Terminology of the Low Countries

3380: 704:, in many cases it was understood or meant to refer to the language now known as Dutch. Apart from the sparsely populated eastern borderlands, there was little to no contact with contemporary speakers of German dialects, let alone a concept of the existence of German as language in its modern sense among the Dutch. Because medieval trade focused on travel by water and with the most heavily populated areas adjacent to Northwestern France, the average 15th century Dutchman stood a far greater chance of hearing French or English than a dialect of the German interior, despite its relative geographical closeness. Medieval Dutch authors had a vague, generalized sense of common linguistic roots between their language and various German dialects, but no concept of speaking the same language existed. Instead they saw their linguistic surroundings mostly in terms of small scale regiolects. 879: 43: 834:, started to use "Duytsch" in a sense which would today be called "Germanic". Beginning in the second half of the 16th century, the nomenclature gradually became more fixed, with "Nederlandsch" and "Nederduytsch" becoming the preferred terms for Dutch and with "Hooghduytsch" referring to the language today called German. Initially the word "Duytsch" itself remained vague in exact meaning, but after the 1650s a trend emerges in which "Duytsch" is taken as the shorthand for "Hooghduytsch". This process was probably accelerated by the large number of Germans employed as agricultural day laborers and mercenary soldiers in the 753:(literally: Overlandish, High-"Dutch") by Dutch merchants sailing upriver. Though "Duytsch" forms part of the compound in both Nederduytsch and Hoogduytsch, this should not be taken to imply that the Dutch saw their language as being especially closely related to the German dialects spoken in Southerwestern Germany. On the contrary, the term "Hoogduytsch" specifically came into being as a special category because Dutch travelers visiting these parts found it hard to understand the local vernacular: in a letter dated to 1487 a Flemish merchant from Bruges instructs his agent to conduct trade transactions in 281: 1750: 2311: 3038: 2452:, respectively. Their reasoning was that "if in addition to Holland a recognisable translation of the Netherlands does exist in a foreign language, it should be regarded as the best translation" and that "the Kingdom of the Netherlands has a right to use the translation it thinks best, certainly on official documents". Although the government initially refused to change the text except for the Estonian, recent Dutch passports feature the translation proposed by the First Chamber members. Calques derived from 3052: 1100: 55: 1036: 483:(1378–1465) specifically mentions the inhabitants of three Dutch-speaking fiefdoms (Flanders, Guelders and Brabant) as travel companions, but also lists the far more general "Dutchemēne" and "Almains", the latter term having an almost equally broad meaning, though being more restricted in its geographical use; usually referring to people and locaties within modern 700:, its meaning being largely implicitly provided by the regional orientation of medieval Dutch society: apart from the higher echelons of the clergy and nobility, mobility was largely static and hence while "Dutch" could by extension also be used in its earlier sense, referring to what to today would be called Germanic dialects as opposed to 4896: 585:. Due to the latter, "Dutch" also became a pejorative label pinned by English speakers on almost anything they regard as inferior, irregular, or contrary to their own practice. Examples include "Dutch treat" (each person paying for himself), "Dutch courage" (boldness inspired by alcohol), "Dutch wife" (a type of 729:"Nederduytsch" (literally: Nether-Dutch, Low-Dutch) appeared in print, in a way combining the earlier "Duytsch" and "Nederlandsch" into one compound. The term was preferred by many leading contemporary grammarians such as Balthazar Huydecoper, Arnold Moonen and Jan ten Kate because it provided a continuity with 1174:", has replaced "Flemish Primitives", despite the equivalents remaining current in French, Dutch and other languages; the latter is now only seen in poorly-translated material from a language that uses it. In English the pejorative sense of "primitive" makes the term impossible to use in such a context. 474:

could be used as a hypernym for several languages (The North est Contrey which lond spekyn all maner Duche tonge – The North is an area, in which all lands speak all manner of "Dutch" languages) but it could also suggest singular use (In Duche a rudder is a knyght – In "Dutch" a rudder is a knight)

5009:

Why did they leave? Why did they stay? On continuity versus discontinuity from Roman times to Early Middle Ages in the western coastal area of the Netherlands. In: Kontinuität und Diskontinuität: Germania inferior am Beginn und am Ende der römischen Herrschaft; Beiträge des deutsch-niederländischen

4107:

The Pennsylvania Dutch Country, by I. Richman, 2004: "Taking the name Pennsylvania Dutch from a corruption of their own word for themselves, "Deutsch," the first German settlers arrived in Pennsylvania in 1683. By the time of the American Revolution, their influence was such that Benjamin Franklin,

2302:

In 2019, the Dutch government announced that it would only communicate and advertise under its real name "the Netherlands" in the future, and stop describing itself as Holland. They stated: “It has been agreed that the Netherlands, the official name of our country, should preferably be used.” From

109:

The Low Countries—and the Netherlands and Belgium—had in their history exceptionally many and widely varying names, resulting in equally varying names in different languages. There is diversity even within languages: the use of one word for the country and another for the adjective form is common.

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became Duke of Lower Lorraine, where the Low Countries have their political origin. By that time the title had lost most of its territorial authority. According to protocol, all his successors were thereafter called Dukes of Brabant and Lower Lorraine (often called Duke of Lothier).

4894: 765:. The synods choice of "Nederduytsch" over the more dominant "Nederlandsch", was inspired by the phonological similarities between "neder-" and "nederig" (the latter meaning "humble") and the fact that it did not contain a worldly element ("land"), whereas "Nederlandsch" did. 612:. This lingering ambiguity was most likely caused by close proximity to German-speaking immigrants, who referred to themselves or (in the case of the Pennsylvania Dutch) their language as "Deutsch" or "Deitsch", rather than archaic use of the term "Dutch" 1802:

for the Low Countries and the Dutch language. This was certainly the case in France, since the Flemish are the first Dutch speaking people for them to encounter. In French-Dutch dictionaries of the 16th century, "Dutch" is almost always translated as

870:-varieties. Hence in contemporary Dutch, "Nederduits" is used to describe Low German varieties, specifically those spoken in Northern Germany as the varieties spoken in the eastern Netherlands, while related, are referred to as "Nedersaksisch". 737:(which not only encompassed much of the contemporary Dutch-speaking area / Netherlands, but also added classical prestige to the name) and amplified the dichotomy between Early Modern Dutch and the "Dutch" (German) dialects spoken around the 2357:(1806–1810). This is the only time in history that "Holland" became an official designation of the entire Dutch territory. Around the same time, the former countship of Holland was dissolved and split up into two provinces, later known as 122:). The complicated nomenclature is a source of confusion for outsiders, and is due to the long history of the language, the culture and the frequent change of economic and military power within the Low Countries over the past 2,000 years. 3314:: literally "United Belgium", Latinized name for the Dutch Republic (also known as United Netherlands, Northern Netherlands or United Provinces), after the northern part of the Low Countries declared its independence from the 1170:, and the French and German equivalents. It is now rare in general use, but remains used in history, especially in reference to art or music produced anywhere in the Low Countries during the 15th and early 16th centuries. " 224:

in the 10th century, where the Low Countries politically have their origin. Lower Lorraine disintegrated into a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics. Some of these became so powerful, that their names were used as a

772:, started to use "Duytsch" in a sense which would today be called "Germanic", for example in a dialogue recorded in the influential Dutch grammar book "Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst", published in 1584: 838:

and the ever increasing popularity of "Nederlandsch" and "Nederduytsch" over "Duytsch", the use of which had already been in decline for over a century, thereby acquiring its current meaning (German) in Dutch.

1638:

In many languages the nomenclature "Low Countries" can both refer to the cultural and historical region comprising present-day Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, and to "the Netherlands" alone, e.g.,

2365:, because one Holland province by itself was considered too dominant in area, population and wealth compared to the other provinces. Today the two provinces making up Holland, including the cities of 1635:(signed in 1944) and is now used more generally to refer to the geopolitical and economical grouping of the three countries, while "Low Countries" is used in a more cultural or historical context. 4792: 2408:

drew attention to the fact that in Dutch passports, for some EU-languages a translation meaning "Kingdom of Holland" was used, as opposed to "Kingdom of the Netherlands". As replacements for the

475:

in which case linguistic and/or geographic pointers need to be used to determine or approximate what the author would have meant in modern terms, which can be difficult. For example, in his poem

114:

is the adjective form for the country "the Netherlands". Moreover, many languages have the same word for both the country of the Netherlands and the region of the Low Countries, e.g., French (

162:. Throughout the centuries, the names of these ancestors have been in use as a reference to the Low Countries, in an attempt to define a collective identity. In the 4th and 5th centuries a 3870:, Deutsch und Germanisch - drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., 2350:, dominating foreign trade, and hence most of the Dutch traders encountered by foreigners were from Holland, which explains why the Netherlands is often called Holland overseas. 4526: 4500: 3577:, the Franks conquered the Frisians and converted them to Christianity. From that time on a colony of Frisians was living in Rome and thus the old name for the people from the 4280: 958:. The related geographical location of the "upper" ground changed over time tremendously, and rendered over time several names for the area now known as the Low Countries: 4689: 1159:), introducing a distinction, i.e. Northern vs. Southern Netherlands; the latter evolved into the present-day Belgium after a brief unification in the early 19th century. 3946: 4587: 1026:, meaning "land down here", used as opposed to her other possessions on higher grounds in Europe (Austria and Hungary). Possibly developed from "Les pays de par deçà". 638:

in Early Modern Dutch. In the earliest sources, its primary use was to differentiate between Germanic and the Romance dialects, as expressed by the Middle Dutch poet

4346: 4080:

Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.

