107:
1336:
603:
803:
616:
875:). Caesium, deposited at the source walls, is an efficient electron donor; atoms and positive ions scattered at caesiated surface have a relatively high probability of being scattered as negatively charged ions. Operation of caesiated sources is complex and not so reliable. The development of alternative concepts for negative-ion beam sources is mandatory for the use of neutral beam systems in future fusion reactors.
867:. The precursor beam could either be a positive-ion beam or a negative-ion beam: in order to obtain a sufficiently high current, it is produced extracting charges from a plasma discharge. However, few negative hydrogen ions are created in a hydrogen plasma discharge. In order to generate a sufficiently high negative-ion density and obtain a decent negative-ion beam current,
785:
1 MeV. With increasing energy, it is increasingly difficult to obtain fast hydrogen atoms starting from precursor beams composed of positive ions. For that reason, recent and future heating neutral beams will be based on negative-ion beams. In the interaction with background gas, it is much easier to detach the extra electron from a
106:
53:
field. When these neutral particles are ionized by collision with the plasma particles, they are kept in the plasma by the confining magnetic field and can transfer most of their energy by further collisions with the plasma. By tangential injection in the torus, neutral beams also provide momentum to
1343:
Typically, the background gas density shall be minimised all along the beam path (i.e. within the accelerating electrodes, along the duct connecting to the fusion plasma) to minimise losses except in the neutraliser cell. Therefore, the required target thickness for neutralisation is obtained by
784:
in keV. Depending on the plasma minor diameter and density, a minimum particle energy can be defined for the neutral beam, in order to deposit a sufficient power on the plasma core rather than to the plasma edge. For a fusion-relevant plasma, the required fast neutral energy gets in the range of
1574:
110:
First, plasma is formed by microwaving gas. Next, the plasma is accelerated across a voltage drop. This heats the ions to fusion conditions. After this the ions are re-neutralizing. Lastly, the neutrals are injected into the
1330:
168:. This material becomes part of the fusion plasma. It also transfers its energy into the existing plasma within the machine. This hot stream of material should raise the overall temperature. Although the beam has no
575:) by scrambling what were initially well-ordered magnetic fields. If the fast ions are susceptible to this type of behavior, they can escape very quickly. However, some evidence suggests that they are not susceptible.
562:
Because the magnetic field inside the torus is circular, these fast ions are confined to the background plasma. The confined fast ions mentioned above are slowed down by the background plasma, in a similar way to how
192:. To allow power deposition in the center of the burning plasma in larger devices, a higher neutral-beam energy is required. High-energy (>100 keV) systems require the use of negative ion technology (N-NBI).
570:
It is very important that the fast ions are confined within the plasma long enough for them to deposit their energy. Magnetic fluctuations are a big problem for plasma confinement in this type of device (see
1742:
L. R. Grisham, P. Agostinetti, G. Barrera, P. Blatchford, D. Boilson, J. Chareyre, et al., Recent improvements to the ITER neutral beam system design, Fusion
Engineering and Design 87 (11), 1805–1815.
969:
Neutralisation of the precursor ion beam is commonly performed by passing the beam through a gas cell. For a precursor negative-ion beam at fusion-relevant energies, the key collisional processes are:
1184:
Cross-sections at 1 MeV are such that, once created, a fast positive ion cannot be converted into a fast neutral, and this is the cause of the limited achievable efficiency of gas neutralisers.
747:
58:. Neutral-beam injection is a flexible and reliable technique, which has been the main heating system on a large variety of fusion devices. To date, all NBI systems were based on positive precursor
1446:
872:
1706:
is adopted, but this solution is unlikely in future devices due to the limited volume inside the bioshield protecting from energetic neutron flux (for instance, in the case of
1224:
588:
collisions of fast ions with plasma ions and electrons by
Coulomb collisions (slow-down and scattering, thermalisation) or charge exchange collisions with background neutrals.
789:(H has a binding energy of 0.75 eV and a very large cross-section for electron detachment in this energy range) rather than to attach one electron to a positive ion.
