96:
1325:
592:
792:
605:
864:). Caesium, deposited at the source walls, is an efficient electron donor; atoms and positive ions scattered at caesiated surface have a relatively high probability of being scattered as negatively charged ions. Operation of caesiated sources is complex and not so reliable. The development of alternative concepts for negative-ion beam sources is mandatory for the use of neutral beam systems in future fusion reactors.
856:. The precursor beam could either be a positive-ion beam or a negative-ion beam: in order to obtain a sufficiently high current, it is produced extracting charges from a plasma discharge. However, few negative hydrogen ions are created in a hydrogen plasma discharge. In order to generate a sufficiently high negative-ion density and obtain a decent negative-ion beam current,
774:
1 MeV. With increasing energy, it is increasingly difficult to obtain fast hydrogen atoms starting from precursor beams composed of positive ions. For that reason, recent and future heating neutral beams will be based on negative-ion beams. In the interaction with background gas, it is much easier to detach the extra electron from a
95:
42:
field. When these neutral particles are ionized by collision with the plasma particles, they are kept in the plasma by the confining magnetic field and can transfer most of their energy by further collisions with the plasma. By tangential injection in the torus, neutral beams also provide momentum to
1332:
Typically, the background gas density shall be minimised all along the beam path (i.e. within the accelerating electrodes, along the duct connecting to the fusion plasma) to minimise losses except in the neutraliser cell. Therefore, the required target thickness for neutralisation is obtained by
773:
in keV. Depending on the plasma minor diameter and density, a minimum particle energy can be defined for the neutral beam, in order to deposit a sufficient power on the plasma core rather than to the plasma edge. For a fusion-relevant plasma, the required fast neutral energy gets in the range of
1563:
99:
First, plasma is formed by microwaving gas. Next, the plasma is accelerated across a voltage drop. This heats the ions to fusion conditions. After this the ions are re-neutralizing. Lastly, the neutrals are injected into the
1319:
157:. This material becomes part of the fusion plasma. It also transfers its energy into the existing plasma within the machine. This hot stream of material should raise the overall temperature. Although the beam has no
564:) by scrambling what were initially well-ordered magnetic fields. If the fast ions are susceptible to this type of behavior, they can escape very quickly. However, some evidence suggests that they are not susceptible.
551:
Because the magnetic field inside the torus is circular, these fast ions are confined to the background plasma. The confined fast ions mentioned above are slowed down by the background plasma, in a similar way to how
181:. To allow power deposition in the center of the burning plasma in larger devices, a higher neutral-beam energy is required. High-energy (>100 keV) systems require the use of negative ion technology (N-NBI).
559:
It is very important that the fast ions are confined within the plasma long enough for them to deposit their energy. Magnetic fluctuations are a big problem for plasma confinement in this type of device (see
1731:
L. R. Grisham, P. Agostinetti, G. Barrera, P. Blatchford, D. Boilson, J. Chareyre, et al., Recent improvements to the ITER neutral beam system design, Fusion
Engineering and Design 87 (11), 1805–1815.
958:
Neutralisation of the precursor ion beam is commonly performed by passing the beam through a gas cell. For a precursor negative-ion beam at fusion-relevant energies, the key collisional processes are:
1173:
Cross-sections at 1 MeV are such that, once created, a fast positive ion cannot be converted into a fast neutral, and this is the cause of the limited achievable efficiency of gas neutralisers.
736:
47:. Neutral-beam injection is a flexible and reliable technique, which has been the main heating system on a large variety of fusion devices. To date, all NBI systems were based on positive precursor
1435:
861:
1695:
is adopted, but this solution is unlikely in future devices due to the limited volume inside the bioshield protecting from energetic neutron flux (for instance, in the case of
1213:
577:
collisions of fast ions with plasma ions and electrons by
Coulomb collisions (slow-down and scattering, thermalisation) or charge exchange collisions with background neutrals.
778:(H has a binding energy of 0.75 eV and a very large cross-section for electron detachment in this energy range) rather than to attach one electron to a positive ion.
