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452:"—which was used because of the high boiling temperatures and hence storability of the fuel and oxidizer, despite being extremely corrosive and toxic. These risks were accounted for in the safety requirements of the launch procedures, but Nedelin's insistence on achieving a test launch ahead of the 7 November 1960 anniversary of the
556:
When
Brezhnev arrived at the firing range on 25 October 1960, he said: "Comrades! We do not intend to put anyone on trial; we are going to investigate the causes and take actions to recover from the disaster and continue operations". Despite this, I. A. Doroshenko was held accountable for the event.
476:
described many details: as soon as the engine fired, most of the personnel there ran to the perimeter, but were trapped inside the security fence and then engulfed in the fireball of burning fuel. The explosion incinerated or asphyxiated
Nedelin, a top aide, the USSR's top missile-guidance designer,
468:
in the replaced main sequencer caused the second-stage engine to fire while being tested before launch. This detonated the first stage fuel tanks directly below, causing an explosion which destroyed the missile. Before seeking refuge, the camera operator remotely activated automatic cameras set
610:
A news release stated that
Nedelin had died "in a plane crash while on an undisclosed mission". The Italian news agency Continentale first reported on 8 December 1960, from undisclosed sources, that Marshal Nedelin and 100 people had been killed in a rocket explosion.
567:
After the committee presented its report, the R-16 program resumed in
January 1961 with first successful flight on 2 February 1961. The delay to the R-16 spurred the USSR toward the development of more effective ICBMs and sparked Khrushchev's decision to install
552:
to head an investigation commission and go to the site. Among other things, the commission found that many more people were present on the launch pad than should have been—most were supposed to be safely offsite in bunkers.
601:
missile, occurred at
Baikonur exactly three years after the Nedelin catastrophe, causing 24 October to be referred to as Baikonur's "Black Day." No launches have been attempted on that date at Baikonur ever since.
529:
370:
engine ignited accidentally, killing an unknown number of military and technical personnel working on the preparations. Despite the magnitude of the disaster, information was suppressed for many years and the
560:
Afterwards, when Nikita
Khrushchev asked Yangel, "But why have you remained alive?", Yangel answered in a trembling voice, "Walked away for a smoke. It's all my fault". Yangel later suffered a
413:) awaiting final tests before launch. The missile was over 30 metres (98 ft) long, 3.0 metres (9.8 ft) in diameter and had a launch weight of 141 tons. The rocket was fueled with the
548:. A news release stated that Nedelin had died in a plane crash and the families of the other engineers were advised to say their loved ones had died of the same cause. Khrushchev also ordered
507:
who had passed information to the West, that as many as 300 had died. The Soviet Union said only that a "significant number" had died when it first acknowledged the incident in a 1989
494:
149:
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resulted in extreme schedule pressure, in a context of substantial emerging engineering difficulties. Ultimately pre-launch tests began to overlap with launch preparations.
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631:. However, it was not until 16 April 1989 that the Soviet Union acknowledged the events, with a report appearing in the weekly newsmagazine
521:, was that 126 people had died, but the agency qualified the number by saying that the actual number could be anywhere from 60 to 150 dead.
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People near the rocket were instantly incinerated; those farther away were burned to death or poisoned by the toxic fuel component vapors.
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107:
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A memorial to the victims of the test was erected in the first half of the 1960s in the Park of
Baikonur and is still visited by
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article, but later in the year, the government put the number of dead at 54. The most recent estimated death toll, released by
675: – 1996 launch failure, which killed an unknown number of people in the worst space launch disaster since Nedelin
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1447:"Exiled Soviet Scientist Says That an Explosion of Buried Atomic Wastes in the Urals in 1958 Killed Hundreds",
1309:
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and over 70 other officers and engineers. Still others died later of burns or poisoning. Missile designer
1632:
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The exact death toll of the explosion is not known. The first
Western reporting of the accident via the
402:
380:
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government did not acknowledge the event until 1989. With more than 54 recognized casualties, it is the
1612:
1376:
1484:Болотин (Bolotin), Александр Ю. (Alexander Yu.) (15 April 1989). "10-ая площада" [Site 10].
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100:
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The
Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945–2000
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414:
453:
422:
781:
8:
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had confirmed details of the missile accident, and exiled scientist and Soviet dissident
348:
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1421:"Chief of Rockets Killed in Soviet; Moscow Reports Death of Nedelin in Plane Crash",
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behind a bunker a few hundred metres away, but nonetheless suffered burn injuries.
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31:
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at the tomb for those killed during the test R-16 on 24 October 1960, the city of
386:, who was the head of the R-16 development program and perished in the explosion.
778:
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724:
Korolev – How One Man
Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon
618:
594:
577:
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395:
360:
1535:
1530:
1434:"Rocket Cited in Deaths; Italian Agency Says Blast Killed 3 Russian Experts",
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Complete secrecy was immediately imposed on the events of 24 October 1960 by
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on the 50th anniversary of the accident and originating with agency engineer
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813:
693:
689:; Moscow, 1996; published by Mashinostroyeniye Publishing House (in Russian)
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Press, Pennsylvania, 2000; Translated by Shirley Benson; pp. 416–425
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was being prepared for a test flight, an explosion occurred when the
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42:
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782:"Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life"
1336:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1212:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1102:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
838:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
633:
509:
726:; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York, 1997; pp. 119–120
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provided further details in 1976 in the British weekly magazine
1226:Первые шаги советской ракетной техники. Статьи. Наука И Техника
740:
469:
around the launching pad that filmed the explosion in detail.
924:
Into that Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–1965
1225:
1571:, Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology.
