202:, Hamilton's longtime Federalist ally. Marshall stated that the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank, but it conferred upon Congress an implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause so that Congress could realize or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers. The case reaffirmed Hamilton's view that legislation reasonably related to express powers was constitutional. Marshall wrote:
142:, Madison argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank. Hamilton countered that the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds and claimed that the clause applied to activities that were reasonably related to constitutional powers, not only those that were absolutely necessary to carry out said powers. To embarrass Madison, his contrary claims from the
323:
individual mandate, by contrast, vests
Congress with the extraordinary ability to create the necessary predicate to the exercise of an enumerated power and draw within its regulatory scope those who would otherwise lie outside it. Even if the individual mandate is "necessary" to the Affordable Care Act's other reforms, such an expansion of federal power is not a "proper" means for making those reforms effective."
207:
carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the
Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.
281:(1942), the Supreme Court upheld a federal statute making it a crime for a farmer to produce more wheat than was allowed under price and production controls, even if the excess production was for the farmer's own personal consumption. The Necessary and Proper Clause was used to justify the regulation of production and consumption.
322:
ruled that the mandate cannot "be sustained under the
Necessary and Proper Clause as an integral part of the Affordable Care Act's other reforms. Each of this Court's prior cases upholding laws under that Clause involved exercises of authority derivative of, and in service to, a granted power.... The
235:
As
Marshall put it, the Necessary and Proper Clause "purport to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted." Without that clause, there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply
225:
by declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers: "Should
Congress, in the execution of its powers, adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution, or should Congress, under the pretext of executing its powers, pass laws for the accomplishment of objects
206:
We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the
Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be
39:
The
Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer
3360:
300:
over which the
Congress has power. It has also provided justification for a wide range of criminal laws relating to interference with the federal government's rightful operation, including federal laws against assaulting or murdering federal employees.
4522:
78:
had no powers incidental to those "expressly delegated" by the
Articles of Confederation. By contrast, the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress; no other clause in the Constitution does so by itself.
214:
held that federal laws could be necessary without being "absolutely necessary" and noted, "The clause is placed among the powers of
Congress, not among the limitations on those powers." At the same time, the Court retained the power of
2500:
2957:
157:
Eventually, Southern opposition to the bank and to Hamilton's plan to have the federal government assume the war debts of the states was mollified by the transfer of the nation's capital from its temporary seat in
5928:
152:
No axiom is more clearly established in law or in reason than wherever the end is required, the means are authorized; wherever a general power to do a thing is given, every particular power for doing it is
5219:
4482:
3037:
3005:
4458:
5920:
2467:
1615:
4655:
198:
by imposing a prohibitive tax on out-of-state banks, the Second Bank of the United States being the only one. In the case, the Court ruled against Maryland in an opinion written by Chief Justice
2321:
82:
The draft clause provoked controversy during discussions on the proposed constitution, and its inclusion became a focal point of criticism for those opposed to ratification of the constitution.
1305:
5912:
1123:
5059:
1630:
1060:
5652:
5572:
2427:
1580:
232:] to the Government, it would become the painful duty of this tribunal, should a case requiring such a decision come before it, to say that such an act was not the law of the land."
5011:
3761:
1161:
1428:
2378:
5896:
5227:
3432:
2981:
2374:
2325:
1530:
5579:
2431:
4392:
1300:
5774:
2247:
130:, and several other political parties. The first practical example of that contention came in 1791, when Hamilton used the clause to defend the constitutionality of the new
5904:
5371:
5339:
5019:
2646:
2262:
28:
1600:
1133:
1017:
817:
749:
349:
1585:
1003:
6019:
5936:
3176:
1781:
988:
978:
122:
For several decades after the Constitution was ratified, interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause continued to be a powerful bone of contention between the
1620:
5527:
5027:
4623:
2730:
998:
993:
983:
973:
3456:
2738:
953:
306:
5864:
5448:
5395:
5099:
4780:
4490:
3691:
3489:
2805:
963:
958:
927:
922:
2553:
4743:
4583:
2909:
968:
948:
932:
5323:
4909:
4450:
3745:
3659:
3384:
3280:
3069:
1525:
899:
5856:
5235:
4946:
3344:
1776:
904:
868:
373:
The phrase has become the label of choice for this constitutional clause. It was universally adopted by the courts and received Congress's imprimatur in
340:, the clause "simply restates the background principle that Congress can exercise powers which are merely 'incidental' to Congress's enumerated powers."
6123:
4955:
4805:
2965:
2180:
1610:
1505:
873:
853:
843:
5944:
5615:
5259:
5195:
4498:
1315:
883:
878:
863:
858:
848:
838:
5631:
5473:
5427:
4995:
4506:
3053:
2613:
5171:
4727:
4421:
4136:
4051:
3200:
1706:
807:
787:
742:
248:, the clause was employed, in combination with other enumerated powers, to give the federal government virtually complete control over currency.
685:
5403:
5107:
4893:
4813:
4338:
4197:
4059:
2191:
797:
792:
70:, "each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation
5888:
5299:
4821:
4663:
4330:
3328:
2307:
1560:
802:
782:
777:
3596:
5457:
1998:
1050:
284:
Also, in addition to both clauses being used to uphold federal laws that affect economic activity, they also were used to justify federal
114:
took the opposing view by saying that the clause would lead to limitless federal power, which would inevitably menace individual liberty.
