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which oversaw bank regulation and monetary policy. In the early 1890s, Aldrich was considering leaving the Senate, however, a businessman from Rhode Island, Marsden J. Perry, convinced him to stay by making
Aldrich a partner in a plan to consolidate and electrify the state's trolley systems. Aldrich
612:
In 1878 the
Republican bosses of Rhode Island endorsed him for the U.S. House of Representatives; he won and served one term, 1879 to 1881. In 1881 he was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Rhode Island legislature. He served in the Senate for 30 years from 1881 to 1911. He was the longest-serving
587:
Aldrich began to debate at the local public lecture hall on various political issues of the era. In 1872, after the loss of a child and in the midst of health issues, Aldrich took a five-month tour of Europe and renewed his life's ambition. Aldrich became involved with politics and with the help of
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The compromise passed unanimously in the Senate and by a vote of 318 to 14 in the House. The corporate excise tax would be levied, and the income-tax constitutional amendment would be sent out to the states for ratification—which Taft and
Aldrich thought was impossible.
620:
His long tenure in the Senate was assisted by Rhode Island's restriction of the office to property owners and native-born citizens willing to pay a poll tax, and later, by a legislature that gerrymandered in favor of small
Republican towns. Aldrich occupied himself with
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and scientific expertise, he led a team of experts to study the
European national banks. After his trip, he came to believe that Britain, Germany and France had much superior central banking systems. He worked with several key bankers and economists, including
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Rosmond, James
Anthony. "Nelson Aldrich, Theodore Roosevelt and the Tariff: A Study to 1905." (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1974. 7426929).
726:" a decade earlier. Aldrich was quite candid about his scheme to block the House bill that had been passed, declaring to the Senate: "I shall vote for the corporation tax as a means to defeat the income tax."
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398:. Because of his impact on national politics and central position on the pivotal Senate Finance Committee, he was referred to by the press and public alike as the "general manager of the Nation", dominating
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issues when arriving in the Senate, and supported the tariff as vital to business owners and ordinary citizens alike. Alrich actively sought out the opinion of business leaders and became friendly with the
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750:
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was a four-term
Governor of New York who campaigned for the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, and was named Vice President of the United States under President
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of 1909, Aldrich removed restrictive import duties on fine art, which enabled
Americans to bring in very expensive European artworks that became the foundation of many leading museums.
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1935:
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490:, he believed that his financial and trade policies would lead to greater efficiency. Reformers, however, denounced him as representative of the evils of big business. His daughter
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Aldrich Hall at
Harvard Business School in Boston, MA was made possible through a gift from John D. Rockefeller and is named in honor of his father-in-law, Nelson W. Aldrich.
464:. He served as chair of that commission, which drew up the Aldrich Plan as a basis for a reform of the financial regulatory system. The Aldrich Plan strongly influenced the
530:. His branch passed through generations of declining circumstances. His father was Anan E. Aldrich, a mill hand, and mother Abby Burgess. He attended public schools in
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Aldrich opposed entry into the
Spanish–American War, but supported McKinley when it began. He played a central role in winning two-thirds Senate approval of the
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soon became a millionaire. Aldrich was opposed to backing currency with silver and was involved with convincing McKinley to run on a gold platform in 1896.
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600:. He served as a member of the Providence City Council from 1869 to 1875 and as its president in 1872 and 1873, he then was elected as a Republican to the
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On October 9, 1866, he married Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman, a wealthy woman with impressive ancestry. They had a total of eleven children.
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from 1881 to 1911. By the 1890s, he was one of the "Big Four" key Republicans who largely controlled the major decisions of the Senate, along with
799:
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1711:
Sternstein, Jerome L. "King Leopold II, Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, and the Strange Beginnings of American Economic Penetration of the Congo,"
1425:
Jerome L. Sternstein, "King Leopold II, Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, and the Strange Beginnings of American Economic Penetration of the Congo,"
704:, sponsored and headed by Aldrich. After issuing a series of 30 reports, this commission drew up the Aldrich Plan, forming the basis for the
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Aldrich's first job was clerking for the largest wholesale grocer in the state, where he worked his way up to become a partner in the firm.
