United Nations Operation in the Congo

513: 288:. The first contingent of Belgian forces left Leopoldville on 16 July, upon the arrival of United Nations troops. After assurances that United Nations contingents would arrive in sufficient numbers, Belgian authorities agreed to withdraw all their forces from the Leopoldville area by 23 July. The last Belgian troops left the country by that day, as United Nations forces continued to deploy throughout the Congo. The buildup continued, with ONUC's strength increasing to over 8,000 by 25 July and to over 11,000 by 31 July 1960. Troops had also arrived from countries which included Sweden, Norway, Ireland and Ethiopia. The UN secretary-general said that there would be no troops from the great powers or from countries with an interest in the crisis. A basic agreement between the United Nations and the Congolese government on the operation of the force was finalized by 27 July, and the UN set up a headquarters in a seven-story apartment building on the Boulevard d'Albert in central Léopoldville. 1281:, the Congo's armed forces. In response, "the secretary general suggested the dispatch of UN technical personnel to the Congo to assist in restoring order and discipline within the armed forces". Canadian National Defence assumed that the UN would ask for French-speaking military advisers; the army maintained a standby list of one hundred officers, including many who were bilingual and could be posted abroad on short notice. Before Hammarskjold could put his plan into action, a second Congolese request was sent to the secretary-general from President Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. Canada again offered combat troops, saying that the country could "deploy one of three French speaking battalions made ready for UN Service". The offer for combat troops was again refused, although Hammarskjold accepted the Canadian French-speaking officers. Colonel 196:, which called on the government of Belgium to withdraw its troops from the Congo. The resolution authorized the secretary-general to facilitate the withdrawal of Belgian troops, maintain law and order, and help to establish and legitimize the post-colonial government in consultation with the government of the Republic of the Congo. The mission was approved by a security-council vote of eight in favor and none against, with three countries abstaining: the Republic of China, France and the United Kingdom. The United States and Soviet Union voted in favor. The mandate was extended to maintain the territorial integrity of the Congo, particularly through the removal of foreign mercenaries supporting the secession of Katanga. ONUC was an unprecedented role for a UN force because it was not, strictly speaking, 454: 4747: 970: 5029: 44: 1329:. Diefenbaker reportedly refused to comply with public calls for Canada to provide humanitarian relief to 230,000 Congolese famine victims in South Kasai in 1961 because "surplus foodstuffs should be distributed to unemployed persons in Canada" as a first priority. Two Canadians died from non-conflict-related causes and, of the 33 Canadians injured in the conflict, twelve received "severe beatings" by Congolese forces. Although Patrice Lumumba dismissed the first beatings, on 18 August 1960, as "unimportant" and "blown out of all proportion" in order for the UN to "influence public opinion", he attributed them a day later to the 4979: 4889: 1309:

the RCAF contingent from airlift duty in support of the UN mission to a Pisa-Leopoldville airlift of food and aid. This move satisfied the Russians; instead of arguing against UN involvement in the Congo, the Soviets began to provide aid to Prime Minister Lumumba in Leopoldville. Lumumba's assassination and Hammarskjold's death led to the use of force by UN troops in the Congo. UN troops pushed into Katanga in 1961, and began routing Tshombe's forces. As "clashes between Tshombe and UN forces grew more frequent, the UN moved even more aggressively, and eventually took control of key parts of the province".

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sent a provost unit which attempted to provide law and order in the capital. In addition to the signals squadron, Canada sent an advance reconnaissance party of six officers from the United Nations Military Observer Group in India. The reconnaissance party found that "ONUC HQ personnel did not carry weapons and were able to move about freely without any trouble". The Canadian government, however, was concerned that their French-speaking peacekeepers might be mistaken for Belgian paratroops.

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contingent from Malaysia by explaining that the Malaysians could divert bullets in flight away from their intended path. A recent study concluded that while the Canadian government "demonstrated a greater willingness to accommodate the Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba than other Western nations" and did not side with publicly either faction, it "rivately ... favoured the more Western oriented Kasavubu". Canada's troops earned the trust of

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positions were being constructed. ONUC personnel and consuls from troop-contributing supporters of ONUC faced increasing harassment by Katangan forces. The situation reached a breaking point on 24 December 1962, when Katangan gendarmes attacked peacekeeping forces in Katanga and led Thant to authorize a retaliatory offensive to eliminate secessionist opposition.

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by several UN member countries, particularly the UK, France, and the United States. The Soviet Union accused the US of supporting the assassination of Lumumba (a Soviet ally) and installing the American ally Mobutu as president, seeing the ONUC as acting as a proxy for the US rather than supporting the interests of the entire Security Council.

119:, the collapse of the central government, and the intervention of foreign mercenaries—the ONUC's initial mandate gradually expanded to include protecting the territorial integrity and political independence of the Congo, preventing an impending civil war, and securing the removal of all unauthorized foreign armed forces. 1274:, and tried to pick peacekeepers from neutral countries. Canadian forces were suitable for a peacekeeping mission in the Congo because they were bilingual, however, which allowed them to communicate with the mostly-English-speaking UN troops, the French-speaking Belgian and Congolese forces, and the Congolese people. 437:, killing him and everyone aboard. The crash was suspicious, and evidence exists that the plane was shot down. A 2016 book by Susan Williams uncovered evidence that a specially-equipped fighter plane from the Katanga Gendarmerie shot down Hammarskjöld's plane. He was succeeded as UN secretary-general by 123:

clashes and offensives against secessionist and mercenary forces. After the reintegration of Katanga in February 1963, the ONUC was gradually phased out; civilian aid increased, becoming the single largest assistance effort by the UN up to that time. UN personnel were withdrawn entirely on 30 June 1964.

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and other aircraft with relatively poor air-combat capabilities.) The only aircraft lost was by a high-ranking officer who made a trial run and crashed during an aborted takeoff. Some of the Swedish aircraft were destroyed at their base when ONUC was ended in 1964, since they were no longer needed at

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The operation led to an eight-day military engagement between the ONUC and Katangese forces. Tshombe's mercenaries were prepared for the UN forces, and launched a counterattack. Thirteen UN troops and 200 Katangese civilians and troops were killed. Operation Morthor was executed without full approval

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The Filipino airmen showed great resourcefulness and ingenuity in improvising an engine dolly, equipment vital for aircraft maintenance reducing a third of the man-hours normally required. The Filipinos also pioneered in civic action missions, teaching the Congolese the art of bamboo weaving and the

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where 150 Irish troops of "A" Company, 35th Battalion, held out against a much larger force of 3,000–5,000 Belgian, French, and Rhodesian led Katanga mercenaries and irregulars. The Irish fought until their ammunition ran out, inflicting hundreds of casualties on their opponents while suffering only

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ahead of schedule, generating panic behind the Katangan lines and causing problems with the United Nations leadership. Tshombe, realizing that his position was untenable, sued for peace on 15 January 1963. Two days later, he signed an instrument of surrender and declared the Katangan secession over.

