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December 1829, on the grounds that it had failed to produce a stable national currency, and that it lacked constitutional legitimacy. Both houses of
Congress responded with committee investigations and reports affirming the historical precedents for the bank's constitutionality and its pivotal role in furnishing a uniform currency. Jackson rejected these findings, and privately characterized the bank as a corrupt institution, dangerous to American liberties.
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1185:. The building appears much as an ancient Greek temple, hence the stylistic name. The interior consists of an entrance hallway in the center of the north façade flanked by two rooms on either side. The entry leads into two central rooms, one after the other, that span the width of the structure east to west. The east and west sides of the first large room are each pierced by a large arched fan window. The building's exterior uses Pennsylvania blue
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170:, the bank was chartered from February 1816 to January 1836. The bank's formal name, according to section 9 of its charter as passed by Congress, was "The President, Directors, and Company, of the Bank of the United States". While other banks in the US were chartered by and only allowed to have branches in a single state, it was authorized to have branches in multiple states and lend money to the US government.
365:, expressed by Taylor's statement that "...if Congress could incorporate a bank, it might emancipate a slave." Hostile to the regulatory effects of the national bank, private banks—proliferating with or without state charters—had scuttled rechartering of the First Bank in 1811. These interests played significant roles in undermining the institution during the administration of U.S. President
479:
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Treasury, wherever desired. Since settlement by the local banks was in specie i.e. silver and gold coin, the pressure for settlement automatically regulated local banking lending: for the more the local banks lent the larger amount of their notes and checks in use and the larger the sums they had to settle in specie. This loss of specie reduced their power to lend.
846:
operations of the national government, requiring them to maintain adequate gold and silver reserves to meet their debt obligations to the U.S. Treasury. The proliferation of private-sector banking institutions – from 31 banks in 1801 to 788 in 1837 – meant that the Second Bank faced strong opposition from this sector during the
Jackson administration.
435:, who continued the contraction in credit in an effort to stop inflation and stabilize the bank, even as the economy began to correct. The bank's reaction to the crisis—a clumsy expansion, then a sharp contraction of credit—indicated its weakness, not its strength. The effects were catastrophic, resulting in a protracted
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We reached the city, late that night. Looking out of my chamber-window, before going to bed, I saw, on the opposite side of the way, a handsome building of white marble, which had a mournful ghost-like aspect, dreary to behold. I attributed this to the sombre influence of the night, and on rising in
807:
Under its charter, the bank had a capital limit of $ 35 million, $ 7.5 million of which represented the government-owned share. It was required to remit a "bonus" payment of $ 1.5 million, payable in three installments, to the government for the privilege of using the public funds, interest
537:
and lasting approximately seven years. The bank suspended payment from
October 1839 to January 1841, and permanently in February 1841. It then started a lengthy liquidation process, complicated by lawsuits, that ended in 1852 when it assigned its remaining assets to trustees and surrendered the state
840:
Receiving the checks and notes of local banks deposited with the by government collectors of revenue, the had constantly to come back on the local banks for settlements of the amounts which the checks and notes called for. It had to do so because it made those amounts immediately available to the
811:
As exclusive fiscal agent for the federal government, it provided a number of services as part of its charter, including holding and transfer of all U.S. deposits, payment and receipt of all government transactions, and processing of tax payments. In other words, the bank was "the depository of the
815:
The chief personnel for the bank comprised 25 directors, five of whom were appointed by the
President of the United States, subject to Senate approval. Federally appointed directors were barred from acting as officials in other banks. Two of the three Bank presidents, William Jones and Nicholas
845:
Under this banking regime, the impulse towards over-speculation, with the risks of creating a national financial crisis, would be avoided, or at least mitigated. It was just this mechanism that the local private banks found objectionable, because it yoked their lending strategies to the fiscal
520:
Jackson mobilized his political base by vetoing the recharter bill and, the veto sustained, easily won reelection on his anti-bank platform. Jackson proceeded to destroy the bank as a financial and political force by removing its federal deposits, and in 1833, federal revenue was diverted into
504:
Biddle made repeated overtures to
Jackson and his cabinet to secure a compromise on the bank's rechartering (its term due to expire in 1836) without success. Jackson and the anti-bank forces persisted in their condemnation of the bank, provoking an early recharter campaign by pro-bank National
500:
had argued successfully on its behalf a decade earlier, the
Treasury recognized the useful services it provided, and the American currency was healthy and stable. Public perceptions of the national bank were generally positive. The bank first came under attack by the Jackson administration in
439:
with mass unemployment and a sharp drop in property values that persisted until 1822. The financial crisis raised doubts among the
American public as to the efficacy of paper money, and in whose interests a national system of finance operated. Upon this widespread disaffection the anti-bank
831:
The primary regulatory task of the Second Bank, as chartered by
Congress in 1816, was to restrain the uninhibited proliferation of paper money (bank notes) by state or private lenders, which was highly profitable to these institutions. In this capacity, the bank would preside over this
451:
Under Biddle's guidance, the bank evolved into a powerful institution that produced a strong and sound system of national credit and currency. From 1823 to 1833, Biddle expanded credit steadily, but with restraint, in a manner that served the needs of the expanding
American economy.
