji
2533:CONAKAT
2472:party.
2470:CONAKAT
2402:Kolwezi
2391:Sakania
2299:U Thant
2206:Munongo
1917:Britain
1864:Belgium
1856:Lumumba
1810:Britain
1570:Swahili
1395:Bulongo
1365:Virunga
1250:UN 1484
1216:Marabho
1206:Artemis
1148:MONUSCO
922:Shaba I
741:Katanga
452:•
437:•
422:•
303:Swahili
278:Capital
233: "
231:Anthem:
164:Swahili
90:scholar
21:Katanga
5403:Portal
5333:Cinema
5285:Health
5219:Mining
5209:Energy
5132:Senate
5020:Rivers
4995:Cities
4803:
4754:Fahamu
4712:
4691:
4666:
4650:
4630:
4591:
4573:
4555:
4533:
4498:414961
4496:
4480:
4458:
4440:
4407:
4374:
4048:
3685:
3344:
3103:
2983:French
2977:Police
2867:Notes
2864:Party
2741:Party
2516:Party
2395:Angola
2333:Gurkha
2288:Zambia
2020:, and
1965:Baluba
1959:, was
1957:Niemba
1915:, and
1913:France
1858:, the
1844:Kamina
1814:France
1777:Baluba
1693:, the
1562:French
1390:Mwenda
1385:Tingwe
1380:Lisasa
1221:Ndjala
1201:Bogoro
793:UNOKAT
370:
340:
298:French
266:Status
160:
149:French
145:
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
5389:Index
5358:Music
5353:Media
5315:Women
5270:Crime
4949:2000s
4405:JSTOR
4340:XLIII
4330:(PDF)
4297:: 8.
4293:(4).
4251:]
4125:(PDF)
4094:(PDF)
4008:(PDF)
3021:Notes
2902:]
2858:Name
2735:Name
2510:Name
2286:(now
2280:Ndola
2278:near
2006:Paris
1687:were
1478:Other
1360:Oicha
869:South
97:JSTOR
83:books
5343:Flag
5166:List
5154:List
5103:LGBT
4823:HTML
4801:OCLC
4710:ISBN
4689:ISBN
4664:ISBN
4648:ISBN
4628:ISBN
4589:ISBN
4571:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4531:ISBN
4494:OCLC
4478:ISBN
4456:ISBN
4438:ISBN
4372:ISBN
4312:2021
4197:2021
4158:2021
4102:2021
4046:ISBN
4020:2021
3991:2021
3810:2014
3784:2014
3742:Time
3713:2011
3683:ISBN
3520:2006
3498:2006
3342:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3077:2018
2439:The
2078:The
1835:the
1812:and
1798:NATO
1556:The
468:Area
192:Flag
69:news
4515:doi
4344:doi
4299:doi
4291:184
2935:in
2881:in
2657:MNC
2159:by
2059:by
2027:In
2008:by
1625:.
1025:War
519:CAT
513:UTC
52:by
5452::
4825:)
4756:.
4752:.
4683:.
4605:,
4547:.
4511:25
4509:.
4432:.
4401:33
4399:.
4356:^
4338:.
4332:.
4289:.
4285:.
4249:fr
4232:;
4228:;
4174:.
4146:.
4127:.
4110:^
4089:.
4078:^
4068:.
4040:.
4010:.
3970:^
3865:^
3840:.
3801:.
3775:.
3626:^
3610:^
3581:^
3565:^
3356:^
3278:^
3215:^
3164:^
3149:^
3128:^
3085:^
2985::
2900:nl
2397:.
2294:.
2282:,
2024:.
2016:,
1911:,
1665:A
1606:.
1572::
1568:;
1564::
515:+2
4855:e
4848:t
4841:v
4821:(
4807:.
4760:.
4718:.
4697:.
4672:.
4654:.
4634:.
4609:.
4595:.
4577:.
4561:.
4537:.
4521:.
4517::
4500:.
4484:.
4462:.
4446:.
4411:.
4380:.
4350:.
4346::
4314:.
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