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The United Nations stated four goals for the operation: to restore law and order, to keep other nations out of the crisis, to help build the country's economy, and to restore stability. A peacekeeping force had landed in the country within 48 hours of the resolution, and civilian experts were tasked

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and an arms embargo. During its first three years of its operation, ONUC improved the Congo's internal security. On the eve of the mission's departure, Adoula said by radio that it was a "decisive factor" in restoring the Congo's unity and set "an encouraging precedent" for intervention in emerging

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Only a quarter of Canada's signallers extended their six-month tours of duty to a full year, and Canadian forces reportedly found the Congolese "illiterate, very volatile, superstitious and easily influenced"; a Canadian lieutenant-colonel persuaded Kivu Province's prime minister to accept a relief

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Canadian peacekeepers were attacked by Congolese troops several times, the first time at N'Djili Airport. Their commanding officer was knocked out, and Canadian soldiers were loaded onto a truck. After about ten minutes, the Canadians were rescued by a Danish officer and Ghanaian troops. The UN and

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Canadian signals and logistics personnel (quartermaster and maintenance personnel) were sent to the Congo. The Canadian signallers, who provided communications between headquarters and the front, were stationed at ONUC headquarters and at 10 signals stations spread throughout the Congo. Canada also

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The Congo Crisis was by far the most serious international task the Swedish Armed Forces faced during the Cold War, and it was the first time in 140 years that Swedish forces were forced into battle. During the crisis, 40 Swedish soldiers were injured and 19 killed. It was reported in 2004 that the

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After Operation Grandslam, the United Nations shrank its force significantly and kept only a small peacekeeping force in the country. By autumn 1963, plans were underway to remove the United Nations force from the Congo after the reincorporation of Katanga. At that time, six battalions of UN troops

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Although Canada was not in the Congo in a combat capacity, their involvement was scrutinized by the USSR. The Soviets began to attack Canadian involvement and demanded a troop withdrawal, accusing Canada of providing arms. The allegations were never proven, but the UN secretary-general transferred

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Swedes (like other UN troops) had difficulty keeping track of the fluid and rapidly-changing political allegiances of the groups, and their fighting did not always have an obvious reason. In August they moved to Elizabethville in Katanga, where they encountered their first combat situation and had

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addressed the General Assembly on 23 December 1960, noting the operation's controversial political direction and accusing the UN of responsibility for Lumumba's death with its moves favoring Lumumba's political opponents and its initial lack of willingness to deal with Katanga. According to Norrie

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to create a plan for freedom of movement of ONUC personnel and eliminate foreign mercenaries. By then, it was obvious that Tshombe did not intend to rejoin the Congo; there were 300 to 500 mercenaries in Katanga (as many as there had been before previous UN operations), and airfields and defensive

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dismissed Lumumba on 5 September 1960, which was condemned by the Congo's houses of parliament; Lumumba refused to step down. On 14 September, Kasa-Vubu dissolved parliament and Joseph Desire Mobutu announced on radio that he would take control of the country's military. After Lumumba's dismissal,

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that, from the text of United Nations Security Council Resolution 143, "it is clear that, contrary to your personal interpretation, the UN force may be used to subdue the rebel government of Katanga". Secretary-general Hammarskjöld refused; to him the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese

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were trying to negotiate with the mutineers, the Belgian government decided to intervene to protect Belgians remaining in the country. Interference from Belgium was seen as neo-colonial aggression by the Congolese government; Lumumba accused the Belgian officers of causing the mutiny and trying to

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When violence erupted in the Congo, Canada set aside an infantry brigade for United Nations use. Dag Hammarskjold refused Canada's offer to send the brigade to the Congo, saying: "If outside help was required to resolve the developing crisis, they preferred non-African states to be used as a last

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and protect mining interests. Katanga was rich in minerals and natural resources, contributing over 60 percent of the Congo's raw materials. It had some of the world's major sources of copper, cobalt, diamonds and uranium in the world, with its uranium used for the nuclear bomb the US dropped on

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UN forces numbered nearly 20,000 military personnel at its peak from over two dozen countries, led largely by India, Ireland, and Sweden. During the peak of hostilities between September 1961 and December 1962, the ONUC transitioned from a peacekeeping to a military force and engaged in several

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The UN was criticised a number of times during its involvement in the Congolese crisis about its handling of situations such as the death of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the secession in Katanga. After Lumumba's death, many people believed that he should have been better protected by the

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on 28 December, and UN troops controlled downtown Élisabethville by the end of the day. Reinforced by recently-amassed air power, United Nations peacekeepers completed the operation's first phase by the end of the year. In early January, United Nations forces turned their attention to southern

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After Hammarskjöld's death, U Thant took a more aggressive approach. UN troops from Sweden, Ireland, India, and Ethiopia were involved in heavy fighting for Katanga's capital, Elizabethville, in December 1961 and eventually took the city. During the fighting, eleven Swedish soldiers were taken

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was dispatched. The United Nations mission was strengthened and expanded in an effort to keep foreign mercenaries out of the country. The second UN resolution would restore order in the Congo (preventing civil war), oversee the withdrawal of all foreign advisors in the country, and attempt to

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sent nine battalions to the Congo. Early in the crisis, when white people in the Congo became targets during the riots, Dag Hammarskjöld said that it was important to have white UN troops in the country. Hammarskjöld asked Sweden and Ireland to send a battalion each to more easily win white

680:, who reacted sharply. Calling it "an international crime of the first magnitude", he asked Hammarskjöld to take a tough line. When the Security Council passed a second resolution on 21 February 1961, Nehru agreed to send an Indian Army brigade of about 4,700 troops to the Congo. President 812:

offered a force of 120 men in a 4 August 1960 telegram to the secretary-general. The force was increased to 450 men in a 24 August telegram, settling at 613: 42 officers and 571 men of other ranks. The ONUC Malayan Special Force (MSF) was drawn from the Malayan Army's 4th Battalion, the

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stronghold was captured. Tshombe signed the 21 December Kitona Declaration, recognizing the authority of the central government and reintegrating Katanga into the Republic of the Congo. He then deferred to the Katangan parliament, however, and postponed any reconciliation. The rival

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Congo; Adoula and Tshombe accepted the proposal. Thant, wary of Tshombe's delaying tactics, applied increasing political pressure on the Katangan government to abide by the plan timetable. Still doubting the likelihood of a peaceful resolution of the Katangan secession, he sent

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by television on 11 July and announced himself as president. He was widely regarded by critics worldwide as a puppet for the Belgians and their mining interests in Katanga. On 12 July, the president and prime minister asked for help from the United Nations. UN Secretary-general

500:, a company of 155 Irish UN troops was attacked by Moise Tshombe's forces in Katanga. The Irish were outnumbered and outgunned but held out for six days (until they ran out of ammunition), inflicting heavy losses on Tshombe's foreign mercenaries without any of their own being 620:

on 11 May and ending with units in Leopoldville in June. The United Nations maintained a civilian staff of 2,000 experts in the country in 1963 and 1964. The final group of peacekeepers, 85 men from the First Nigerian Battalion and 58 men from the 57th Canadian Signals, left

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The greatest troop strength reached by the Canadian contingent in the Congo reached was 461. About 1,800 Canadians served among the 93,000 predominantly-African peacekeepers with the ONUC from 1960 to 1964, working chiefly as communications signallers and delivering via the