3257: 5063: 5024: 4467: 1200:

Apart from this largely intellectual use, the term "Netherlandish" as adjective is not commonly used in English, unlike its Dutch equivalent. Many languages have a

4823: 2242:

as a whole. Even the Dutch use this sometimes, although this may be resented outside the two modern provinces that make up historical Holland. Strictly speaking,

4719: 2307:

will solely be called the Netherlands in any official setting. Nonetheless, the name "Holland" is still widely used for the Netherlands national football team.

3399:

Throughout the centuries the Dutch attempted to define their collective identity by looking at their ancestors, the Batavi. As claimed by the Roman historian

328: 334: 3771: 4796: 3106:(English: "the Brabantian"), and the Belgium flag has taken its colors from the Brabant coat of arms: black, yellow and red. This was influenced by the 4235:

L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 102–103.

4214: 4159:

L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 98-110.

4150:

L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 102–103

4556: 3391:("Index of Batavian and Dutch writers"). The Dutch Virgin sits on the Dutch lion. Left in the background a bookcase bearing the coats of arms of the 3188:, heir of Charles V, sent an army of Spanish mercenaries to suppress political upheavals to the Seventeen Provinces. A number of southern provinces ( 4000:

P.A.F. van Veen en N. van der Sijs (1997), Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden, 2e druk, Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht/Antwerpen

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L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 102.

1543: 340: 4924: 4428: 4200:

G.A.R. de Smet, Die Bezeichnungen der niederländischen Sprache im Laufe ihrer Geschichte; in: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter 37 (1973), p. 315-327

5525: 830:. As the Dutch increasingly referred to their own language as "Nederlandsch" or "Nederduytsch", the term "Duytsch" became more ambiguous. Dutch 216:

The designation "low" to refer to the region has also been in use many times. First by the Romans, who called it Germania "Inferior". After the

5500: 3802: 3379: 596:, the word "Dutch" remained somewhat ambiguous until the start of the 19th century. Generally, it referred to the Dutch, their language or the 768:

As the Dutch increasingly referred to their own language as "Nederlandsch" or "Nederduytsch", the term "Duytsch" became more ambiguous. Dutch

5455: 5259: 4263:

Peters, Wim Blockmans and Walter Prevenier ; translated by Elizabeth Fackelman ; translation revised and edited by Edward (1999).

3648: 5680: 5169: 5115:

Rondom de mondingen van Rijn & Maas. Landschap en bewoning tussen de 3e en 9e eeuw in Zuid-Holland, in het bijzonder de Oude Rijnstreek

878: 3411:("Batavian") was used from the 15th to the 18th century, meaning "of, or relating to the Netherlands" (but not the southern Netherlands). 930:

are used everywhere in Europe. They are often used in contrast with an upstream or higher area whose name contains words such as "upper",

886:(1581), an account of the history and the arts of the Low Countries, no less than three names are used to indicate the Low Countries: 1) 5129: 5087: 4954: 3922: 1107:

Apart from its topographic usage for the then multi-government area of the Low Countries, the 15th century saw the first attested use of

4868: 5403: 3979: 381:. In this sense, it meant "the language of the common people", that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to 4984: 4745: 1651:

in Italian. Several other languages have literally translated "Low Countries" into their own language to refer to the Dutch language:

5862: 5852: 5470: 4522: 4489: 17: 842:

In the late 19th century "Nederduits" was reintroduced to Dutch through the German language, where prominent linguists, such as the

757:

in French, rather than the local tongue to avoid any misunderstandings. In 1571 use of "Nederduytsch" greatly increased because the

4264: 850:, in the nascent field of German and Germanic studies used the term to refer to Germanic dialects which had not taken part in the 413:, where the decisions are being written down "tam Latine quam theodisce" meaning "in Latin as well as Germanic". So in this sense 5892: 5398: 4681: 733:("Duytsch" being the evolution of medieval "Dietsc"), was at the time considered the proper translation of the Roman Province of 1197:

produced before 1830, i.e., until the secession of Belgium from the Netherlands to distinguish the period from what came after.

439:

spoken on the European mainland. Historical linguists have noted that the medieval "Duche" itself most likely shows an external

6020: 5465: 4770: 4453:

The Dutch Revolt through Spanish eyes : self and other in historical and literary texts of Golden Age Spain (c. 1548–1673)

3944: 166:

confederation of Germanic tribes significantly made a lasting change by entering the Roman provinces and starting to build the

6415: 5751: 5123: 4862: 4575: 4461: 4398: 3674: 1008:: used by 15th century Burgundian rulers who resided in the Low Countries, meaning "the lands over here". On the other hand, 42: 3845: 1814:

as a reference to the language of the Low Countries was also in use in Spain. In the 16th century, when Spain inherited the

5616: 5520: 5428: 5408: 3723: 1139:

in the early 1900s, the latter becoming the sole name for the language by 1945. Earlier, from the mid-16th century on, the

6410: 5784: 5094:, Volume 13 van Amsterdam archaeological studies, redacteurs: Ton Derks, Nico Roymans, Amsterdam University Press, 2009, 3620: 455:, which brought the English in close linguistic contact with the cloth merchants living in the Dutch-speaking cities of 5912: 5643: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5386: 3799:"The Elusive Netherlands. The question of national identity in the Early Modern Low Countries on the Eve of the Revolt" 2304: 2296: 4820: 1162:

The English adjective "Netherlandish", meaning "from the Low Countries", is derived directly from the Dutch adjective

581:. Many factors facilitated this, including close geographic proximity, trade and military conflicts, for instance the 6400: 5794: 5789: 5685: 5675: 5660: 5566: 5515: 5510: 5376: 5099: 5057: 5018: 4656: 4340: 4274: 3973: 3908:

Walahfrid Strabo's Libellus de Exordiis Et Incrementis Quarundam in ... a translation by Alice L. Harting-Correa

3839: 1604: 1549: 947: 67: 4711: 5670: 5490: 5475: 5450: 5321: 5162: 3749: 3305:

Lingua Belgica: Latinized name for the Dutch language in 16th century dictionaries, popular under the influence of

2295:

newspapers states: "Do not use when you mean the Netherlands (of which it is a region), with the exception of the

6420: 6146: 5937: 5907: 5820: 5761: 5690: 5621: 5611: 5581: 5571: 3216:(1579), and begun negotiations for a peace treaty with Spain. In response, nine northern provinces united in the 3323:: literally "King's Belgium", Latinized name for the Southern Netherlands, remained faithful to the Spanish king 470:

Its exact meaning is dependent on context, but tends to be vague regardless. When concerning language, the word

6076: 5902: 5633: 5626: 5586: 3916: 3775: 2378: 394: 6425: 5867: 5606: 5601: 5576: 3178: 3087: 969:(southern Germany). In the 16th century the term was used again, though without this contrastive counterpart. 4210: 3581:

who came to Rome has remained in use in the national church of the Netherlands in Rome, which is called the

189:, also known as "Old Low Franconian" among linguists. At the time the language was spoken, it was known as * 5872: 5771: 5665: 5648: 5596: 5591: 5438: 5391: 3615: 1552:: unification of the Northern Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands (Belgium and Luxembourg) (1815–1830) 1171: 1088: 696:"Dietsc/Duutsc" was increasingly used as an umbrella term for the specific Germanic dialects spoken in the 4617: 4548: 6395: 5917: 5857: 5830: 5746: 5655: 5556: 5544: 5423: 5381: 5366: 5254: 5155: 4843:; Poelhekke, J. J.; Bruijn, J. R.; Boogman, J. C.; Bornewasser, J. A.; Hegeman, J. G.; Carter, Alice C.; 851: 807: 707:

In the 19th century, the term "Diets" was revived by Dutch linguists and historians as a poetic name for

452: 3162:

Holland, Flanders and 15 other counties, duchies and bishoprics in the Low Countries were united as the

6283: 6096: 6013: 5973: 5927: 5808: 5779: 5756: 5709: 5197: 5189: 4916: 4420: 3671:"Low Countries - definition of Low Countries by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia" 3465: 3171: 1555: 1540:: comprising present Belgium, Luxembourg and parts of northern France under Habsburg rule (after 1713) 6344: 6121: 5835: 5731: 5695: 5210: 4494: 3719: 2405: 1632: 796: 3798: 3293:, from the 15th to the 17th century the name was the usual Latin translation to refer to the entire 3126:), sometimes referred to as the "Belgian Revolution of 1789–90" in older writing, that was an armed 6405: 5922: 5887: 5882: 3091: 3068: 2246:

is only the central-western region of the country comprising two of the twelve provinces. They are

1765: 1519: 1499: 1194: 3082:

Perhaps of influence for this pars pro toto usage is the Brabantian holding of the ducal title of

1619:. The name "Benelux" is formed from joining the first two or three letters of each country's name 6390: 6359: 6311: 6208: 6203: 5942: 5223: 4027:

F.C. and J. Rivington, T. Payne, Wilkie and Robinson: The Chronicle of Iohn Hardyng, 1812, p. 99.

