166:
159:
416:
830:
821:
812:
29:
843:
317:, resembles Sajama in its appearance. A road runs along the southeastern flank of the volcano, with additional roads completing a circle around Sajama. The village of Sajama lies on its western foot, with the village of Caripe to the northeast of the mountain and Lagunas to the southwest, and there are a number of farms.
646:
At Cosapa on the foot of Sajama, annual mean temperatures are about 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) while the town of Sajama sees annual temperatures of 4.3 °C (39.7 °F); precipitation there is about 327 millimetres per year (12.9 in/year). The daily temperature range approaches 40 °C
398:
occur on the mountain. Starting in the lake Laguna Huana Kkota on the northwestern foot of Sajama, the
Tomarapi River flows first northeastward, then east, south and southeast around the northern and eastern flanks of the volcano; the Sicuyani River, which originates on Sajama, joins it there. The
352:
that, owing to its ice fill, appears to be linked to the flat summit plateau of Sajama but other records do not indicate the presence of a crater. The
Patokho, Huaqui Jihuata and Phajokhoni valleys are located on the eastern flank; at lower elevations the whole volcano features glacially deepened
800:
that have both a sharp upper and a sharp lower limit on the mountain. The trees are usually no higher than 5 metres (16 ft) and are separated by large distances from each other and appear to localize to spots where water is available. The current woods are remnants; whether the decrease is
380:
forming a girdle around the upper sector of Sajama. The ground moraines are the most prominent moraines on Sajama, and have varying colours depending on the source of their component rocks. Vegetation and small lakes occur in their proximity, while other parts are unvegetated. They mostly occur
335:
Nevado Sajama rises about 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) from the surrounding terrain to a height of 6,542 metres (21,463 ft) (earlier estimates of its height are 6,572 metres (21,562 ft)), making it the highest mountain of
Bolivia. Below 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) the mountain is
954:
During the second undisputed ascent on the mountain in 1946, one mountaineer disappeared and his body was never found. In August 2001, two teams of Sajama villagers and
Bolivian mountain guides played a football match on top of Mount Sajama in an effort to show that altitude itself is not a
348:. Two secondary summits 5,031 metres (16,506 ft) and 5,161 metres (16,932 ft) occur west and east-northeast from Sajama respectively; the former is named Cerro Huisalla and the second is Huayna Potosi. The mountain has a conical shape and is capped by a
537:
occur in the region, the north-northwesterly trending Sajama lineament, a west-southwesterly one aligned with high topographical features and a west-northwesterly one. The west-southwesterly one played an important role in the development of Sajama volcano.
399:
southern flanks give rise to the
Huaythana River, which flows directly south and then makes a sharp turn to the east. The Sajama River originates on the western side of the volcano, flowing due south and increasingly turning southeast before joining the
2375:
Smith, Colby A.; Lowell, Thomas V.; Caffee, Marc W. (May 2009). "Lateglacial and
Holocene cosmogenic surface exposure age glacial chronology and geomorphological evidence for the presence of cold-based glaciers at Nevado Sajama, Bolivia".
509:
has yielded ages of 679,000 years ago from Sajama and of 80,900 to 25,000 years ago for the Kkota
Kkotani lavas, which are unrelated to the main Sajama volcano. The date of the last eruption is not known, it may have occurred in the
946:
fortifications, distributed over various altitudes and connected through paths. About 40 such sites have been found, most of them at low elevations on the western and northern foot of Sajama. Some of these sites have yielded
870:
Sajama and neighbouring mountains featured much larger glaciers in the past. The history of glaciation on Sajama in general is poorly known, but it appears that the outermost glacial features originated during the late
927:). Depending on the specific myth either the two women drove Tacora off and removed the top of the mountain, or Sajama did and injured Tacora; Tacora subsequently fled, shedding blood and a piece of its heart.
3229:
498:
that has been buried by later volcanic activity so that it is only recognizable on its eastern-northeastern side. A circular structure around Sajama may be the origin of the 2.7 million years old Lauca-Perez
866:
also occur above the zero degree isotherm above 4,800 metres (15,700 ft), such as on lateral peaks. Meltwater from the glaciers partially seeps underground and only reappears away from the volcano.
2212:
1553:
1680:
2331:"Caracterización físiográfica de la Puna de Sajama, cordillera occidental de los Andes (Bolivia) = Puna Physiographic Characterization of Sajama (West Of The Andes Mountains)"
1874:
482:
occur southeast of Sajama and have produced lava domes and lava flows. The parasitic vents away from the volcano are older and their location appears to be controlled by
2366:
Jordan, E. (1980). "Das durch Wärmemangel und
Trockenheit begrenzte Auftreten von Polylepis am Sajama Boliviens mit dem höchsten Polylepis-Gebüschvorkommen der Erde".