6128:
4925:
4735:
4607:
4575:
4266:
3641:
3248:
1711:
1510:
5243:
4647:
4370:
3192:
3045:
3013:
2682:
1246:
772:
735:
315:
5003:
4901:
4144:
4128:
4120:
1485:
1455:
1241:
1206:
1186:
5315:
5035:
4789:
4181:
4027:
4019:
2941:
1490:
5331:
4711:
4322:
3947:
3232:
3077:
2997:
2690:
1701:
5283:
4933:
4362:
3240:
2821:
1791:
1460:
1338:
1475:
6088:
5848:
5419:
5387:
5187:
5179:
4971:
4751:
4719:
4599:
4554:
4474:
4067:
3264:
3160:
2789:
2013:
1103:
1098:
1025:
446:
236:
incidental powers, but the clause resolved that dispute by making those incidental powers be expressed, instead of implied.
4853:
4767:
4466:
4400:
4189:
4043:
4035:
3408:
3120:
2949:
2901:
2295:
1746:
1540:
6064:
5465:
5411:
4687:
4514:
4221:
4164:
2925:
2122:
1741:
1333:
5275:
4759:
4639:
4530:
3368:
3352:
2917:
2869:
2459:
2398:
2345:
2304:
1378:
374:
611:
5251:
5123:
4963:
4314:
4298:
4152:
3304:
3256:
3144:
3021:
1721:
1083:
758:
508:
272:(1819) in American jurisprudence can be seen in cases generally to be thought to involve simply the Commerce Clause.
55:
6096:
5291:
5203:
4979:
4829:
2893:
2877:
2853:
2226:
2221:
1565:
367:
195:
87:
659:
5709:
4837:
4695:
4429:
3683:
2845:
2813:
2520:
1570:
1555:
131:
3886:
3464:
3296:
2829:
2698:
1977:
5824:
4412:
4205:
4111:
3584:
3061:
2573:
1751:
1691:
1280:
107:
5998:
4671:
3675:
3312:
2861:
2241:
2039:
1470:
1343:
1148:
1030:
830:
5267:
4591:
4075:
3216:
2989:
2621:
2255:
2159:
2117:
2112:
1201:
1166:
123:
90:
argued that the clause would permit only execution of powers that had been granted by the constitution.
5551:
5043:
2885:
2797:
2642:
2209:
1656:
1625:
1348:
1113:
1108:
326:
According to its proponents, the ruling returns the clause to its original interpretation, outlined by
32:
6040:
6032:
5543:
4885:
4290:
4237:
3440:
3392:
3288:
3224:
2674:
1957:
1837:
1636:
1368:
1191:
1068:
914:
398:
263:
were found to be necessary and proper enactments of the objective of regulating interstate commerce.
184:
The clause, as justification for the creation of a national bank, was put to the test in 1819 during
67:
5832:
5725:
5677:
5435:
5067:
4861:
4631:
4213:
4173:
4091:
2565:
2288:
1926:
1796:
1660:
1520:
1439:
1285:
1275:
1143:
5139:
4917:
4845:
4258:
4229:
2772:
2706:
2658:
2528:
2496:
1716:
1664:
1590:
1418:
1295:
1290:
1226:
1196:
1138:
569:
296:
to transport a kidnapped person across state lines because the transportation would be an act of
6072:
5355:
5155:
5075:
4354:
4274:
4099:
3939:
3721:
3424:
3400:
1879:
1398:
1323:
1270:
1221:
1045:
289:
139:
135:
134:, the first federal bank in the new nation's history. Concerned that monied aristocrats in the
591:
466:
6048:
5511:
4566:
4306:
4249:
3955:
3906:
3781:
3621:
3613:
3559:
3521:
3336:
3168:
2933:
2837:
2086:
1465:
1433:
1264:
1093:
1040:
606:
559:
436:
391:
378:
332:
268:
186:
46:
6080:
5977:
5519:
5379:
5115:
5091:
5051:
4011:
3878:
3729:
2722:
2512:
2231:
1786:
1500:
1495:
1450:
1423:
1373:
1118:
644:
357:
75:
86:
expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power, but
8:
5797:
5741:
5717:
4987:
3995:
3979:
3963:
3814:
3713:
3320:
3184:
2390:
2281:
2214:
2003:
1731:
1595:
1383:
1328:
1231:
1088:
467:
The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding
297:
2273:
366:
as a necessary and proper exercise of power under the 18th Amendment, which established
5787:
5701:
5693:
5623:
5211:
4679:
4282:
4083:
3987:
3971:
3854:
3846:
3753:
3737:
3503:
3272:
2714:
2594:
2549:
1916:
1900:
1761:
1575:
1550:
1535:
1445:
1413:
1403:
1363:
1353:
405:
363:
311:
277:
245:
221:
167:
91:
266:
The influence of the Necessary and Proper Clause and its broader interpretation under
5990:
5840:
5599:
5535:
5083:
4877:
4797:
4546:
3915:
3894:
3790:
3667:
3568:
3448:
3208:
3029:
2781:
2353:
2236:
1982:
1967:
1947:
1821:
1696:
1675:
1647:
1251:
1078:
504:
497:
442:
416:
411:
171:
144:
103:
95:
5651:
727:
5816:
5685:
5591:
5307:
5163:
5131:
4615:
3923:
3806:
3629:
3546:
3152:
3112:
3096:
2666:
2606:
2443:
1858:
1605:
1480:
1408:
1393:
1128:
1073:
1035:
710:
524:
127:
6056:
5770:
5347:
5147:
4703:
3931:
3862:
3838:
3798:
3651:
3376:
3128:
3104:
2973:
2759:
2475:
2406:
2143:
2091:
1972:
1931:
1842:
1766:
1670:
1652:
1388:
1358:
1216:
252:
216:
83:
545:
5952:
5880:
5733:
5669:
5363:
4346:
3830:
3822:
3769:
3576:
3416:
2451:
2081:
2060:
2044:
2008:
1952:
1921:
1736:
577:(1997) (Stevens, J., dissenting, joined by Souter, Ginsburg & Breyer, JJ.).