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of 1901, which defined the American role in Cuba. He supported the Panama Canal, but was critical of Roosevelt's general Caribbean policy.
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Aldrich was born at Burgess Farm in Foster, Rhode Island, into a middle-class family purportedly descended from noted English immigrants
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In 1906 Aldrich and other American financiers invested heavily in mines and rubber in the Belgian Congo. They supported Belgium's King
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In his subsequent career in the senate he was prominent in the discussion of the great financial questions that arose in Congress.
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581:, which was part of the defenses of Washington, D.C. Aldrich was mustered out of service with the regiment on September 1, 1862.
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By the 1890s, he was one of the "Big Four" key Republicans who largely controlled the major decisions of the Senate, along with
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would eventually become the chairman and would become a leading banker. American film director, writer, and producer
773:, Aldrich took control as chairman of the Congressionally established National Monetary Commission. A proponent of
421:. After the war, he worked his way up to become a partner in a large wholesale grocery firm and won election to the
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Weisman, Steven R. The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson-The Fierce Battles over Money That Transformed the Nation
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2018:
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Sternstein, Jerome L. "Corruption in the Gilded Age Senate: Nelson W. Aldrich and the Sugar Trust,"
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1983:
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Aldrich Residence Hall at The University of Rhode Island in Kingston, R.I. is named in his honor.
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before winning election to the Senate. In the Senate, he helped to create an extensive system of
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Reformers hated and feared Senator Aldrich for killing reforms disliked by big business. 1906
374:/; November 6, 1841 – April 16, 1915) was a prominent American politician and a leader of the
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Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island
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By 1877, Nelson had a major effect on state politics, even before his election to the
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local business people in Providence, Aldrich also became a director of a small bank.
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American factories and farms from foreign competition, and he was a cosponsor of the
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that ended the war, and included annexation of the Philippines. He helped frame the
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In 1906 Aldrich sold his interest in the Rhode Island street railway system to the
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Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14000 Famous Persons by Scott Wilson
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patterned after Aldrich's vision, creating the modern Federal Reserve System.
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The Great Debate on Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed
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in 1910 to finalize the details of the federal reserve banking plan. In 1913
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Member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Rhode Island's 1st district
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Sternstein, Jerome L. "Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth." in John A. Garraty, ed.
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on 110 Benevolent Street in Providence serves as the headquarters for the
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For the architect Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (1911–1986), his grandson, see
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was a philanthropist who married American financer and philanthropist
759:
Select Committee on Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia
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Republican Party members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
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1630:
The Most Exclusive Club: A History of the Modern United States Senate
1607:. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. pp. 72–73.
1216:
The Most Exclusive Club: A History of the Modern United States Senate
723:
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United States Senator from Rhode Island before the 36-year tenure of
649:
of Wisconsin. Aldrich's main power base was his chairmanship of the
630:. Aldrich sometimes even secured the tariff rate to the amount that
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1588:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1779:– includes documents relating to the National Monetary Commission
604:, from 1875 to 1876, and served as Speaker of the House in 1876.
1269:
WILL LISSNER, "Winthrop Aldrich Dead; Banker and Diplomat, 88",
1776:
1387:
America's Bank: The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve
1312:
America's Bank: The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve
946:
He died on April 16, 1915, in New York City, and was buried in
34:. For the American editor and author, his great-grandson, see
1409:
Paolo E. Coletta, "Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris,"
577:
on May 26, 1862. Aldrich's company served for three months at
1652:, "The Treason of the Senate: Aldrich, The Head of It All,"
837:, who had imposed very harsh labor conditions in the colony.
1943:
1625:, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1988. Justification by a descendant.
938:
and is owned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rhode Island.
510:, became powerful figures in American politics and banking.
2267:
United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
2989:
Republican Party United States senators from Rhode Island
1757:
745:. During his Senate tenure he chaired the committees on
1061:
Steel Producing Capacity of the United States (Select)
1520:. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
982:
923:
and was Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island.