3236:
1638:
854:. It is among the southernmost mountains in the region with significant glaciers; farther south the atmosphere is too dry to permit the development of glaciers. Two
381:
within glacial valleys, but some appear to have formed underneath small plateau ice caps on flatter terrain. At lower elevations the glaciers lead to lava flows and
1770:
651:
717:
dominate the vegetation. Between 4,000–4,800 metres (13,100–15,700 ft) the last three families become less important. Here especially during the wet season
2421:
Vuille, M. (30 November 1999). "Atmospheric circulation over the
Bolivian Altiplano during dry and wet periods and extreme phases of the Southern Oscillation".
1399:
1077:
1054:(Thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Carrera de Lingüística e Idiomas. p. 76.
3245:
1051:
EL LÉXICO RITUAL DE LA WAXT'A EN AYMARA DE WARAQ'U APACHETA Y CHHUCHHULAYA DE LA TERCERA SECCIÓN DEL MUNICIPIO DE ACHOCALLA DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE LA PAZ
955:
limitation to physical strain. In 2015, a challenge to hold a political debate on the summit of Sajama was made by a candidate to an election. The 50-
2301:"Áreas de encuentro ritual y convivencia pacífica, en torno a la deidad de la montaña Sajama durante el periodo intermedio tardío (1000 – 1450 d.c.)"
328:. Nevado Sajama lies in the Western Andes of Bolivia and in the western side of the Altiplano; more specifically the mountain is located before the
2358:
1107:
654:
and an easterly one with a moister atmosphere. During the southern hemisphere summer, easterly winds carry moist air towards Sajama where solar
2204:
674:
which is often underestimated by precipitation data. Overall, on the
Altiplano precipitation diminishes from the northeast to the southwest.
526:
heat with temperatures of about 250–230 °C (482–446 °F) on the western foot of Sajama, and volcanic rocks of Sajama bear traces of
2442:
951:. The archaeological sites demonstrate a direct link between the mountain and their builders and with the resolution of local conflicts.
2533:
2560:
3408:
1660:
3222:
74:
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1863:
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caused by human impact or climate change is not clear. Protecting these woodlands was the impetus for the 1939 creation of the
1256:"An ice-core pollen record showing vegetation response to Late-glacial and Holocene climate changes at Nevado Sajama, Bolivia"
3398:
2477:
2190:
329:
214:
56:
3403:
635:
1727:"Assemblages with titanite (CaTiOSiO4), Ca-Mg-Fe olivine and pyroxenes, Fe-Mg-Ti oxides, and quartz: Part II. Application"
1608:
3368:
1726:
2047:
2518:
2496:
2242:
2165:
1378:
1340:
1172:
324:
mountain chain splits into two branches separated by a 3,500–4,000 metres (11,500–13,100 ft) high plateau, the
158:
2300:
2553:
1971:
1410:
1085:
3378:
3373:
1206:
1189:
904:
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and directed an increase of volcanic activity in the region. Volcanoes in the region have ages ranging from
3393:
1007:
67:
977:
721:
grasses become more important; finally above 4,800 metres (15,700 ft) frost-tolerant herbs such as
3388:
3016:
2585:
2330:
403:. The other rivers draining Sajama and its ice cap also eventually join the Lauca River and end in the
3281:
2903:
2546:
650:
Sajama is located between two climate regimes, a westerly one characterized by a dry climate and the
3311:
3253:
2238:
1137:
3086:
2280:"Sketch on the structural geology and vulcanism in the Central High Plateau of the Bolivian Andes"
1142:
3106:
3342:
2768:
1374:
697:, on the mountain itself there is some vertical gradation. Below 4,000 metres (13,000 ft)
631:
195:
2758:
2718:
2352:
2321:
424:
3081:
3026:
3091:
3061:
2958:
2833:
2695:
2569:
2430:
2385:
1899:
Krajick, Kevin (18 October 2002). "Ice Man: Lonnie Thompson Scales the Peaks for Science".