352:
51:
686:"Major limits on the Congress's powers, in an opinion worthy of John Marshall"
6117:
5872:
5607:
5220:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
4869:
4483:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
4382:
4003:
3870:
3703:
3605:
2337:
2186:
2107:
2065:
2034:
1962:
1884:
1756:
1726:
1642:
1545:
1256:
1211:
574:
564:
327:
293:
199:
163:
111:
99:
5749:
4538:
4459:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
3006:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
438:
The Legislative Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics
319:
285:
159:
106:
that without the clause, the constitution would be a "dead letter." At the
3513:
2468:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
2138:
2018:
337:
256:
3038:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
4441:
3136:
1863:
689:
348:
The specific term "Necessary and Proper Clause" was coined in 1926 by
318:
cannot be upheld under the Necessary and Proper Clause. Chief Justice
5060:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
4656:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
1771:
3361:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
5012:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
3762:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
260:
191:
5571:
2373:
1806:
1236:
624:
Gardbaum, Steven (1996). "Rethinking Constitutional Federalism".
5497:
5228:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
4523:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
4393:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
2641:
5020:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
5372:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
5340:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
355:, writing for the majority in the Supreme Court decision in
16:
Clause of the US constitution regarding congressional powers
377:, Section 1541(b) (1994), in the purpose and policy of the
3177:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
255:
to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of
162:
to Washington, DC, a more southerly permanent seat on the
2495:
2303:
228:
50:, the US Supreme Court has ruled that this clause grants
5028:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
4624:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
6065:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
3457:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2806:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
2739:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
660:"The Supreme Court Decision on Obama's Health Care Law"
479:
307:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
4491:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
3692:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
5976:
4744:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
4584:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
3660:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
2910:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
2593:
2548:
757:
5324:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
4910:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
4451:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
3746:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
3545:
3385:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
3070:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
2320:
362:
272 U.S. 581 (1926), which upheld a law restricting
5236:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
5100:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
2758:
4956:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
4806:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
3488:
2966:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
2426:
2181:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
496:
166:, and the bill, along with the establishment of a
94:spoke vigorously for the second interpretation in
5616:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
5260:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
5196:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
4996:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
4499:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
3501:
3281:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
523:
170:, was passed by Congress and signed by President
6115:
5769:
5632:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
5474:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
5428:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
4507:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
4052:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
3054:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
2958:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
2614:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
623:
434:
259:. For instance, various reforms involved in the
138:would take advantage of the bank to exploit the
6018:
5929:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
5396:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
5172:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
4728:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
3201:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
645:"United States v. Comstock 560 U.S. 126 (2010)"
5945:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
5404:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
5108:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
4894:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
4814:International News Service v. Associated Press
4339:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
4331:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
4198:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
4060:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2192:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
194:had attempted to impede the operations of the
5458:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
5300:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
4822:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
4664:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
3329:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
2289:
743:
4422:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
4267:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
4137:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
711:"US CODE: Title 50,1541. Purpose and policy"
494:
5889:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
4926:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
4736:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
4608:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
4576:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
4371:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
3249:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
3014:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
595:, p. 104 (Greenwood Publishing Group 2006).
546:"McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U. S. 316 (1819)"
540:
538:
428:
5244:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
3193:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
3046:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
2296:
2282:
750:
736:
316:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
6124:Clauses of the United States Constitution
5004:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
4902:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
4182:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
4145:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
4129:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
4121:Straus v. American Publishers Association
4028:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
310:(2012), the Supreme Court ruled that the
5316:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
5036:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
4790:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
4712:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4020:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
3233:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
2942:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
2683:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
2248:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
535:
177:
74:delegated" (emphasis added). Thus, the
5921:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
5332:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
4648:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
4363:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
4323:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
3948:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
3078:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
2998:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
2822:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
2691:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
657:
634:Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942)
6116:
5284:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
5180:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
4934:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
4600:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
3241:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
658:Roberts, John G. Jr. (June 28, 2012).
585:
583:
460:
458:
288:as well. For example, Congress in the
102:concurred with Hamilton and argued in
6089:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
6017:
5975:
5849:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
5768:
5650:
5570:
5496:
5420:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
5388:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
5188:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
4972:United States v. General Electric Co.
4752:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
4720:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
4555:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
4475:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
3544:
3487:
3265:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
3161:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
2790:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
2757:
2640:
2592:
2547:
2494:
2425:
2375:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
2372:
2319:
2277:
731:
683:
677:
343:
5913:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
4854:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
4768:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
4467:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
4401:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
4190:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
4044:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
4036:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3409:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
3121:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
2950:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
2902:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
251:The clause has been paired with the
5466:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
5412:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
4688:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
4515:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
4222:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
4165:International Copyright Act of 1891
2926:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
2215:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1742:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
580:
470:, Volume 1, p. 591 (ABC-CLIO 2005).