2994:
Speakers of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
2848:
1773:
Nelson W. Aldrich Papers from the Library of Congress
1765:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
720:
constitutional amendment to establish an income tax
1124:Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia
1097:Examine the Several Branches of the Civil Service
887:served in Congress from 1923 to 1933, and his son
573:when he enlisted as a private in Company D of the
1686:Nelson W. Aldrich: A Leader In American Politics.
1623:Old Money: The Mythology of America's Upper Class
1375:, January 9, 1910, Annual Financial Review, pg 8.
1336:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family
441:. He also helped win Senate approval of the 1898
2974:People of Rhode Island in the American Civil War
2920:
1894:Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance
737:Taft tries to get progressive ideas into Aldrich
486:Deeply committed to the efficiency model of the
1314:. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 35–37, 42.
1232:Sternstein, "Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth" (1974).
722:, although he had declared a similar measure "
2531:
2250:
1929:
1389:. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 108–123.
1494:. Rockefeller Archive Center. Archived from
1468:. Rockefeller Archive Center. Archived from
1442:. Rockefeller Archive Center. Archived from
1440:"Abby Greene Aldrich Rockefeller, 1874–1948"
1305:
1303:
1301:
696:The panic of 1907 led to the passage of the
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2257:
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1936:
1922:
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1309:
800:design a plan for an American central bank
53:
2548:United States Senate Committee on Finance
1298:
659:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
591:
406:in the first decade of the 20th century.
116:U.S. House of Representatives
1945:United States senators from Rhode Island
1837:U.S. senator (Class 1) from Rhode Island
1678:, February 1904, 337–353, by a muckraker
910:
844:
732:
680:
553:
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139:March 4, 1879 – October 4, 1881
1841:October 5, 1881 – March 3, 1911
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883:by the Congress in 1974. Aldrich's son
741:Aldrich also served as chairman of the
14:
2921:
1604:The Biographical Dictionary of America
1518:"ALDRICH, Richard Steere, (1884–1941)"
802:in 1911. This work included a trip to
764:
506:. His descendants, including namesake
427:United States House of Representatives
425:. He then served a single term in the
2519:
2238:
1917:
1733:, Ohio State University Press, 2005.
1466:"Abby John D. Rockefeller, 1874–1960"
1072:Transportation Routes to the Seaboard
751:Transportation Routes to the Seaboard
602:Rhode Island House of Representatives
538:, a boarding school in Rhode Island.
423:Rhode Island House of Representatives
170:Rhode Island House of Representatives
1542:National Courier, Volume 7, Issue 35
1538:
1221:
1205:
840:
1747:Works by or about Nelson W. Aldrich
983:Congressional committee assignments
941:
676:
634:, a Sugar Trust member, requested.
24:
2949:American people of English descent
1705:6 (Spring 1978): pp. 13–37.
1696:Encyclopedia of American Biography
1612:
817:
558:The signature of Nelson W. Aldrich
25:
3015:
2939:19th-century American legislators
1760:"Nelson W. Aldrich (id: A000083)"
1740:
1567:, Boston: Harvard Business School
1429:Vol. 2, No. 2 (1969), pp. 189–204
934:. The estate is now known as the
2969:People from Foster, Rhode Island
2906:
2894:
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2870:
2858:
2837:
2371:
2102:
1807:March 4, 1879 – October 4, 1881
1670:"Rhode Island: A State For Sale"
1581:
2979:Providence City Council members
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1549:
1532:
1510:
1484:
1458:
1432:
1419:
1403:
1378:
1365:
964:Rhode Island Historical Society
930:in the Warwick Neck section of
919:Aldrich was very active in the
700:in 1908, which established the
541:
468:of 1913, which established the
452:Aldrich led the passage of the
84:October 5, 1881 – March 3, 1911
27:American politician (1841–1915)
2954:Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
1722:(Simon & Schuster, 2002).
1328:
1287:
1276:
1263:
1251:
1235:
1134:of the Select Committee, (53)
718:In 1909, Aldrich introduced a
607:
13:
1:
1787:U.S. House of Representatives
1492:"Rockefeller Family Archives"
1242:"Even Brahmins Get The Blues"
1198:
969:The Aldrich Middle School in
950:in Providence, Rhode Island.