320:) was deliberately ambiguous, allowing Kalonji to avoid specifying whether South Kasai claimed independence as a nation-state (like Katanga) or a province within the Congo. Due to rejection of requests to the UN for aid to suppress the South Kasai and Katanga revolts, the 1157:

The first Swedish UN battalion in Sinai in 1956 was named Battalion 1. This numbering continued until Battalion 9, which was deployed in Sinai and later in Gaza. After Battalion 9, the numbering was changed to odd numbers starting with 11 and with the additional letter

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decided to request Soviet assistance. De Witte wrote that "Leopoldville asked the Soviet Union for planes, lorries, arms, and equipment ... Shortly afterwards, on 22 or 23 August, about 1,000 soldiers left for Kasai." De Witte also wrote that on 26–27 August, the

1162:(for Gaza). Battalion 8 was transferred from Gaza to the Congo, and took the name Battalion VIII K (Kongo). Seven of the Congo battalions (10 to 22) were recruited to serve in ONUC, and the other two were Gaza battalions transferred to the Congo as reinforcements. 1174:'s first large deployment to the Congo was in 1960. The 32nd Infantry Battalion was the first deployment of Irish troops overseas and they were woefully ill-equipped. The standard uniform was a heavy bullswool tunic and trousers and the service rifle was the .303 541:

government was subdued in January 1962, and the UN could refocus its efforts on ending the Katangan secession; contact between the central government and Katanga had broken down, and ONUC intelligence reports indicated that Katanga was rebuilding its forces.

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Canada were outraged by the attack on Canadian peacekeepers, but praised the Canadian officer for not escalating the situation and responding with discretion. The Canadian soldiers were capable of firing on the Congolese troops in self-defence, but did not.

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armoured cars. These had been constructed in Ireland during the Second World War as a stop-gap armoured vehicle. Armament consisted of a single turret-mounted Vickers HMG. Modifications included extra ammunition storage, a searchlight and a cooling fan.

869:. It was reinforced by four more J 29Bs and two S 29C photo-reconnaissance Tunnans in 1962. F-86 Sabres operated by Italian, Iranian, Ethiopian and Filipino crews and Swedish J 29s were flown with the UN identifying legend on their fuselages. 242:

In response, Lumumba accused the UN of siding with Tshombe and foreign mining companies. He then asked the Soviet Union for assistance, and received aid in the form of trucks and aircraft; this deeply concerned the United States and its allies. Using

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Nehru's support for the UN in the Congo was significant. India sent more troops than any country, and they were active throughout 1962 in defeating the secessionist forces. The UN forces were commanded by Indian officers who included major-general

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was sent to the Congo in 1963 as mission chief of staff, effectively the deputy of the mission's military commander. The military headquarters, coordinated by Dextraze, was in the process of planning the mission's withdrawal in early 1964 as the

239:. He said that intervention in Katanga would mean that the UN would be using force in part of the country, which would not be seen as peacekeeping. Disagreements over what the UN force could and could not do continued throughout its deployment. 4046: 1333:'s "excess of zeal". Historians have described these incidents as cases of mistaken identity under chaotic circumstances in which Canadian personnel were mistaken by Congolese soldiers for Belgian paratroopers or mercenaries working for the 1222:

A total of 6,000 Irish soldiers served in the Congo from 1960 until 1964, taking 26 casualties in that time. The Congo deployment resulted in greater investment by the government in personal kit and eventually, armoured personnel carriers.

688:, who resented Dayal's and Nehru's support for Lumumba, objected strongly to the moves and threatened dire consequences for the UN mission if Dayal remained at its helm. At Hammarskjöld's request, Nehru agreed that Dayal should step down. 230:. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray since the mutiny, Lumumba wanted to use the UN troops to subdue Katanga by force; he saw their refusal as betraying the United Nations' initial plans. Lumumba wrote to UN Secretary General 343:

ocal authorities were sensitive of their new independence, nonetheless they were clearly waiting for someone to take action; indeed, the ONUC troops were initially welcomed as saviors from the Belgians. While relationships with the ANC

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The Congo descended into chaos and disorder after it became independent from Belgium on 30 June 1960. This prompted a swift return of Belgian troops, under the pretext of restoring order and protecting its nationals. In response to the

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reacted sharply. Calling it "an international crime of the first magnitude", Nehru asked Hammarskjöld to take a tough line. When the Security Council passed a second resolution on 21 February 1961, Nehru agreed to send an

1369:'s strength at that time—were raised by Emperor Haile Selassie in addition to an air-force squadron. The Ethiopian 3rd Brigade provided decisive artillery support in the UN's siege of Kibushi in late 1962 and early 1963. 653:

Khrushchev went on to criticise the secretary-general's role in the UN, saying that the position gave one person far too much power. He suggested a radical reform, replacing the position of secretary-general with a

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said that the Katanga secession movement was over. Although most observers interpreted that as meaning that the UN military forces had successfully defeated Tshombe's troops, O'Brien's announcement was premature.

1254:. The UN Combat Wing was composed of three fighter squadrons – the 22nd Swedish Squadron's J-29 Tunnan, the 103rd Iranian Squadron's F-86F Sabre and the Philippines' 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron's F-86E Sabre. 35: 4706: 1590:

Aircraft from the Aeronautica Militare Italiana operated between August 1960 and June 1962 to transport troops and equipment. Twenty-one men were killed, including thirteen in the November 1961 Kindu episode.

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The Swedes had to maintain order in a camp with about 40,000 BaLuba refugees in Kasai which was formed in two weeks in 1961, with refugees fleeing attacks in northern Katanga. In 1962, the Swedes moved to the

1293:. Berthiaume, cited for his organizational skills, courage and "initiative, linguistic ability, and special aptitude for negotiating", was the first Canadian since World War II to become an officer of the 671:

On 12 July 1960, after the Security Council adopted a resolution calling on Belgium to withdraw its forces and the UN to assist the Congolese government, Dag Hammarskjöld appointed senior Indian diplomat

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instructed that all airfields be closed and the capital's main radio station be shut down. Lumumba was unable to fly in any troops who were loyal to him, and lost his only means of mass communications.

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Gibbs, D. (2000), ‘The United Nations, international peacekeeping and the question of ‘impartiality’: revisiting the Congo operation of 1960’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(3): 359–82.

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organisation. The best-known demonstration against the UN about Lumumba's death was in New York, when African-American protesters pushed their way into the UN building and disturbed the

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Ghanaian and Nigerian troops served in the ONUC, the latter with the 99th Indian Infantry Brigade. The Nigerian 1st Battalion was among the last military forces in the country in 1964.

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Four hundred sixty Ethiopian troops were among 3,500 UN soldiers to arrive by 20 July 1960. This initial contingent would form the Tekil (or "Tekel") Brigade, which was stationed in

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An Egyptian battalion apparently arrived by September 1960, but left by early 1961 after a dispute about the UN's role. On 26 January 1961, the secretary-general reported that the

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Sweden had an active role in the UN force during the crisis. When Dag Hammarskjöld established ONUC, he organized it into two parts: military and civilian. Swedish major-general

5164: 4413: 4301: 4692: 1668:(2005). It tells the story of the Irish peacekeeping troop that held off Katangese and mercenary troops in the mining town of Jadotville, despite being heavily outnumbered. 236: 2387:

Initial reports on the deployment of troops appear to be S/4389 (18 July 1960), S/4417 (c. 23 July 1960), S/4475 (30 August 1960)(withdrawal of Belgian forces), and S/4482.