455:
13:
6129:Legal history of the United States
5276:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
4640:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
4531:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
3369:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
3353:National League of Cities v. Usery
2918:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
2870:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
2460:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
2399:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
2346:Department of Commerce v. New York
1306:Drafting and ratification timeline
1051:District of Columbia Voting Rights
482:Reclaiming the American Revolution
375:Title 50 of the United States Code
54:to US Congress in addition to its
14:
6140:
5292:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
5252:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
5124:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
4964:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
4315:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
4299:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
4153:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
3257:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
3145:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
3022:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
759:Constitution of the United States
6097:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
5204:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
4980:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
4830:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
2894:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
2878:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
2854:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
2814:Swift & Co. v. United States
1162:Convention to propose amendments
480:Watkins Jr., William J. (2004).
239:
196:Second Bank of the United States
117:
5710:Garner v. Board of Public Works
4838:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
4696:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
4068:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
3297:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
2846:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
703:
651:
637:
628:
617:
132:First Bank of the United States
3887:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
2830:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
2699:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
1777:Separation of church and state
684:Kopel, David (June 28, 2012).
598:
552:
517:
488:
473:
1:
5897:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
5825:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
4413:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
4206:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
4112:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
3684:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
3585:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
3062:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
2982:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
2574:United States v. Munoz-Flores
1281:Virginia Ratifying Convention
422:
148:were read aloud in Congress:
108:Virginia Ratifying Convention
61:
5999:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
4672:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
3676:Schillinger v. United States
3313:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
2862:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
2242:National Constitution Center
2040:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1339:Assemble and Petition Clause
244:In a related case after the
44:Since the landmark decision
7:
5499:Necessary and Proper Clause
5268:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
4592:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
4076:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
3217:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
2990:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
2622:Clinton v. City of New York
2113:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1167:State ratifying conventions
1104:Equal Opportunity to Govern
1099:Electoral College abolition
1026:Congressional Apportionment
384:
124:Democratic-Republican Party
21:Necessary and Proper Clause
10:
6145:
5905:City of El Paso v. Simmons
5552:United States v. Kebodeaux
5044:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
3305:Henderson v. United States
2886:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
2798:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
2643:Taxing and Spending Clause
441:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 28–.
33:United States Constitution
6041:Virginia v. West Virginia
6027:
6013:
5985:
5971:
5808:
5785:
5781:
5764:
5664:
5653:No Bills of Attainder or
5646:
5586:
5566:
5544:United States v. Comstock
5506:
5492:
5446:
4944:
4886:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
4778:
4565:
4440:
4411:
4381:
4291:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
4248:
4238:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
4163:
4110:
3905:
3780:
3702:
3640:
3595:
3558:
3554:
3540:
3497:
3483:
3441:United States v. Morrison
3393:New York v. United States
3289:North American Co. v. SEC
3225:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
3088:
2771:
2767:
2753:
2675:Springer v. United States
2653:
2636:
2602:
2588:
2560:
2543:
2507:
2490:
2438:
2421:
2385:
2368:
2332:
2315:
2200:
2172:
2152:
2131:
2100:
2074:
2053:
2027:
1991:
1940:
1909:
1893:
1872:
1851:
1830:
1814:
1805:
1684:
1566:Privileges and Immunities
1379:Congressional enforcement
1314:
1301:Rhode Island ratification
1192:Articles of Confederation
1179:
1157:
1134:Parental Rights amendment
1059:
1016:
941:
913:
892:
829:
825:
816:
765:
435:Gary P. Gershman (2008).
399:United States v. Comstock
68:Articles of Confederation
5833:Sturges v. Crowninshield
5726:Barr v. City of Columbia
5678:Sturges v. Crowninshield
5436:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
5068:Graham v. John Deere Co.
4862:KVOS v. Associated Press
4632:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
4430:Dowling v. United States
4214:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
4174:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
4092:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2566:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
2521:United States v. Johnson
1797:Unitary executive theory
1571:Privileges or Immunities
1286:New York Circular Letter
1276:Massachusetts Compromise
612:110 U.S. 421, 449 (1884)
364:medicinal use of alcohol
226:not intrusted [
5937:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
5140:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
4918:Goldstein v. California
4846:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
4259:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
4230:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3465:Taylor v. United States
2773:Dormant Commerce Clause
2707:United States v. Butler
2659:Hylton v. United States
2529:Gravel v. United States
2497:Speech or Debate Clause
1717:Dormant Commerce Clause
1561:Presidential succession
1296:Fayetteville Convention
1291:Hillsborough Convention
1227:Three-fifths Compromise
1207:Philadelphia Convention
1197:Mount Vernon Conference
1084:Campaign finance reform
570:Printz v. United States
6073:New Jersey v. New York
5528:Sabri v. United States
5356:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
5156:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
5076:United States v. Adams
4355:De Sylva v. Ballentine
4275:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
4100:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
3940:Schreiber v. Sharpless
3722:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
3433:Jones v. United States
3425:United States v. Locke
3401:United States v. Lopez
2731:Sabri v. United States
1880:William Samuel Johnson
1752:Nondelegation doctrine
1324:Admission to the Union
1271:Anti-Federalist Papers
1222:Connecticut Compromise
592:The Power to Legislate
290:Federal Kidnapping Act
209:
155:
42:
6049:Virginia v. Tennessee
5512:McCulloch v. Maryland
4567:Copyright Act of 1976
4307:Douglas v. Cunningham
4250:Copyright Act of 1909
3956:Thornton v. Schreiber
3907:Copyright Act of 1870
3782:Copyright Act of 1831
3560:Copyright Act of 1790
3522:Juilliard v. Greenman
3337:Katzenbach v. McClung
3169:Hoke v. United States
2934:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
2838:Edwards v. California
2087:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1556:Presidential Electors
1531:Original Jurisdiction
1471:Full Faith and Credit
1344:Assistance of Counsel
1265:The Federalist Papers
1094:Crittenden Compromise
607:Juilliard v. Greenman
560:McCulloch v. Maryland
495:Chernow, Ron (2004).