865:John Davison Rockefeller, Jr.
861:Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich
550:Abigail Pearce Truman Chapman
513:
472:. Aldrich also sponsored the
260:Abigail Pearce Truman Chapman
32:Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty
2964:National Monetary Commission
906:
743:Senate Republican Conference
702:National Monetary Commission
458:National Monetary Commission
7:
1427:African Historical Studies,
1283:U.S. Congressional bioguide
1258:John Steere Family Branches
986:
915:Portrait of Senator Aldrich
532:East Killingly, Connecticut
460:to study the causes of the
10:
3020:
1713:African Historical Studies
1688:1930. Scholarly biography
1385:Lowenstein, Roger (2015).
1371:Europe and Central Banks,
1310:Lowenstein, Roger (2015).
1017:
926:He developed an elaborate
891:served as chairman of the
877:Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller
854:National Historic Landmark
617:in the late 20th century.
575:10th Rhode Island Infantry
494:married American financer
344:10th Rhode Island Infantry
29:
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1900:
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1819:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1684:Stephenson, Nathaniel W.
1640:: The Woman in the Family
1411:Pacific Historical Review
953:
889:Winthrop Williams Aldrich
565:He served briefly in the
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331:
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2381:Rules and Administration
1758:United States Congress.
1638:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller
1599:Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth
1413:(1957) 26#2 pp. 131–146
1294:Ancestry.com Source 2204
867:who was the only son of
713:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act
651:Senate Finance Committee
456:, which established the
439:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act
413:, Aldrich served in the
409:Born at Burgess Farm in
973:is named in his honor.
960:Nelson W. Aldrich House
496:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
382:, where he represented
366:Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich
200:Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich
1862:George Peabody Wetmore
1650:Phillips, David Graham
1619:Aldrich, Nelson W. Jr.
1545:. T. Lowe. p. 13.
1176:Industrial Expositions
916:
856:
738:
690:
598:United States Congress
592:Early political career
559:
551:
536:East Greenwich Academy
476:, which allowed for a
470:Federal Reserve System
279:East Greenwich Academy
971:Warwick, Rhode Island
932:Warwick, Rhode Island
914:
848:
736:
684:
663:Charles Sanger Mellen
557:
549:
508:Nelson A. Rockefeller
324:Years of service
67:United States Senator
36:Nelson W. Aldrich Jr.
1850:William P. Sheffield
1498:on December 13, 2011
1187:Public Expenditures
1140:Revolutionary Claims
1022:District of Columbia
1007:District of Columbia
810:signed into law the
711:As co-author of the
698:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
454:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
447:Spanish–American War
411:Foster, Rhode Island
380:United States Senate
213:Foster, Rhode Island
2999:Union Army soldiers
2944:American Freemasons
1446:on October 15, 2016
1273:, February 26, 1974
1152:Interstate Commerce
1034:Education and Labor
948:Swan Point Cemetery
893:Chase National Bank
875:. Their second son
873:John D. Rockefeller
812:Federal Reserve Act
765:Federal Reserve Act
661:, whose president,
504:John D. Rockefeller
498:who was the son of
474:Sixteenth Amendment
466:Federal Reserve Act
241:Swan Point Cemetery
2913:American Civil War
1843:Served alongside:
1675:McClure's Magazine
1373:The New York Times
1246:The New York Times
917:
903:was his grandson.
885:Richard S. Aldrich
857:
792:Frank A. Vanderlip
739:
691:
643:William B. Allison
632:Theodore Havemeyer
571:American Civil War
560:
552:
481:federal income tax
445:, which ended the
419:American Civil War
392:William B. Allison
354:American Civil War
314:United States Army
2846:
2845:
2513:
2512:
2232:
2231:
1912:
1911:
1901:Succeeded by
1867:Succeeded by
1810:Succeeded by
1796:Benjamin T. Eames
1666:Steffens, Lincoln
1595:Johnson, Rossiter
1539:Lowe, T. (1916).