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tribesmen. Of the 11 Irish soldiers, 9 were killed and only 2 escaped, while 25 Baluba were also killed in the battle. Trooper Anthony Browne was posthumously awarded the

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since it was founded in 1947. This was in response to the United Nations' call for member-states to support the on-going UN Operations in the Congo. Philippine President

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Lumumba asked the United Nations to intervene and use military force to stop Tshombe's forces in Katanga. The first UN troops arrived on 15 July, many airlifted by the

151:(FP) (the army) refused to rapidly "Africanize" the FP officers. Disorder and mutinies quickly followed, four days after the Congo gained independence. While President 4472: 2989: 1219:

several wounded. However, an attempt by Irish and Swedish reinforcements to relieve them failed, and in the end, the besieged Irish troops were forced to surrender.

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to provide the Congolese government with military assistance. The first UN troops, drawn mostly from African and Asian states, reached the Congo the following day.

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rifle replaced the Lee–Enfield. The Irish Battalions had a huge area to patrol and not much transport to patrol it with. Most patrols consisted of a couple of

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On 02 April 1963 a detachment of the PAF 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to Elizabethville, conducting reconnaissance missions for sector command.

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bodies of two dead Swedes were eaten by local people, purportedly because cannibals were believed by some African groups to absorb the victim's strength. The

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Most of the missions involved attacking ground targets with internal cannons and unguided rockets. No aircraft were lost in action, despite large amounts of

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after his capture by Mobutu's forces, and he was badly bruised and beaten. He was executed by a Katangan firing squad, and his body was dissolved in acid.

2318: 4384: 441:. Swedish troops were assigned to keep order in a large camp with about 40,000 refugees which was established in two weeks in August and September 1961. 84:. The ONUC was the UN's first peacekeeping mission with significant military capability, and remains one of the largest UN operations in size and scope. 4982: 3512: 2061: 89: 876:. The consensus of the crews and foreign observers was that the Swedish Tunnan's capabilities were exceptional. (The Katanga secessionists used a few 5195: 5012: 4872: 4431: 4425: 4407: 4586: 4543: 4484: 4360: 1619: 4283: 1645:

ONUC was the first UN peacekeeping mission to employ force to implement decisions by the Security Council, and was the first mission to enforce a

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humanitarian food shipments and logistical support. Canadian participation stemmed more from overwhelming public opinion than the government of

5130: 4549: 4265: 4229: 3644: 1206:(the highest Irish military award) for giving his life to save his comrade. As a result of the ambush, the army equipped its contingent with 8 193: 97: 5212: 4812: 4603: 4378: 4205: 4181: 4123: 2556: 1605: 5150: 4271: 3959: 5304: 5052: 4852: 4581: 4502: 4401: 4217: 4175: 2087: 938:

base. On New Year's Eve 1962, UN troops advanced towards Kamina, cleared the gendarmes' roadblocks, and defeated the organized resistance.

333:(Kalonji's capital in South Kasai) without serious resistance: "In the next two days it temporarily put an end to the secession of Kasai." 481:, a stepped-up version of Operation Rampunch) and swiftly took Katanga. However, Hammarskjöld was not informed about the later operation. 4892: 4862: 4832: 4555: 4525: 4129: 4100: 3899:(Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press; London: Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK) xvi and 254 pp. £3 11s. 6d. 3892:

Higgins, R. (1980), United Nations Peacekeeping 1946–1967: Documents and Commentary, Vol. III: Africa (London: Oxford University Press).

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Lyman, Princeton N. (Spring 2004). "Ralph Bunche's International Legacy: The Middle East, Congo, and United Nations Peacekeeping".

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states. In later years, however, most Congolese came to view ONUC as an unwelcome foreign interference in their country's affairs.

708: 2966: 5299: 5264: 4902: 4135: 2840: 2616: 411: 105: 3598: 77: 5309: 4714: 4576: 4253: 4199: 4193: 3435:"Report by the Secretary-General on the Intended Withdrawals of Certain Contingents from the United Nations Force in the Congo" 755: 3877: 2232: 5294: 4537: 4187: 4040: 3668: 3129: 434: 3725: 2587: 2416:"First report by the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council Resolution S/4387 CF 14 July 1960 (S/4389)" 5239: 5102: 4962: 4765: 4519: 3349:

Spooner, Kevin A (2009). "Just West of Neutral: Canadian 'Objectivity' and Peacekeeping during the Congo Crisis, 1960–61".

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headed the military, and Swedish diplomat Sture Linnér was responsible for the civilians. Both subject to the American

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to negotiate peace talks between the government and Tshombe in response to Operation Morthor on 17 September 1961 when

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The first request for assistance from the Congo asked the United Nations send technical assistance in support of the

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In August 1962, secretary-general U Thant drew up a Plan for National Reconciliation in which Katanga would rejoin a

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Gibbs, David N. (1993) "Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960–1: a reinterpretation."

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Granatstein, J. L. 1968. "Canada: Peacekeeper. A survey of Canada's participation in peacekeeping operations", in:

862: 3813:

Bloomfield, Lincoln P (Spring 1963), "Headquarters-Field Relations: Some Notes on the Beginning and End of ONUC",

3789:

Abi-Saab, Georges (1978), "The Initial Decision to Undertake a Peace-Keeping Operation in the Congo (July 1960)",

5042: 5022: 4460: 4348: 2906: 639: 453: 186: 93: 808:) was invited to send a contingent to serve in ONUC. In response to the United Nations' request, Prime Minister 5236: 4746: 3493: 3250: 1660: 1555: 1435: 911: 766: 3390: 3018: 226:

as part of Operation New Tape. There was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's

3989: 2062:"United Nations Operations in Congo 1960 – 1964 | Reading Room Collections | Collections | Military Archives" 1601: 1250:

The Philippine contingent left for the Congo on 11 February 1963. The PAF 9th Tactical Fighter operated from

842: 1389: 1330: 676:(who would become India's foreign secretary) as his special representative. Lumumba's assassination shocked 613:

uprising in January 1964 to save at least some of the threatened aid workers and missionaries under attack.

345: 2777: 1203: 692: 406: 3322:

McCullough, Colin. 2011. "Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960–64. Kevin Spooner", review,

2758: 251:, Lumumba ordered the army to attack the breakaway Katanga province but failed to take it back. President 4912: 4001: 1294: 227: 73: 2969:[Lessons learned? Swedish operational and tactical experience from the Congo Crisis 1960–1964]. 4775: 4755: 4750: 3868: 538: 3434: 977:

salutes the Swedish flag and his UN troops on his arrival in Elizabethville. On his right are Colonel

906:

confidence than soldiers from African states would. The first Swedish battalion arrived in Congo from

728: 5028: 4740: 3916:

Scarnacchia, Timothy, "The Congo, Crisis, The United Nations, and Zimbabwean Nationalism: 1960–63",

3499:

author and military expert Declan Power, on whose book, Siege at Jadotville, the new movie is based.