1176:
The fractions of negatively charged, positively charged, and neutral particles exiting the neutraliser gas cells depend on the integrated gas density or target thickness
759:
683:
1165:
1130:
1089:
1044:
999:
1333:
injecting gas in a cell with two open ends. A peaked density profile is realised along the cell, when injection occurs at mid-length. For a given gas throughput
1693:
1666:
1646:
1626:
1606:
1586:
1470:
1458:
1371:
1351:
1253:
1233:
1675:
among the largest ever built, with pumping speeds in the range of million liters per second. If there are no space constraints, a large gas cell length
137:
It is critical to inject neutral material into plasma, because if it is charged, it can start harmful plasma instabilities. Most fusion devices inject
1258:
1859:"Caesium influence on plasma parameters and source performance during conditioning of the prototype ITER neutral beam injector negative ion source"
310:
71:
is being constructed to optimize its performance in view of the ITER future operations. Other ways to heat plasma for nuclear fusion include
2017:
1816:
Ikeda, K.; Tsumori, K.; Kisaki, M.; Nakano, H.; Nagaoka, K.; Osakabe, M.; Kamio, S.; Fujiwara, Y.; Haba, Y.; Takeiri, Y. (2018).
813:
626:
173:
At present, all main fusion experiments use NBIs. Traditional positive-ion-based injectors (P-NBI) are installed for instance in
68:
691:
1379:
1798:
556:
slows down a baseball. The energy transfer from the fast ions to the plasma increases the overall plasma temperature.
839:
652:
117:
This is done dropping the positively charged ions towards negative plates. As the ions fall, the electric field does
821:
634:
1712:
208:
80:
817:
630:
203:
76:
1976:
1700:
1179:
888:
867:
Existing and future negative-ion-based neutral beam systems (N-NBI) are listed in the following table:
423:
853:
595:
Maximum neutralisation efficiency of a fast D ion beam in a gas cell, as a function of the ion energy
852:
A neutral beam is obtained by neutralisation of a precursor ion beam, commonly accelerated in large
802:
615:
213:
84:
55:
sources and accelerators with the construction of multi-megawatt negative-ion-based NBI systems at
1324:
1818:"First results of deuterium beam operation on neutral beam injectors in the large helical device"
806:
619:
127:
the hot plasma by adding in the opposite charge. This gives the fast-moving beam with no charge.
744:
668:
2042:
1150:
1115:
1074:
1029:
984:
1988:
1925:
1870:
1829:
1754:
883:
452:
226:
174:
56:
39:
1558:{\displaystyle C={\frac {9.7}{L/2}}{\sqrt {\frac {T}{m}}}{\frac {a^{2}\cdot b^{2}}{a+b}},}
8:
1461:
1992:
1929:
1882:
1874:
1833:
1766:
1758:
1255:. In the case of D beams, the maximum neutralisation yield occurs at a target thickness
1894:
1780:
1678:
1651:
1631:
1611:
1591:
1571:
1443:
1356:
1336:
1238:
1218:
591:
2000:
1886:
1784:
1898:
1353:, the maximum gas pressure at the centre of the cell depends on the gas conductance
1996:
1943:
1933:
1878:
1858:
1837:
1770:
1762:
1671:
Very high gas throughput is commonly adopted, and neutral-beam systems have custom
561:
35:
27:
1742:
484:
72:
1802:
1938:
1913:
775:
553:
186:
118:
44:
1741:
V. Toigo; D. Boilson; T. Bonicelli; R. Piovan; M. Hanada; et al. (2015).
1696:
1314:{\displaystyle \tau _{{\text{D}}^{-},{\text{1 MeV}}}\approx 1.4\cdot 10^{-16}}
878:
254:
2036:
1914:"Neutralisation and transport of negative ion beams: physics and diagnostics"
1890:
366:
178:
158:
52:
165:. This happens because the beam bounces off ions already in the plasma .
1948:
168:
1775:
1740:
1170:
indicate the charge state of fast particle before and after collision.
43:
the plasma and current drive, one essential feature for long pulses of
2027:
1962:
1842:
1817:
161:
charge when it enters, as it passes through the plasma, the atoms are
1743:"Progress in the realization of the PRIMA neutral beam test facility"
394:
150:
146:
2022:
2018:
Thermonuclear Fusion Test
Reactor with neutral beam injector at PPPL
1328:
Simplified scheme of gas-cell neutraliser for neutral-beam injectors
791:
604:
1672:
142:
48:
1699:
the N-NBI neutraliser cell is about 15 m long, while in the
857:
162:
154:
138:
31:
1822:
338:
60:
567:
The interaction of fast neutrals with the plasma consist of
1857:
Schiesko, L; McNeely, P; Fantz, U; Franzen, P (2011-07-07).