1196:
1195:
897:David Rockefeller
852:in Providence, a
841:Family prominence
647:John Coit Spooner
524:William Wickenden
396:John Coit Spooner
363:
362:
150:Benjamin T. Eames
47:Nelson W. Aldrich
16:(Redirected from
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1915:
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1882:Preceded by
1870:Henry F. Lippitt
1846:Henry B. Anthony
1830:Ambrose Burnside
1827:Preceded by
1813:Henry J. Spooner
1793:Preceded by
1783:
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1769:
1751:Internet Archive
1662:, by a muckraker
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1118:(50–52; 54; 55)
987:
942:Death and burial
677:National finance
641:of Connecticut,
639:Orville H. Platt
388:Orville H. Platt
376:Republican Party
293:Military service
226:
210:November 6, 1841
209:
207:
191:Personal details
180:
162:Henry J. Spooner
158:
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107:Henry F. Lippitt
103:
95:Ambrose Burnside
91:
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57:
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1842:
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1798:
1743:
1729:Wicker, Elmus.
1703:Capitol Studies
1698:(1974) pp 25–27
1635:Kert, Bernice.
1632:(2009) pp 17–31
1615:
1613:Further reading
1597:, ed. (1906). "
1582:
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1472:on May 28, 2015
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1248:, July 31, 1988
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1218:(2009) pp 17–31
1213:
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1164:Cuban Relations
985:
956:
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936:Aldrich Mansion
909:
895:. His grandson
843:
828:Platt Amendment
824:Treaty of Paris
820:
818:Foreign affairs
775:Progressive Era
767:
706:Federal Reserve
679:
673:'s loyal ally.
623:national tariff
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404:monetary policy
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1642:. New York:
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1522:. Retrieved
1512:
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1496:the original
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1470:the original
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1448:. Retrieved
1444:the original
1434:
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1386:
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1360:Johnson 1906
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1348:Johnson 1906
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945:
925:
918:
869:Standard Oil
858:
832:
821:
788:Abram Andrew
784:Paul Warburg
768:
740:
728:
717:
710:
695:
692:
686:
671:J. P. Morgan
656:
645:of Iowa and
636:
619:
611:
595:
586:
583:
579:Fort DeRussy
564:
561:
542:Early career
517:
500:Standard Oil
485:
451:
408:
384:Rhode Island
370:
365:
364:
350:Battles/wars
225:(1915-04-16)
177:
157:Succeeded by
134:
122:Rhode Island
102:Succeeded by
79:
72:Rhode Island
40:
2934:1915 deaths
2929:1841 births
2276:(1870–1947)
2004:Sprague III
1821:U.S. Senate
1575:Attribution
881:Gerald Ford
871:co-founder
724:communistic
667:Wall Street
628:Sugar Trust
608:U.S. Senate
569:during the
502:co-founder
417:during the
288:Businessman
145:Preceded by
90:Preceded by
2923:Categories
2094:Whitehouse
2034:Sprague IV
1898:1899–1911
1199:References
995:Congresses
921:Freemasons
835:Leopold II
779:Efficiency
777:themes of
757:, and the
567:Union Army
514:Early life
415:Union Army
318:Union Army
298:Allegiance
285:Profession
274:Alma mater
251:Republican
206:1841-11-06
2865:Biography
2659:Fessenden
2649:Fessenden
2634:Dickinson
2505:Klobuchar
2480:Feinstein
2465:McConnell
2455:McConnell
2415:Mansfield
2308:Blackburn
2194:Dixon III
2184:Sheffield
2144:Mathewson
2129:R. Greene
2089:L. Chafee
2084:J. Chafee
2014:A. Greene
1087:Pensions
992:Committee
907:Interests
435:protected
371:ˈɑldɹɪt͡ʃ
182:1875–1876
178:In office
135:In office
80:In office
2877:Politics
2824:Grassley
2804:Grassley
2794:Grassley
2779:Packwood
2774:Moynihan
2764:Packwood
2744:Millikin
2734:Millikin
2724:Harrison
2714:McCumber
2684:Voorhees
2629:Atherton
2614:Woodbury
2559:Campbell
2410:Hennings
2353:Copeland
2124:Bradford
2039:Burnside
1979:Champlin
1716:in JSTOR
1524:April 7,
1502:April 7,
1476:April 7,
1450:April 7,
1415:in JSTOR
1132:Chairman
1116:Chairman
1082:(48–49)
1080:Chairman
1056:(55–61)
1054:Chairman
708:system.