404:
and the risks of a financial collapse. Government land sales in the West, fueled by
European demand for agricultural products, ensured that a speculative bubble would form. Simultaneously, the national bank was engaged in promoting a democratized expansion of credit to accommodate
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524:
In hopes of extorting a rescue of the bank, Biddle induced a short-lived financial crisis that was initially blamed on Jackson's executive action. By 1834, a general backlash against Biddle's tactics developed, ending the panic, and all recharter efforts were abandoned.
1166:, and is a significant early and monumental example of Greek Revival architecture. The hallmarks of the Greek Revival style can be seen immediately in the north and south façades, which use a large set of steps leading up to the main level platform, known as the
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193:. Four thousand private investors held 80 percent of the bank's capital, including three thousand Europeans. The bulk of the stocks were held by a few hundred wealthy Americans. In its time, the institution was the largest monied corporation in the world.
1281:
the morning looked out again, expecting to see its steps and portico thronged with groups of people passing in and out. The door was still tight shut, however; the same cold cheerless air prevailed: and the building looked as if the marble statue of
1189:, which, due to the manner in which it was cut, has begun to deteriorate due to weak parts of the stone being exposed to the elements. This phenomenon is most visible on the Doric columns of the south façade. Construction lasted from 1819 to 1824.
283:, the federal government suffered from the disarray of an unregulated currency and a lack of fiscal order; business interests sought security for their government bonds. A national alliance arose to legislate a national bank to address these needs.
4851:
424:—a result of global economic adjustments—the bank came under withering criticism for its belated tight money policies—policies that exacerbated mass unemployment and plunging property values. Further, it transpired that branch directors for the
1224:
1285:
could alone have any business to transact within its gloomy walls. I hastened to inquire its name and purpose, and then my surprise vanished. It was the Tomb of many fortunes; the Great Catacomb of investment; the memorable United States
804:, with one key distinction – the United States government owned one-fifth (20 percent) of its capital. Whereas other national banks of that era were wholly private, the Second Bank was more characteristic of a government bank.
486:-like figure to the right, and the annoyance of the bank's president, shown as the Devil himself. Numerous politicians and editors who were given favorable loans from the bank run for cover as the financial temple crashes down.
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The stoppage of this bank, with all its ruinous consequences, had cast (as I was told on every side) a gloom on Philadelphia, under the depressing effect of which it yet laboured. It certainly did seem rather dull and out of
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democratization of credit, contributing to a vast and profitable disbursement of bank loans to farmers, small manufacturers and entrepreneurs, encouraging rapid and healthy economic expansion. Historian
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223:, who in 1791 had attacked the First Bank as unconstitutional, in 1816 and began operations at its main branch in Philadelphia on January 7, 1817, managing 25 branch offices nationwide by 1832.
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branch in New York City was converted into the United States Assay Office before it was demolished in 1915. The federal-style façade was saved and installed in the American Wing of the
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of its façade, which is also embellished by Corinthian pilasters and a symmetric arrangement of sash windows piercing the two stories of the façade. The roofline is also topped by a
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in Philadelphia. The structure is open to the public free of charge and serves as an art gallery, housing a large collection of portraits of prominent early Americans painted by
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of Kentucky, was decisive in the successful chartering effort. The charter was signed into law by James Madison on April 10, 1816. Subsequent efforts by Calhoun and Clay to
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free, in its private banking ventures. The institution was answerable for its performance to the U.S. Treasury and Congress and subject to Treasury Department inspection.
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361:, characterized the Second Bank as both constitutionally illegitimate and a direct threat to Jeffersonian agrarianism, state sovereignty and the institution of
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1200:, which also still stands and is located nearby in Philadelphia. This can be seen in the more Roman-influenced Federal structure's ornate, colossal
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The political support for the revival of a national banking system was rooted in the early 19th century transformation of the country from simple
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By the time of Jackson's inauguration in 1829, the bank appeared to be on solid footing. The Supreme Court had affirmed its constitutionality in
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Jacksonian Democrats would mobilize opposition to the bank in the 1830s. The bank was in general disrepute among most Americans when
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style. Strickland went on to design many other American public buildings in this style, including financial structures such as the
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A Democratic cartoon from 1833 showing Jackson destroying the Second Bank with his "Order for the Removal", to the approval of the
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In February 1836, the bank became a private corporation under Pennsylvania law. A shortage of hard currency ensued, causing the
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Headquartered in Philadelphia, the bank was authorized to establish branch offices where it deemed suitable, and these were
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400:. It was charged with restraining uninhibited private bank note issue—already in progress—that threatened to create a
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2772:
A History of Banking in Antebellum America: Financial Markets and Economic Development in an Era of Nation-Building
2782:
The Bank War and the Partisan Press: Newspapers, Financial Institutions, and the Post Office in Jacksonian America
5312:
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416:, the bank failed to control paper money issued from its branch banks in the West and South, contributing to the
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Since the bank's closing in 1841, the edifice has performed a variety of functions. Today, it is part of
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The bank was launched in the midst of a major global market readjustment as Europe recovered from the
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254:. Failing to secure recharter, the Second Bank became a private corporation in 1836, and underwent
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509:. Clay's political ultimatum to Jackson—with Biddle's financial and political support—sparked the
204:
through the fiscal duties it performed for the U.S. Treasury, and to establish a sound and stable
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the bank's $ 1.5 million establishment "bonus", and annual dividends estimated at $ 650,000, as
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189:. Twenty percent of its capital was owned by the federal government, the bank's single largest
182:
3090:
The Second Bank of the United States: "Central" Banker in an Era of Nation Building, 1816–1836
1394:
737:
Share of the Second Bank of the United States, issued 18. June 1838, signed by Nicholas Biddle
409:
impulses among eastern business entrepreneurs and credit-hungry western and southern farmers.