67:
is a substantial challenge (D, 1 MeV, 40 A) and a
1856:
282:
64:
1139:
Underline indicates the fast particles, while subscripts
781:
1815:
1977:"The vacuum systems of the nuclear fusion facility JET"
1799:"Neutral beam powers into the record books, 09/07/2012"
731:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {E}{18\cdot n\cdot M}},}
574:
drift of newly created fast ions in the magnetic field,
571:
ionisation by collision with plasma electrons and ions,
1430:{\displaystyle P_{0}=P_{\text{tank}}+{\frac {Q}{2C}},}
169:
Neutral-beam injectors installed in fusion experiments
1681:
1654:
1634:
1614:
1594:
1574:
1473:
1446:
1382:
1359:
1339:
1261:
1241:
1221:
1182:
1153:
1118:
1077:
1032:
987:
747:
694:
671:
51:. In the 1990s there has been impressive progress in
685:for neutral beam ionization in a plasma is roughly
111:
This can be done by microwaving a low-pressure gas.
1687:
1660:
1640:
1620:
1600:
1580:
1557:
1452:
1429:
1365:
1345:
1313:
1247:
1227:
1207:
1159:
1124:
1083:
1038:
993:
753:
730:
677:
581:
16:Method used to heat plasma inside a fusion device
2034:
133:the fast-moving hot neutral beam in the machine.
185:Additional heating power installed in various
546:
121:on them, heating them to fusion temperatures.
1911:
820:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
633:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
542: Active, NBI being updated and revised
1974:
953:
860:vapors are added to the plasma discharge (
1947:
1937:
1841:
1774:
1195:
1026: (double-electron detachment, with
840:Learn how and when to remove this message
653:Learn how and when to remove this message
1323:
981: (singe-electron detachment, with
590:
63:(D, 500 keV). The NBI designed for
1912:G. Serianni; et al. (April 2017).
2035:
782:Charge state of the precursor ion beam
1863:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
1703:its length is limited to 3 m).
1235:the gas density along the beam path
818:adding citations to reliable sources
785:
631:adding citations to reliable sources
598:
34:consisting in a beam of high-energy
862:surface-plasma negative-ion sources
13:
924:Max power per installed beam (MW)
94:
14:
2054:
2011:
1208:{\displaystyle \tau =\int n\,dl,}
2028:IPP website about NBI technology
790:
603:
1713:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
115:Electrostatic ion acceleration.
81:ion cyclotron resonance heating
1968:
1956:
1905:
1850:
1824:. AIP Conference Proceedings.
1809:
1791:
1734:
1725:
1568:with the geometric parameters
910:Max acceleration voltage (kV)
586:
582:Design of neutral beam systems
189:experiments (* design target)
85:lower hybrid resonance heating
1:
1883:10.1088/0741-3335/53/8/085029
1767:10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083025
1718:
26:) is one method used to heat
2001:10.1016/0042-207X(87)90015-7
194:Magnetic confinement device
90:
77:electron cyclotron resonance
7:
1706:
1071: (reionization, with
547:Coupling with fusion plasma
104:This is typically done by:
10:
2059:
854:electrostatic accelerators
2023:Auxiliary heating in ITER
1135:negligible at 1 MeV)
1112: (charge exchange,
1094:=3.79×10 m at 1 MeV)
1049:=7.22×10 m at 1 MeV)
1004:=1.13×10 m at 1 MeV)
1939:10.1088/1367-2630/aa64bd
871:N-NBI (* design target)
769:in amu, particle energy
754:{\displaystyle \lambda }
678:{\displaystyle \lambda }
1648:gas molecule mass, and
1160:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1125:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1084:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1039:{\displaystyle \sigma }
994:{\displaystyle \sigma }
954:Ion beam neutralisation
761:in m, particle density
1918:New Journal of Physics
1689:
1662:
1642:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1559:
1464:can be calculated as
1454:
1431:
1367:
1347:
1329:
1315:
1249:
1229:
1209:
1161:
1126:
1085:
1040:
995:
755:
732:
679:
665:The adsorption length
596:
101:
59:(H, 180 keV) and
20:Neutral-beam injection
1963:IAEA Aladdin database
1690:
1663:
1643:
1628:indicated in figure,
1623:
1603:
1583:
1560:
1462:molecular-flow regime
1455:
1432:
1368:
1348:
1327:
1316:
1250:
1230:
1210:
1162:
1147:of the cross-section
1127:
1086:
1041:
996:
765:in 10 m, atomic mass
756:
733:
680:
594:
98:
1679:
1652:
1632:
1612:
1592:
1572:
1471:
1444:
1380:
1357:
1337:
1259:
1239:
1219:
1180:
1151:
1116:
1075:
1030:
985:
814:improve this section
745:
692:
669:
627:improve this section
528: In development
40:magnetic confinement
1993:1987Vacuu..37..309D
1975:G. Duesing (1987).