689:cartoon.
534:and the
265:Children
128:district
2851:Portals
2769:Bentsen
2709:Penrose
2704:Simmons
2699:Penrose
2694:Aldrich
2689:Morrill
2679:Morrill
2669:Morrill
2664:Sherman
2654:Sherman
2619:Calhoun
2594:Webster
2589:Forsyth
2569:Sanford
2485:Schumer
2445:Stevens
2435:Mathias
2333:Overman
2318:Spooner
2313:Aldrich
2303:Aldrich
2209:Metcalf
2199:Wetmore
2179:Anthony
2164:Simmons
2154:Burrill
2119:Stanton
2112:Class 2
2079:Pastore
2069:McGrath
2049:Lippitt
2044:Aldrich
2024:Simmons
2009:Francis
1999:Dixon I
1994:Robbins
1974:Malbone
1969:Howland
1952:Class 1
1888:Vermont
1749:at the
1646:, 1993.
1592::
1046:Finance
1018:Senate
747:Finance
669:banker
492:Abigail
431:tariffs
378:in the
335:Private
2809:Baucus
2799:Baucus
2789:Baucus
2739:George
2729:George
2674:Bayard
2644:Pearce
2639:Hunter
2599:Wright
2579:Lowrie
2574:Holmes
2495:Shelby
2450:Warner
2425:Cannon
2420:Jordan
2400:Jenner
2395:Hayden
2390:Brooks
2343:Curtis
2293:Morgan
2288:Blaine
2169:Clarke
2159:Knight
2149:Howell
2139:Fenner
2134:Ellery
2059:Hebert
2029:Arnold
1989:DeWolf
1984:Hunter
1964:Potter
1959:Foster
1777:FRASER
1735:online
1724:online
1707:online
1690:online
1660:online
1586:
1393:
1318:
1260:(1972)
1180:59–60
1168:56–60
1156:54–61
1144:53–54
1128:53–60
1112:50–61
1100:50–51
1076:48–55
1064:48–49
1050:47–61
1038:47–48
1026:47–48
1003:House
998:Notes
954:Legacy
794:, and
665:, was
526:, and
478:direct
400:tariff
394:, and
257:Spouse
232:, U.S.
215:, U.S.
2829:Wyden
2819:Hatch
2814:Wyden
2719:Smoot
2624:Lewis
2609:Evans
2584:Smith
2564:Eppes
2500:Blunt
2490:Blunt
2405:Green
2358:Neely
2348:Moses
2328:Crane
2283:Ferry
2274:Rules
2214:Green
2189:Chace
2174:Allen
2074:Leahy
2064:Gerry
2054:Gerry
2019:James
1108:Rules
798:, to
755:Rules
433:that
304:Union
120:from
70:from
2784:Roth
2759:Dole
2754:Long
2749:Byrd
2604:Clay
2475:Lott
2470:Dodd
2460:Dodd
2440:Ford
2430:Pell
2363:Byrd
2338:Knox
2323:Knox
2298:Frye
2224:Reed
2219:Pell
2204:Colt
1526:2014
1504:2014
1478:2014
1452:2014
1391:ISBN
1316:ISBN
958:The
687:Puck
402:and
340:Unit
332:Rank
327:1862
220:Died
196:Born
1601:".
1190:61
1090:49
1011:46
126:1st
124:'s
2925::
1860:,
1856:,
1852:,
1848:,
1762:.
1672:,
1668:,
1621:,
1300:^
1244:,
1223:^
1207:^
966:.
790:,
786:,
761:.
753:,
749:,
522:,
483:.
449:.
390:,
368:(/
268:11
2853::
2539:e
2532:t
2525:v
2258:e
2251:t
2244:v
1937:e
1930:t
1923:v
1768:.
1528:.
1506:.
1480:.
1454:.
1399:.
1324:.
208:)
204:(
38:.
20:)
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