1187:
The fractions of negatively charged, positively charged, and neutral particles exiting the neutraliser gas cells depend on the integrated gas density or target thickness
770:
694:
1176:
1141:
1100:
1055:
1010:
1344:
injecting gas in a cell with two open ends. A peaked density profile is realised along the cell, when injection occurs at mid-length. For a given gas throughput
1704:
1677:
1657:
1637:
1617:
1597:
1481:
1469:
1382:
1362:
1264:
1244:
1686:
among the largest ever built, with pumping speeds in the range of million liters per second. If there are no space constraints, a large gas cell length
148:
It is critical to inject neutral material into plasma, because if it is charged, it can start harmful plasma instabilities. Most fusion devices inject
1269:
1870:"Caesium influence on plasma parameters and source performance during conditioning of the prototype ITER neutral beam injector negative ion source"
321:
82:
is being constructed to optimize its performance in view of the ITER future operations. Other ways to heat plasma for nuclear fusion include
2028:
1827:
Ikeda, K.; Tsumori, K.; Kisaki, M.; Nakano, H.; Nagaoka, K.; Osakabe, M.; Kamio, S.; Fujiwara, Y.; Haba, Y.; Takeiri, Y. (2018).
824:
637:
184:
At present, all main fusion experiments use NBIs. Traditional positive-ion-based injectors (P-NBI) are installed for instance in
17:
79:
702:
1390:
1809:
567:
slows down a baseball. The energy transfer from the fast ions to the plasma increases the overall plasma temperature.
850:
663:
128:
This is done dropping the positively charged ions towards negative plates. As the ions fall, the electric field does
832:
645:
1723:
219:
91:
828:
641:
214:
87:
1987:
1711:
1190:
899:
878:
Existing and future negative-ion-based neutral beam systems (N-NBI) are listed in the following table:
434:
864:
606:
Maximum neutralisation efficiency of a fast D ion beam in a gas cell, as a function of the ion energy
863:
A neutral beam is obtained by neutralisation of a precursor ion beam, commonly accelerated in large
813:
626:
224:
95:
66:
sources and accelerators with the construction of multi-megawatt negative-ion-based NBI systems at
1335:
1829:"First results of deuterium beam operation on neutral beam injectors in the large helical device"
817:
630:
138:
the hot plasma by adding in the opposite charge. This gives the fast-moving beam with no charge.
755:
679:
2053:
1161:
1126:
1085:
1040:
995:
1999:
1936:
1881:
1840:
1765:
894:
463:
237:
185:
67:
50:
1569:{\displaystyle C={\frac {9.7}{L/2}}{\sqrt {\frac {T}{m}}}{\frac {a^{2}\cdot b^{2}}{a+b}},}
8:
1472:
2003:
1940:
1893:
1885:
1844:
1777:
1769:
1266:. In the case of D beams, the maximum neutralisation yield occurs at a target thickness
1905:
1791:
1689:
1662:
1642:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1454:
1367:
1347:
1249:
1229:
602:
2011:
1897:
1795:
1909:
1364:, the maximum gas pressure at the centre of the cell depends on the gas conductance
2007:
1954:
1944:
1889:
1869:
1848:
1781:
1773:
1682:
Very high gas throughput is commonly adopted, and neutral-beam systems have custom
572:
46:
38:
1753:
495:
83:
1813:
1949:
1924:
786:
564:
197:
129:
55:
1752:
V. Toigo; D. Boilson; T. Bonicelli; R. Piovan; M. Hanada; et al. (2015).
1707:
1325:{\displaystyle \tau _{{\text{D}}^{-},{\text{1 MeV}}}\approx 1.4\cdot 10^{-16}}
889:
265:
2047:
1925:"Neutralisation and transport of negative ion beams: physics and diagnostics"
1901:
377:
189:
169:
63:
176:. This happens because the beam bounces off ions already in the plasma .
1959:
179:
1786:
1751:
1181:
indicate the charge state of fast particle before and after collision.
54:
the plasma and current drive, one essential feature for long pulses of
2038:
1973:
1853:
1828:
172:
charge when it enters, as it passes through the plasma, the atoms are
1754:"Progress in the realization of the PRIMA neutral beam test facility"
405:
161:
157:
2033:
2029:
Thermonuclear Fusion Test
Reactor with neutral beam injector at PPPL
1339:
Simplified scheme of gas-cell neutraliser for neutral-beam injectors
802:
615:
1683:
153:
59:
1710:
the N-NBI neutraliser cell is about 15 m long, while in the
868:
173:
165:
149:
42:
1833:
349:
71:
578:
The interaction of fast neutrals with the plasma consist of
1868:
Schiesko, L; McNeely, P; Fantz, U; Franzen, P (2011-07-07).