392:McCulloch v. Maryland
379:War Powers Resolution
333:McCulloch v. Maryland
269:McCulloch v. Maryland
212:McCulloch v. Maryland
204:
187:McCulloch v. Maryland
179:McCulloch v. Maryland
150:
47:McCulloch v. Maryland
37:
6081:Virginia v. Maryland
5978:Import-Export Clause
5865:Stone v. Mississippi
5520:Lambert v. Yellowley
5380:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
5116:Gottschalk v. Benson
5092:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
5052:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
4012:Bolles v. Outing Co.
3879:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2723:South Dakota v. Dole
2513:Kilbourn v. Thompson
2256:A More Perfect Union
2232:Constitution Gardens
2153:Convention Secretary
1815:Convention President
1787:Symmetric federalism
1782:Separation of powers
1516:Necessary and Proper
1511:Natural-born citizen
1456:Freedom of the Press
1394:Copyright and Patent
1384:Contingent Elections
1202:Annapolis Convention
604:Legal Tender Cases (
358:Lambert v. Yellowley
76:Continental Congress
29:Article I, Section 8
23:, also known as the
5798:Hepburn v. Griswold
5742:Kansas v. Hendricks
5718:De Veau v. Braisted
4988:Altvater v. Freeman
3996:Belford v. Scribner
3980:Thompson v. Hubbard
3964:Banks v. Manchester
3815:Stevens v. Gladding
3714:Pennock v. Dialogue
3642:Patent infringement
3321:Boynton v. Virginia
3185:Hammer v. Dagenhart
2391:Powell v. McCormack
2263:Worldwide influence
2004:Gunning Bedford Jr.
1732:Executive privilege
1712:Criminal sentencing
1635:Title of Nobility (
1626:Taxing and Spending
1526:Oath or Affirmation
1486:House Apportionment
1349:Case or Controversy
1232:Committee of Detail
1124:"Liberty" amendment
1089:Christian amendment
298:interstate activity
6033:Florida v. Georgia
5788:Legal Tender Cases
5702:Samuels v. McCurdy
5694:Hawker v. New York
5624:Boumediene v. Bush
5212:Dickinson v. Zurko
4680:Eldred v. Ashcroft
4283:Manners v. Morosco
4084:Scribner v. Straus
3988:Higgins v. Keuffel
3972:Callaghan v. Myers
3855:Higgins v. Keuffel
3847:Callaghan v. Myers
3754:Egbert v. Lippmann
3738:Cochrane v. Deener
3597:Patent Act of 1793
3504:Legal Tender Cases
3273:Wickard v. Filburn
2715:Helvering v. Davis
2595:Presentment Clause
2550:Origination Clause
2322:Enumeration Clause
2305:U.S. Supreme Court
1917:William Livingston
1901:Alexander Hamilton
1707:Criminal procedure
1702:Constitutional law
1637:Foreign Emoluments
1601:State of the Union
1586:Self-Incrimination
1576:Recess appointment
1369:Compulsory Process
1031:Titles of Nobility
664:The New York Times
499:Alexander Hamilton
406:Wickard v. Filburn
344:Name of the clause
312:individual mandate
278:Wickard v. Filburn
246:American Civil War
222:Marbury v. Madison
92:Alexander Hamilton
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6009:
6008:
5991:Brown v. Maryland
5967:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5857:Bronson v. Kinzie
5841:Ogden v. Saunders
5760:
5759:
5642:
5641:
5600:Ex parte Merryman
5576:Suspension Clause
5562:
5561:
5536:Gonzales v. Raich
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5084:Brenner v. Manson
4878:Buck v. Gallagher
4798:Ferris v. Frohman
4547:Iancu v. Brunetti
3916:Perris v. Hexamer
3895:Mifflin v. Dutton
3791:Wheaton v. Peters
3730:O'Reilly v. Morse
3668:Rowell v. Lindsay
3569:Wheaton v. Peters
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3449:Gonzales v. Raich
3345:Maryland v. Wirtz
3209:Gold Clause Cases
3030:Granholm v. Heald
2782:Brown v. Maryland
2749:
2748:
2632:
2631:
2584:
2583:
2539:
2538:
2486:
2485:
2417:
2416:
2364:
2363:
2354:Trump v. New York
2271:
2270:
2237:Constitution Week
2222:Independence Mall
2210:National Archives
2168:
2167:
1983:Gouverneur Morris
1968:Thomas Fitzsimons
1948:Benjamin Franklin
1822:George Washington
1722:Enumerated powers
1697:Concurrent powers
1692:Balance of powers
1521:No Religious Test
1461:Freedom of Speech
1252:Independence Hall
1175:
1174:
1079:Bricker amendment
1012:
1011:
713:. Law.cornell.edu
567:(1819) quoted in
525:Allgor, Catherine
448:978-1-85109-712-8
417:Federalist No. 44
412:Federalist No. 33
350:Associate Justice
292:(1932) made it a
172:George Washington
145:Federalist Papers
104:Federalist No. 44
96:Federalist No. 33
66:According to the
56:enumerated powers
27:, is a clause in
6136:
6015:
6014:
5973:
5972:
5817:Fletcher v. Peck
5783:
5782:
5766:
5765:
5686:Ex parte Garland
5648:
5647:
5592:Ex parte Bollman
5568:
5567:
5494:
5493:
5308:Bilski v. Kappos
5164:Diamond v. Diehr
5132:Dann v. Johnston
4616:Stewart v. Abend
3924:Trade-Mark Cases
3807:Stephens v. Cady
3630:Evans v. Hettich
3556:
3555:
3547:Copyright Clause
3542:
3541:
3499:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3153:Champion v. Ames
3113:Paul v. Virginia
3097:Gibbons v. Ogden
2769:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2667:Collector v. Day
2638:
2637:
2607:Pocket Veto Case
2590:
2589:
2545:
2544:
2492:
2491:
2444:Ex parte Siebold
2428:Elections Clause
2423:
2422:
2370:
2369:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2227:Constitution Day
2118:Charles Pinckney
1927:William Paterson
1859:Nathaniel Gorham
1812:
1811:
1591:Speech or Debate
1419:Equal Protection
1129:Ludlow amendment
1114:Flag Desecration
1109:Federal Marriage
1074:Blaine amendment
1036:Corwin Amendment
827:
826:
823:
822:
752:
745:
738:
729:
728:
723:
722:
720:
718:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
675:
674:
672:
670:
655:
649:
648:
641:
635:
632:
626:
625:
621:
615:
602:
596:
589:Levy, Richard.
