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441:"—which was used because of the high boiling temperatures and hence storability of the fuel and oxidizer, despite being extremely corrosive and toxic. These risks were accounted for in the safety requirements of the launch procedures, but Nedelin's insistence on achieving a test launch ahead of the 7 November 1960 anniversary of the
545:
When
Brezhnev arrived at the firing range on 25 October 1960, he said: "Comrades! We do not intend to put anyone on trial; we are going to investigate the causes and take actions to recover from the disaster and continue operations". Despite this, I. A. Doroshenko was held accountable for the event.
465:
described many details: as soon as the engine fired, most of the personnel there ran to the perimeter, but were trapped inside the security fence and then engulfed in the fireball of burning fuel. The explosion incinerated or asphyxiated
Nedelin, a top aide, the USSR's top missile-guidance designer,
457:
in the replaced main sequencer caused the second-stage engine to fire while being tested before launch. This detonated the first stage fuel tanks directly below, causing an explosion which destroyed the missile. Before seeking refuge, the camera operator remotely activated automatic cameras set
599:
A news release stated that
Nedelin had died "in a plane crash while on an undisclosed mission". The Italian news agency Continentale first reported on 8 December 1960, from undisclosed sources, that Marshal Nedelin and 100 people had been killed in a rocket explosion.
556:
After the committee presented its report, the R-16 program resumed in
January 1961 with first successful flight on 2 February 1961. The delay to the R-16 spurred the USSR toward the development of more effective ICBMs and sparked Khrushchev's decision to install
541:
to head an investigation commission and go to the site. Among other things, the commission found that many more people were present on the launch pad than should have been—most were supposed to be safely offsite in bunkers.
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missile, occurred at
Baikonur exactly three years after the Nedelin catastrophe, causing 24 October to be referred to as Baikonur's "Black Day." No launches have been attempted on that date at Baikonur ever since.
518:
359:
engine ignited accidentally, killing an unknown number of military and technical personnel working on the preparations. Despite the magnitude of the disaster, information was suppressed for many years and the
549:
Afterwards, when Nikita
Khrushchev asked Yangel, "But why have you remained alive?", Yangel answered in a trembling voice, "Walked away for a smoke. It's all my fault". Yangel later suffered a
402:) awaiting final tests before launch. The missile was over 30 metres (98 ft) long, 3.0 metres (9.8 ft) in diameter and had a launch weight of 141 tons. The rocket was fueled with the
537:. A news release stated that Nedelin had died in a plane crash and the families of the other engineers were advised to say their loved ones had died of the same cause. Khrushchev also ordered
496:
who had passed information to the West, that as many as 300 had died. The Soviet Union said only that a "significant number" had died when it first acknowledged the incident in a 1989
483:
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resulted in extreme schedule pressure, in a context of substantial emerging engineering difficulties. Ultimately pre-launch tests began to overlap with launch preparations.
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510:, was that 126 people had died, but the agency qualified the number by saying that the actual number could be anywhere from 60 to 150 dead.
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People near the rocket were instantly incinerated; those farther away were burned to death or poisoned by the toxic fuel component vapors.
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A memorial to the victims of the test was erected in the first half of the 1960s in the Park of
Baikonur and is still visited by
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article, but later in the year, the government put the number of dead at 54. The most recent estimated death toll, released by
664: – 1996 launch failure, which killed an unknown number of people in the worst space launch disaster since Nedelin
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1436:"Exiled Soviet Scientist Says That an Explosion of Buried Atomic Wastes in the Urals in 1958 Killed Hundreds",
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and over 70 other officers and engineers. Still others died later of burns or poisoning. Missile designer
1621:
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The exact death toll of the explosion is not known. The first
Western reporting of the accident via the
391:
369:
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government did not acknowledge the event until 1989. With more than 54 recognized casualties, it is the
1601:
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1473:Болотин (Bolotin), Александр Ю. (Alexander Yu.) (15 April 1989). "10-ая площада" [Site 10].
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The
Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945–2000
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8:
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had confirmed details of the missile accident, and exiled scientist and Soviet dissident
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1410:"Chief of Rockets Killed in Soviet; Moscow Reports Death of Nedelin in Plane Crash",
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behind a bunker a few hundred metres away, but nonetheless suffered burn injuries.
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at the tomb for those killed during the test R-16 on 24 October 1960, the city of
375:, who was the head of the R-16 development program and perished in the explosion.
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713:
Korolev – How One Man
Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon
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1519:
1423:"Rocket Cited in Deaths; Italian Agency Says Blast Killed 3 Russian Experts",
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Complete secrecy was immediately imposed on the events of 24 October 1960 by
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on the 50th anniversary of the accident and originating with agency engineer
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678:; Moscow, 1996; published by Mashinostroyeniye Publishing House (in Russian)
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Press, Pennsylvania, 2000; Translated by Shirley Benson; pp. 416–425
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was being prepared for a test flight, an explosion occurred when the
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771:"Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
827:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
622:
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715:; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York, 1997; pp. 119–120
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provided further details in 1976 in the British weekly magazine
1215:Первые шаги советской ракетной техники. Статьи. Наука И Техника
729:
458:
around the launching pad that filmed the explosion in detail.
913:
Into that Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–1965
1214:
1560:, Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology.
19:"Nedelin" redirects here. For the Soviet chief marshal, see
562:
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in December 1960 said that 100 people were killed, while
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The official website of the city administration Baikonur
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Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
1232:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
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Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
1108:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
1053:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
804:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
801:
Chertok, Boris (June 2006). "Chapter 32: Catastrophes".
684:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
565:. Before the disaster Yangel had ambitions to challenge
327:
633:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
744:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower
1607:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
1472:
780:; Random House; New York City, 2009; p. 405.
336:accident that occurred on 24 October 1960 at the
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879:(Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002) pp. 66–67
871:
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366:deadliest disaster in space exploration history
606:reported on 16 October 1965 that captured spy
492:reported in 1965, citing information from spy
1363:
1284:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1229:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1160:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1105:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1050:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
470:survived only because he had left to smoke a
866:
573:, but he was directed to focus on the R-16.
1345:(in Russian). ООО "Интерактивный Маркетинг"
915:(University of Nebraska Press, 2007) p. 180
1338:
1026:"Russia remembers horrific space accident"
983:"Soviet article reports 1960 launch blast"
676:Rockets and People: Fili-Podlipki-Tyuratam
594:
1045:
1043:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1449:
1364:Pavlushchenko, Katya (23 October 2019).
1028:. Sydney Morning Herald. 25 October 2010
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1104:
1049:
1000:"1980 Soviet Rocket Accident Killed 50"
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1339:Tsaplienko, Andriy (25 October 2005).
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955:"1960 Soviet Rocket Disaster Reported"
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294:54–300 deaths (exact number not known)
161:The Catastrophe at Baikonur Cosmodrome
1525:Day when not start missiles. Part two
1520:Day when not start missiles. Part one
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652:1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion
559:intermediate-range ballistic missiles
16:1960 fatal Soviet launch pad disaster
1450:Medvedev, Zhores (4 November 1976).
1376:from the original on 22 October 2022
888:
791:
580:officials before any manned launch.
410:as fuel and a saturated solution of
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
773:; Korolyov, 2001. Events and facts.
368:. The catastrophe is named for the
13:
1627:1960 disasters in the Soviet Union
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388:intercontinental ballistic missile
383:On 23 October 1960, the prototype
353:intercontinental ballistic missile
310:Catastrophe at Baikonur Cosmodrome
14:
1638:
1617:Space program of the Soviet Union
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1310:from the original on 3 April 2020
1255:from the original on 3 April 2020
1186:from the original on 3 April 2020
1131:from the original on 3 April 2020
1076:from the original on 3 April 2020
657:1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster
152:Катастрофа на космодроме Байконур
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889:Yoon, Joseph N. (6 June 2004).
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757:Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh" 1997;
283:Soviet Strategic Missile Troops
41:needs additional citations for
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1:
1592:Non-combat military accidents
1587:Disasters in the Soviet Union
1549:The Russian Union of Veterans
748:Pennsylvania State University
553:and was off work for months.
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1597:October 1960 events in Asia
1551:, Day of memory and grief.
1452:"Two decades of dissidence"
1366:"Black Day of Cosmonautics"
778:A Fiery Peace in a Cold War
732:, "the Golden path", 2001.
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437:as the oxidizer—nicknamed "
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10:
1643:
1535:"The disaster at Baikonur"
1401:Magazine, 7 November 1960.
846:Zak, Anatoly; et al.
755:Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel.
699:We grew hearts in Baikonur
687:, 2006; published by NASA
373:Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin
370:Chief Marshal of Artillery
18:
1504:"The Nedelin Catastrophe"
1477:(in Russian) (16): 10–14.
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1612:Space program fatalities
1582:Explosions in Kazakhstan
1509:Air & Space Magazine
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926:"ROCKET CITED IN DEATHS"
1440:, 7 November 1976, p.18
1427:, 10 December 1960, p.6
987:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
595:Official acknowledgment
329:Katastrofa na Baikonure
318:Катастрофа на Байконуре
1494:on RussianSpaceWeb.com
1414:, 26 October 1960, p.2
1342:Неделинская катастрофа
584:Another fatal accident
530:
390:had been installed on
1540:Moskovsky Komsomolets
1293:. NASA. p. 633.
1238:. NASA. p. 620.
1169:. NASA. p. 629.
1114:. NASA. p. 628.
1059:. NASA. p. 631.
854:. Rockets: R16 family
521:
236:45.97542°N 63.65982°E
65:"Nedelin catastrophe"
989:, 17 April 1989, p.3
742:Khrushchev, Sergei;
669:General bibliography
571:Manned Space program
443:Bolshevik Revolution
400:стартовая позиция 41
50:improve this article
1577:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1500:on aerospaceweb.org
1006:. 28 September 1989
701:. OAO MPK in 2018;
379:Launch preparations
338:Baikonur Cosmodrome
302:Nedelin catastrophe
232: /
193:Baikonur Cosmodrome
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131:Nedelin catastrophe
1622:Explosions in 1960
1004:The New York Times
959:The New York Times
932:. 10 December 1960
930:The New York Times
891:"Nedelin Disaster"
848:"Nedelin Disaster"
697:Eliseev, V. I. M.
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241:45.97542; 63.65982
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961:. 17 October 1965
852:Russian Space Web
707:978-5-8493-0415-1
569:as leader of the
535:Nikita Khrushchev
342:Soviet Kazakhstan
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214:Coordinates
1571:Categories
1515:Video clip
1380:22 October
1349:9 November
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478:Casualties
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227:63°39′35″E
224:45°58′32″N
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173:1960-10-24
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785:Citations
726:«At risk»
514:Aftermath
504:Roscosmos
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1374:Archived
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810:. NASA.
630:See also
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199:Location
1370:Twitter
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268:Cause
189:Venue
184:18:45
97:JSTOR
83:books
1399:TIME
1382:2022
1351:2011
1316:2020
1295:ISBN
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