3640: 3550:

were an ancient tribe who lived in the coastal area of the Netherlands in Roman times. After the

3504: 3075:

has served as a pars pro toto for the whole of the Low Countries, for example in the writings of

2980: 784:

S: Ick spreeck, so als Becanus, int ghemeen vande duytse taal, die zelve voor een taal houdende.

712: 448: 363: 324: 159: 86:. Both Belgium and the Netherlands derived their names from earlier names for the region, due to 4036:

F.C. and J. Rivington, T. Payne, Wilkie and Robinson: The Chronicle of Iohn Hardyng, 1812, p. 99

3511:

between the 4th and 8th century. Between the 5th and 9th centuries, the languages spoken by the

417:

referred to the Germanic language spoken in Great Britain, which was later replaced by the name

280: 5638: 5311: 3261: 3241: 3098:

Brabant symbolism served again a role as national symbols during the formation of Belgium. The

1793: 1495: 1023: 1005: 244: 5113: 5084: 4946: 4610:"Entry VLAENDREN; ONW, entry FLĀMINK; Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), entry VLAMING" 4330: 4308: 3906: 965:: Roman province established in AD 89 (parts of Belgium and the Netherlands), downstream from 6316: 6168: 6006: 5726: 5047: 5007: 4852: 4451: 4253:

M. Janssen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p. 82.

4186:

M. Janssen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p. 30.

3714: 3345: 3245: 3143: 2990: 2967:: region, former county in the Netherlands consisting of the provinces Noord- en Zuid-Holland 2346:

from the 13th to the 15th centuries. Holland remained most powerful during the period of the

1475: 1178: 1092: 780:

R. ghy zeyde flux dat de Duytsche taal by haar zelven bestaat/ ick heb my wel laten segghen,

762: 601: 95: 34: 4380:

M. Janssen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p.29.

3963: 6321: 5998: 5982: 5418: 5336: 5316: 4976: 4089:

Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2

3536: 3356:) or "United States of Belgium", short-lived Belgian precursor state established after the 3205: 3131: 2997: 1831: 1815: 1537: 1525: 1505: 1140: 1019: 444: 248: 4917:"De benaming van onze taal in woordenboeken en andere vertaalwerken uit de zestiende eeuw" 4740: 4421:"De benaming van onze taal in woordenboeken en andere vertaalwerken uit de zestiende eeuw" 8: 6268: 5947: 5561: 5480: 5351: 5331: 5326: 3433: 3320: 3249: 3163: 3147: 2928: 2825: 2778: 2760: 2751: 2126: 1558:: kingdom with the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten as constituent countries 1531: 1403: 1152: 681: 4018:

H. Kurath: Middle English Dictionary, part 14, University of Michigan Press, 1952, 1345.

4009:

H. Kurath: Middle English Dictionary, part 14, University of Michigan Press, 1952, 1346.

3573:

emerged in the mid-7th century in the Netherlands, with its center of power the city of

2353:

After the demise of the Dutch Republic under Napoleon, that country became known as the

1043:(1396–1467), Duke of Burgundy, the provinces of the Netherlands began to grow together: 608:) for people who would today be considered Germans or German-speaking, most notably the 251:

added one by one the Low Countries' polities in a single territory, and it was at their

6238: 6198: 6178: 6158: 6061: 5987: 5361: 5284: 4840: 4296: 3610: 3516: 3357: 3229: 3221: 3185: 3175: 3151: 3138:) between October 1789 and December 1790. The revolution led to the brief overthrow of 3107: 3076: 2970: 2918: 2774: 2681: 2672: 2496: 2416: 2354: 2204: 2063: 2054: 1878: 1777: 1754: 1744: 1459: 1385: 1238: 1076: 1044: 827: 609: 529: 517: 436: 371: 232: 167: 103: 2949:: former county in the Netherlands, dissolved in the provinces North and South Holland 1924:. Flemish is now exclusively used to describe the majority of Dutch dialects found in 185:. The Franks that stayed in the Low Countries had kept their original language, i.e., 6349: 6173: 5356: 5306: 5288: 5119: 5095: 5053: 5014: 4890: 4858: 4457: 4336: 4270: 4108:

among others, worried that German would become the commonwealth's official language."

3969: 3912: 3835: 3500: 3469: 3439: 3361: 3253: 3237: 3189: 3139: 3007: 2946: 2834: 2717: 2620: 2591: 2582: 2555: 2423: 2409: 2393:

sense to refer to the perceived superiority or supposed arrogance of people from the

2335: 2327: 2315: 2229: 2139: 2012: 1985: 1655: 1509: 1412: 1304: 1064: 1060: 1056: 976: 966: 962: 863: 734: 701: 605: 533: 525: 378: 236: 178: 174: 147: 4762: 3403:, the Batavi were a brave Germanic tribe living in the Netherlands, probably in the 1749: 561:

By early 17th century, general use of the word Dutch had become exceedingly rare in

6369: 6354: 6301: 6253: 6248: 6223: 6081: 5877: 5346: 5297: 5232: 5205: 3825: 3594: 3551: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3197: 3193: 3072: 3041: 3032: 3012: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2863: 2853: 2843: 2796: 2787: 2742: 2708: 2564: 2515: 2506: 2480: 2377:, remain politically, economically and demographically dominant – 37% of the 2331: 2310: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2158: 2148: 2108: 2099: 2090: 1994: 1949: 1885: 1847: 1843: 1714: 1704: 1450: 1441: 1431: 1421: 1367: 1331: 1286: 1266: 1248: 1181:

is also known as the Netherlandish School. Later art and artists from the southern

1115:

for people living in different fiefdoms. This was used alongside the long-standing

1072: 1068: 1048: 855: 693: 668: 639: 582: 521: 240: 155: 30: 6339: 4390: 3527:), which formed the beginning of a separate Dutch language and is synonymous with 3067:

As the Low Country's prime duchy, with the only and oldest scientific centre (the

3037: 6278: 6228: 6188: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6086: 6071: 6066: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 5530: 5413: 5292: 5264: 5091: 4900: 4827: 4749: 3950: 3829: 3670: 3570: 3451: 3427: 3201: 3111: 3099: 3060: 3016: 2873: 2816: 2636: 2601: 2573: 2546: 2464: 2430: 2117: 2021: 2003: 1967: 1940: 1534:: comprising present Belgium, Luxembourg and parts of northern France (1579–1713) 1528:: comprising present Belgium, Luxembourg and parts of northern France (1579–1794) 1394: 1376: 1344: 1313: 1295: 1257: 1229: 1182: 1052: 1040: 435:

and its variants, which were used as a blanket term for all the non-Scandinavian

390: 252: 217: 201:. Now an international exception, it used to have in the Dutch language itself a 3831:

The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

3709: 3430:: a unit of Dutch volunteers under French command, created and dissolved in 1793 3055:

Belgian patriots chose the colours of Brabant (red, yellow and black) for their

1603:: those principalities located on and near the mostly low-lying land around the 761:

chose the name "Nederduytsch Hervormde Kerk" as the official designation of the

6364: 6306: 6273: 6263: 6243: 6233: 6218: 6213: 6193: 6163: 6131: 6116: 6091: 5341: 5279: 5274: 4848: 3586: 3582: 3520: 3443: 3392: 3349: 3330: 3326: 3315: 3311: 3286: 3233: 3213: 3167: 3119: 3083: 3045: 2770: 2733: 2699: 2656: 2610: 2537: 2381:

live there. In most other Dutch provinces, particularly in the south including

2347: 2273: 2081: 2030: 1958: 1921: 1835: 1781: 1769: 1723: 1673: 1664: 1592: 1567: 1513: 1186: 1144: 1099: 1080: 987: 972: 843: 835: 758: 597: 574: 429: 382: 351: 221: 143: 71: 4098:

Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.