78:
is a substantial challenge (D, 1 MeV, 40 A) and a
1867:
293:
75:
1150:
Underline indicates the fast particles, while subscripts
792:
1826:
1988:"The vacuum systems of the nuclear fusion facility JET"
1810:"Neutral beam powers into the record books, 09/07/2012"
742:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {E}{18\cdot n\cdot M}},}
585:
drift of newly created fast ions in the magnetic field,
582:
ionisation by collision with plasma electrons and ions,
1441:{\displaystyle P_{0}=P_{\text{tank}}+{\frac {Q}{2C}},}
180:
Neutral-beam injectors installed in fusion experiments
1692:
1665:
1645:
1625:
1605:
1585:
1484:
1457:
1393:
1370:
1350:
1272:
1252:
1232:
1193:
1164:
1129:
1088:
1043:
998:
758:
705:
682:
62:. In the 1990s there has been impressive progress in
696:for neutral beam ionization in a plasma is roughly
122:
This can be done by microwaving a low-pressure gas.
1698:
1671:
1651:
1631:
1611:
1591:
1568:
1463:
1440:
1376:
1356:
1324:
1258:
1238:
1218:
1170:
1135:
1094:
1049:
1004:
764:
741:
688:
592:
27:Method used to heat plasma inside a fusion device
2045:
144:the fast-moving hot neutral beam in the machine.
196:Additional heating power installed in various
557:
132:on them, heating them to fusion temperatures.
1922:
831:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
644:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
553: Active, NBI being updated and revised
1985:
964:
871:vapors are added to the plasma discharge (
1958:
1948:
1852:
1785:
1206:
1037: (double-electron detachment, with
851:Learn how and when to remove this message
664:Learn how and when to remove this message
1334:
992: (singe-electron detachment, with
601:
74:(D, 500 keV). The NBI designed for
1923:G. Serianni; et al. (April 2017).
14:
2046:
793:Charge state of the precursor ion beam
1874:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
1714:its length is limited to 3 m).
1246:the gas density along the beam path
829:adding citations to reliable sources
796:
642:adding citations to reliable sources
609:
45:consisting in a beam of high-energy
873:surface-plasma negative-ion sources
24:
935:Max power per installed beam (MW)
105:
25:
2065:
2022:
1219:{\displaystyle \tau =\int n\,dl,}
2039:IPP website about NBI technology
801:
614:
1724:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
126:Electrostatic ion acceleration.
92:ion cyclotron resonance heating
1979:
1967:
1916:
1861:
1835:. AIP Conference Proceedings.
1820:
1802:
1745:
1736:
1579:with the geometric parameters
921:Max acceleration voltage (kV)
597:
593:Design of neutral beam systems
200:experiments (* design target)
96:lower hybrid resonance heating
13:
1:
1894:10.1088/0741-3335/53/8/085029
1778:10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083025
1729:
37:) is one method used to heat
2012:10.1016/0042-207X(87)90015-7
205:Magnetic confinement device
101:
88:electron cyclotron resonance
7:
1717:
1082: (reionization, with
558:Coupling with fusion plasma
115:This is typically done by:
10:
2070:
865:electrostatic accelerators
2034:Auxiliary heating in ITER
1146:negligible at 1 MeV)
1123: (charge exchange,
1105:=3.79×10 m at 1 MeV)
1060:=7.22×10 m at 1 MeV)
1015:=1.13×10 m at 1 MeV)
1950:10.1088/1367-2630/aa64bd
882:N-NBI (* design target)
780:in amu, particle energy
765:{\displaystyle \lambda }
689:{\displaystyle \lambda }
1659:gas molecule mass, and
1171:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1136:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1095:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1050:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1005:{\displaystyle \sigma }
965:Ion beam neutralisation
772:in m, particle density
1929:New Journal of Physics
1700:
1673:
1653:
1633:
1613:
1593:
1570:
1475:can be calculated as
1465:
1442:
1378:
1358:
1340:
1326:
1260:
1240:
1220:
1172:
1137:
1096:
1051:
1006:
766:
743:
690:
676:The adsorption length
607:
112:
70:(H, 180 keV) and
31:Neutral-beam injection
18:Neutral Beam Injection
1974:IAEA Aladdin database
1701:
1674:
1654:
1639:indicated in figure,
1634:
1614:
1594:
1571:
1473:molecular-flow regime
1466:
1443:
1379:
1359:
1338:
1327:
1261:
1241:
1221:
1173:
1158:of the cross-section
1138:
1097:
1052:
1007:
776:in 10 m, atomic mass
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1127:
1086:
1041:
996:
825:improve this section
756:
703:
680:
638:improve this section
539: In development
51:magnetic confinement
2004:1987Vacuu..37..309D
1986:G. Duesing (1987).