1930:2017NJPh...19d5003S
1875:2011PPCF...53h5029S
1834:2018AIPC.2011f0002I
1759:2015NucFu..55h3025T
938:Pulse duration (s)
896:Precursor ion beam
872:
190:
38:that can enter the
1685:
1658:
1638:
1618:
1598:
1578:
1555:
1450:
1427:
1363:
1343:
1330:
1311:
1245:
1225:
1205:
1157:
1122:
1081:
1036:
991:
870:
751:
728:
675:
597:
184:
102:
1843:10.1063/1.5053331
1688:{\displaystyle L}
1668:gas temperature.
1661:{\displaystyle T}
1641:{\displaystyle m}
1621:{\displaystyle b}
1601:{\displaystyle a}
1581:{\displaystyle L}
1550:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1453:{\displaystyle C}
1422:
1403:
1366:{\displaystyle C}
1346:{\displaystyle Q}
1285:
1271:
1248:{\displaystyle l}
1228:{\displaystyle n}
951:
950:
947:3600 (at 16.7MW)
850:
849:
842:
723:
663:
662:
655:
511:
510:
36:neutral particles
2050:
2005:
2004:
1987:(3–4): 309–315.
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1801:. Archived from
1795:
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1778:
1738:
1732:
1729:
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1667:
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1312:
1310:
1309:
1288:
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1286:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
941:30 (2MW, 360kV)
873:
869:
845:
838:
834:
831:
825:
794:
786:
760:
758:
757:
752:
737:
735:
734:
729:
724:
722:
702:
684:
682:
681:
676:
658:
651:
647:
644:
638:
607:
599:
562:plasma stability
541:
535:
527:
521:
221:First operation
191:
183:
109:Making a plasma.
79:heating (ECRH),
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2032:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1910:
1906:
1855:
1851:
1814:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1709:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1539:
1532:
1528:
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1489:
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1414:
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1400:
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1111:
1103:
1093:
1076:
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1070:
1058:
1048:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1013:
1003:
986:
983:
982:
980:
968:
956:
944:128 (at 0.2MW)
846:
835:
829:
826:
811:
795:
784:
746:
743:
742:
706:
701:
693:
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608:
589:
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485:Wendelstein 7-X
463:
458:
171:
145:, such as pure
93:
45:burning plasmas
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2012:External links
2010:
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1805:on 2017-03-24.
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554:air resistance
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125:Reneutralizing
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2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1949:11577/3227451
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:(4): 045003.
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:(8): 085029.
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:(1): 060002.
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:(8): 083025.
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1655:
1635:
1615:
1595:
1575:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1447:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1360:
1340:
1326:
1322:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1263:
1242:
1222:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1119:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1006:
988:
976:
972:
964:
961:
960:
959:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
868:
865:
863:
859:
855:
844:
841:
833:
830:December 2020
823:
819:
815:
809:
808:
804:
799:This section
797:
793:
788:
787:
779:
777:
772:
768:
764:
748:
725:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
703:
698:
695:
688:
687:
686:
672:
657:
654:
646:
643:December 2020
636:
632:
628:
622:
621:
617:
612:This section
610:
606:
601:
600:
593:
576:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
563:
557:
555:
536: Retired
513:
512:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
461:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
188:
182:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
159:electrostatic
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
105:
97:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:fusion device
29:
25:
21:
2043:Fusion power
1984:
1980:
1970:
1958:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1803:the original
1793:
1750:
1747:Nucl. Fusion
1746:
1736:
1727:
1673:vacuum pumps
1670:
1567:
1439:
1331:
1175:
1172:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1105:
1097:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1019:
1015:
1007:
974:
970:
962:
957:
866:
851:
836:
827:
812:Please help
800:
776:negative ion
770:
766:
762:
740:
664:
649:
640:
625:Please help
613:
566:
558:
550:
522: Active
504:Stellarator
476:Stellarator
187:fusion power
172:
149:or a mix of
136:
130:
124:
114:
108:
103:
83:(ICRH), and
53:negative ion
23:
19:
18:
1776:10281/96413
587:Beam energy
1719:References
1891:0741-3335
1785:124477971
1526:⋅
1304:−
1296:⋅
1290:≈
1275:−
1264:τ
1190:∫
1184:τ
1155:σ
1120:σ
1079:σ
1034:σ
989:σ
801:does not
749:λ
717:⋅
711:⋅
696:λ
673:λ
614:does not
151:deuterium
147:deuterium
131:Injecting
91:Mechanism
75:heating,
69:prototype
49:ion beams
30:inside a
2037:Category
1899:33934446
1707:See also
1701:ITER HNB
1104:→
1059:→
1014:→
969:→
444:Tokamak
415:Tokamak
386:Tokamak
358:Tokamak
330:Tokamak
302:Tokamak
274:Tokamak
246:Tokamak
143:hydrogen
139:isotopes
100:machine.