1738:
1267:
924:
916:
908:
872:
802:
792:
289:
261:
60:
3121:
3021:
2943:
1002:
8:
3326:
3046:
2650:
2512:
982:
931:
436:
3296:
2434:
2389:
1742:
1271:
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were taken from the summit area in 1997, preceded by a religious ceremony, as the local
3179:
3011:
2738:
2446:
2409:
1932:
1762:
1211:
956:
506:
51:
3169:
3126:
3101:
2963:
2640:
2605:
2590:
2492:
2473:
2413:
2401:
2308:
2161:
2103:
1967:
1924:
1916:
1766:
1754:
1672:
1630:
1565:
1336:
1285:
1215:
1168:
1101:
1049:
523:
490:. Two later volcanic units are known as the Colquen Wilqui lavas and the Jacha Khala
265:
2450:
2322:"Geothermal investigations with isotope and geochemical techniques in Latin America"
2270:
2098:
2081:
1936:
1554:"Magmatic processes in titanite-bearing dacites, central Andes of Chile and Bolivia"
1535:
1533:
3184:
3174:
3096:
3076:
3031:
2908:
2873:
2635:
2610:
2438:
2393:
2338:
2093:
1908:
1746:
1620:
1275:
1201:
487:
475:
404:
306:
257:
232:
200:
3214:
2182:
1078:"Geología y petrología del volcán Sajama: Provincia Sajama, departamento de Oruro"
3276:
3271:
3001:
2973:
2838:
2660:
2600:
2343:
2279:
1912:
1706:
1694:
1530:
888:
876:
732:
666:. During winter, dry westerly winds prevail although cold air outbreaks from the
479:
456:
337:
302:
253:
237:
138:
116:
3316:
3066:
1659:
Jiménez, Néstor; López-Velásquez, Shirley; Santiváñez, Reynaldo (October 2009).
1330:
2893:
2818:
2467:
1132:
892:
694:
663:
599:
483:
313:. Cholcani volcano lies southeast of Sajama, and another neighbouring volcano,
207:
2443:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19991130)19:14<1579::AID-JOC441>3.0.CO;2-N
3362:
3337:
3291:
3136:
3116:
2748:
2405:
2312:
2235:"El Banco Central de Bolivia lanza a la circulación el nuevo billete de Bs50"
2107:
2039:
1920:
1758:
1676:
1634:
1569:
1289:
1027:
862:
feared that the mountain deities would be angered by the drilling otherwise.
859:
743:
make up most of the vegetation. In depressions or places where water occurs,
689:
While the vegetation of the surroundings of Sajama is considered to be a dry
627:
583:
463:
415:
349:
89:
76:
3141:
2620:
2526:
1725:
Xirouchakis, Dimitrios; Lindsley, Donald H.; Frost, B. Ronald (March 2001).
1625:
829:
3189:
3151:
2928:
2868:
2793:
1928:
997:
863:
659:
369:
365:
345:
3301:
2205:"Candidato boliviano reta a sus rivales a debatir en la cima de un nevado"
1750:
1609:"Origen y emplazamiento del Domo Tinto, volcán Guallatiri, Norte de Chile"
1280:
1255:
3347:
3146:
2996:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2788:
2595:
1035:
820:
811:
591:
511:
444:
432:
400:
273:
2329:
Javier, Santa Cecilia Mateos, Fernando; Rafael, Mata Olmo (2011-01-01).
2234:
1607:
Watts, Robert B.; Clavero Ribes, Jorge; Sparks, J.; Stephen, R. (2014).
1335:(in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Bolivianos ; Lima. p. 84.
895:
record beliefs involving Sajama. In one myth, Sajama is the head of the
3306:
3286:
3056:
2888:
2883:
2843:
2813:
2723:
2690:
2685:
2645:
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which is usually considered to be a warm and dry period in the region.
758:
728:
714:
702:
667:
655:
575:
563:
555:
551:
519:
500:
452:
428:
272:. It is not clear when it erupted last but it may have been during the
28:
919:) are the children of Sajama and Anallaxchi. In another local belief,
630:
suite and formed through various processes, including assimilation of
309:
in Bolivia, about 18.6 kilometres (11.6 mi) from the border with
3261:
3006:
2991:
2968:
2933:
2913:
2898:
2753:
2733:
2397:
1992:
1031:
972:
851:
769:
749:
736:
706:
690:
623:
622:
were reported as well. The volcanic rocks erupted by Sajama define a
587:
534:
527:
471:
467:
440:
325:
269:
111:
2615:
1479:
780:
3194:
3131:
3041:
2878:
2808:
2803:
2773:
2743:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2655:
2538:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1448:
1446:
992:
960:
912:
900:
896:
855:
842:
797:
784:
775:
754:
744:
723:
710:
671:
559:
547:
515:
385:
and tolar vegetation, and finally to grassland at lower altitudes.