3209: 3155:

With the United Nations in the Congo: Sweden's participation in the peacekeeping operation 1960–1964

2498:

Lincoln P. Bloomfield, "Headquarters-Field Relations: Some Notes on the Beginning and End of ONUC",

857:

In September 1961, responding to an appeal by the UN for military support, an initial force of five

524:

in early December 1961, which put pressure on Tshombe to negotiatiate with Congolese prime minister

3652: 3118:'We are in the Congo now': Sweden and the trinity of peacekeeping during the Congo crisis 1960–1964 2288: 2036: 1540: 1420: 1314: 946:, which was considered very sensitive by the UN and the Congolese government, had been covered up. 770: 392:

Early in 1961, Patrice Lumumba was assassinated. UN Swedish troops witnessed Lumumba's transfer to

4978: 3223: 4888: 4656: 3903: 2093: 1544: 1424: 489: 223: 3494:"The True Story of the Heroic Battle That Inspired the New Netflix Film The Siege of Jadotville" 2198: 1334: 969: 477:

On 13 September 1961, the ONUC led an Indian brigade in Operation Morthor ("twist and break" in

2778:"'Stronger in Death than Alive': Reactions to the Assassination of Patrice Lumumba in Montreal" 1626: 1612: 943: 555: 554:

to Léopoldville. Bunche worked with local UN mission chief Robert Gardiner and force commander

529: 268:

By 20 July 1960, 3,500 ONUC troops had arrived in the Congo. They included 460 troops from the

5245: 2125: 1095: 4623: 4618: 4591: 3518:

military writer Declan Power – on whose book, The Siege of Jadotville, the film will be based

1844: 1633: 873: 696: 650:

Macqueen, the UN's peacekeeping approach in the Congo had no clear place in the Soviet view.

626: 533: 336: 285: 189:

at a night meeting on 13 July, asking the council to act "with utmost speed" on the request.

4771: 2814: 1261:

manufacture of bamboo furniture thus improving the socio-economic conditions of the locals.

5249: 4722: 4608: 2659: 1381: 1240: 814: 801: 571:

Katanga's remaining strongholds. Indian peacekeepers exceeded their orders and crossed the

426:

in August, a surprise attack that led to the peaceful surrender of 81 foreign mercenaries.

357: 101: 17: 1129: 1112: 954: 949:

A total of 6,334 Swedes served in the Congo from 1960 to 1964. Eleven soldiers, including

914:) on 22 July 1960. Initially, the Swedes patrolled in Leopoldville and guarded the city's 8: 3168: 3135: 3097: 2967:"Lessons learned? Svenska operativa och taktiska erfarenheter från Kongokrisen 1960–1964" 2939: 2687: 1215: 695:

launched Operation Morthor on 13 September, which quickly took control of Katanga. Major

567: 497: 415: 373: 43: 231: 182: 3830: 3777: 3267: 3197: 3116: 2974: 1964: 1956: 1286: 1244: 1207: 1178:. Issues with kit were eventually solved, new lightweight uniforms were issued and the 915: 809: 622: 321: 277: 161: 141: 34:(Mission of the United Nations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) since 1999 and 1349:

and acknowledged Canada's support in maintaining his country's territorial integrity.

3834: 3704: 3683: 3664: 3657: 3629: 3611: 3583: 3562: 3538: 3414: 3158: 3125: 3087: 2735: 2267: 2097: 2010: 1968: 1948: 866: 646: 586: 295: 5256: 2456: 2368: 974: 445:

prisoner; they were released on 15 January 1962 in exchange for Katangan gendarmes.

144: 5204: 3822: 3769: 3259: 2240: 1940: 1342: 1326: 1318: 1247:

deployed the 9th Tactical Fighter "Limbas" Squadron of the Philippine Air Force.

1191: 1027: 922:

their first loss while escorting a train. The trains, which were carrying Katangan

723:. Nehru did not insist on an immediate withdrawal of the Indian brigade during the 720: 685: 681: 677: 597: 563: 521: 501: 397: 380:'s regime (totalling about 10,000), and Stanleyville dissident ANC troops loyal to 252: 177: 165: 152: 112: 3726:

Who Killed Hammarskjöld? : The UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa

2994: 2457:"Congo-Kinshasa: Le 8 août 1960, Albert Kalonji proclame l'autonomie du Sud-Kasaï" 1044: 4670: 3733: 3698: 3623: 3577: 3556: 3532: 2885: 2844: 2397: 2369:"Questions relating to the situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)" 2172: 1282: 1251: 1175: 724: 700: 673: 602: 470: 458: 381: 353: 156: 116: 56: 1239:

The UN Operations in the Congo would be the first international mission for the

825: 294:

declared the region of south-eastern Kasai, on the Congo's southern border with

5218: 5160: 4785: 4726: 3998: 2999: 2264:

Peacekeeping with Muscle: The Use of Force in International Conflict Resolution

1366: 1322: 1290: 1278: 950: 877: 858: 830: 610: 525: 369: 361: 291: 269: 261: 248: 148: 70: 4968: 3826: 3534:

Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia

5283: 3151:

Med FN i Kongo: Sveriges medverkan i den fredsbevarande operationen 1960-1964

3050: 2843:[Congo Crisis – Analysis of the UN mission in 1960–64] (in Swedish). 1952: 1362: 1231: 1146: 606: 377: 3942:

United Nations Security Council document S/4482 (financial aid to the Congo)

3146: 3124:. Studia historica Lundensia, 1650-755X. Lund: Lund University. p. 92. 1078: 1061: 978: 5226: 4761: 3720:

Who Killed Hammarskjöld? The UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa

3472: 2621: 2592: 2461: 902: 846: 572: 551: 364:. There were four armed forces: Mobotu's ANC (numbering about 12,000), the 197: 132: 81: 5038: 889: 625:

in Leopoldville on 30 June. The last soldier to leave was force commander

3799:

Beauregard, JPRE (Summer 1989), "UN Operations in the Congo, 1960–1964",

3552: 3398:(Thesis). Maynooth: National University of Ireland, St. Patricks College. 3084:

Utlandsstyrkan i fredens tjänst: försvarsmaktens internationella insatser

3059: 2911: 1646: 927: 655: 462: 423: 419: 402: 365: 299: 4665: 3625:

Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict: The Sword Or the Olive Branch?

961:

for "extraordinary courage and commendable action to save human lives".