587:
578:
565:17 U.S. 316, 420
556:
550:
549:
542:
533:
532:
521:
515:
514:
502:
492:
486:
485:
477:
471:
462:
453:
452:
432:
128:Federalist Party
84:Anti-Federalists
6144:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6103:
6057:Wharton v. Wise
6023:
6005:
5981:
5959:
5804:
5777:
5771:Contract Clause
5756:
5660:
5638:
5582:
5558:
5502:
5501:of Section VIII
5480:
5449:trademark cases
5442:
5348:Kappos v. Hyatt
5148:Parker v. Flook
4940:
4781:copyright cases
4774:
4760:Allen v. Cooper
4704:Golan v. Holder
4561:
4436:
4407:
4377:
4244:
4159:
4106:
3932:Merrell v. Tice
3901:
3863:Holmes v. Hurst
3839:Baker v. Selden
3799:Backus v. Gould
3776:
3698:
3652:Evans v. Jordan
3636:
3591:
3550:
3549:of Section VIII
3528:
3493:
3492:of Section VIII
3471:
3377:EEOC v. Wyoming
3129:Kidd v. Pearson
3105:Passenger Cases
3084:
2974:Maine v. Taylor
2763:
2762:of Section VIII
2760:Commerce Clause
2745:
2649:
2628:
2598:
2580:
2556:
2535:
2503:
2482:
2476:Moore v. Harper
2434:
2413:
2407:Cook v. Gralike
2381:
2360:
2328:
2311:
2302:
2272:
2267:
2202:
2196:
2164:
2160:William Jackson
2148:
2144:Abraham Baldwin
2127:
2096:
2092:Hugh Williamson
2070:
2049:
2023:
2014:Richard Bassett
1987:
1973:Jared Ingersoll
1936:
1932:Jonathan Dayton
1905:
1889:
1868:
1847:
1843:Nicholas Gilman
1826:
1801:
1767:Reserved powers
1747:Judicial review
1680:
1476:General Welfare
1399:Double Jeopardy
1310:
1237:List of Framers
1217:New Jersey Plan
1171:
1153:
1149:Victims' Rights
1069:Balanced budget
1055:
1008:
937:
909:
888:
812:
761:
756:
726:
716:
714:
709:
708:
704:
694:
692:
682:
678:
668:
666:
656:
652:
643:
642:
638:
633:
629:
622:
618:
603:
599:
588:
581:
557:
553:
544:
543:
536:
529:A Perfect Union
522:
518:
511:
493:
489:
478:
474:
463:
456:
449:
433:
429:
425:
387:
346:
336:. According to
253:Commerce Clause
242:
219:established in
217:judicial review
182:
120:
98:. At the time,
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6142:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6093:
6085:
6077:
6069:
6061:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6020:Compact Clause
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:Sveen v. Melin
5949:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5881:Block v. Hirsh
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5793:
5791:
5779:
5778:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5734:Teague v. Lane
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5670:Calder v. Bull
5665:
5662:
5661:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5540:
5532:
5524:
5516:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5470:
5462:
5453:
5451:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5424:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5364:Gunn v. Minton
5360:
5352:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4951:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4785:
4783:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4388:
4386:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4347:Mazer v. Stein
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3831:Paige v. Banks
3827:
3823:Little v. Hall
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:Voss v. Fisher
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3622:Evans v. Eaton
3618:
3614:Evans v. Eaton
3610:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3577:Paige v. Banks
3573:
3564:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3495:
3494:
3490:Coinage Clause
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3417:Reno v. Condon
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:of Section VII
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2452:Smiley v. Holm
2448:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2101:South Carolina
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:William Blount
2078:
2076:
2075:North Carolina
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2045:Daniel Carroll
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:John Dickinson
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Thomas Mifflin
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:David Brearley
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:Taxation power
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Implied powers
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1685:Interpretation
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1581:Recommendation
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Fugitive Slave
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1434:Excessive Bail
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Appropriations
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1144:Single subject
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
943:
939:
938:
936:
935:
930:
925:
919:
917:
915:Reconstruction
911:
910:
908:
907:
902:
896:
894:
890:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
833:
831:Bill of Rights
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
763:
762:
755:
754:
747:
740:
732:
725:
724:
702:
676:
650:
636:
627:
616:
597:
579:
551:
534:
516:
509:
487:
472:
454:
447:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
402:
395:
386:
383:
353:Louis Brandeis
345:
342:
241:
238:
181:
176:
119:
116:
63:
60:
52:implied powers
25:Elastic Clause
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6141:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:Smyth v. Ames
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5659:of Section IX
5658:
5656:
5655:Ex post facto
5649:
5645:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:Ex parte Endo
5605:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:Habeas corpus
5569:
5565:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5445:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:Gibbs v. Buck
4867:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:Patent misuse
4380:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:Brady v. Daly
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:Brady v. Daly
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:Patentability
3701:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:Tyler v. Tuel
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:Utah v. Evans
2335:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Jacob Shallus
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2123:Pierce Butler
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:John Rutledge
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2066:James Madison
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:James McHenry
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:George Clymer
1961:
1959:
1958:Robert Morris
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1885:Roger Sherman
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:Massachusetts
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:New Hampshire
1829:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Plenary power
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Equal footing
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Trial by Jury
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Ineligibility
1499:
1497:
1496:Import-Export
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Free Exercise
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:Ex Post Facto
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Establishment
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Confrontation
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Syng inkstand
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Virginia Plan
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:School Prayer
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
944:
940:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
916:
912:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
891:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
821:
819:
815:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
764:
760:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
734:
733:
730:
712:
706:
691:
687:
680:
665:
661:
654:
646:
640:
631:
620:
613:
609:
608:
601:
594:
593:
586:
584:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
561:
555:
547:
541:
539:
530:
526:
520:
512:
510:9781594200090
506:
501:
500:
491:
483:
476:
469:
468:
464:Vile, John.