21:
This article is about the early 19th-century federal institution. Not to be confused with the
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issued by the Second Bank of the United States, December 15, 1840, for the amount of $ 1,000
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181:, the bank handled all fiscal transactions for the U.S. government, and was accountable to
3118:
The Founders of Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy
521:
selected private banks by executive order, ending the regulatory role of the Second Bank.
8:
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377:
The Second Bank was a national bank. However, it did not serve the functions of a modern
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towards one interdependent with industrialization and finance. In the aftermath of the
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Matthew L. Bevan, March 1836 (named President of the Unchartered Public Corporation)
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1127:(1764–1820), the man who is often called the first professionally trained American
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836:
describes the mechanism by which the bank exerted its anti-inflationary influence:
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555:
546:
The bank maintained the following branches. Listed is the year each branch opened.
457:
311:
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4277:
4271:
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3266:
The Second Bank of the United States: A Chapter in the History of Central Banking
3101:
3073:
The Bank War: Andrew Jackson, Nicholas Biddle, and the Fight for American Finance
3052:
3045:
Great Issues in American History: From the Revolution to the Civil War, 1765–1865
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231:
226:
The efforts to renew the bank's charter put the institution at the center of the
142:
30:
2927:
Hammond, Bray (May 1947). "Jackson, Biddle, and the Bank of the United States".
325:
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Jackson Versus Biddle: The Struggle over the Second Bank of the United States
1364:
1192:
The Greek Revival style used for the Second Bank contrasts with the earlier,
1132:
937:
924:
775:
534:
461:
421:
406:
401:
220:
197:
186:
3290:
Andrew Jackson and the Bank War: A Study in the Growth of Presidential Power
290:—favored the development of national programs and institutions, including a
5208:
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5003:
4353:
4299:
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3278:
The Evolution of the American Economy: Growth, Welfare, and Decision Making
1310:
833:
445:
378:
167:
163:
120:
116:
5525:
Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
3447:
1375:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City, Philadelphia
1139:(also in Philadelphia). He also designed the second building for the main
302:. Southern and western support for a bank, led by Republican nationalists
258:
in 1841. There would not be national banks again until the passage of the
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5259:
3713:
3219:. Second Bank of the United States. National Park Service. Archived from
1251:
1213:
1171:
417:
280:
255:
190:
3474:", 43 photos, 20 measured drawings, 2 photo caption pages
3471:
772:, March 1836 – February 1839 (President of the Pennsylvania Corporation)
5137:
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3373:
3352:
Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction
3165:
3015:
2948:
1205:
1047: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
812:
federal government, which was its principal stockholder and customer."
506:
464:, wrote in 1831 that the bank was fulfilling its charter expectations.
444:, the third and last president of the bank, was appointed by President
307:
239:
106:
3323:
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1833–1845. vol. III
208:. The federal deposits endowed the bank with its regulatory capacity.
5120:
3314:
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. vol. II
3175:. New York: Frank Otto Gatell, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1970.
2966:. New York: Frank Otto Gatell, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1970.
1209:
1167:
1159:
1128:
483:
436:
425:
3157:
3007:
2901:
Legislative and Documentary History of the Bank of the United States
1212:
adorning the pediment give the First Bank an appearance more like a
1022:
5180:
3389:
2987:
Banks and Politics in America, from the Revolution to the Civil War
1182:
1175:
1158:
Strickland's design for the Second Bank is in essence based on the
510:
473:
251:
5545:
Buildings and structures in Independence National Historical Park
3245:
4410:
3477:
3457:
1186:
1178:
1163:
796:
The Second Bank was America's national bank, comparable to the
3053:"Historic Philadelphia Tour: Second Bank of the United States"
2994:
Hammond, Bray (1953). "The Second Bank of the United States".
2972:
Hammond, Bray (1956). "Jackson's Fight with the Money Power".
1534:
1532:
420:
speculative land boom. When the U.S. markets collapsed in the
3450:– official site at Independence Hall National Historical Park
1519:
1517:
478:
3144:
Meyers, Marvin (Spring 1953). "The Jacksonian Persuasion".
2861:(2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture,
2124:
2122:
2061:
2059:
1756:
1754:
1529:
816:
Biddle, were chosen from among these government directors.
3463:
Andrew Jackson on the Web : Bank of the United States
3454:
Documents produced by the Second Bank of the United States
2849:
Feller, Daniel. "The Bank War", in Julian E. Zelizer, ed.
2630:
2628:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1174:
columns, which are crowned by an entablature containing a
1514:
1247:
in 1987 for its architectural and historic significance.