382:
314:
277:
3071:
2948:
2319:
1712:
1700:
1539:
3036:
2953:
2938:
2923:
2828:
2798:
2630:
2625:
1864:"ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS SUBNACIONALES EN BOLIVIA SITUACION ACTUAL 2012"
1047:
948:
936:
740:
718:
678:
579:
571:
495:
448:
394:
389:
377:
361:
284:
249:
245:
188:
1943:
1658:
1458:
1443:
923:
and Sajama were two mountains in competition for two women (the
478:
material that radiate away from the centre of the volcano. Some
3111:
3051:
2918:
2853:
2823:
2783:
2763:
2728:
2700:
1606:
1332:
Diccionario geográfico del departamento de Oruro [1904]
1081:
942:
920:
763:
619:
615:
603:
595:
567:
554:, with the main stratovolcano formed by andesites that contain
41:
2778:
2665:
2271:
Una aproximación a las toponimias del Poopó y del Desaguadero
987:
698:
373:
321:
310:
218:
3206:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
2061:
2019:
1980:
1784:
1518:
1506:
1048:
Tenorio Villegas, Celia; Ajacopa Pairumani, Sotero (2012).
850:
Above 5,600 metres (18,400 ft), Sajama is extensively
611:
607:
491:
341:
293:
trees occur up to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) elevation.
2040:"Mismi y Huarancante: nevados sagrados del Valle de Colca"
360:
cover in the central sector of the mountain, exposures of
2082:"A high altitude archaeological survey in northern Chile"
1354:
1352:
1167:(in Spanish). Instituto Geográfico Militar. p. 109.
681:
years, but on Nevado Sajama there is little correlation.
439:. Changes in the subduction regime took place during the
357:
2227:
1724:
1207:
10.1659/0276-4741(2007)27[11:TSNPIB]2.0.CO;2
522:
occur on the Junthuma River and reflect the presence of
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1588:
1576:
1373:
1349:
963:
launched in October 2018 shows Sajama on its reverse.
2009:
2007:
1871:
Dirección General de Biodiversidad y Áreas Protegidas
1844:
1496:
1494:
1222:
638:
and magma mixing (particularly in the Sayara lavas).
1661:"Evolución tectonomagmática de los Andes bolivianos"
1296:
3244:
2138:
1400:"NEVADO SAJAMA, BOLIVIA 5839-IV H731 EDICION 1-IGM"
2126:
2114:
2004:
1491:
1428:
1254:Reese, C. A.; Liu, K. B.; Thompson, L. G. (2013).
427:of the Andes, where volcanism is triggered by the
2374:
1998:
1961:
1949:
1485:
1473:
1452:
1084:: Higher University of San Andrés. Archived from
1041:
677:Summer precipitation is typically reduced during
3360:
1253:
455:; the whole volcanic activity was controlled by
268:consisting of a stratovolcano on top of several
1955:
1718:
2180:
1434:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
891:for the regional communities, and a number of
296:
3230:
2554:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
899:mountain after the latter was decapitated by
356:The terrain is characterized by a continuous
2357:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2328:
2268:
2073:
2067:
2025:
1986:
1790:
1665:Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina
1524:
1512:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1106:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
662:; the moisture ultimately originates in the
130:
2489:Wild Winds: Adventures in the Highest Andes
2335:Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VI, Geografía
2320:International Atomic Energy Agency (1992).
1892:
1652:
1234:
1181:
790:Up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) elevation
546:The volcano has erupted rocks ranging from
3237:
3223:
2561:
2547:
2472:(5 ed.). Scotland: Andes Publishing.
2469:The Andes: A Guide for Climbers and Skiers
2031:
1962:Jenny, B.; Kammer, K.; Ammann, C. (1996).
1545:
1315:
1058:
2342:
2277:
2197:
2097:
2044:Anuario de Arqueología, Rosario (2013), 5
1856:
1624:
1600:
1594:
1582:
1279:
1205:
1149:
875:and the intermediary features during the
684:
2079:
1187:
841:
414:
2174:
2160:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 263.
2150:
1898:
1713:International Atomic Energy Agency 1992
1701:International Atomic Energy Agency 1992
1540:International Atomic Energy Agency 1992
1439:. Boliviano Petróleo. pp. 192–193.
1394:
1392:
1383:Latin America, Joint Operations Graphic
1369:
1367:
1075:
3361:
2420:
2365:
2037:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1551:
1358:
1328:
1309:
1228:
1162:
753:develop. Taxa that occur here include
3218:
2542:
2193:from the original on 21 October 2007.
2183:"Bolivian footballers reach new high"
1964:Climate Change in den trockenen Anden
1190:"The Sajama National Park in Bolivia"
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1076:Galarza, Mauri, Iris Marcela (2004).
882:
231:
165:
2568:
2423:International Journal of Climatology
2299:Cruz, Ramón Torrez (23 March 2023).
2298:
2245:from the original on 27 October 2018
2215:from the original on 31 October 2018
2144:
2132:
2120:
2013:
1880:from the original on 28 October 2018
1500:
1389:
1364:
907:. Other mythologies assert that the
494:. The Sajama volcano rises within a
2534:Detailed description of the volcano
2269:Alavi Mamani, Zacarias (May 2009).
1966:(in German). Geographia Bernensia.