3436:: political, social and cultural turmoil in the Netherlands (end 18th century) 3103: 3051: 6384: 6258: 6183: 6153: 5840: 5245: 4844: 3578: 3512: 3339: 3294: 2958: 2952: 2362: 2358: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2044: 1798: 1789: 1588: 1575: 1571: 1190: 955: 793:

but I've heard it said that our language comes from High Dutch (i.e. German)

697: 593: 578: 562: 398: 227: 63: 5049:

The Dawn of Dutch: Language contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200

3561:

in the south, who were familiar with Roman texts, called the coastal region

1546:: short-lived precursor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1813–1815) 600:, but it was also used as an informal monniker (for example in the works of 505:

with Flemynges and Barbayns, Henauldes, Gelders, Burgonians, & Frenche,

346: 5897: 5741: 4648: 3554: 3459: 3335: 3298: 2977:

who took the name of the leading province for the whole country (1806–1810)

2291: 2285: 2265: 1913: 1682: 847: 738: 730: 708: 631: 570: 550: 480: 440: 323:

for the language of the Netherlands and Flanders. The word is derived from

139: 99: 4854:

Acta Historiae Neerlandicae: Studies on the History of The Netherlands VII

3943:

Cornelis Dekker: The Origins of Old Germanic Studies in the Low Countries

2279:

The use is sometimes discouraged. For example, the "Holland" entry in the

1796:. Due to its cultural importance, "Flemish" became in certain languages a 1193:

provinces Dutch, but art historians sometimes use "Netherlandish art" for

975:: 10th century duchy (covered much of the Low Countries), downstream from 5460: 5227: 5178: 4244:

M. Philippa e.a. (2003–2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands

4050:

M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands

3895:

M. Philippa e.a. (2003–2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands

3532: 2690: 2398: 2319: 2280: 2239: 2072: 1892:‘millstream; trench or gully in a meadow that drains it’), with a suffix 1866: 1561: 1322: 742: 488: 418: 83: 5010:

Kolloquiums in der Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, (27. bis 30.6.2001)

3745: 3418:

Lingua Batava or Batavicus: in use as Latin names for the Dutch language

3289:. Although a derivation of that name is now reserved for the Kingdom of 5845: 5147: 3569:, even though not all of the inhabitants had Frisian ancestry. After a 3127: 2390: 1842:

and the Spanish army that was based in the Low Countries was named the

1612: 867: 859: 374: 275: 75: 4332:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520–1559

4168:

A. Duke: Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries (2016)

3015:: between 1910 and 1949 the capital of a district of the same name in 29:"Diets" redirects here. For the sum of food consumed by a person, see 5932: 5825: 5721: 4266:

The promised lands the Low Countries under Burgundian rule, 1369–1530

3528: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2339: 1976: 1897: 1277: 1220: 951: 791:

R: You've just said that the Dutch language exists in its own right,

726: 616: 406: 367: 186: 3601:). In 1989, this church was granted to the Dutch community in Rome. 998:. In this context the higher ground began approximately at upstream 799:, speak of the Germanic language in general, considering it as one. 173:

By the 8th century, most of the Franks had exchanged their Germanic

54: 5736: 5301: 5250: 5241: 3566: 3306: 3181:, which freed the provinces from their archaic feudal obligations. 3020: 2974: 2394: 2382: 1925: 1112: 1111:

as a term for the Dutch language, by extension hinting at a common

1103:

The Low Countries in 1786 with the Austrian Netherlands highlighted

1084: 1013: 831: 769: 586: 539: 284:

A Dutch-German dictionary. The languages are in Dutch indicated as

193:, meaning "of the people"—as opposed to the Latin language "of the 4752:"Holland vs Netherlands – Is the Netherlands the same as Holland?" 4211:"L.H. Spiegel: Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst (1584)" 1035: 5269: 5219: 3574: 3473: 3421:

Batavisme: in French an expression copied from the Dutch language

3400: 3367: 3290: 3135: 3056: 2964: 2343: 2269: 2243: 1616: 1608: 1201: 999: 492: 484: 410: 202: 79: 4682:"Dutch government ditches Holland to rebrand as the Netherlands" 4117:

Moon Spotlight Pennsylvania Dutch Country, by A. Dubrovsk, 2004.

3886:, 2nd revised edn., s.v. "Dutch" (Random House Reference, 2005). 3267: 806:—Excerpt from "Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst", by 5237: 5215: 5085:

Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition

4712:"Why Dutch Officials Want You to Forget the Country of Holland" 4609: 3696: 3562: 3558: 3547: 3508: 3490: 3404: 3282: 3001: 2261: 2235: 1788:), in the early Middle Ages the most influential county in the 1205: 1012:

or "the lands over there" was used for their original homeland

664: 566: 456: 194: 163: 151: 135: 131: 4838: 4269:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 85. 3256:) signed 2 years later the declaration of independence of the 1127:). The most common Dutch term for the Dutch language remained 4456:(Transl. and rev. ed.). Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 18. 3702: 2330:

was the most powerful region in the current Netherlands. The

1358: 995: 991: 873: 754: 460: 402: 6028: 3531:. Compare the synonymous usage, in a linguistic context, of 1143:(1568–1648) had divided the Low Countries into the northern 74:, whose definition usually includes the modern countries of 3297:, which was on maps sometimes heroically visualised as the 3228:

where reconquered by Spain, the remaining seven provinces (

182: 782:

dat onze spraack uyt het Hooghduytsch zou ghesproten zyn.

319:

English is one of the only languages to use the adjective

220:

was divided several times, most of it became the Duchy of

4857:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 83–87. 2254:. Holland has, particularly for outsiders, long become a 589:) and "Double Dutch" (gibberish, nonsense) among others. 4795:. The Hague: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 1087:

as the founding father of the Netherlands. (Portrait by

4138:

J. de Vries (1971), Nederlands Etymologisch Woordenboek

3955: 1818:, the whole area of the Low Countries was indicated as 4947:"Le Dictionnaire - Définition batavisme et traduction" 503:

He went to Roome with greate power of Britons strong,

5052:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 42–44. 4763:"Holland vs Netherlands: Everything you need to know" 2804: 1692: 1686: 1607:. That region corresponds to all of the Netherlands, 1570:: Former Dutch colony established in 1625 centred on 4146: 4144: 2472: 4977:"Le Dictionnaire - Définition batave et traduction" 4071:

Rawson, Hugh, Wicked Words, Crown Publishers, 1989.