1989:Bibcode
1926:Bibcode
1871:Bibcode
1830:Bibcode
1755:Bibcode
858:caesium
822:removed
807:sources
635:removed
620:sources
462:15 (H)
459:20 (D)
395:JT60-SA
367:ASDEX-U
179:ASDEX-U
177:and in
163:ionized
155:tritium
1981:Vacuum
1897:
1889:
1783:
1697:JT-60U
905:H / D
902:H / D
879:JT-60U
540:
534:
526:
520:
514:Legend
464:6 (D)
457:9 (H)
339:DIII-D
255:JT-60U
200:N-NBI
197:P-NBI
87:(LH).
61:JT-60U
28:plasma
1895:S2CID
1781:S2CID
1284:1 MeV
1215:with
933:16.7
919:1000
741:with
507:2015
479:1998
447:2026
418:2020
389:1991
361:1986
333:2006
305:1982
277:1985
249:1983
218:Type
1887:ISSN
1826:2011
1440:and
1402:tank
930:6.4
927:5.8
916:190
913:400
889:ITER
805:any
803:cite
618:any
616:cite
424:ITER
321:0.5
311:EAST
283:TFTR
209:ICRH
204:ECRH
153:and
119:work
65:ITER
1997:doi
1944:hdl
1934:doi
1879:doi
1838:doi
1771:hdl
1763:doi
1483:9.7
1460:in
1321:m.
1293:1.4
1108:+ D
1100:+ D
1067:+ D
1055:+ D
1047:−11
1022:+ D
1010:+ D
1002:−10
977:+ D
965:+ D
891:**
884:LHD
816:by
629:by
495:10
453:LHD
438:20
435:20
432:33
403:10
400:24
371:20
343:20
296:11
287:40
259:40
240:10
231:34
227:JET
175:JET
141:of
57:LHD
24:NBI
2039::
1995:.
1985:37
1983:.
1979:.
1942:.
1932:.
1922:19
1920:.
1916:.
1893:.
1885:.
1877:.
1867:53
1865:.
1861:.
1836:.
1820:.
1779:.
1769:.
1761:.
1751:55
1749:.
1745:.
1608:,
1588:,
1373::
1307:16
1300:10
1168:ij
1143:,
1133:10
1092:01
1063:+
1018:+
973:+
899:D
708:18
501:—
498:?
492:—
489:8
473:?
470:?
467:?
441:—
429:—
426:*
412:—
409:—
406:7
397:*
383:—
380:8
377:6
374:—
355:—
352:4
349:5
346:—
327:4
324:3
318:—
315:8
299:—
293:—
290:—
271:8
268:7
265:4
262:3
243:7
237:—
234:—
214:LH
73:RF
2003:.
1999::
1991::
1965:.
1952:.
1946::
1936::
1928::
1901:.
1881::
1873::
1846:.
1840::
1832::
1787:.
1773::
1765::
1757::
1683:L
1656:T
1636:m
1616:b
1596:a
1576:L
1553:,
1547:b
1544:+
1541:a
1534:2
1530:b
1521:2
1517:a
1507:m
1504:T
1495:2
1491:/
1487:L
1478:=
1475:C
1448:C
1425:,
1419:C
1416:2
1412:Q
1407:+
1398:P
1394:=
1389:0
1385:P
1361:C
1341:Q
1280:,
1270:D
1243:l
1223:n
1203:,
1200:l
1197:d
1193:n
1187:=
1145:j
1141:i
1110:2
1106:D
1102:2
1098:D
1069:2
1065:e
1061:D
1057:2
1053:D
1024:2
1020:e
1016:D
1012:2
1008:D
979:2
975:e
971:D
967:2
963:D
843:)
837:(
832:)
828:(
824:.
810:.
771:E
767:M
763:n
726:,
720:M
714:n
704:E
699:=
656:)
650:(
645:)
641:(
637:.
623:.
22:(
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