930:(an ethnic group who supported the central government against Katanga). 5260: 5222: 5208: 4848: 4838: 3781: 3271: 1960: 1183: 1171: 958: 907: 616:

Troops began to withdraw in May 1964, beginning with the Irish unit in

546: 393: 330: 173: 4948: 3887: 3864:"Intelligence and Peacekeeping: The UN Operation in the Congo 1960–64" 589:, one was at force headquarters, and administrative personnel were in 5058: 5032: 5018: 4918: 3023: 2617:"Dag Hammarskjöld's plane may have been shot down, ambassador warned" 1358: 1271: 1187: 731:. The troops returned after the mission was completed in March 1963. 4898: 4878: 4868: 4858: 4818: 3773: 3263: 3139: 3101: 2588:"Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down" 2513:

U.S. Army Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)

1944: 1529: 1409: 817:, and C Squadron of the 2nd Reconnaissance Regiment (now 2 Armour). 5146: 5136: 5098: 5078: 5048: 4998: 4988: 3758:"United Nations Law in Africa: The Congo Operation as a Case Study" 3172: 3028: 1983:"United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) (1960–1964) – UNARMS" 1393: 1195: 805: 590: 430: 257: 244: 5191: 5170: 5126: 5116: 5088: 5068: 5008: 4958: 4938: 4828: 4808: 2938:[Swedish UN troops in the Congo in 1960–64] (in Swedish). 1664:(2016, directed by Richie Smyth) is based on Declan Power's book, 5290:

United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5174: 4908: 1929:"ONUC's Civilian Operations: State-Preserving and State-Building" 617: 438: 281: 138: 111:

In the face of worsening conditions—including an insurrection in

31: 3856:, Delhi: Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India 2731:

Warrior Chiefs: Perspectives on Senior Canadian Military Leaders

2266:. Clementsport, Nova Scotia: Canadian Peacekeeping. p. 60. 5002: 4342: 4330: 3863: 3057:[Forget about the art fuss – now it's about genocide]. 2875:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd. p. 9. 1385: 1199: 1198:. One such patrol was ambushed at Niemba on 8 November 1960 by 1179: 935: 923: 894: 881:

home and the cost of retrieving them was considered excessive.

834: 712: 704: 466: 3513:"Film 'Siege of Jadotville' to reveal heroism of Irish troops" 3157:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Probus. p. 262, Appendix 12.6. 2262:

Morrison, Alex (1997). James Kiras; Douglas A. Fraser (eds.).

214:

with keeping the country's infrastructure operating smoothly.

4942: 4336: 1346: 1270:

resort". The UN did not want to turn the Congo Crisis into a

516:

Swedish troops plan offensive actions for Operation Grandslam

478: 5232: 3954:

the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) (1960–1964)

3339:, : The Canadian Institute of International Affairs, p. 161. 2289:"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations, 1947–1997" 2037:"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations, 1947–1997" 3295:

In the Eye of the Storm: A history of Canadian peacekeeping

1666:

The Siege at Jadotville: The Irish Army's Forgotten Battle

488:

During the fighting, UN special representative in Katanga

3929:"The Biggest Single Effort Under United Nations Colors", 3579:

The U.N. in the Congo: the political and civilian efforts

2438: 2436: 2155: 2153: 1361:. During the operation, about 3,000 members of the elite 661: 605:

loomed. Dextraze launched a small-scale operation during

4928: 3902: 352:

By February 1961, there were four leaders in the Congo:

3897:

Uncertain Mandate: Politics of the U.N. Congo Operation

3192:. Vol. 26. Ireland: Army Authorities. p. 254. 2672:

Bellamy, Alex J.; Williams, Paul; and Griffin, Stuart.

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Canada, The Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960–64

2909:[Forgotten memories of Congo in documentary]. 2567: 2518: 2433: 2333: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2150: 1604:, Sweden, July – December 1960 (transferred from 1214:

The most famous Irish action of the operation was the

3659:

The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

3645:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

2800:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

2354:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

2144:

The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War

1235:

A squadron of F-86F Sabre of the Philippine Air Force

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The United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960–1964

3628:(illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. 3597:

Lefever, Ernest W.; Joshua, Wynfred (30 June 1966),

3561:. Military Strategy and Operational Art. Routledge. 3456:"United Nations correspondence archives, UAR – ONUC" 2728:

Horn, Bernd; Harris, Stephen John (1 January 2001).

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The United Nations Operation in the Congo 1960–1964

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United Nations Peacekeeping in the Congo: 1960–1964

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Empire to umpire: Canada and the world to the 1990s

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Col. Prijatna, Lt.Col. Solichin Gautama Purwanegara