2891:
Nicolas Biddle, Nationalist and Public Banker, 1786–1844
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2214:
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1962:
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US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
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1739:
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196:
The essential function of the bank was to regulate the
2375:
2373:
1561:
1559:
349:
Opposition to a new bank emanated from two interests.
3374:"The origins of the Second Bank of the United States"
3272:. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. January 2021.
3229:"NHL nomination for Second Bank of the United States"
2211:
2134:
1955:
1873:
1721:
1682:
1667:
1571:
3433:
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
3276:
Ratner, Sidney, James H. Soltow, and Richard Sylla.
1736:
1446:
1413:
1300:
1131:. Latrobe and Strickland were both disciples of the
333:, its attorney and the director of the Boston branch
250:
administration and eastern banking interests in the
4384:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
3946:
1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election
2370:
1933:
1931:
1609:
1607:
1556:
1370:
List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia
5590:Historic American Buildings Survey in Philadelphia
3615:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
2996:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1170:. On top of these, Strickland placed eight severe
3415:The House Divides: The Age of Jackson and Lincoln
3051:
2898:Hall, David A.; Clarke, Matthew St Clair (1832).
2709:
513:and placed the fate of the bank at center of the
431:Resigning in January 1819, Jones was replaced by
5486:
3183:"Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860"
2814:The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815–1828
1928:
1604:
329:An 1824 draft on the bank written and signed by
3819:Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address
3664:Constitution drafting and ratification timeline
3263:
2559:
1353:History of central banking in the United States
748:James Fisher, January 25, 1819 – March 6, 1819
162:national bank in the United States. Located in
2859:Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City
4931:
4339:
3493:
2750:The Panic of 1819: The First Great Depression
1396:Andrew Jackson's State of the Union Addresses
219:, the Second Bank was chartered by President
4070:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
2785:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
412:Under the management of its first president
5605:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
3338:
3083:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
2808:
2535:
2511:
2475:
2415:
2379:
2292:
2205:
2128:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2050:
2026:
1990:
1978:
1898:
1855:
1820:
1808:
1784:
1760:
1715:
1637:
1538:
1484:
5585:Greek Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
4938:
4924:
4346:
4332:
4075:James Madison Freedom of Information Award
3500:
3486:
3195:(2). Cambridge University Press: 160–185.
3078:
3042:
2897:
2634:
2487:
2280:
2181:
2169:
2002:
1496:
1440:
1266:The Second Bank building was described by
893:
42:
5610:Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania
5515:Art museums and galleries in Philadelphia
5510:American companies disestablished in 1841
3188:Studies in American Political Development
3180:
2681:
2679:
1832:
1276:, Philadelphia, and its solitary prison:
1107:Learn how and when to remove this message
873:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
456:, former Secretary of the Treasury under
428:office had engaged in fraud and larceny.
25:, the early 20th-century corporation the
3081:M'Culloch v. Maryland: Securing a Nation
1223:
826:
732:
477:
336:
324:
5565:Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania
5505:1820s architecture in the United States
4999:Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747
3430:
3412:
3334:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
3075:(Yardley: Westholme, 2016. xii, 187 pp.
2993:
2984:
2971:
2925:
2893:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2856:
2830:
2721:
2670:
2646:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2523:
2499:
2463:
2427:
2352:
2328:
2268:
2256:
2232:
2220:
2193:
2145:
2113:
2014:
1966:
1937:
1922:
1910:
1886:
1867:
1796:
1772:
1745:
1730:
1703:
1691:
1676:
1661:
1649:
1613:
1586:
1550:
1523:
1508:
1463:
1428:
1219:
1155:branch mints in the mid-to-late 1830s.
318:, were vetoed by President Madison, on
5575:Financial history of the United States
5555:Commercial buildings completed in 1824
5487:
3543:United States House of Representatives
3339:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (1945).
3329:
3311:
3246:"National Register Information System"
3142:
2880:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
2834:American Notes for General Circulation
2676:
2451:
2439:
2403:
2391:
2364:
2340:
2316:
2304:
2244:
2157:
2038:
1843:
1625:
1598:
1565:
1273:American Notes for General Circulation
787:James Robertson, 1841 – March 22, 1852
5595:Independence National Historical Park
4919:
4327:
3481:
3109:The Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle
3025:"The First Bank of the United States"
2738:
2547:
1261:
1234:Independence National Historical Park
1119:The architect of the Second Bank was
467:
385:, regulate private banks, hold their
372:
5500:1816 establishments in Massachusetts
4967:Monetary policy of the United States
4951:central banking in the United States
4857:Native American archaeological sites
3589:Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution
3435:. New York: W.W. Horton and Company.
3251:National Register of Historic Places
3243:
3023:Hill, Andrew T. (December 4, 2015).
3022:
2801:The Second Bank of the United States
2658:
2652:
1949:
1270:in a chapter of his 1842 travelogue
1045:adding citations to reliable sources
1016:
745:, January 7, 1817 – January 25, 1819
549:
158:was the second federally authorized
5249:New York Clearing House Association
3567:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
3332:Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
3227:
3215:
3181:Minicucci, Stephen (October 2004).