13:
1114:
14:
3420:
2506:
1194:Mountain Research and Development
419:Hot springs on the Junthuma River
3409:Sacred mountains of the Americas
2305:Revista Patrimonio y Arqueología
2181:Enever, Andrew (7 August 2001).
2038:Ceruti, María Constanza (2013).
1873:(in Spanish). 2012. p. 10.
1552:Nakada, Setsuya (1 April 1991).
1188:Hoffmann, Dirk (February 2007).
828:
819:
810:
470:. The stratovolcano consists of
301:Nevado Sajama is located in the
164:
157:
27:
3246:Highest points of South America
2459:
2099:10.4067/S0717-73562002000100005
2050:from the original on 2018-10-29
1999:Smith, Lowell & Caffee 2009
1950:Smith, Lowell & Caffee 2009
1773:from the original on 2018-10-29
1683:from the original on 2018-11-12
1641:from the original on 2018-10-29
1486:Smith, Lowell & Caffee 2009
1474:Smith, Lowell & Caffee 2009
1453:Smith, Lowell & Caffee 2009
1435:Ahlfeld, F; Branisa, L (1960).
1379:"Nevado Sajama, Bolivia; Chile"
670:belt sometimes trigger intense
376:in the periphery of Sajama and
1329:Blanco, Pedro Aniceto (1904).
1020:
541:
283:The mountain is covered by an
1:
3384:Volcanoes of Oruro Department
2378:Journal of Quaternary Science
2284:NASA Technical Reports Server
1013:
423:Nevado Sajama is part of the
252:. The mountain is located in
46:6,542 m (21,463 ft)
3399:Six-thousanders of the Andes
2513:Climbing Sajama and Illimani
2344:10.5944/etfvi.4-5.2011.13728
2158:1998 American Alpine Journal
1913:10.1126/science.298.5593.518
1409:(in Spanish). Archived from
1163:Ferrán, O. González (1995).
1008:List of volcanoes in Bolivia
7:
3404:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
966:
934:on the mountain, including
837:
451:and grew on top of earlier
297:Geography and geomorphology
10:
3425:
3369:Stratovolcanoes of Bolivia
2370:(in German) (42): 303–305.
2307:(in Spanish) (1): 75–107.
2261:
658:then triggers showers and
641:
636:fractional crystallization
410:
16:Extinct volcano in Bolivia
3325:
3252:
3203:
3160:
2982:
2709:
2576:
779:. Animals include birds,
486:; the whole complex is a
206:
194:
184:
151:
146:
126:
110:
105:
66:
50:
40:
35:
26:
21:
2278:Brockmann, C.E. (1973).
2239:Banco Central de Bolivia
2209:Pulso Diario de San Luis
2080:Reinhard, Johan (2002).
1987:Javier & Rafael 2011
1791:Javier & Rafael 2011
1525:Javier & Rafael 2011
1513:Javier & Rafael 2011
1138:Global Volcanism Program
248:and the highest peak in
233:[neˈβaðosaˈxama]
1626:10.5027/andgeoV41n3-a04
1385:(1 ed.). 1:250000.
1143:Smithsonian Institution
2983:Southern Volcanic Zone
2769:Andagua volcanic field
2577:Northern Volcanic Zone
2368:Deutsch. Geographentag
2273:(Report) (in Spanish).
1375:Defense Mapping Agency
930:There are a number of
903:mountain, both in the
847:
685:Vegetation and animals
652:Southeast Pacific High
420:
241:
131:
3161:Austral Volcanic Zone
3087:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
2759:Huambo volcanic field
2710:Central Volcanic Zone
2466:Biggar, John (2020).
1751:10.2138/am-2001-2-307
1731:American Mineralogist
1558:American Mineralogist
1281:10.3189/2013AoG63A375
845:
533:Three major geologic
466:located atop several
425:Central Volcanic Zone
418:
215:Cordillera Occidental
90:18.10806°S 68.88306°W
3379:Subduction volcanoes
3374:Mountains of Bolivia
2696:Licto volcanic field
2211:. AP. 4 March 2015.
2001:, pp. 368, 371.
1260:Annals of Glaciology
932:archaeological sites
925:Nevados de Payachata
909:Nevados de Payachata
873:last glacial maximum
803:Sajama National Park
793:Polylepis tarapacana
647:(72 °F) there.
290:Polylepis tarapacana
262:Sajama National Park
260:. It is situated in
95:-18.10806; -68.88306
3394:Glaciers of Bolivia
2487:Darack, Ed (2001).
2435:1999IJCli..19.1579V
2390:2009JQS....24..360S
2241:. 26 October 2018.
1743:2001AmMin..86..254X
1488:, pp. 363–365.