405:brigade of about 4,700 troops to the Congo and the 3656: 3337:Peacekeeping: International Challenge and Response 2900: 2898: 137:The Congo became independent on 30 June 1960, but 100:(S/4387), which called on Belgium to withdraw its 5196:International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia 3608:United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 3313:, Toronto : Copp Clark Longman, pp. 255–256. 2173:"Democratic Republic of Congo profile – Timeline" 314:) on 9 August 1960. The use of the word "state" ( 235:matter, and the UN was forbidden to intervene by 5281: 3793:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–20 3651: 3185: 3055:"Glöm bort konstbråket – nu gäller det folkmord" 3021:[Swedish soldiers were eaten in Congo]. 2832: 2753: 2751: 2554: 2132: 1708: 585:were stationed in Katanga; one battalion was in 3329: 2895: 2557:"When Indian troops entered Congo 55 years ago" 2550: 2548: 3305: 3303: 3224:"Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood" 2964: 2886:"J 29 – SAAB 29 ”Flygande tunnan” (1951–1976)" 2838: 2366: 2089:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA 642:. The UN office in Belgium was also attacked. 632: 92:'s appeal for assistance, on 14 July 1960 the 4700: 4604:United Nations Department of Peace Operations 3975: 3596: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 2847:, Department of Political Science. p. 10 2748: 1891: 1365:(imperial bodyguard)—about 10 percent of the 1345:, who visited Canada in 1964 as president of 164:'s acceptance, they sent troops to take over 3858:. Controller of Publications, PDD.37(N)/500. 2841:"Kongokrisen – FN-insatsen 1960–64 i analys" 2723: 2721: 2715:, University Press of America, 1978, p. 166. 2713:The UN in the Congo: The Civilian Operations 2545: 2312:Letter to Dag Hammarskjold, 14 August 1960. 1372: 658:system. Khrushchev's proposal was rejected. 507: 315: 309: 303: 192:At the meeting the Security Council adopted 3851: 3734:Patrice Lumumba : Africa's Lost Leader 3558:Air Power in UN Operations: Wings for Peace 3411:Modern African Wars (4) The Congo 1960–2002 3300: 3297:, Toronto: Deneau & Wayne, pp. 217–239. 2793: 2791: 2402:The Ethiopian Soldier: Defending the Nation 1558:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1510:Brig.Gen. Kemal Idris, Col. Sabirin Mochtar 1438:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 849:, who was appointed head of the operation. 4707: 4693: 3982: 3968: 3812: 3798: 3309:Hillmer, Norman; Granatstein, J. L. 1994. 3278: 2727: 2481: 2479: 3852:Chakravorty, B (1976), Prasad, SN (ed.), 3621: 3413:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 12. 3086:(in Swedish). Malmö: Arena. p. 226. 3081: 2718: 1828: 1816: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1615:, Ireland, January 1961 – March 1962 1578:Learn how and when to remove this message 1458:Learn how and when to remove this message 1289:led the UN effort as the mission's first 789:Learn how and when to remove this message 645:The USSR also criticised UN involvement. 3788: 3717: 3388: 3114: 2987: 2965:Ericsson Wolke, Lars (28 October 2007). 2904: 2870: 2839:Nilsson, Thomas; Persson, Jimmy (2006). 2797: 2788: 2642: 2573: 2524: 2442: 2351: 2339: 2261: 2159: 2141: 1926: 1594: 1471:Indonesian Army deployment in the Congo 1230: 968: 910:, where it had been deployed as part of 888: 824: 761:Relevant discussion may be found on the 734: 511: 457:United Nations peacekeeping forces from 452: 172:On 10 July, Belgian troops were sent to 42: 3915: 3696: 3677: 3530: 3348: 3016: 2907:"Glömda minnen från Kongo i dokumentär" 2866: 2864: 2862: 2812: 2476: 2286: 2034: 1867: 1855: 1840: 1804: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1696: 1684: 1622:, Ethiopia, April 1962 – July 1963 1226: 1190:, carrying soldiers armed with rifles, 820: 691:Indian Army involvement escalated. The 360:, Tshombe, and the self-appointed King 237:Article 2 of the United Nations Charter 160:annex the Congo. When Belgium received 27:1960s United Nations military operation 14: 5282: 3755: 3408: 3049: 2988:Johnsson, Fredrik (11 November 2007). 2775: 2614: 2585: 2555:Srinath Raghavan (19 September 2016). 2536: 2294:. Air Force Historical Research Agency 2085: 2042:. Air Force Historical Research Agency 2005: 2003: 773:to additional sources at this section. 662:National involvement and UN commanders 308:) or Autonomous State of South Kasai ( 115:, the assassination of Prime Minister 4688: 3963: 3575: 3473:"History – Overseas – Defence Forces" 3247: 3145: 2933: 2539:Patrice Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader 2454: 2306: 2233:"Republic of Congo – ONUC Background" 1903: 1653: 1629:, Norway, August – December 1963 53:United Nations Operation in the Congo 47:Swedish ONUC peacekeeper in the Congo 4963:United Nations Special Service Medal 4766:United Nations Emergency Force Medal 3861: 3663:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. 3551: 2936:"Svensk FN-trupp i Kongo år 1960–64" 2905:Stendahl, Sandra (23 October 2014). 2859: 2685: 2648: 2502:, Vol. 17, Issue 2, April 1963, 380. 1879: 1556:adding citations to reliable sources 1523: 1519: 1436:adding citations to reliable sources 1403: 738: 448: 62:Opération des Nations Unies au Congo 5305:Military operations involving India 3846:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3351:Canadian Journal of African Studies 3017:Hedlund, Ingvar (27 October 2004). 2398:"UN Peacekeeping: The Congo Crisis" 2000: 1870:, pp. 13–16, 128–130, 224 n.13 1636:, Nigeria, January – June 1964 579: 24: 3752:(Oxford: Oxford University Press). 3742: 3019:"Svenska soldater åts upp i Kongo" 2199:"The United Nations and the Congo" 965:Swedish ONUC battalions, 1960–1964 754:relies largely or entirely upon a 25: 5321: 3946: 3884:Journal of Modern African Studies 2802:. London: Routledge. p. 104. 2586:Borger, Julian (17 August 2011). 2356:. London: Routledge. p. 103. 2287:Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). 2146:. London: Routledge. p. 102. 2035:Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). 1469: 1396:aircraft concerned UN officials. 5255: 5244: 5231: 5217: 5203: 5190: 5169: 5159: 5145: 5135: 5125: 5115: 5097: 5087: 5077: 5067: 5057: 5047: 5037: 5027: 5017: 5007: 4997: 4987: 4977: 4967: 4957: 4947: 4937: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4897: 4887: 4877: 4867: 4857: 4847: 4837: 4827: 4817: 4807: 4784: 4770: 4760: 4745: 4716: 4664: 4651: 4650: 4637: 4614:United Nations Military Observer 3991: 3862:Dorn, A Walter; Bell, David JH, 2813:Ramli.H, Nik (10 October 2015). 2776:Hébert, Paul (2 February 2016). 1528: 1408: 1264: 743: 727:, but called back the country's 707:, 400 Ethiopians and Indians in 4723:Orders, decorations, and medals 4638: 3582:. University Press of America. 3505: 3496:. Time Magazine. 27 July 2016. 3486: 3465: 3448: 3427: 3402: 3382: 3361: 3342: 3316: 3241: 3216: 3179: 3108: 3075: 3043: 3010: 2981: 2958: 2927: 2879: 2806: 2769: 2705: 2679: 2666: 2615:Borger, Julian (4 April 2014). 2608: 2579: 2530: 2505: 2492: 2448: 2390: 2360: 2345: 2280: 2255: 2191: 2165: 1927:Jacobson, Harold Karan (1964). 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1690: 829:Swedish UN soldiers armed with 356:(leading Lumumba's followers), 169:Hiroshima during World War II. 94:United Nations Security Council 5300:Ireland and the United Nations 3956:at the United Nations Archives 3537:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3515:. Irish Times. 9 August 2014. 3326:, 92(1) (March 2011): 210–212. 3324:The Canadian Historical Review 3251:The Journal of Negro Education 2676:. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010. 2455:Ngapi, Rich (15 August 2008). 2421:. United Nations. 18 July 1960 2110: 2079: 2054: 2028: 1975: 1920: 1678: 897:, painted as used in the Congo 666: 13: 1: 5310:Sweden and the United Nations 3762:Law and Contemporary Problems 3622:Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1999). 3082:Sjöstrand, Carl, ed. (2006). 2815:"The Guardian of world peace" 2734:. Dundurn. pp. 310–311. 2315:"Writings of Patrice Lumumba" 1913: 1165: 865:as the F 22 Wing of the 208: 203: 126: 5295:India and the United Nations 3854:The Congo Operation, 1960–63 3722:. London: C. Hurst & Co. 3392:The Irsish Army in the Congo 3027:(in Swedish). Archived from 2973:(in Swedish). Archived from 2934:Lakia, Nina (18 June 2008). 