461:
459:
450:
444:
440:
439:
431:
427:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:
396:
394:
393:
389:
388:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
359:
354:
351:
341:
339:
335:
334:
329:
328:John Marshall
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
302:
299:
295:
294:federal crime
291:
287:
286:criminal laws
282:
280:
279:
273:
271:
270:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
240:Later history
237:
233:
231:
230:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
201:
200:John Marshall
197:
193:
189:
188:
180:
175:
173:
169:
168:national mint
165:
161:
154:
149:
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
118:National bank
115:
113:
112:Patrick Henry
109:
105:
101:
100:James Madison
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
59:
57:
53:
49:
48:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
6095:
6087:
6079:
6071:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6022:of Section X
5997:
5989:
5980:of Section X
5951:
5943:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5796:
5786:
5750:Smith v. Doe
5748:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5716:
5708:
5700:
5692:
5684:
5676:
5668:
5654:
5630:
5622:
5614:
5606:
5598:
5590:
5573:
5550:
5542:
5534:
5526:
5518:
5510:
5498:
5472:
5464:
5456:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4947:patent cases
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4553:
4545:
4539:Matal v. Tam
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4428:
4420:
4399:
4391:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
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2647:Section VIII
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1978:James Wilson
1941:Pennsylvania
1838:John Langdon
1596:Speedy Trial
1515:
1438:
1329:Appointments
1263:
1046:Equal Rights
942:20th century
717:September 6,
715:. Retrieved
705:
693:. Retrieved
679:
667:. Retrieved
663:
653:
639:
630:
619:
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600:
590:
575:521 U.S. 898
568:
558:
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531:. Macmillan.
528:
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331:
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257:federal laws
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160:Philadelphia
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18:
5657:Laws Clause
3514:Knox v. Lee
2554:Section VII
2139:William Few
2019:Jacob Broom
1999:George Read
1873:Connecticut
1807:Signatories
1657:Legislative
1631:Territorial
1551:Presentment
1536:Origination
1491:Impeachment
1446:Extradition
1414:Engagements
1404:Due Process
1354:Citizenship
1041:Child Labor
368:Prohibition
338:David Kopel
88:Federalists
6118:Categories
5580:Section IX
4442:Lanham Act
3137:In re Debs
2501:Section VI
2432:Section IV
2326:Section II
2251:(painting)
2203:and legacy
2061:John Blair
1910:New Jersey
1864:Rufus King
1762:Preemption
1676:War Powers
1611:Suspension
1429:Exceptions
1119:Human Life
1018:Unratified
818:Amendments
690:SCOTUSblog
423:References
62:Background
5775:Section X
2308:Article I
1772:Saxbe fix
1661:Executive
1616:Take Care
1606:Supremacy
1481:Guarantee
1409:Elections
1180:Formation
893:1795–1804
647:. Justia.
548:. Justia.
190:in which
153:included.
72:expressly
4385:case law
3706:case law
3644:case law
2310:case law
2054:Virginia
2028:Maryland
1992:Delaware
1894:New York
1671:Vicinage
1665:Judicial
1389:Contract
1359:Commerce
1247:Printing
1061:Proposed
773:Preamble
766:Articles
527:(2006).
385:See also
261:New Deal
192:Maryland
40:thereof.