2456:to refer to the Dutch language in other languages: 1857:The English adjective "Flemish" (first attested as 673:the other of the whole is "Dutch" (i.e. Germanic) 5118:(in Dutch). Leiden: Sidestone Press. p. 386. 4676: 4674: 3889: 3281:is harking back to the ancient local tribe of the 3146:. Some historians have seen it as a key moment in 3142:and the proclamation of a short-lived polity, the 1185:provinces of the Low Countries are usually called 4921:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 4425:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 4141: 4046: 4044: 4042: 3872:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch" 2260:name for the whole nation, similar to the use of 1564:: European part of the kingdom of the Netherlands 463:, who at the time, referred to their language as 170:, of which the Low Countries formed a core part. 6382: 4893:, from 1745, which show the current Netherlands. 3961: 3898: 3157: 1928:, and as a reference to that region. Calques of 1544:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 263:or in English "Low Countries" or "Netherlands". 4671: 4196: 4194: 4192: 3738: 3486:Terminology of the Low Countries § Frisian 3424:Batave: in French a person from the Netherlands 3389:Naamrol van de Batavise en Hollandse schrijvers 3348:: also known as "United Netherlandish States" ( 514:He went to Rome with a large number of Britons, 4126:Pennsylvania Dutch Alphabet, by C. Williamson. 4039: 3285:and the Roman province named after that tribe 2721: 2624: 1633:the customs agreement that initiated the union 6014: 5163: 4910: 4908: 4889:For example, the map "Belgium Foederatum" by 4171: 4134: 4132: 4058: 4056: 3387:is translated in the subtitle (not shown) as 3268:Names from tribes of the pre-Migration Period 2525: 2519: 2484: 2318:is currently used as a pars pro toto for the 2299:, which is conventionally known as Holland". 1761:for the Low Countries until the 17th century. 890:(alongside the woman figure on the left), 2) 667:" languages (i.e. Romance languages, compare 555:—J. Rivington, The Chronicle of Iohn Hardyng 266: 4189: 3884:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 3823: 3557:, coming from the east, settled the region. 3515:in Belgium and the Netherlands evolved into 3491:Names from confederations of Germanic tribes 3338:: fort built by the Dutch in the Indonesian 2961:(Noord-Holland): province in the Netherlands 2640: 1733: 661:Because Christendom is divided in two parts, 4614:Vroeg Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek (VMNW) 2955:(Zuid-Holland): province in the Netherlands 2660: 2458: 1934: 1738: 1214: 866:, but in modern scholarship only refers to 854:. Initially this group consisted of Dutch, 725:In the second half of the 16th century the 356: 130:The historic Low Countries made up much of 6021: 6007: 5404:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 5170: 5156: 4905: 4129: 4053: 3937: 3026: 2401:of Holland proper and of the Netherlands. 2219: 1119:(the Early Modern spelling of the earlier 874:Names from low-lying geographical features 344:was an adjective-forming suffix, of which 197:"—which is the source of the English word 5005: 4314:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4062:L. Weisgerber, Deutsch als Volksname 1953 3796: 3633: 3472:, corresponds to the present-day city of 2389:is commonly used in either colloquial or 507:Dutchemēne, Lubārdes, also many Almains. 393:. It was first recorded in 786, when the 304: 6029:Names of European states and territories 5177: 5111: 3378: 3170:during the 16th century, covered by the 3050: 3036: 2309: 2234:In many languages including English, (a 1748: 1098: 1034: 877: 451:. This would be a logical result of the 338:, meant "people" in Proto-Germanic, and 279: 53: 46:The Low Countries indicated in Latin as 41: 5399:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 3746:"Lotharingia / Lorraine ( Lothringen )" 3148:the formation of a Belgian nation-state 2238:of) "Holland" is a common name for the 1865:, c. 1150), was probably borrowed from 650:Want tkerstenheit es gedeelt in tween, 14: 6383: 4649:"Guardian and Observer style guide: H" 4262: 4012: 3968:. Oxford University Press. p. 5. 3904: 1508:: Low Countries provinces held by the 1498:: Low Countries provinces held by the 1022:: used by 16th century Habsburg ruler 6002: 5151: 5046:Vaan, Michiel de (15 December 2017). 5013:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 53–83. 4914: 4449: 4418: 4328: 3805:from the original on 14 December 2013 3329:: Latined name for the former colony 1135:until it was gradually superseded by 5066:from the original on 27 October 2023 5045: 5027:from the original on 27 October 2023 4659:from the original on 5 November 2013 4620:from the original on 28 January 2021 4470:from the original on 27 October 2023 4349:from the original on 27 October 2023 4217:from the original on 6 February 2021 3752:from the original on 1 November 2019 774: 644: 497: 389:-native language of writing and the 4851:; Eenoo, R. van (6 December 2012). 4821:Article on website of First Chamber 3848:from the original on 31 August 2021 3774:. Vre.leidenuniv.nl. Archived from 3726:from the original on 19 August 2016 3621:List of place names of Dutch origin 3260:. Since then, several ships of the 2800: 2641: 2468: 2326:From the 17th century onwards, the 1631:embourg. It was first used to name 982:Niderlant: Since the 12th century, 58:The Low Countries from 1556 to 1648 24: 5132:from the original on 14 April 2023 4987:from the original on 11 March 2016 4957:from the original on 11 March 2016 4927:from the original on 11 March 2016 4718:. New York City. 13 January 2020. 4590:from the original on 24 April 2016 4559:from the original on 19 April 2016 4431:from the original on 11 March 2016 4401:from the original on 9 August 2020 4283:from the original on 14 April 2021 3925:from the original on 24 March 2023 1838:and the Spanish Empire was called 1776:) is derived from the name of the 1599:) refers to the historical region 986:("Low land") was mentioned in the 25: 6437: 4871:from the original on 6 April 2023 4722:from the original on 7 March 2020 4692:from the original on 11 June 2022 4450:Pérez, Yolanda Robríguez (2008). 3982:from the original on 6 April 2023 3772:"1. De landen van herwaarts over" 3651:from the original on 10 June 2015 3059:. This would later influence the 1550:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1208:derived from the Dutch adjective 4773:from the original on 23 May 2020 4573:as an Old Frisian form; but cf. 3834:, USA: Oxford University Press, 3647:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3407:region. In Dutch, the adjective 3220:(1579) against Spain. After the 3044:located in the heart of the old 2436:, the parliamentarians proposed 1873:was probably formed from a stem 1582: 950:, and low at the plain near the 622:evolved into a southern variant 5105: 5078: 5039: 4999: 4969: 4939: 4883: 4832: 4811: 4785: 4755: 4734: 4704: 4641: 4632: 4602: 4584:Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW) 4541: 4529:from the original on 6 May 2016 4515: 4503:from the original on 6 May 2016 4482: 4443: 4412: 4383: 4374: 4361: 4322: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4203: 4180: 4162: 4153: 4120: 4111: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4030: 4021: 4003: 3994: 3877: 3677:from the original on 7 May 2019 1693: 1687: 1083:. He has been honored by later 652:die Walsche tongen die es een, 339: 333: 327: 292:("German"), while in German as 4553:Online Etymological Dictionary 4335:. Cambridge University Press. 4329:Elton, G. R. (2 August 1990). 3965:Dutch: Biography of a Language 3860: 3817: 3790: 3764: 3689: 3663: 3086:. In 1190, after the death of 2526: 2520: 1877:, meaning "flooded area" (cf. 1030: 902:Place names with "low(er)" or 818:In the Dutch language itself, 684:", by Jan van Boendale (1318) 654:Dandre die Dietsche al geheel 615:In the Dutch language itself, 443:influence, in that it shows a 110:This holds for English, where 13: 1: 5424:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 4793:"Holland or the Netherlands?" 3626: 3495: 3158:Seventeen and Seven Provinces 2989:historical name for mainland 826:) was used as one of several 745:which had begun to be called 718: 549:—Excerpt from "Constantyne", 259:arose, that would develop in 231:for the Low Countries, i.e., 205:with the same meaning, i.e., 98:for all the Low Countries, a 6416:Geography of the Netherlands 4655:. London. 19 December 2008. 4576:"entry FLĀMISK, which gives 3616:Netherlands (disambiguation) 3599:chiesa nazionale dei Frisoni 3565:, and hence its inhabitants 3485: 3354:Verenigde Nederlandse Staten 1522:: Dutch Republic (1581–1795) 1189:and those from the northern 1172:Early Netherlandish painting 7: 3905:Strabo, Walafridus (1996). 3604: 3079:in the early 16th century. 2805: 2473: 1792:, and the residence of the 1489: 1271:Netherlandic, Netherlandish 852:High German consonant shift 808:Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel 634:, which were both known as 453:Medieval English wool trade 104:Belgium's secession in 1830 102:that became obsolete after 10: 6442: 6411:Culture of the Netherlands 5190:Kingdom of the Netherlands 3542: 3483: 3466:Batavia, Dutch East Indies 3172:Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 3150:, and an influence on the 3030: 2813: 2653: 2461: 2227: 1936: 1742: 1556:Kingdom of the Netherlands 1216: 990:as the region between the 424:By the late 14th century, 273: 125: 28: 6330: 6292: 6034: 5967: 5816: 5807: 5770: 5717: 5708: 5552: 5543: 5516:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 5446: 5437: 5260:Development urban centers 5196: 5186: 4495:Middle English Dictionary 4371:, Groningen 1969, p. 20.) 3962:Roland Willemyns (2013). 3720:Columbia University Press 3695:derived from the ancient 3479: 3374: 3272: 3102:of Belgium is called the 2973:: puppet state set up by 2722: 2661: 2625: 2485: 2314:The name of the historic 1822:, and the inhabitants of 1753:The name of the historic 1734:Names from local polities 1605:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 948:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 946:. Both downstream at the 501: 479:, the English chronicler 447:rather than the expected 332:. The stem of this word, 68:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 18:Netherlands (terminology) 6401:Low Franconian languages 5112:Dijkstra, Menno (2011). 