166:
106:
239:
The primary goals of the Pen League were, in Naimy's words as
Secretary, "to lift Arabic literature from the quagmire of stagnation and imitation, and to infuse a new life into its veins so as to make of it an active force in the building up of the Arab nations". As Naimy expressed in the by-laws he
244:
The tendency to keep our language and literature within the narrow bounds of aping the ancients in form and substance is a most pernicious tendency; if left unopposed, it will soon lead to decay and disintegration... To imitate them is a deadly shame... We must be true to ourselves if we would be
586:
Les écrivains du Mahjar sont les écrivains de langue arabe ayant émigré en Amérique. Comme leurs aînés de la Nahda, ils sont stimulés par leur rencontre personnelle de l'Occident et participent largement au renouvellement de la littérature
121:, "the drive to sustain some Arab cultural identity among the immigrant communities in North America" was reinforced from the beginning when educated immigrants launched Arabic-language newspapers and literary societies in both the
88:, hence their proponents being sometimes referred to as writers of the "late Nahda". These writers, in South America as well as the United States, contributed indeed to the development of the Nahda in the early 20th century.
1278:
1270:
401:
391:
1284:
396:
1249:
274:
416:, al-Qarawi and Farhat. In contrast with the North Mahjari, southern authors much more were related with a national theme and nostalgia for homeland.
310:
1239:
266:
1244:
270:
327:
357:
249:
Literary historian Nadeem Naimy assesses the group's importance as having shifted the criteria of aesthetic merit in Arabic literature:
1475:
76:-ruled Lebanon, Syria and Palestine at the turn of the 20th century and became a movement in the 1910s. Like their predecessors in the
1470:
1264:
625:
Somekh, "The Neo-Classical Poets" in M.M. Badawi (ed.) "Modern Arabic
Literature", Cambridge University Press 1992, pp. 36-82.
253:
Focusing on Man rather than on language, on the human rather than on the law and on the spirit rather than on the letter, the
1150:
1008:
979:
952:
860:
823:
732:
681:
656:
971:
Modern Arabic Poetry: 1800 - 1970 ; the
Development of Its Forms and Themes Under the Influence of Western Literature
80:
movement (or the "Arab
Renaissance"), writers of the Mahjar movement were stimulated by their personal encounter with the
810:
Nijland, Cornelis (2001). "Religious motifs and themes in North
American Mahjar poetry". In Gert Borg, Ed de Moor (ed.).
464:
17:
1460:
1108:
1065:
1038:
610:
560:
530:
493:
969:
1184:
302:
257:(Arab emigrant) School is said to have ushered Arabic literature from its age old classicism into the modern era.
1480:
644:
1450:
1000:
409:
49 years later, but newspapers and magazines in Arabic were active in
Argentina already also in the 1900s.
1465:
1455:
848:
228:. They had been working closely since 1911. The league dissolved following Gibran's death in 1931 and
940:
1136:
479:
1303:
1030:
Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil
44:
852:
648:
637:
600:
520:
412:
Shafiq al-Ma'luf "led the major grouping of South
American Mahjar poets". Other poets include
944:
933:
579:
165:
840:
220:
in 1915 or 1916, and subsequently re-formed in 1920 by a larger group of
Mahjari writers in
1177:
382:
376:
346:
203:
8:
1224:
371:
341:
282:
217:
198:
178:
769:
129:
areas to encourage poetry and writing, with the aim of keeping alive and enriching the
62:
1146:
1104:
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1004:
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948:
856:
841:
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652:
606:
556:
526:
489:
85:
65:
1414:
1397:
1324:
761:
757:
209:
157:
from 1913 to 1918. This magazine served as a mouthpiece for young
Mahjari writers.
1445:
1365:
1170:
1140:
1098:
1081:
1055:
1028:
550:
483:
362:
332:
306:
189:
59:
35:
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110:
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406:
298:
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130:
118:
1419:
386:
1334:
1298:
1219:
431:(published in 1923) contains the main principles of the Mahjar movement.