2697:
2685:
791:
13:
5560:Defunct banks of the United States
5061:Article I of the U.S. Constitution
4031:James Madison Memorial High School
3925:Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace
3468:Historic American Buildings Survey
3417:. New York: Doubleday and Company.
3107:McGrane, Reginald C., ed. (1919).
2857:Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004),
1056:"Second Bank of the United States"
14:
5631:
3868:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
3824:Supervised the Louisiana Purchase
3814:Co-founder, American Whig Society
3609:Constitution of the United States
3507:
3441:
1123:(1788–1854), a former student of
757:, March 6, 1819 – January 6, 1823
286:The political climate—dubbed the
5155:Second Bank of the United States
4899:
4890:
4889:
4409:
4402:
4307:
4306:
3966:U.S. presidential election, 1808
3771:State of the Union Address (1810
3766:Second Bank of the United States
3472:Second Bank of the United States
3424:Biddle's Bank: The Crucial Years
3422:Wilburn, Jean Alexander (1967).
2715:
2703:
2691:
1317:
1303:
1021:
865:Second Bank of the United States
316:a fund for internal improvements
270:
230:, in which the bank's president
156:Second Bank of the United States
48:The north façade of the bank on
37:Second Bank of the United States
16:American national bank (1816–41)
5313:Compound interest treasury note
5098:First Bank of the United States
3999:James Madison Memorial Building
3059:. Independence Hall Association
2929:The Journal of Economic History
2798:Catterall, Ralph C. H. (1902).
2731:
2664:
2640:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1943:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1709:
1697:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1592:
1387:
1348:First Bank of the United States
1198:First Bank of the United States
1032:needs additional citations for
882:U.S. National Historic Landmark
849:
217:First Bank of the United States
23:First Bank of the United States
5550:Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)
5520:Bank buildings in Philadelphia
5037:Continental currency banknotes
4219:American Philosophical Society
3796:Federal judiciary appointments
3599:1787 Constitutional Convention
3524:President of the United States
2816:. New York: Harper & Row.
2739:Brown, William Horace (1912).
1544:
1502:
1490:
1434:
1243:The building was designated a
983:
763:, January 6, 1823 – March 1836
1:
5405:Specie Payment Resumption Act
5150:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
4852:European archaeological sites
3647:Virginia Ratifying Convention
3551:Congress of the Confederation
3325:. New York: Harper & Row.
3316:. New York: Harper & Row.
2989:. Princeton University Press.
2779:Campbell, Stephen W. (2019).
1406:
1333:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
1196:in architecture used for the
728:
528:
5615:Presidency of Andrew Jackson
5535:Banks disestablished in 1841
5467:National Monetary Commission
3652:United States Bill of Rights
3378:Journal of Political Economy
3173:Essays on Jacksonian America
3088:Knodell, Jane Ellen (2017).
3079:Killenbeck, Mark R. (2006).
3043:Hofstadter, Richard (1948).
2964:Essays on Jacksonian America
2889:Govan, Thomas Payne (1959).
2748:Browning, Andrew H. (2019).
854:United States historic place
778:, March 1839 – February 1841
592:Fayetteville, North Carolina
202:private banking institutions
29:, or the modern corporation
7:
5620:Presidency of James Madison
5530:Banks based in Philadelphia
5495:14th United States Congress
5443:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
5175:New York Safety Fund System
5049:U.S. Finance Superintendent
5025:Second Continental Congress
4872:National Historic Landmarks
3894:The Papers of James Madison
3889:Pacificus-Helvidius Debates
3846:Democratic-Republican Party
3559:Virginia House of Delegates
3357:Taylor; George Rogers, ed.
1296:
1228:Rather less Greek side view
541:
10:
5636:
3413:Wellman, Paul I. (1966) .
3330:Remini, Robert V. (1993).
3321:Remini, Robert V. (1984).
3312:Remini, Robert V. (1981).
3295:W. W. Norton & Company
3217:"Pennsylvania Blue Marble"
3116:McGraw, Thomas K. (2012).
2770:Bodenhorn, Howard (2000).
2752:. University of Missouri.
1256:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1245:National Historic Landmark
911:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
821:immune from state taxation
574:Charleston, South Carolina
515:1832 presidential election
471:
265:
61:Public–private partnership
20:
5540:Banks established in 1816
5351:2nd Industrial Revolution
5349:
5341:Public Credit Act of 1869
5227:Independent U.S. Treasury
5197:
5015:1st Industrial Revolution
5013:
4975:
4962:
4885:
4844:
4781:
4418:
4400:
4361:
4287:
4240:
4170:
3979:
3938:
3920:James Madison and slavery
3907:
3881:
3829:Anti-Administration party
3804:
3744:Seven Buildings residence
3682:
3594:1786 Annapolis Convention
3577:
3515:
3470:(HABS) No. PA-137, "
3372:Walters, Raymond (1945).
3201:10.1017/S0898588X04000094
2941:10.1017/S0022050700053420
2831:Dickens, Charles (1913).
1141:U.S. Mint in Philadelphia
1007:
999:
994:
982:NRHP reference
981:
971:
961:
953:
916:
904:
892:
888:
879:
870:
863:
859:
638:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
300:Bank of the United States
127:
112:
102:
82:
74:
66:
56:
41:
27:Bank of the United States
5266:Legal Tender Act of 1862
5079:U.S. Treasury Department
4011:James Madison University
3126:Harvard University Press
2804:. University of Chicago.