4367:Rijpma & Schuringa, 3699:confederation of tribes. 2404:In 2009, members of the 1739:Flanders (pars pro toto) 1520:Seven United Netherlands 1500:House of Valois-Burgundy 1274:(neither in general use) 1195:art of the Low Countries 778: 648: 5006:De Koning, Jan (2003). 4981:www.le-dictionnaire.com 4951:www.le-dictionnaire.com 4369:Nederlandse spraakkunst 3645:Encyclopædia Britannica 3027:Brabant (pars pro toto) 1834:between the rebellious 449:voiced dental fricative 239:and to a lesser extent 6421:Country name etymology 6077:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5863:Decorations and medals 5312:Burgundian Netherlands 4899:25 August 2012 at the 4525:. Quod.lib.umich.edu. 4523:"MED, entry "Flēming"" 3598: 3590: 3524: 3505:West Germanic language 3468:: capital city of the 3455: 3447: 3396: 3353: 3264:have bared that name. 3262:Royal Netherlands Navy 3258:Seven United Provinces 3123: 3116:Révolution brabançonne 3115: 3064: 3048: 2446:Regatul Țărilor de Jos 2442:Németalföldi Királyság 2323: 2305:nation's football team 1851: 1840:Las guerras de Flandes 1785: 1773: 1762: 1596: 1496:Burgundian Netherlands 1104: 1096: 1024:Mary, Queen of Hungary 899: 789: 659: 626:and a western variant 512: 357: 345: 301: 177:for the Latin-derived 59: 51: 33:. For other uses, see 5858:Customs and etiquette 4915:Frans, Claes (1970). 4419:Frans, Claes (1970). 3949:24 March 2023 at the 3824:Mallory, J. P.; 3715:Columbia Encyclopedia 3462:of France (1795–1806) 3382: 3346:United Belgian States 3144:United Belgian States 3130:that occurred in the 3124:Brabantse Omwenteling 3054: 3040: 2450:Nizozemské Kráľovstvo 2438:Madalmaade Kuningriik 2313: 1786:Graafschap Vlaanderen 1752: 1179:Franco-Flemish School 1102: 1093:Rogier van der Weyden 1038: 882:On the title page of 881: 763:Dutch Reformed Church 602:James Fenimore Cooper 569:specifically tied to 542:, also many Germans. 283: 255:courts that the term 66:comprise the coastal 57: 45: 6426:Netherlandic studies 5893:Orders of knighthood 5526:World Heritage Sites 5429:Coronavirus pandemic 5419:European debt crisis 5392:Dutch Liberation Day 5317:Habsburg Netherlands 5090:6 April 2023 at the 4826:4 March 2016 at the 3748:. 5 September 2013. 3342:in the 17th century. 3132:Austrian Netherlands 3069:University of Leuven 2434:Holandské kráľovstvo 2385:(Belgium), the word 2334:were also counts of 1932:in other languages: 1816:Habsburg Netherlands 1538:Austrian Netherlands 1526:Southern Netherlands 1506:Habsburg Netherlands 1372:nīderlandiešu valoda 1010:Les pays de par delà 1006:Les pays de par deçà 445:voiced alveolar stop 366:form and used as an 300:respectively (1759). 257:les pays de par deçà 6293:States with limited 5501:Mountains and hills 5352:Batavian Revolution 5332:Spanish Netherlands 5327:Seventeen Provinces 4769:. 17 January 2020. 4748:7 July 2022 at the 4742:Netherlands Tourism 4638:ONW, entry FLĀMISK. 4395:The Free Dictionary 3434:Batavian Revolution 3164:Seventeen Provinces 2413:Hollandi Kuningriik 2297:Dutch football team 1852:Ejército de Flandes 1830:. For example, the 1532:Spanish Netherlands 1153:Spanish Netherlands 1151:) and the southern 1089:Early Netherlandish 898:(both to the right) 828:Exonym and endonyms 682:Brabantsche Yeesten 577:inhabitants of the 6396:Germanic languages 5752:Telecommunications 5362:Kingdom of Holland 4716:The New York Times 4688:. 4 October 2019. 4555:. Etymonline.com. 4307:has generic name ( 3611:Name of the Franks 3517:Old Low Franconian 3448:Bataafse Republiek 3397: 3358:Brabant Revolution 3186:Philip II of Spain 3176:Holy Roman Emperor 3152:Belgian Revolution 3108:Brabant Revolution 3077:Desiderius Erasmus 3065: 3049: 3000:: Dutch colony in 2971:Kingdom of Holland 2355:Kingdom of Holland 2324: 2303:2019 onwards, the 1778:County of Flanders 1763: 1755:County of Flanders 1745:County of Flanders 1105: 1097: 900: 896:Germania inferiore 610:Pennsylvania Dutch 437:Germanic languages 428:had given rise to 302: 168:Carolingian Empire 90:meaning "low" and 60: 52: 6378: 6377: 5996: 5995: 5963: 5962: 5803: 5802: 5704: 5703: 5681:Political parties 5617:Foreign relations 5539: 5538: 5409:Same-sex marriage 5357:Batavian Republic 5337:Eighty Years' War 5307:Holy Roman Empire 5125:978-90-8890-078-5 4891:Matthaeus Seutter 4864:978-94-011-5948-7 4463:978-3-03911-136-7 3826:Adams, D. Q. 3525:Oudnederfrankisch 3470:Dutch East Indies 3456:République Batave 3440:Batavian Republic 3370:: state in Europe 3312:Belgica Foederata 3277:The nomenclature 3008:Holland, Michigan 2947:County of Holland 2940: 2939: 2747:holandiešu valoda 2507:Catalan/Valencian 2420:Holland Királyság 2397:– the main 2332:counts of Holland 2328:County of Holland 2316:County of Holland 2264:for the (former) 2230:County of Holland 2217: 2216: 1832:Eighty Years' War 1510:House of Habsburg 1487: 1486: 1462:: нідерландська ( 1424:: Нидерландский ( 1249:Catalan/Valencian 1149:Belgica Foederata 1141:Eighty Years' War 1016:(central France). 979:(northern France) 967:Germania Superior 963:Germania inferior 816: 815: 735:Germania Inferior 690: 689: 606:Washington Irving 565:and it became an 559: 558: 379:Early Middle Ages 370:referring to the 175:Frankish language 148:Germania Inferior 16:(Redirected from 6433: 6331:Dependencies and 6035:Sovereign states 6023: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5976: 5814: 5813: 5785:Public transport 5715: 5714: 5550: 5549: 5444: 5443: 5270:Frankish Kingdom 5233:Migration Period 5172: 5165: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5109: 5103: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4912: 4903: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4836: 4830: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4759: 4753: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4139: 4136: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4048: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3959: 3953: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3637: 3552:Migration Period 3383:The Latin title 3218:Union of Utrecht 3212:) united in the 3198:Walloon Flanders 3063:created in 1830. 3042:Duchy of Brabant 3033:Duchy of Brabant 3013:Hollandia (city) 2808: 2802: 2725: 2724: 2664: 2663: 2644: 2643: 2628: 2627: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2488: 2487: 2476: 2470: 2459: 2379:Dutch population 1935: 1904:, which becomes 1844:Army of Flanders 1794:Burgundian dukes 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1645:Los Países Bajos 1241:: Нидерландски ( 1215: 775: 702:Romance dialects 694:High Middle Ages 645: 640:Jan van Boendale 583:Anglo-Dutch Wars 571:the modern Dutch 536:, and Frenchmen, 498: 405:taking place in 360: 156:Germanic peoples 120:los Países Bajos 31:Diet (nutrition) 21: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6406:Language naming 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6332: 6326: 6312:Northern Cyprus 6294: 6288: 6209:North Macedonia 6030: 6027: 5997: 5992: 5979: 5972: 5959: 5913:Public holidays 5799: 5766: 5700: 5535: 5531:Zuiderzee Works 5433: 5414:Great Recession 5293:Frisian Freedom 5265:Frisian Kingdom 5206:Germanic tribes 5192: 5182: 5176: 5146: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5092:Wayback Machine 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5021: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4913: 4906: 4901:Wayback Machine 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4865: 4839:Prevenier, W.; 4837: 4833: 4828:Wayback Machine 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4799:on 11 July 2010 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4767:Explore Holland 4761: 4760: 4756: 4750:Wayback Machine 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4574: 4562: 4560: 4549:"entry Flemish" 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4490:"entry Flēmish" 4488: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4402: 4391:"Netherlandish" 4389: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3976: 3960: 3956: 3951:Wayback Machine 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874:(2004), 199–228 3866:W. Haubrichs, " 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3842: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3797:Alastair Duke. 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3673:. Farlex, Inc. 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3641:"Low Countries" 3639: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3607: 3571:Frisian Kingdom 3545: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3428:Batavian Legion 3385:Index Batavicus 3377: 3275: 3270: 3160: 3100:national anthem 3035: 3029: 3017:West New Guinea 2921:: голландська ( 2846:: Голландский ( 2427:Regatul Olandei 2232: 2226: 2207:: фламандська ( 2151:: фламандский ( 1861:, c. 1325; cf. 1747: 1741: 1736: 1647:in Spanish and 1585: 1492: 1363:nederlandiensis 1273: 1041:Philip the Good 1033: 876: 801: 794: 792: 786: 783: 781: 723: 680:—Excerpt from " 675: 672: 662: 656: 653: 651: 544: 537: 515: 509: 506: 504: 395:Bishop of Ostia 391:Catholic Church 317: 278: 272: 270:and derivatives 249:Habsburg rulers 218:Frankish empire 128: 118:) and Spanish ( 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6439: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6391:Dutch language 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6333:other entities 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6298: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6284:United Kingdom 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6097:Czech Republic 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6003: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:Cultural icons 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5795:Road transport 5792: 5790:Rail transport 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5686:Prime Minister 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5661:Municipalities 5658: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5567:Climate change 5564: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5471:Extreme points 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5379: 5377:United Kingdom 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5342:Dutch Republic 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5295: 