1941:2017NJPh...19d5003S
1886:2011PPCF...53h5029S
1845:2018AIPC.2011f0002I
1770:2015NucFu..55h3025T
949:Pulse duration (s)
907:Precursor ion beam
883:
201:
49:that can enter the
1696:
1669:
1649:
1629:
1609:
1589:
1566:
1461:
1438:
1374:
1354:
1341:
1322:
1256:
1236:
1216:
1168:
1133:
1092:
1047:
1002:
881:
762:
739:
686:
608:
195:
113:
1854:10.1063/1.5053331
1699:{\displaystyle L}
1679:gas temperature.
1672:{\displaystyle T}
1652:{\displaystyle m}
1632:{\displaystyle b}
1612:{\displaystyle a}
1592:{\displaystyle L}
1561:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1464:{\displaystyle C}
1433:
1414:
1377:{\displaystyle C}
1357:{\displaystyle Q}
1296:
1282:
1259:{\displaystyle l}
1239:{\displaystyle n}
962:
961:
958:3600 (at 16.7MW)
861:
860:
853:
734:
674:
673:
666:
522:
521:
47:neutral particles
16:(Redirected from
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2015:
1998:(3–4): 309–315.
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952:30 (2MW, 360kV)
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232:First operation
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120:Making a plasma.
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56:burning plasmas
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1816:on 2017-03-24.
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2:
2066:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1960:11577/3227451
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:(4): 045003.
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:(8): 085029.
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:(1): 060002.
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:(8): 083025.
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1666:
1646:
1626:
1606:
1586:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1371:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1274:
1253:
1233:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1130:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1017:
999:
987:
983:
975:
972:
971:
970:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:
879:
876:
874:
870:
866:
855:
852:
844:
841:December 2020
834:
830:
826:
820:
819:
815:
810:This section
808:
804:
799:
798:
790:
788:
783:
779:
775:
759:
736:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
714:
709:
706:
699:
698:
697:
683:
668:
665:
657:
654:December 2020
647:
643:
639:
633:
632:
628:
623:This section
621:
617:
612:
611:
604:
587:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
568:
566:
547: Retired
524:
523:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
472:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
193:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
170:electrostatic
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
116:
108:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
43:fusion device
40:
36:
32:
19:
2054:Fusion power
1995:
1991:
1981:
1969:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1814:the original
1804:
1761:
1758:Nucl. Fusion
1757:
1747:
1738:
1684:vacuum pumps
1681:
1578:
1450:
1342:
1186:
1183:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1116:
1108:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1030:
1026:
1018:
985:
981:
973:
968:
877:
862:
847:
838:
823:Please help
811:
787:negative ion
781:
777:
773:
751:
675:
660:
651:
636:Please help
624:
577:
569:
561:
533: Active
515:Stellarator
487:Stellarator
198:fusion power
183:
160:or a mix of
147:
141:
135:
125:
119:
114:
94:(ICRH), and
64:negative ion
34:
30:
29:
1787:10281/96413
598:Beam energy
1730:References
1902:0741-3335
1796:124477971
1537:⋅
1315:−
1307:⋅
1301:≈
1286:−
1275:τ
1201:∫
1195:τ
1166:σ
1131:σ
1090:σ
1045:σ
1000:σ
812:does not
760:λ
728:⋅
722:⋅
707:λ
684:λ
625:does not
162:deuterium
158:deuterium
142:Injecting
102:Mechanism
86:heating,
80:prototype
60:ion beams
41:inside a
2048:Category
1910:33934446
1718:See also
1712:ITER HNB
1115:→
1070:→
1025:→
980:→
455:Tokamak
426:Tokamak
397:Tokamak
369:Tokamak
341:Tokamak
313:Tokamak
285:Tokamak
257:Tokamak
154:hydrogen
150:isotopes
111:machine.