262:
213:
170:
150:
92:
is considered to have been the most influential of the "Mahjari poets".
773:
1383:
460:
145:
997:
Images of enchantment: visual and performing arts of the Middle East
1390:
352:
69:
27:
Arabic expatriate literary movement at the turn of the 20th century
1351:
233:
143:
and continued until 1908, and the first Arabic-language magazine
105:
1022:
1020:
133:." Thus, in 1892, the first American Arabic-language newspaper,
322:
126:
389:. The first Arabic-language literary circle in South America,
1017:
440:
77:
55:
748:
Popp, Richard Alan (2001). "Al-Rābiṭah al-Qalamīyah, 1916".
68:
started by Arabic-speaking writers who had emigrated to the
935:
A community of many worlds: Arab
Americans in New York City
488:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–203.
385:
less than six months later. The two merged a year later in
786:
544:
542:
1162:
1117:
539:
169:
Four members of the Pen League in 1920. Left to right:
930:
787:
Katibah, Habib Ibrahim; Farhat Jacob Ziadeh (1946).
634:
49:
674:
La poésie arabe moderne entre l'Islam et l'Occident
932:
791:. Institute of Arab American Affairs. p. 13.
636:
906:, American University of Beirut, 1985, pp. 18-18.
639:American immigrant cultures: builders of a nation
525:. Vol. 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 362.
1437:
485:A Critical Introduction to Modern Arabic Poetry
812:Representations of the divine in Arabic poetry
54:, one of its more literal meanings being "the
1178:
1135:
886:, American University of Beirut, 1985, p. 18.
1053:
727:. News Circle Publishing House. p. 27.
598:
522:Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry
1026:
920:. American University of Beirut. p. 8.
698:"Al-Rabitah al-Qalamiyah (1916, 1920-1931)"
605:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
1185:
1171:
931:Benson, Kathleen; Philip M. Kayal (2002).
574:
572:
1096:
671:
548:
511:
509:
507:
505:
164:
104:
838:
809:
569:
515:
321:The first Arabic-language newspaper in
14:
1438:
1123:
635:Levinson, David; Ember, Elvin (1997).
502:
478:
212:in North America, formed initially by
1166:
1033:. Duke University Press. p. 53.
994:
967:
915:
895:
875:
722:
602:Arabic Thought beyond the Liberal Age
472:
459:
399:, who was also settled in São Paulo.
313:were also associated with the group.
58:diaspora") was a movement related to
747:
261:Members of the Pen League included:
100:
1142:An Anthology of Modern Arabic Verse
465:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
366:
336:
193:
84:and participated in the renewal of
39:
24:
1001:American University in Cairo Press
676:. KARTHALA Editions. p. 142.
599:Hanssen, Jens; Weiss, Max (2016).
25:
1492:
1476:20th-century Brazilian literature
918:The Lebanese Prophets of New York
904:The Lebanese Prophets of New York
884:The Lebanese Prophets of New York
160:
1471:20th-century American literature
316:
301:. Eight out of ten members were
208:) was the first Arabic-language
117:As worded by David Levinson and
95:
1129:
1090:
1074:
1047:
988:
961:
924:
909:
889:
869:
832:
803:
780:
741:
716:
690:
584:(in French). 2008. p. 66.
665:
645:Simon & Schuster Macmillan
628:
619:
592:
453:
427:'s book of literary criticism
355:in November 1895, followed by
13:
1:
1054:Paul Starkey (20 July 2006).
468:(4th ed.). p. 1195.
446:
419:
1103:. Leros Press. p. 216.
968:Moreh, Shmuel (1976-01-01).
750:Journal of Arabic Literature
7:
1145:. Oxford University Press.
704:. Nasib Aridah Organization
672:Zéghidour, Slimane (1982).