2442:, pp. 382–383, 389.
2247:, pp. 228–229, 303.
1380:
1143:in 1833, as well as the
972:Architectural style
938:39.9485722°N 75.148667°W
644:Providence, Rhode Island
359:John Randolph of Roanoke
277:Jeffersonian agrarianism
228:general election of 1832
5600:Museums in Philadelphia
5381:National Gold Bank Note
5336:Contraction Act of 1866
5085:U.S. Treasury Secretary
4212:Cognitive Madisonianism
4085:James Madison Institute
3535:U.S. Secretary of State
3231:. National Park Service
3029:Federal Reserve History
1137:Mechanics National Bank
899:Drawing in an 1875 book
626:New York City, New York
614:Middletown, Connecticut
355:John Taylor of Caroline
5092:U.S. Treasury security
4993:Tobacco Inspection Act
4374:Keeper of the Register
4312:Category:James Madison
4183:American Enlightenment
3561:(1776–1779, 1784–1786)
3431:Wilentz, Sean (2005).
3366:The Jacksonian Economy
3100:July 17, 2018, at the
2985:Hammond, Bray (1957).
2845:– via Gutenberg.
2710:Independence Hall 2020
2053:, pp. pp. 86, 89.
1441:Hall & Clarke 1832
1294:
1288:
1229:
1181:and simple triangular
943:39.9485722; -75.148667
843:
738:
620:New Orleans, Louisiana
496:, the 1819 case which
487:
346:
334:
320:strict constructionist
306:of South Carolina and
89:1836 (federal charter)
5436:Juilliard v. Greenman
5429:Refunding Certificate
5295:National banks system
5289:Interest bearing note
5168:McCulloch v. Maryland
5055:Bank of North America
5031:U.S. dollar banknotes
4977:Commercial Revolution
4389:National Park Service
4369:Contributing property
4043:Madison Square Garden
4016:James Madison College
3915:Early life and career
3729:Burning of Washington
3624:The Federalist Papers
3256:National Park Service
2851:The American Congress
2029:, pp. 80–81, 85.
1359:McCulloch v. Maryland
1289:
1278:
1238:Charles Willson Peale
1227:
1216:than a Greek temple.
838:
827:Regulatory mechanisms
736:
568:Boston, Massachusetts
493:McCulloch v. Maryland
481:
391:lender of last resort
340:
328:
298:and the revival of a
296:internal improvements
5580:Former central banks
5570:Era of Good Feelings
5461:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
5376:Currency Act of 1870
5043:Bank of Pennsylvania
4178:Age of Enlightenment
4128:A More Perfect Union
4090:James Madison Museum
3761:Era of Good Feelings
3707:Battle of Tippecanoe
3128:. pp. 315–320.
2904:. Gales and Seaton.
2560:PhiladelphiaFed 2021
1870:, pp. 203, 214.
1799:, pp. 203, 205.
1220:Current building use
1041:improve this article
714:Natchez, Mississippi
678:Nashville, Tennessee
604:Louisville, Kentucky
288:Era of Good Feelings
236:National Republicans
95:1852 (state charter)
5473:Federal Reserve Act
5395:Coinage Act of 1873
5369:Hepburn v. Griswold
5319:Coinage Act of 1864
5277:Fractional currency
5255:Coinage Act of 1857
5244:Coinage Act of 1853
5233:Coinage Act of 1849
5187:Coinage Act of 1834
5104:Coinage Act of 1792
4225:The American Museum
4080:James Madison Award
4065:U.S. postage stamps
3863:Library of Congress
3697:Second inauguration
2810:Dangerfield, George
2741:The Story of a Bank
2538:, pp. 112–113.
2466:, pp. 392–393.
2454:, pp. 375–376.
2319:, pp. 341–342.
2307:, pp. 301–302.
2259:, pp. 377–378.
2235:, pp. 151–152.
2116:, pp. 207–208.
2017:, pp. 205–207.
1925:, pp. 203–204.
1748:, pp. 204–205.
1640:, pp. 115–116.
1628:, pp. 212–213.
1526:, pp. 149–150.
1398:1829–1836 Gutenberg
1343:Federal Reserve Act
1325:Philadelphia portal
1008:Designated NHL
934: /
908:420 Chestnut Street
702:Burlington, Vermont
696:St. Louis, Missouri
598:Lexington, Kentucky
562:Baltimore, Maryland
558:(1817, closed 1817)
175:private corporation
145:(president 1823–36)
139:(president 1816–19)
38:
5423:Silver certificate
5362:Legal Tender Cases
5301:National Bank Note
5283:National Bank Acts
5271:United States Note
5109:United States Mint
4293:← Thomas Jefferson
4189:Marbury v. Madison
4026:James Madison Park
4021:Madison, Wisconsin
3851:First Party System
3839:Compromise of 1790
3756:Second Barbary War
3692:First inauguration
3630:written by Madison
3146:American Quarterly
2853:(2004), pp 93–111.
2550:, pp. 193–199
2184:, pp. 98–109.