5282: 5280:Lower Lorraine 5277: 5275:Middle Francia 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5248: 5235: 5230: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: articles 5175: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5144: 5143: 5124: 5104: 5077: 5058: 5038: 5019: 4998: 4968: 4938: 4904: 4882: 4863: 4841:Uytven, R. van 4831: 4810: 4784: 4754: 4733: 4703: 4670: 4640: 4631: 4616:. Gtb.inl.nl. 4601: 4586:. Gtb.inl.nl. 4540: 4514: 4481: 4462: 4442: 4411: 4382: 4373: 4360: 4341: 4321: 4275: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4202: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4052: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3974: 3954: 3936: 3917: 3897: 3888: 3876: 3859: 3840: 3816: 3789: 3778:on 13 May 2016 3763: 3737: 3701: 3688: 3662: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3583:Frisian church 3544: 3541: 3507:spoken by the 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3484:Main article: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3463: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3393:Dutch Republic 3376: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3343: 3333: 3331:New Netherland 3324: 3318: 3316:Spanish Empire 3309: 3287:Gallia Belgica 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3214:Union of Arras 3168:personal union 3159: 3156: 3084:Lower Lorraine 3046:Lower Lorraine 3031:Main article: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3010: 3005: 2995: 2985:Nova Hollandia 2978: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2926: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2861: 2851: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2794: 2785: 2768: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2634: 2618: 2608: 2599: 2594:: ჰოლანდიური ( 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2513: 2504: 2494: 2478: 2348:Dutch Republic 2274:United Kingdom 2228:Main article: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2156: 2146: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2033:: φλαμανδικά ( 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1896:attached. The 1836:Dutch Republic 1743:Main article: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1707:: низоземски ( 1702: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1627:therlands and 1615:, forming the 1601:de Nederlanden 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1568:New Netherland 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1514:Spanish Empire 1512:and later the 1503: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1473: 1467: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1434:: නෙදර්ලන්තය ( 1429: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336:ne(d)erlandese 1329: 1320: 1318:Niederländisch 1311: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1264: 1255: 1246: 1236: 1227: 1145:Dutch Republic 1081:personal union 1079:were ruled in 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1003: 994:and the lower 988:Nibelungenlied 980: 977:Upper Lorraine 973:Lower Lorraine 970: 875: 872: 844:Brothers Grimm 836:Dutch Republic 814: 813: 811: 803: 802: 787: 759:Synod of Emden 722: 717: 713:its literature 688: 687: 685: 677: 676: 657: 598:Dutch Republic 575:Dutch-speaking 557: 556: 553: 546: 545: 510: 430:Middle English 352:Modern English 325:Proto-Germanic 316: 303: 288:("Dutch") and 274:Main article: 271: 265: 222:Lower Lorraine 150:, home to the 144:Gallia Belgica 134:, home to the 127: 124: 96:Latinized name 72:Western Europe 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6438: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6345:Faroe Islands 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6317:South Ossetia 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6169:Liechtenstein 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671:Republicanism 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:Flood control 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Nazi invasion 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Incorporation 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5102:, pp. 332–333 5101: 5100:90-8964-078-9 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5059:9789027264503 5055: 5051: 5050: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5020:9783110176889 5016: 5012: 5011: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4845:Blockmans, W. 4842: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4737: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4579: 4572: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4342:9780521345361 4338: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4317: 4310: 4305:|first1= 4298: 4282: 4278: 4276:0-8122-0070-5 4272: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4123: 4114: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3975:9780199323661 3971: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3847: 3843: 3841:0-19-929668-5 3837: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579:Low Countries 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513:Salian Franks 3510: 3506: 3502: 3487: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3453: 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Other use: 3300: 3296: 3295:Low Countries 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140:Habsburg rule 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959:North Holland 2957: 2954: 2953:South Holland 2951: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856:: холандски ( 2855: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763:: холандски ( 2762: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613:: Ολλανδικά ( 2612: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2560:hollandi keel 2557: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499:: холандски ( 2498: 2495: 2492: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2406:First Chamber 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:South Holland 2360: 2359:North Holland 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2257:pars pro toto 2253: 2252:South Holland 2249: 2248:North Holland 2245: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2223: 2222:pars pro toto 2210: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161:: фламански ( 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045:Modern Hebrew 2043: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799:pars pro toto 1795: 1791: 1790:Low Countries 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1759:pars pro toto 1756: 1751: 1746: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1649:i Paesi Bassi 1646: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Low Countries 1583:Low Countries 1577: 1576:New York City 1573: 1572:New Amsterdam 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436:Nedarlanthaya 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426:Niderlandskij 1423: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177:In music the 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1157:Belgica Regia 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 978: 974: 971: 968: 964: 961: 960: 959: 957: 956:Low Countries 954:apply to the 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 897: 893: 892:i Paesi Bassi 889: 885: 880: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 812: 809: 805: 804: 800: 798: 788: 785: 777: 776: 773: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 721: 716: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 698:Low Countries 695: 686: 683: 679: 678: 674: 670: 666: 658: 655: 647: 646: 643: 642:, who wrote: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:United States 590: 588: 584: 580: 579:Low Countries 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:Great Britain 554: 552: 548: 547: 543: 541: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 511: 508: 500: 499: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 399:Pope Adrian I 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 359: 353: 349: 348: 343: 342: 337: 336: 331: 330: 326: 322: 315: 311: 307: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 277: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 229: 228:pars pro toto 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 142:provinces of 141: 137: 133: 123: 121: 117: 113: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:Low Countries 56: 49: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 6322:Transnistria 5954: 5938:Coat of arms 5908:Prostitution 5821:Architecture 5762:Trade unions 5742:Polder model 5727:Central bank 5696:Water boards 5622:Human rights 5612:Homelessness 5582:Demographics 5572:Constitution 5382:World War II 5372:Principality 5188:Part of the 5134:. Retrieved 5114: 5107: 5080: 5068:. Retrieved 5048: 5041: 5029:. Retrieved 5008: 5001: 4989:. Retrieved 4980: 4971: 4959:. Retrieved 4950: 4941: 4929:. Retrieved 4920: 4885: 4873:. Retrieved 4853: 4834: 4813: 4801:. Retrieved 4797:the original 4787: 4775:. Retrieved 4766: 4757: 4741: 4736: 4724:. Retrieved 4715: 4706: 4694:. Retrieved 4686:the Guardian 4685: 4661:. Retrieved 4653:The Guardian 4652: 4643: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4613: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4583: 4577: 4570: 4569:which cites 4561:. Retrieved 4552: 4543: 4531:. Retrieved 4517: 4505:. Retrieved 4493: 4484: 4472:. Retrieved 4452: 4445: 4433:. Retrieved 4424: 4414: 4403:, retrieved 4394: 4385: 4376: 4368: 4363: 4351:. Retrieved 4331: 4324: 4285:. Retrieved 4265: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4219:. Retrieved 4205: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4122: 4113: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3984:. Retrieved 3964: 3957: 3939: 3927:. Retrieved 3907: 3900: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3850:, retrieved 3830: 3819: 3807:. Retrieved 3792: 3780:. Retrieved 3776:the original 3766: 3754:. Retrieved 3740: 3728:. Retrieved 3713: 3704: 3691: 3679:. Retrieved 3665: 3653:. Retrieved 3644: 3635: 3555:Anglo-Saxons 3546: 3499: 3460:client state 3413: 3408: 3398: 3388: 3384: 3360:against the 3336:Fort Belgica 3327:Nova Belgica 3299:Leo Belgicus 3278: 3276: 3183: 3161: 3134:(modern-day 3128:insurrection 3097: 3081: 3066: 3061:Belgian flag 2988: 2984: 2941: 2933:tiếng