30:"Nedelin" redirects here. For the Soviet chief marshal, see
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in December 1960 said that 100 people were killed, while
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The official website of the city administration Baikonur
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Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
1243:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
1174:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
1119:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
1064:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
815:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
812:
Chertok, Boris (June 2006). "Chapter 32: Catastrophes".
695:
Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry
576:. Before the disaster Yangel had ambitions to challenge
338:
644:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
755:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower
1618:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
1483:
791:; Random House; New York City, 2009; p. 405.
347:accident that occurred on 24 October 1960 at the
1579:
890:(Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002) pp. 66–67
882:
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377:deadliest disaster in space exploration history
617:reported on 16 October 1965 that captured spy
503:reported in 1965, citing information from spy
1374:
1295:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1240:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1171:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1116:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
1061:Chertok, Boris (2006). Siddiqui, Asif (ed.).
481:survived only because he had left to smoke a
877:
584:, but he was directed to focus on the R-16.
1356:(in Russian). ООО "Интерактивный Маркетинг"
926:(University of Nebraska Press, 2007) p. 180
1349:
1037:"Russia remembers horrific space accident"
994:"Soviet article reports 1960 launch blast"
687:Rockets and People: Fili-Podlipki-Tyuratam
605:
1056:
1054:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1460:
1375:Pavlushchenko, Katya (23 October 2019).
1039:. Sydney Morning Herald. 25 October 2010
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1011:"1980 Soviet Rocket Accident Killed 50"
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14:
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1350:Tsaplienko, Andriy (25 October 2005).
1051:
966:"1960 Soviet Rocket Disaster Reported"
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305:54–300 deaths (exact number not known)
172:The Catastrophe at Baikonur Cosmodrome
1536:Day when not start missiles. Part two
1531:Day when not start missiles. Part one
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663:1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion
570:intermediate-range ballistic missiles
27:1960 fatal Soviet launch pad disaster
1461:Medvedev, Zhores (4 November 1976).
1387:from the original on 22 October 2022
899:
802:
591:officials before any manned launch.
421:as fuel and a saturated solution of
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
784:; Korolyov, 2001. Events and facts.
379:. The catastrophe is named for the
24:
1638:1960 disasters in the Soviet Union
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399:intercontinental ballistic missile
394:On 23 October 1960, the prototype
364:intercontinental ballistic missile
321:Catastrophe at Baikonur Cosmodrome
25:
1649:
1628:Space program of the Soviet Union
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1321:from the original on 3 April 2020
1266:from the original on 3 April 2020
1197:from the original on 3 April 2020
1142:from the original on 3 April 2020
1087:from the original on 3 April 2020
668:1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster
163:Катастрофа на космодроме Байконур
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900:Yoon, Joseph N. (6 June 2004).
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768:Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh" 1997;
294:Soviet Strategic Missile Troops
52:needs additional citations for
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1603:Non-combat military accidents
1598:Disasters in the Soviet Union
1560:The Russian Union of Veterans
759:Pennsylvania State University
564:and was off work for months.
488:
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524:
7:
1608:October 1960 events in Asia
1562:, Day of memory and grief.
1463:"Two decades of dissidence"
1377:"Black Day of Cosmonautics"
789:A Fiery Peace in a Cold War
743:, "the Golden path", 2001.
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448:as the oxidizer—nicknamed "
339:
10:
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1546:"The disaster at Baikonur"
1412:Magazine, 7 November 1960.
857:Zak, Anatoly; et al.
766:Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel.
710:We grew hearts in Baikonur
698:, 2006; published by NASA
384:Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin
381:Chief Marshal of Artillery
29:
1515:"The Nedelin Catastrophe"
1488:(in Russian) (16): 10–14.
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1623:Space program fatalities
1593:Explosions in Kazakhstan
1520:Air & Space Magazine
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937:"ROCKET CITED IN DEATHS"
1451:, 7 November 1976, p.18
1438:, 10 December 1960, p.6
998:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
606:Official acknowledgment
340:Katastrofa na Baikonure
329:Катастрофа на Байконуре
1505:on RussianSpaceWeb.com
1425:, 26 October 1960, p.2
1353:Неделинская катастрофа
595:Another fatal accident
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401:had been installed on
1551:Moskovsky Komsomolets
1304:. NASA. p. 633.
1249:. NASA. p. 620.
1180:. NASA. p. 629.
1125:. NASA. p. 628.
1070:. NASA. p. 631.
865:. Rockets: R16 family
532:
247:45.97542°N 63.65982°E
76:"Nedelin catastrophe"
1000:, 17 April 1989, p.3
753:Khrushchev, Sergei;
680:General bibliography
582:Manned Space program
454:Bolshevik Revolution
411:стартовая позиция 41
61:improve this article
1588:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1511:on aerospaceweb.org
1017:. 28 September 1989
712:. OAO MPK in 2018;
390:Launch preparations
349:Baikonur Cosmodrome
313:Nedelin catastrophe
243: /
204:Baikonur Cosmodrome
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142:Nedelin catastrophe
1633:Explosions in 1960
1015:The New York Times
970:The New York Times
943:. 10 December 1960
941:The New York Times
902:"Nedelin Disaster"
859:"Nedelin Disaster"
708:Eliseev, V. I. M.
542:
252:45.97542; 63.65982
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972:. 17 October 1965
863:Russian Space Web
718:978-5-8493-0415-1
580:as leader of the
546:Nikita Khrushchev
353:Soviet Kazakhstan
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1582:Categories
1526:Video clip
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279:Cause
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108:JSTOR
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1410:TIME
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