434:
377:
347:
204:
50:
10:
1497:
1192:
902:, qtd. by Nadeem Naimy in
882:, qtd. by Nadeem Naimy in
849:Edinburgh University Press
1407:
1375:
1343:
1312:
1291:
1277:
1263:
1200:
941:Syracuse University Press
789:Arabic-speaking Americans
723:Haiek, Joseph R. (1984).
395:, was founded in 1900 by
1461:Arab-American literature
1100:Feathers and the Horizon
1097:Fairbairn, Anne (1989).
1057:Modern Arabic Literature
843:Modern Arabic literature
552:Feathers and the Horizon
549:Fairbairn, Anne (1989).
131:Arabic cultural heritage
995:Zuhur, Sherifa (1998).
896:Naimy, Mikhail (1950).
876:Naimy, Mikhail (1950).
766:10.1163/157006401X00123
240:drew up for the group:
205:al-rābiṭah al-qalamīyah
1304:Abraham Mitrie Rihbany
916:Naimy, Nadeem (1985).
839:Starkey, Paul (2006).
259:
247:
245:true to our ancestors.
185:
114:
725:Arab-American almanac
517:Jayyusi, Salma Khadra
251:
242:
168:
108:
1481:Argentine literature
1086:. 1980. p. 155.
1027:Jeff Lesser (1999).
405:would be founded in
309:. Musicians such as
1451:Lebanese literature
1225:Abd al-Masih Haddad
1126:, pp. 196–202.
402:Al-Rabita Al-Adabia
283:Abd al-Masih Haddad
218:Abd al-Masih Haddad
179:Abd al-Masih Haddad
18:New York Pen League
1466:Literary movements
186:
115:
1456:Syrian literature
1433:
1432:
1250:William Catzeflis
1152:978-0-19-920032-0
1010:978-977-424-467-4
981:978-90-04-04795-2
974:. Brill Archive.
954:978-0-8156-0739-7
862:978-0-7486-1290-1
825:978-90-420-1574-6
734:978-0-915652-21-1
683:978-2-86537-047-4
658:978-0-02-897213-8
375:
345:
297:(Secretary), and
275:William Catzeflis
202:
149:was published by
139:, was founded in
101:First periodicals
86:Arabic literature
48:
16:(Redirected from
1488:
1415:Little Syria, NY
1398:The Syrian World
1325:Salloum Mokarzel
1279:Riwaq al-Ma'arri
1271:Shafiq al-Ma'luf
1187:
1180:
1173:
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392:Riwaq al-Ma'arri
380:
370:
368:
350:
340:
338:
277:(or Katsiflis),
210:literary society
207:
197:
195:
188:The Pen League (
63:migrant literary
53:
43:
41:
21:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1436:
1435:
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1371:
1366:Meraat-ul-Gharb
1339:
1308:
1287:
1285:Sa'id Abu Hamza
1273:
1259:
1196:
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1161:
1160:
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1079:
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1011:
1003:. p. 143.
993:
989:
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914:
910:
894:
890:
874:
870:
863:
837:
833:
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818:. p. 161.
808:
804:
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742:
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707:
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696:
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555:. Leros Press.
547:
540:
533:
514:
503:
496:
477:
473:
458:
454:
449:
437:
422:
397:Sa'id Abu Hamza
351:), appeared in
319:
194:الرابطة القلمية
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103:
98:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1362:
1359:Kawkab America
1355:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1330:Nageeb Arbeely
1327:
1322:
1320:Naoum Mokarzel
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1202:The Pen League
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1128:
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1060:. p. 62.
1046:
1039:
1016:
1009:
987:
980:
960:
953:
923:
908:
900:. p. 156.
898:Kahlil Gibran
888:
878:Khalil Gibran
868:
861:
831:
824:
802:
779:
740:
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715:
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318:
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303:Greek Orthodox
162:
161:The Pen League
159:
136:Kawkab America
111:Kawkab America
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97:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Elia Abu Madi
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Mikhail Naimy
1213:
1211:
1210:Kahlil Gibran
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:Badawi, M. M.