Hà Lan 2932: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2867: 2857: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2791: 2782: 2764: 2756:Olandų kalba 2755: 2746: 2737: 2727: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2666: 2646: 2630: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2531: 2510: 2500: 2490: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2403: 2386: 2352: 2325: 2301: 2292:The Observer 2290: 2286:The Guardian 2284: 2278: 2266:Soviet Union 2255: 2233: 2221: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2162: 2152: 2143: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2104:flāmu valoda 2103: 2094: 2086:pléimeainnis 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2048: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1929: 1922:Modern Dutch 1917: 1914:Middle Dutch 1909: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1839: 1827: 1826:were called 1823: 1819: 1811: 1810:A calque of 1809: 1804: 1797: 1764: 1758: 1727: 1719:nizozemščina 1718: 1708: 1698: 1683:Southern Min 1677: 1669:Nizozemština 1668: 1659: 1648: 1644: 1641:Les Pays-Bas 1640: 1637: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1600: 1586: 1574:(the modern 1479: 1476:West Frisian 1470: 1464:niderlandska 1463: 1455:nederländska 1454: 1445: 1435: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1399:niderlandzki 1398: 1389: 1381:Nederlannsch 1380: 1371: 1362: 1353:Nedeollandeu 1352: 1348: 1335: 1327:nederlandese 1326: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1270: 1261: 1252: 1243:Niderlandski 1242: 1233: 1224: 1209: 1199: 1176: 1168:Nederlandsch 1167: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1148: 1137:Nederlandsch 1136: 1133:Nederduitsch 1132: 1129:Nederduytsch 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109:Nederlandsch 1108: 1106: 1020:Pays d'embas 1009: 983: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 901: 895: 891: 887: 884:Descrittione 883: 848:Georg Wenker 841: 823: 819: 817: 790: 779: 767: 750: 746: 731:Middle Dutch 724: 719: 709:Middle Dutch 706: 691: 660: 649: 635: 632:Middle Dutch 627: 623: 619: 614: 591: 560: 551:John Hardyng 538:"Dutchmen", 513: 502: 481:John Hardyng 476: 471: 469: 464: 441:Middle Dutch 432: 425: 423: 414: 386: 355: 320: 318: 313: 309: 305: 297: 293: 289: 286:Nederduitsch 285: 267: 261:Les Pays-Bas 260: 256: 247:, and later 226: 215: 210: 206: 198: 190: 172: 129: 119: 116:les Pays-Bas 115: 111: 108: 100:nomenclature 91: 87: 61: 47: 39: 26: 6360:Isle of Man 6295:recognition 6269:Switzerland 6204:Netherlands 5955:Terminology 5903:Pornography 5644:Enforcement 5634:Immigration 5607:Health care 5587:Drug policy 5466:Earthquakes 5461:Delta Works 5322:Renaissance 5228:Cananefates 5179:Netherlands 4923:(86): 296. 4427:(86): 297. 3591:Friezenkerk 3537:Anglo-Saxon 3533:Old English 3414:Other use: 3104:Brabançonne 3088:Godfrey III 3004:(1630–1654) 2998:New Holland 2993:(1644–1824) 2981:New Holland 2848:Gollandskij 2821:holenderski 2773:(including 2691:Interlingua 2606:Holländisch 2542:holandština 2399:conurbation 2320:Netherlands 2281:style guide 2240:Netherlands 2191:flamländska 2153:flamandskij 2073:Interlingua 1990:flaami keel 1869:. The name 1867:Old Frisian 1757:had been a 1643:in French, 1597:Lage Landen 1562:Netherlands 1516:(1482–1581) 1502:(1384–1482) 1417:neerlandeză 1390:Nederlandsk 1323:Interlingua 1300:néerlandais 1262:nederlandsk 1234:Neerlandera 1095:, c. 1450). 1031:Netherlands 795:S: I, like 751:hoogduytsch 747:overlantsch 743:Upper Rhine 692:During the 671:) form one, 573:, i.e. the 534:Burgundians 489:Switzerland 477:Constantyne 375:vernaculars 294:Holländisch 290:Hoogduitsch 253:francophone 84:Netherlands 6385:Categories 6239:San Marino 6199:Montenegro 6179:Luxembourg 6159:Kazakhstan 6062:Azerbaijan 5878:Literature 5868:Irreligion 5676:Parliament 5602:Euthanasia 5577:Corruption 5347:Golden Age 4849:Brulez, W. 4818:(in Dutch) 4777:17 January 4726:15 January 4533:17 October 4353:13 October 4221:2 February 3918:9004096698 3868:Theodiscus 3756:1 February 3730:1 February 3681:26 January 3655:26 January 3627:References 3496:Franconian 3242:Overijssel 3206:Luxembourg 2942:Toponyms: 2929:Vietnamese 2923:hollandska 2914:hollandaca 2896:holländska 2878:holandčina 2866:: ඕලන්දය ( 2826:Portuguese 2779:Indonesian 2761:Macedonian 2752:Lithuanian 2738:Hollandica 2695:hollandese 2596:holandiuri 2578:hollandais 2391:pejorative 2209:flamandska 2127:Portuguese 2122:flamandzki 2035:flamandika 1945:flandriera 1888:dialectal 1871:Vlaanderen 1859:flemmysshe 1709:nizozemski 1660:Nizozemski 1613:Luxembourg 1480:Nederlânsk 1446:neerlandés 1408:neerlandês 1404:Portuguese 1309:neerlandés 1291:Alankomaat 1282:Nederlanda 1253:neerlandès 1225:Nederlands 1210:Nederlands 1191:Protestant 1164:Nederlands 1077:Luxembourg 940:supérieure 868:Low German 860:Low German 720:Nederduits 522:Brabanters 415:theodiscus 397:writes to 358:Theodiscus 329:*þiudiskaz 276:Theodiscus 268:Theodiscus 245:Burgundian 138:, and the 94:being the 76:Luxembourg 70:region in 6350:Gibraltar 6174:Lithuania 5873:Languages 5772:Transport 5722:AEX index 5666:Provinces 5649:Law Firms 5597:Elections 5592:Education 5521:Volcanoes 5481:Gas field 5439:Geography 5211:Roman Era 5070:3 October 5031:3 October 4875:3 October 4571:Flemische 4474:3 October 4297:cite book 4287:3 October 3986:3 October 3911:. BRILL. 3857:, p. 269. 3809:1 January 3782:1 January 3529:Old Dutch 3458:), Dutch 3246:Groningen 3184:In 1566, 3179:Charles V 3154:of 1830. 2991:Australia 2919:Ukrainian 2858:holandski 2775:Malaysian 2765:hólandski 2704:Ollainnis 2686:hollenska 2682:Icelandic 2673:Hungarian 2615:Ollandika 2551:hollandsk 2501:holandski 2497:Bulgarian 2417:Hungarian 2387:Hollander 2375:Rotterdam 2371:The Hague 2367:Amsterdam 2340:Friesland 2220:Holland ( 2205:Ukrainian 2173:flamščina 2163:flamanski 2095:fiammingo 2064:Icelandic 2055:Hungarian 2047:: פלמית ( 1977:Esperanto 1963:vlámština 1898:Old Dutch 1884:‘flood’, 1879:Norwegian 1828:Flamencos 1728:Iseldireg 1678:Ísiltíris 1471:iseldireg 1460:Ukrainian 1386:Norwegian 1377:Low Saxon 1278:Esperanto 1239:Bulgarian 1221:Afrikaans 1085:humanists 984:Niderlant 952:North Sea 832:humanists 770:humanists 727:neologism 620:*thiudisk 617:Old Dutch 526:Hainuyers 407:Corbridge 368:adjective 364:Latinised 187:Old Dutch 158:like the 6370:Svalbard 6355:Guernsey 6302:Abkhazia 6254:Slovenia 6249:Slovakia 6224:Portugal 6082:Bulgaria 5983:Category 5918:Religion 5831:Cannabis 5747:Taxation 5737:Euronext 5691:Military 5557:Abortion 5545:Politics 5302:Guelders 5285:Flanders 5251:Dorestad 5242:Frisians 5130:Archived 5088:Archived 5064:Archived 5025:Archived 4991:13 March 4985:Archived 4961:13 March 4955:Archived 4931:13 March 4925:Archived 4897:Archived 4869:Archived 4824:Archived 4771:Archived 4746:Archived 4720:Archived 4690:Archived 4657:Archived 4618:Archived 4588:Archived 4557:Archived 4527:Archived 4501:Archived 4468:Archived 4435:13 March 4429:Archived 4405:1 August 4399:archived 4347:Archived 4281:Archived 4215:Archived 3980:Archived 3947:Archived 3923:Archived 3846:archived 3828:(2006), 3803:Archived 3750:Archived 3724:Archived 3722:. 2013. 3710:"Franks" 3675:Archived 3649:Archived 3605:See also 3567:Frisians 3503:was the 3501:Frankish 3362:Habsburg 3307:Humanism 3224:and the 3222:Flanders 3021:Jayapura 2975:Napoleon 2887:holandés 2868:Olandaya 2839:olandeză 2835:Romanian 2830:holandês 2728:Orandago 2718:Japanese 2713:olandese 2647:Holandit 2621:Gujarati 2592:Georgian 2587:holandés 2583:Galician 2569:hollanti 2556:Estonian 2511:holandès 2424:Romanian 2410:Estonian 2395:Randstad 2383:Flanders 2272:for the 2200:Flamanca 2182:flamenco 2144:flamandă 2140:Romanian 2131:flamengo 2113:Fjamming 2077:flamingo 2026:flämisch 2017:flamengo 2013:Galician 1986:Estonian 1926:Flanders 1910:vlaemsch 1900:form is 1699:Kē-tē-gú 1656:Croatian 1490:Toponyms 1413:Romanian 1305:Galician 1183:Catholic 1155:(Latin: 1147:(Latin: 1113:ethnonym 1091:painter 1045:Flanders 1014:Burgundy 928:inferior 894:and 3) 820:Diets(c) 587:sex doll 540:Lombards 530:Guelders 518:Flemings 401:about a 372:Germanic 362:was its 233:Flanders 211:Duuts(c) 207:Diets(c) 179:Romances 164:Frankish 82:and the 6279:Ukraine 6229:Romania 6189:Moldova 6147:Ireland 6142:Iceland 6137:Hungary 6127:Germany 6122:Georgia 6112:Finland 6107:Estonia 6102:Denmark 6087:Croatia 6072:Belgium 6067:Belarus 6057:Austria 6052:Armenia 6047:Andorra 6042:Albania 5974:Outline 5928:Symbols 5841:Cuisine 5809:Culture 5780:Cycling 5757:Tourism 5710:Economy 5656:Monarch 5562:Cabinet 5506:Regions 5496:Mammals 5486:Islands 5298:Brabant 5289:Holland 5255:Utrecht 5220:Chamavi 5198:History 5136:5 March 4624:6 April 4594:6 April 4578:flēmisk 4563:6 April 4507:6 April 3929:6 April 3852:6 April 3595:Italian 3575:Utrecht 3543:Frisian 3535:versus 3474:Jakarta 3409:Bataafs 3401:Tacitus 3395:(1701). 3368:Belgium 3291:Belgium 3279:Belgica 3254:Zeeland 3250:Utrecht 3238:Holland 3226:Brabant 3210:Limburg 3190:Hainaut 3136:Belgium 3092:Henry I 3073:Brabant 3057:cockade 2965:Holland 2910:Turkish 2905:Olandés 2901:Tagalog 2892:Swedish 2883:Spanish 2864:Sinhala 2854:Serbian 2844:Russian 2806:holandī 2797:Persian 2792:Olandiż 2788:Maltese 2783:Belanda 2743:Latvian 2709:Italian 2677:holland 2662:होलेन्ड 2642:הולנדית 2626:હોલેન્ડ 2565:Finnish 2532:hélányŭ 2516:Chinese 2491:olondaj 2486:ওলন্দাজ 2481:Bengali 2474:hōlandī 2454:Holland 2344:Zeeland 2336:Hainaut 2270:England 2244:Holland 2196:Turkish 2187:Swedish 2178:Spanish 2169:Slovene 2159:Serbian 2149:Russian 2109:Maltese 2100:Latvian 2091:Italian 2068:flæmska 2059:flamand 2008:flamand 1995:Finnish 1981:flandra 1954:flamenc 1950:Catalan 1906:vlamesc 1902:flāmisk 1886:English 1863:Flæming 1848:Spanish 1824:Flandes 1820:Flandes 1805:Flameng 1766:Flemish 1715:Slovene 1705:Serbian 1623:lgium, 1617:Benelux 1609:Belgium 1469:Welsh: 1451:Swedish 1442:Spanish 1432:Sinhala 1422:Russian 1368:Latvian 1332:Italian 1287:Finnish 1267:English 1202:cognate 1187:Flemish 1117:Duytsch 1073:Limburg 1069:Brabant 1065:Hainaut 1061:Zeeland 1057:Holland 1000:Cologne 864:Frisian 856:English 822:(later 810:(1584) 797:Becanus 669:Walloon 636:duytsch 592:In the 493:Austria 485:Germany 426:þēodisc 419:Englisc 411:England 377:of the 350:is the 341:*-iskaz 298:Deutsch 241:Brabant 237:Holland 203:cognate 191:þiudisk 126:History 92:Belgica 80:Belgium 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