1437:Geologia de Bolivia
1416:on 8 September 2017
1272:2013AnGla..54..183R
1133:"Nevado del Sajama"
437:South America Plate
86: /
3082:Carrán-Los Venados
3027:Nevados de Chillán
3012:Descabezado Grande
905:Eastern Cordillera
883:Human interactions
848:
507:Argon-argon dating
462:The mountain is a
421:
330:Western Cordillera
57:Country high point
36:Highest point
3389:Extinct volcanoes
3356:
3355:
3331:other territories
3212:
3211:
3022:Nevado de Longaví
2964:Cueros de Purulla
2944:Cordón del Azufre
2606:Nevado del Tolima
2479:978-0-9536087-6-8
2429:(14): 1579–1600.
2068:Alavi Mamani 2009
2026:Alavi Mamani 2009
1165:Volcanes de Chile
336:characterized by
266:composite volcano
225:
224:
3416:
3338:Falkland Islands
3254:Sovereign states
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3077:Mocho-Choshuenco
2611:Nevado del Huila
2570:Andean volcanoes
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2525:. Archived from
2502:
2491:. Cordee / DPP.
2483:
2454:
2417:
2398:10.1002/jqs.1239
2371:
2362:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2325:
2316:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2274:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2086:Chungará (Arica)
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1907:(5593): 518–22.
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1313:
1307:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1073:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1039:
1024:
978:Jach'a Kunturiri
846:Summit of Sajama
832:
823:
814:
488:compound volcano
405:Salar de Coipasa
320:In Bolivia, the
307:Oruro Department
258:Oruro Department
244:) is an extinct
235:
210:
201:Oruro Department
168:
167:
161:
142:
134:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
31:
19:
18:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3330:
3321:
3248:
3243:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3162:
3156:
2984:
2978:
2974:Ojos del Salado
2904:Aguas Calientes
2711:
2705:
2601:Nevado del Ruiz
2578:
2572:
2567:
2519:"Nevado Sajama"
2517:
2509:
2499:
2486:
2480:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2350:
2349:
2289:
2287:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:, p. 1599.
1837:
1833:
1829:, p. 1598.
1825:
1821:
1817:, p. 1582.
1813:
1809:
1805:, p. 1581.
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1372:
1365:
1361:, p. 1580.
1357:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1316:
1308:
1297:
1266:(63): 183–190.
1252:
1235:
1231:, p. 1579.
1227:
1223:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1161:
1150:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1038:for coordinates
1025:
1021:
1016:
969:
893:oral traditions
889:sacred mountain
885:
877:Middle Holocene
840:
833:
824:
815:
733:caryophyllaceae
687:
644:
544:
480:parasitic vents
413:
368:in some sites,
364:, deposits and
340:and a cover of
338:parasitic vents
303:Sajama Province
299:
254:Sajama Province
208:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
169:
136:
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Purico complex
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2529:on 2016-03-04.
2515:
2508:
2507:External links
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:978-1884980817
2497:
2484:
2478:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2418:
2384:(4): 360–372.
2372:
2363:
2326:
2317:
2296:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2237:(in Spanish).
2226:
2196:
2173:
2166:
2149:
2147:, p. 105.
2137:
2125:
2113:
2072:
2070:, p. 132.
2060:
2030:
2028:, p. 134.
2018:
2003:
1991:
1989:, p. 166.
1979:
1972:
1954:
1952:, p. 365.
1942:
1891:
1855:
1853:, p. 304.
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1793:, p. 165.
1783:
1717:
1715:, p. 144.
1705:
1703:, p. 149.
1693:
1671:(1): 036–067.
1651:
1619:(3): 558–588.
1613:Andean Geology
1599:
1595:Brockmann 1973
1587:
1583:Brockmann 1973
1575:
1544:
1542:, p. 142.
1529:
1527:, p. 163.
1517:
1515:, p. 168.
1505:
1490:
1478:
1476:, p. 361.
1457:
1455:, p. 362.
1442:
1427:
1388:
1363:
1348:
1341:
1314:
1312:, p. 303.
1295:
1233:
1221:
1180:
1173:
1148:
1113:
1088:on 20 May 2019
1080:(in Spanish).
1057:
1040:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
968:
965:
884:
881:
839:
836:
835:
834:
827:
825:
818:
816:
809:
686:
683:
664:Atlantic Ocean
643:
640:
602:. Deposits of
600:titanium oxide
543:
540:
412:
409:
344:fragments and
298:
295:
223:
222:
212:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
171:
170:
163:
162:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
128:
124:
123:
114:
108:
107:
103:
102:
70:
64:
63:
54:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3421:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3348:South Georgia
3346:
3344:
3343:French Guiana
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Michinmahuida
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:San Francisco
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Aucanquilcha
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Hualca Hualca
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:(6° N – 3° S)
2575:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2167:9781933056456
2163:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2135:, p. 82.