2201:Display
2173:Related
2132:Georgia
1653:Vesting
1621:Takings
1506:Militia
1364:Compact
1316:Clauses
1242:Signing
1187:History
695:July 1,
669:July 1,
314:of the
164:Potomac
31:of the
6100:(2018)
6092:(2009)
6084:(2003)
6076:(1998)
6068:(1985)
6060:(1894)
6052:(1893)
6044:(1871)
6036:(1855)
6002:(1951)
5994:(1827)
5956:(2018)
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5924:(1978)
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5908:(1965)
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5892:(1934)
5884:(1921)
5876:(1898)
5868:(1880)
5860:(1843)
5852:(1837)
5844:(1827)
5836:(1819)
5828:(1819)
5820:(1810)
5809:Others
5801:(1870)
5753:(2003)
5745:(1997)
5737:(1989)
5729:(1964)
5721:(1960)
5713:(1951)
5705:(1925)
5697:(1898)
5689:(1866)
5681:(1819)
5673:(1798)
5635:(2020)
5627:(2008)
5619:(2001)
5611:(1944)
5603:(1861)
5595:(1807)
5555:(2013)
5547:(2010)
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5515:(1819)
5477:(2020)
5469:(1938)
5461:(1915)
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4999:(1945)
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4967:(1916)
4959:(1908)
4945:Other
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4913:(1968)
4905:(1962)
4897:(1960)
4889:(1949)
4881:(1939)
4873:(1939)
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4857:(1934)
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4841:(1931)
4833:(1923)
4825:(1919)
4817:(1918)
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4779:Other
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4755:(2019)
4747:(2019)
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4715:(2013)
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4558:(2020)
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4542:(2017)
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4462:(1987)
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4433:(1985)
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4404:(1942)
4396:(1917)
4374:(1973)
4366:(1964)
4358:(1956)
4350:(1954)
4342:(1952)
4334:(1943)
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4318:(1939)
4310:(1935)
4302:(1931)
4294:(1923)
4286:(1920)
4278:(1917)
4270:(1914)
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4241:(1911)
4233:(1911)
4225:(1909)
4217:(1909)
4209:(1908)
4201:(1908)
4193:(1907)
4185:(1903)
4177:(1896)
4156:(1979)
4148:(1948)
4140:(1941)
4132:(1939)
4124:(1913)
4103:(1912)
4095:(1909)
4087:(1908)
4079:(1908)
4071:(1908)
4063:(1908)
4055:(1907)
4047:(1907)
4039:(1907)
4031:(1903)
4023:(1903)
4015:(1899)
4007:(1899)
3999:(1892)
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3983:(1889)
3975:(1888)
3967:(1888)
3959:(1888)
3951:(1884)
3943:(1884)
3935:(1881)
3927:(1879)
3919:(1879)
3898:(1903)
3890:(1903)
3882:(1899)
3874:(1899)
3866:(1899)
3858:(1891)
3850:(1888)
3842:(1879)
3834:(1872)
3826:(1856)
3818:(1854)
3810:(1853)
3802:(1849)
3794:(1834)
3773:(1885)
3765:(1885)
3757:(1881)
3749:(1878)
3741:(1876)
3733:(1853)
3725:(1851)
3717:(1829)
3695:(1938)
3687:(1913)
3679:(1894)
3671:(1885)
3663:(1885)
3655:(1815)
3633:(1822)
3625:(1822)
3617:(1818)
3609:(1810)
3588:(1908)
3580:(1872)
3572:(1834)
3525:(1884)
3517:(1871)
3468:(2016)
3460:(2012)
3452:(2005)
3444:(2000)
3436:(2000)
3428:(2000)
3420:(2000)
3412:(1996)
3404:(1995)
3396:(1992)
3388:(1985)
3380:(1983)
3372:(1981)
3364:(1981)
3356:(1976)
3348:(1968)
3340:(1964)
3332:(1964)
3324:(1960)
3316:(1951)
3308:(1950)
3300:(1949)
3292:(1946)
3284:(1944)
3276:(1942)
3268:(1942)
3260:(1941)
3252:(1940)
3244:(1938)
3236:(1937)
3228:(1936)
3220:(1935)
3212:(1935)
3204:(1935)
3196:(1923)
3188:(1918)
3180:(1914)
3172:(1913)
3164:(1911)
3156:(1903)
3148:(1895)
3140:(1895)
3132:(1888)
3124:(1885)
3116:(1869)
3108:(1849)
3100:(1824)
3089:Others
3081:(2023)
3073:(2019)
3065:(2018)
3057:(2015)
3049:(2008)
3041:(2007)
3033:(2005)
3025:(1994)
3017:(1994)
3009:(1994)
3001:(1992)
2993:(1992)
2985:(1989)
2977:(1986)
2969:(1984)
2961:(1983)
2953:(1982)
2945:(1981)
2937:(1980)
2929:(1978)
2921:(1978)
2913:(1977)
2905:(1977)
2897:(1976)
2889:(1970)
2881:(1967)
2873:(1959)
2865:(1954)
2857:(1951)
2849:(1945)
2841:(1941)
2833:(1935)
2825:(1925)
2817:(1905)
2809:(1886)
2801:(1852)
2793:(1829)
2785:(1827)
2742:(2012)
2734:(2004)
2726:(1987)
2718:(1937)
2710:(1936)
2702:(1922)
2694:(1916)
2686:(1895)
2678:(1881)
2670:(1871)
2662:(1796)
2625:(1998)
2617:(1983)
2609:(1929)
2577:(1990)
2569:(1911)
2532:(1972)
2524:(1966)
2516:(1881)
2479:(2023)
2471:(2015)
2463:(1995)
2455:(1932)
2447:(1879)
2410:(2001)
2402:(1995)
2394:(1969)
2357:(2020)
2349:(2019)
2341:(2002)
2259:(film)
1643:Treaty
1546:Postal
1541:Pardon
507:
445:
126:, the
140:South
136:North
2377:and
719:2008
697:2012
671:2012
505:ISBN
443:ISBN
19:The
5773:of
5578:of
2645:of
2552:of
2499:of
2430:of
2379:III
2324:of
808:VII
788:III
610:),
330:in
304:In
275:In
229:sic
6120::
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1659:/
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969:20
964:19
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954:17
949:16
933:15
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803:VI
793:IV
783:II
688:.
662:.
582:^
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