2000:Bibcode
1937:Bibcode
1882:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1766:Bibcode
869:caesium
833:removed
818:sources
646:removed
631:sources
473:15 (H)
470:20 (D)
406:JT60-SA
378:ASDEX-U
190:ASDEX-U
188:and in
174:ionized
166:tritium
1992:Vacuum
1908:
1900:
1794:
1708:JT-60U
916:H / D
913:H / D
890:JT-60U
551:
545:
537:
531:
525:Legend
475:6 (D)
468:9 (H)
350:DIII-D
266:JT-60U
211:N-NBI
208:P-NBI
98:(LH).
72:JT-60U
39:plasma
1906:S2CID
1792:S2CID
1295:1 MeV
1226:with
944:16.7
930:1000
752:with
518:2015
490:1998
458:2026
429:2020
400:1991
372:1986
344:2006
316:1982
288:1985
260:1983
229:Type
1898:ISSN
1837:2011
1451:and
1413:tank
941:6.4
938:5.8
927:190
924:400
900:ITER
816:any
814:cite
629:any
627:cite
435:ITER
332:0.5
322:EAST
294:TFTR
220:ICRH
215:ECRH
164:and
130:work
76:ITER
2008:doi
1955:hdl
1945:doi
1890:doi
1849:doi
1782:hdl
1774:doi
1494:9.7
1471:in
1332:m.
1304:1.4
1119:+ D
1111:+ D
1078:+ D
1066:+ D
1058:−11
1033:+ D
1021:+ D
1013:−10
988:+ D
976:+ D
902:**
895:LHD
827:by
640:by
506:10
464:LHD
449:20
446:20
443:33
414:10
411:24
382:20
354:20
307:11
298:40
270:40
251:10
242:34
238:JET
186:JET
152:of
68:LHD
35:NBI
2050::
2006:.
1996:37
1994:.
1990:.
1953:.
1943:.
1933:19
1931:.
1927:.
1904:.
1896:.
1888:.
1878:53
1876:.
1872:.
1847:.
1831:.
1790:.
1780:.
1772:.
1762:55
1760:.
1756:.
1619:,
1599:,
1384::
1318:16
1311:10
1179:ij
1154:,
1144:10
1103:01
1074:+
1029:+
984:+
910:D
719:18
512:—
509:?
503:—
500:8
484:?
481:?
478:?
452:—
440:—
437:*
423:—
420:—
417:7
408:*
394:—
391:8
388:6
385:—
366:—
363:4
360:5
357:—
338:4
335:3
329:—
326:8
310:—
304:—
301:—
282:8
279:7
276:4
273:3
254:7
248:—
245:—
225:LH
84:RF
2014:.
2010::
2002::
1976:.
1963:.
1957::
1947::
1939::
1912:.
1892::
1884::
1857:.
1851::
1843::
1798:.
1784::
1776::
1768::
1694:L
1667:T
1647:m
1627:b
1607:a
1587:L
1564:,
1558:b
1555:+
1552:a
1545:2
1541:b
1532:2
1528:a
1518:m
1515:T
1506:2
1502:/
1498:L
1489:=
1486:C
1459:C
1436:,
1430:C
1427:2
1423:Q
1418:+
1409:P
1405:=
1400:0
1396:P
1372:C
1352:Q
1291:,
1281:D
1254:l
1234:n
1214:,
1211:l
1208:d
1204:n
1198:=
1156:j
1152:i
1121:2
1117:D
1113:2
1109:D
1080:2
1076:e
1072:D
1068:2
1064:D
1035:2
1031:e
1027:D
1023:2
1019:D
990:2
986:e
982:D
978:2
974:D
854:)
848:(
843:)
839:(
835:.
821:.
782:E
778:M
774:n
737:,
731:M
725:n
715:E
710:=
667:)
661:(
656:)
652:(
648:.
634:.
33:(
20:)
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