2134:
2129:
2123:, p. 81.
2122:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2016:, p. 77.
2015:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1503:, p. 78.
1502:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1344:
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864:Rock glaciers
861:
860:Aymara people
857:
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628:calc-alkaline
625:
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464:stratovolcano
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370:alluvial fans
367:
366:rock glaciers
363:
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350:summit crater
347:
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228:Nevado Sajama
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172:Nevado Sajama
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30:
25:
22:Nevado Sajama
20:
3327:Dependencies
3266:
3067:Quetrupillán
2929:Llullaillaco
2794:Huaynaputina
2527:the original
2523:Peakware.com
2522:
2488:
2468:
2460:Bibliography
2426:
2422:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2353:cite journal
2337:(4–5): 159.
2334:
2304:
2288:. Retrieved
2286:(in Spanish)
2283:
2247:. Retrieved
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2208:
2199:
2186:
2176:
2157:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2092:(1): 85–99.
2089:
2085:
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2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
2021:
1994:
1982:
1963:
1957:
1945:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1870:
1858:
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1834:
1822:
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1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1734:
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1708:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1668:
1664:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1616:
1612:
1602:
1597:, p. 6.
1590:
1585:, p. 5.
1578:
1564:(3–4): 548.
1561:
1557:
1547:
1520:
1508:
1481:
1436:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1382:
1331:
1263:
1259:
1224:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1164:
1136:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1050:
1043:
1022:
998:Sajama Lines
953:
941:
940:burials and
935:
929:
887:Sajama is a
886:
869:
849:
791:
789:
774:
768:
762:
748:
722:
688:
676:
649:
645:
632:country rock
545:
532:
505:
484:radial dikes
461:
435:beneath the
422:
393:
388:A number of
387:
355:
346:volcanic ash
334:
319:
300:
288:
282:
227:
226:
209:Parent range
119:
3163:(49°–55° S)
3147:Mate Grande
2997:Tupungatito
2985:(33°–46° S)
2864:Olca-Paruma
2859:Irruputuncu
2849:Tata Sabaya
2789:Pichu Pichu
2719:Quimsachata
2712:(14°–27° S)
2596:Cerro Bravo
1851:Jordan 1980
1839:Vuille 1999
1827:Vuille 1999
1815:Vuille 1999
1803:Vuille 1999
1407:IGM Bolivia
1359:Vuille 1999
1310:Jordan 1980
1229:Vuille 1999
1036:Google Maps
592:plagioclase
564:phenocrysts
542:Composition
520:Hot springs
512:Pleistocene
476:pyroclastic
453:ignimbrites
445:Pleistocene
433:Nazca Plate
401:Lauca River
274:Pleistocene
127:Native name
93: /
68:Coordinates
3363:Categories
3107:Hornopirén
3092:Casablanca
3062:Villarrica
3057:Sollipulli
3017:Cerro Azul
2889:Licancabur
2884:Sairecabur
2844:Guallatiri
2834:Parinacota
2814:Purupuruni
2724:Auquihuato
2691:Tungurahua
2686:Chimborazo
2646:Reventador
2621:Doña Juana
2290:29 October
2249:27 October
2219:30 October
2054:2018-10-28
1973:3906151034
1884:28 October
1777:2018-10-29
1737:(3): 259.
1687:2018-11-11
1645:2018-10-29
1420:27 October
1092:27 October
1014:References
917:Parinacota
787:and mice.
759:cyperaceae
729:asteraceae
715:solanaceae
703:asteraceae
668:westerlies
656:insolation
576:iron oxide
556:hornblende
552:rhyodacite
535:lineaments
530:activity.
524:geothermal
501:Ignimbrite
472:lava flows
468:lava domes
429:subduction
270:lava domes
196:Department
81:68°52′59″W
78:18°06′29″S
3317:Venezuela
3262:Argentina
3127:Corcovado
3047:Lonquimay
3007:Calabozos
2992:Tupungato
2969:Incahuasi
2934:Lastarria
2914:Chiliques
2754:Sabancaya
2734:Sara Sara
2651:Pichincha
2586:Paipa-Iza
2414:128543043
2406:0267-8179
2313:2959-2410
2145:Cruz 2023
2133:Cruz 2023
2121:Cruz 2023
2108:0717-7356
2014:Cruz 2023
1921:0036-8075
1767:132673481
1759:0003-004X
1677:0004-4822
1635:0718-7106
1570:0003-004X
1501:Cruz 2023
1290:0260-3055
1216:140194055
1200:(1): 12.