2692:Directory of Irish Biography 2658:(in Swedish). Archived from 2541:. London: Haus. p. 129. 2487:The Assassination of Lumumba 1399: 1204:Military Medal for Gallantry 926:prisoners, were attacked by 852: 693:99th Indian Infantry Brigade 520:The United Nations launched 407:99th Indian Infantry Brigade 284:, and 1,020 troops from the 7: 2892:Retrieved: 4 December 2010. 2118:"UN Operation in the Congo" 1352: 1295:Order of the British Empire 988: 633:Criticism of UN involvement 596:Canadian Brigadier-general 429:Hammarskjöld was flying to 80:in 1960 in response to the 10: 5326: 4776:United Nations Korea Medal 4756:United Nations Peace Medal 4751:Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal 4577:History of UN peacekeeping 3918:Journal of African Studies 3869:International Peacekeeping 3815:International Organization 3801:Canadian Defence Quarterly 3756:Franck, Thomas M. (1962). 3718:Williams, A Susan (2016). 3697:Spooner, Kevin A. (2010). 3682:. New York: Nova Science. 3648:. London: Routledge, 2017. 3444:. S/4640. 26 January 1961. 3115:Tullberg, Andreas (2012). 2674:Understanding Peacekeeping 2500:International Organization 1499:September 1960 – May 1961 1331:Armée Nationale Congolaise 1321:, according to historians 1117:October 1962 – April 1963 1032:November 1960 – June 1961 539:Free Republic of the Congo 346:Armée Nationale Congolaise 311:État autonome du Sud-Kasaï 298:, the new mining state of 130: 76:which was deployed in the 29: 5183: 4800: 4793: 4782: 4733: 4632: 4569: 4512: 4453: 4394: 4323: 4156: 4149: 4116: 4093: 4076: 4062: 4015: 4008: 3937:: 6–7, 45–50, August 1960 3895:Lefever, Ernest W (1967) 3842:"Dextraze in the Congo", 3827:10.1017/s0020818300033804 3678:Packham, Eric S. (1996). 3653:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 3576:House, Arthur H. (1978). 3186:Southern Command (1966). 2798:Macqueen, Norrie (2017). 2352:Macqueen, Norrie (2017). 2203:HistoryLearningSite.co.uk 2142:Macqueen, Norrie (2017). 1892:Lefever & Joshua 1966 1640: 1373:Ghana, Nigeria, and Egypt 1151:December 1963 – May 1964 1083:December 1961 – May 1962 508:End of Katangan secession 384:(numbering about 8,000). 5261:NATO Non-Article 5 Medal 5250:NATO Non-Article 5 Medal 4675:Updated in November 2023 2992:[Congo Crisis]. 2759:"Premier Adoula Resigns" 2511:Gordon McDonald et al., 2094:Rowman & Littlefield 1671: 1315:Royal Canadian Air Force 305:État minier du Sud-Kasaï 30:Not to be confused with 4002:Peacekeeping Operations 2688:"O'Brien, Conor Cruise" 2367:United Nations (1960). 2066:www.militaryarchives.ie 1661:The Siege of Jadotville 1513:early 1962 – late 1963 957:, received the Swedish 901:From 1960 to 1964, the 884: 387: 276:), 770 troops from the 224:United States Air Force 217: 4741:Dag Hammarskjöld Medal 3886:31.1 (1993): 163–174. 3531:Boulden, Jane (2001). 3409:Abbott, Peter (2014). 2239:. 2001. Archived from 1987:search.archives.un.org 1627:Christian Roy Kaldager 1236: 1134:April – December 1963 1049:April – November 1961 986: 981:and Colonel Olaf Egge 944:Port Francqui incident 898: 838: 530:attack on Camp Massart 517: 474: 368:constabulary loyal to 350: 316: 310: 304: 60: 48: 4624:Women in peacekeeping 4619:United Nations Police 3931:United Nations Review 3748:Abi-Saab, G. (1978), 3737:. London: Haus, 2008. 3258:(2): 163 of 159–170. 2871:Widfeldt, Bo (1966). 2819:The New Straits Times 2086:Prados, John (2006). 1709:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007 1634:Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 1595:ONUC force commanders 1234: 1066:June – December 1961 972: 892: 861:was stationed in the 833:at an access road to 828: 735:Malayan Special Force 697:Krishnaswamy Sundarji 627:Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 534:Katangese Gendarmerie 528:. In the 16 December 515: 456: 418:under the command of 372:(3,000 or less), the 341: 337:Lincoln P. Bloomfield 286:Tunisian Armed Forces 272:(later to become the 78:Republic of the Congo 46: 4609:United Nations Medal 3904:Conor Cruise O'Brien 3293:Gaffen, Fred. 1987. 2537:Zeilig, Leo (2008). 2515:, June 1962, p. 620. 1552:improve this section 1432:improve this section 1382:United Arab Republic 1241:Philippine Air Force 1227:Philippine Air Force 1015:May – November 1960 821:Swedish Armed Forces 815:Royal Malay Regiment 767:improve this article 490:Conor Cruise O'Brien 412:Congolese parliament 358:Joseph-Desire Mobutu 280:, 1,250 troops from 106:UN Secretary-General 90:Congolese government 4671:Politics portal 3908:To Katanga and Back 3680:Freedom and Anarchy 3053:(21 January 2004). 3031:on 17 December 2008 3006:on 3 February 2009. 2971:www.ericsonwolke.se 2940:Swedish Army Museum 2243:on 13 February 2015 2015:peacekeeping.un.org 1618:Lieutenant-general 1611:Lieutenant-general 1472: 1216:Siege of Jadotville 1194:submachineguns and 1100:May – October 1962 1096:Sten-Eggert Nauclér 983:(with dark glasses) 711:, and 120 Irish in 568:Operation Grandslam 498:Siege of Jadotville 376:which were part of 374:Katanga Gendarmerie 155:and Prime Minister 147:, commander of the 104:and authorized the 4395:Asia & Pacific 4077:Asia & Pacific 3642:Macqueen, Norrie. 2782:Black Perspectives 2763:The New York Times 2321:on 8 November 2011 2179:. 15 November 2016 1654:In popular culture 1470: 1392:, where visits by 1287:Royal 22e Regiment 1245:Diosdado Macapagal 1237: 987: 899: 839: 810:Tunku Abdul Rahman 518: 475: 422:Brigadier-general 416:Operation Rampunch 322:Lumumba Government 278:Ghana Armed Forces 142:Lieutenant General 74:peacekeeping force 49: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5184:Mandated Missions 4682: 4681: 4565: 4564: 4145: 4144: 3670:978-1-84277-053-5 3131:978-91-7473-364-8 2977:on 13 March 2013. 2686:Callanan, Frank. 1658:The Netflix film 1588: 1587: 1580: 1520:Italian Air Force 1517: 1516: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1390:Equateur Province 1335:Katanga secession 1155: 1154: 1130:Nils-Olof Hederén 1113:Nils-Olof Hederén 1012:Col. Bernt Juhlin 955:Torsten Stålnacke 867:Swedish Air Force 863:Republic of Congo 799: 798: 791: 703:, 500 Indians at 647:Nikita Khrushchev 449:Operation Morthor 435:his plane crashed 296:Portuguese Angola 16:(Redirected from 5317: 5259: 5248: 5235: 5221: 5207: 5194: 5173: 5163: 5149: 5139: 5129: 5119: 5101: 5091: 5081: 5071: 5061: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5021: 5011: 5001: 4991: 4981: 4971: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4921: 4911: 4901: 4891: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4841: 4831: 4821: 4811: 4798: 4797: 4788: 4774: 4764: 4749: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4669: 4668: 4654: 4653: 4641: 4640: 4154: 4153: 4013: 4012: 4009:Current missions 3997: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3938: 3924: 3911: 3872: 3857: 3847: 3837: 3808: 3794: 3785: 3723: 3714: 3693: 3674: 3662: 3639: 3618: 3617:on 23 April 2017 3616: 3610:, archived from 3605: 3593: 3572: 3548: 3522: 3521: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3298: 3291: 3276: 3275: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3143: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3002:. 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2016 2156: 2154: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2105: 2103:9781566638234 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2038: 2031: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939:(1): 75–107. 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1906:, p. 120 1905: 1900: 1894:, p. 370 1893: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1858:, p. 107 1857: 1852: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1801: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1711:, p. 105 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1651: 1648: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602:Carl von Horn 1599: 1598: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1571: 1568:February 2024 1561: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1537:This section 1535: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1462: 1459: 1451: 1448:February 2024 1441: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1417:This 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