1132:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1110:9780949264565
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1084:
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1067:9780748627240
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1040:9780822322603
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946:
942:
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936:
927:
919:
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905:
899:
892:
885:
880:. p. 50.
879:
872:
864:
858:
854:
850:
845:
844:
835:
827:
821:
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813:
806:
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719:
708:September 23,
703:
699:
693:
685:
679:
675:
668:
660:
654:
650:
646:
641:
640:
631:
622:
614:
612:9781316654248
608:
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603:
595:
588:
583:
582:
575:
573:
564:
562:9780949264565
558:
554:
553:
545:
543:
534:
532:90-04-04920-7
528:
524:
523:
518:
512:
510:
508:
506:
497:
495:0-521-20699-5
491:
487:
486:
481:
480:Badawi, M. M.
475:
467:
466:
462:
456:
452:
442:
439:
438:
432:
430:
426:
425:Mikhail Naimy
417:
415:
414:Fawzi Maalouf
410:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
379:
373:
364:
360:
359:
354:
349:
343:
334:
330:
329:
324:
317:South America
314:
312:
311:Russell Bunai
308:
305:and two were
304:
300:
296:
295:Mikhail Naimy
292:
291:Elia Abu Madi
288:
284:
280:
279:Kahlil Gibran
276:
272:
268:
264:
258:
256:
250:
246:
241:
237:
235:
232:'s return to
231:
230:Mikhail Naimy
227:
226:Kahlil Gibran
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
200:
191:
184:
183:Mikhail Naimy
180:
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175:Kahlil Gibran
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148:
147:
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138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
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113:
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96:North America
93:
91:
90:Kahlil Gibran
87:
83:
82:Western world
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
52:
46:
37:
33:
19:
1425:Buenos Aires
1396:
1389:
1382:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1255:Ameen Rihani
1240:Rashid Ayyub
1230:Nadra Haddad
1193:
1141:
1131:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1076:
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1029:
996:
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934:
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877:
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749:
743:
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706:. Retrieved
701:
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474:
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428:
423:
411:
407:Buenos Aires
400:
390:
356:
326:
320:
299:Ameen Rihani
287:Nadra Haddad
281:(Chairman),
267:Rashid Ayyub
260:
254:
252:
248:
243:
238:
187:
144:
134:
119:Melvin Ember
116:
109:
31:
29:
1335:Najeeb Diab
1299:Afifa Karam
1245:Wadi Bahout
1220:Nasib Arida
1124:Badawi 1975
271:Wadi Bahout
263:Nasib Arida
214:Nasib Arida
171:Nasib Arida
151:Nasib Arida
60:Romanticism
1440:Categories
1344:Newspapers
1313:Publishers
943:. p.
851:. p.
647:. p.
447:References
429:Al-Ghirbal
420:Principles
1420:São Paulo
1384:Al-Funoon
1376:Magazines
760:: 30–52.
461:Hans Weh.
387:São Paulo
378:al-brāzīl
358:Al-Brasil
348:al-fayḥāʾ
236:in 1932.
146:Al-Funoon
51:al-mahjar
45:romanized
1391:As-Sayeh
1139:(1970).
1083:Cultures
702:al-Funun
581:Archipel
519:(1977).
482:(1975).
435:See also
367:البرازيل
353:Campinas
328:Al-Faiáh
307:Maronite
222:New York
155:New York
141:New York
123:New York
70:Americas
66:movement
1352:Al-Hoda
797:2794438
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337:الفيحاء
234:Lebanon
224:led by
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1292:Others
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372:ALA-LC
363:Arabic
342:ALA-LC
333:Arabic
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255:Mahjar
199:ALA-LC
190:Arabic
181:, and
127:Boston
40:المهجر
36:Arabic
32:Mahjar
770:JSTOR
758:Brill
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