1032:Bing Maps
1003:Waña Quta
973:Asu Asuni
959:Bolivian
957:boliviano
856:ice cores
852:glaciated
798:woodlands
785:vizcachas
770:Distichia
750:bofedales
745:peat bogs
737:malvaceae
707:cactaceae
693:known as
691:grassland
624:potassium
588:pargasite
528:fumarolic
441:Oligocene
395:bofedales
353:valleys.
326:Altiplano
264:and is a
242:Chak Xaña
147:Geography
132:Chak Xaña
120:chak xaña
112:Etymology
42:Elevation
3307:Suriname
3297:Paraguay
3282:Colombia
3195:Fueguino
3180:Aguilera
3132:Mentolat
3042:Callaqui
2879:Zapaleri
2809:Yucamane
2804:Tutupaca
2774:Chachani
2744:Coropuna
2739:Solimana
2681:Quilotoa
2676:Cotopaxi
2671:Illiniza
2656:Antisana
2451:18599470
2243:Archived
2213:Archived
2191:Archived
2187:BBC News
2048:Archived
1937:37237853
1929:12386311
1875:Archived
1771:Archived
1681:Archived
1639:Archived
1377:(1996).
1102:cite web
993:Pomerape
967:See also
961:banknote
949:ceramics
913:Pomerape
901:Illimani
897:Mururata
838:Glaciers
776:Plantago
755:apiaceae
724:Azorella
711:fabaceae
701:such as
672:snowfall
560:pyroxene
548:andesite
516:Holocene
390:wetlands
383:matorral
378:moraines
315:Pomerape
278:Holocene
122:, "west"
3312:Uruguay
3287:Ecuador
3267:Bolivia
3170:Lautaro
3122:Chaitén
3102:Calbuco
3037:Copahue
2954:Peinado
2939:Lazufre
2924:Socompa
2829:Taapaca
2799:Ticsani
2641:Cayambe
2631:Azufral
2626:Galeras
2591:Romeral
2431:Bibcode
2386:Bibcode
2262:Sources
2046:: 353.
1901:Science
1739:Bibcode
1381:(Map).
1268:Bibcode
937:chullpa
781:vicuñas
747:called
741:poaceae
719:poaceae
679:El Nino
642:Climate
580:olivine
572:biotite
496:caldera
449:Miocene
431:of the
411:Geology
392:called
362:bedrock
305:of the
285:ice cap
250:Bolivia
246:volcano
189:Bolivia
185:Country
52:Listing
3292:Guyana
3272:Brazil
3190:Burney
3185:Reclus
3175:Viedma
3152:Hudson
3112:Huequi
3097:Osorno
3052:Llaima
3032:Antuco
2919:Aracar
2909:Lascar
2899:Pacana
2874:Azufre
2854:Isluga
2824:Tacora
2819:Casiri
2784:Ubinas
2764:Ampato
2729:Firura
2701:Sangay
2636:Chiles
2616:Puracé
2495:
2476:
2449:
2412:
2404:
2311:
2164:
2106:
1970:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1765:
1757:
1675:
1633:
1568:
1339:
1288:
1214:
1171:
1082:La Paz
943:pukara
921:Tacora
796:forms
764:Azolla
699:shrubs
626:-rich
620:sulfur
616:silver
604:copper
596:quartz
568:augite
457:faults
287:, and
238:Aymara
139:Aymara
135:
117:Aymara
106:Naming
3277:Chile
3072:Lanín
3002:Maipo
2949:Galán
2839:Lauca
2779:Misti
2666:Soche
2661:Aliso
2447:S2CID
2410:S2CID
1933:S2CID
1878:(PDF)
1867:(PDF)
1763:S2CID
1414:(PDF)
1403:(PDF)
1212:S2CID
988:Llisa
374:scree
322:Andes
311:Chile
256:, in
219:Andes
61:Ultra
3302:Peru
3142:Macá
2493:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2402:ISSN
2359:link
2309:ISSN
2292:2018
2251:2018
2221:2018
2162:ISBN
2104:ISSN
1968:ISBN
1925:PMID
1917:ISSN
1886:2018
1755:ISSN
1673:ISSN
1631:ISSN
1566:ISSN
1422:2018
1337:ISBN
1286:ISSN
1169:ISBN
1108:link
1094:2018
1026:cf.
915:and
773:and
739:and
727:and
713:and
695:puna
618:and
612:lead
608:gold
598:and
562:and
558:and
492:tuff
474:and
372:and
342:lava
3329:and
3137:Cay
2439:doi
2394:doi
2339:doi
2094:doi
1909:doi
1905:298
1747:doi
1621:doi
1276:doi
1202:doi
1034:or
1030:or
1028:OSM
566:of
550:to
514:or
447:to
358:ice
276:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