2080:, pp. 81, 83.
1262:In popular culture
1230:
1202:Corinthian columns
1121:William Strickland
966:William Strickland
739:
650:Richmond, Virginia
505:Republicans under
488:
468:Jackson's Bank War
373:Economic functions
347:
335:
242:clashed with the "
213:Alexander Hamilton
36:
5482:
5481:
5455:Gold Standard Act
5417:Bland–Allison Act
5411:Twenty-cent piece
5330:Three-cent nickel
5238:Three-cent silver
5115:U.S. dollar coins
4913:
4912:
4379:Historic district
4321:
4320:
4260:James Madison Sr.
4162:(2020 miniseries)
3734:The Octagon House
3348:Schweikart, Larry
3304:978-0-393-09757-3
3285:Remini, Robert V.
3258:. March 15, 2006.
3135:978-0-674-06692-2
2974:American Heritage
2911:978-1-296-74384-0
2823:978-0-88133-823-2
2759:978-0-8262-2183-4
2622:, pp. 74–75.
2490:, pp. 61–62.
2283:, pp. 59–60.
2104:, pp. 85–86.
2005:, pp. 55–56.
1993:, pp. 73–74.
1858:, pp. 20–21.
1811:, pp. 11–12.
1718:, pp. 88–89.
1541:, pp. 10–11.
1499:, pp. 60–61.
1240:and many others.
1117:
1116:
1109:
1091:
1015:
1014:
995:Significant dates
725:
724:
690:Buffalo, New York
656:Savannah, Georgia
632:Norfolk, Virginia
580:Chillicothe, Ohio
381:: It did not set
353:, represented by
292:protective tariff
260:National Bank Act
206:national currency
152:
151:
92:1841 (operations)
5627:
5307:Gold certificate
4940:
4933:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4310:
4309:
4232:Virginia dynasty
4207:Madisonian model
4196:National Gazette
4120:Magnificent Doll
3674:Founding Fathers
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3527:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3224:
3223:on June 4, 2009.
3212:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3139:
3112:
3093:
3084:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3019:
2990:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2871:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2805:
2794:
2775:
2763:
2744:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2649:, pp. 9–10.
2644:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2536:Schlesinger 1945
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2512:Schlesinger 1945
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2476:Schlesinger 1945
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:Schlesinger 1945
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2380:Schlesinger 1945
2377:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2293:Schlesinger 1945
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2206:Schlesinger 1945
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2129:Dangerfield 1966
2126:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2102:Dangerfield 1966
2099:
2093:
2090:Dangerfield 1966
2087:
2081:
2078:Dangerfield 1966
2075:
2069:
2066:Dangerfield 1966
2063:
2054:
2051:Dangerfield 1966
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2027:Dangerfield 1966
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1991:Dangerfield 1966
1988:
1982:
1979:Dangerfield 1966
1976:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1899:Dangerfield 1966
1896:
1890:
1884:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1856:Schlesinger 1945
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1821:Dangerfield 1966
1818:
1812:
1809:Schlesinger 1945
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1785:Schlesinger 1945
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1761:Dangerfield 1966
1758:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1716:Dangerfield 1966
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1638:Schlesinger 1945
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1539:Dangerfield 1966
1536:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1485:Dangerfield 1966
1482:
1467:
1461:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1400:
1391:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1208:, and the heavy
1125:Benjamin Latrobe
1112:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1049:
1025:
1017:
985:
949:
948:
946:
945:
944:
939:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
897:
857:
856:
792:Terms of charter
751:
662:Washington, D.C.
586:Cincinnati, Ohio
556:Augusta, Georgia
550:
458:Thomas Jefferson
46:
39:
35:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5353:
5345:
5221:Forstall System
5215:Wildcat banking
5201:
5193:
5127:1792 half disme
5017:
5009:
4987:Bills of credit
4979:
4971:
4958:
4947:Monetary policy
4944:
4914:
4909:
4881:
4840:
4777:
4419:Lists by county
4414:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4357:
4352:
4322:
4317:
4283:
4278:Ambrose Madison
4272:William Madison
4266:Eleanor Madison
4254:John Payne Todd
4236:
4166:
3982:popular culture
3981:
3975:
3934:
3903:
3899:Founders Online
3877:
3806:
3800:
3739:Treaty of Ghent
3678:
3580:
3579:"Father of the
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3530:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3444:
3439:
3421:
3371:
3320:
3305:
3283:
3269:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3171:
3158:10.2307/3031286
3143:
3136:
3115:
3106:
3102:Wayback Machine
3087:
3062:
3060:
3033:
3031:
3008:10.2307/1005664
2962:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2888:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2840:
2838:
2824:
2797:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2635:Hofstadter 1948
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2488:Hofstadter 1948
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
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2402:
2398:
2390:
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2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2281:Hofstadter 1948
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2182:Killenbeck 2006
2180:
2176:
2170:Hofstadter 1948
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2003:Hofstadter 1948
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
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1771:
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1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1497:Hofstadter 1948
1495:
1491:
1483:
1470:
1462:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1338:Federal Reserve
1323:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1268:Charles Dickens
1264:
1222:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1026:
942:
940:
936:
933:
928:
925:
923:
921:
920:
909:
900:
884:
875:
866:
855:
852:
829:
798:Bank of England
794:
782:William Drayton
770:Nicholas Biddle
761:Nicholas Biddle
749:
731:
726:
708:Utica, New York
684:Portland, Maine
672:Mobile, Alabama
544:
531:
476:
470:
454:Albert Gallatin
442:Nicholas Biddle
398:Napoleonic Wars
387:excess reserves
383:monetary policy
375:
351:Old Republicans
343:promissory note
304:John C. Calhoun
273:
268:
232:Nicholas Biddle
148:
143:Nicholas Biddle
130:
98:
52:
50:Chestnut Street
34:
31:Bank of America
17:
12:
11:
5:
5633:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
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5562:
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5373:
5365:
5357:
5355:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5324:Two-cent piece
5321:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5303:(1863–c. 1930)
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5230:
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5172:
5164:
5158:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5094:(1789–present)
5089:
5088:
5087:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4989:(c. 1690–1750)
4983:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4928:
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4910:
4908:
4907:
4897:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4854:
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4846:
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4836:
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4806:
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4779:
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4776:
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4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4683:Northumberland
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
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4605:
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4515:
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4513:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
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4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4394:Property types
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4300:James Monroe →
4296:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4248:Dolley Madison
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4140:
4136:Liberty's Kids
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Madison Street
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4038:Madison Square
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3882:Other writings
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3873:Report of 1800
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3807:accomplisments
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3702:Tecumseh's War
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3669:Tariff of 1789
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:27th amendment
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3528:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3451:
3443:
3442:External links
3440:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3390:10.1086/256246
3384:(2): 115–131.
3369:
3364:Temin, Peter.
3362:
3355:
3345:
3341:Age of Jackson
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3281:
3274:
3261:
3241:
3225:
3213:
3178:
3140:
3134:
3113:
3104:
3085:
3076:
3069:
3049:
3040:
3020:
2991:
2982:
2969:
2923:
2910:
2895:
2886:
2867:
2854:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2806:
2795:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2586:, p. 364.
2576:
2574:, p. 140.
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2526:, p. 400.
2516:
2514:, p. 103.
2504:
2502:, p. 396.
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2430:, p. 132.
2420:
2408:
2406:, p. 374.
2396:
2394:, p. 361.
2384:
2369:
2367:, p. 343.
2357:
2355:, p. 369.
2345:
2343:, p. 365.
2333:
2331:, p. 385.
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2271:, p. 379.
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2223:, p. 362.
2210:
2198:
2196:, p. 371.
2186:
2174:
2162:
2160:, p. 229.
2150:
2148:, p. 151.
2133:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1969:, p. 206.
1954:
1942:
1940:, p. 153.
1927:
1915:
1913:, p. 152.
1903:
1891:
1889:, p. 150.
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1833:Minicucci 2004
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1775:, p. 182.
1765:
1750:
1735:
1733:, p. 181.
1720:
1708:
1696:
1694:, p. 157.
1681:
1679:, p. 401.
1666:
1664:, p. 359.
1654:
1652:, p. 100.
1642:
1630:
1618:
1616:, p. 365.
1603:
1601:, p. 145.
1591:
1589:, p. 205.
1570:
1568:, p. 140.
1555:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1511:, p. 102.
1501:
1489:
1468:
1466:, p. 149.
1445:
1443:, p. 625.
1433:
1431:, p. 155.
1411:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1345:
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1335:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1298:
1295:
1263:
1260:
1221:
1218:
1115:
1114:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
991:
986:
979:
978:
973:
969:
968:
963:
959:
958:
955:
951:
950:
918:
914:
913:
906:
902:
901:
898:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
877:
876:
871:
868:
867:
864:
861:
860:
853:
851:
848:
828:
825:
802:Bank of France
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
779:
773:
767:
764:
758:
755:Langdon Cheves
752:
746:
730:
727:
723:
722:
718:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
667:
666:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
609:
608:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
548:
543:
540:
530:
527:
498:Daniel Webster
472:Main article:
469:
466:
433:Langdon Cheves
389:, or act as a
374:
371:
367:Andrew Jackson
331:Daniel Webster
272:
269:
267:
264:
248:Andrew Jackson
150:
149:
147:
146:
140:
133:
131:
128:
125:
124:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
97:
96:
93:
90:
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5632:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5449:Treasury Note
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5199:Civil War Era
5196:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5144:Treasury Note
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5004:Currency Acts
5002:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:Lists by city
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
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4669:
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4664:
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4639:
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4611:
4609:
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4604:
4601:
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4584:
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4579:
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4509:
4507:
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4502:
4499:
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4479:
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4459:
4457:
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4395:
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4382:
4380:
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4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4314:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4280:(grandfather)
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Paul Jennings
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:(2002 series)
4137:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4113:James Madison
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4097:James Madison
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Mount Madison
4053:
4051:
4050:Madison River
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
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3944:
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3941:
3937:
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3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3856:republicanism
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3834:Residence Act
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3797:
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3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Henry letters
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
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3685:
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3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
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3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Virginia Plan
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3581:Constitution"
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:James Madison
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:Cambridge, MA
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:online review
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3071:Kahan, Paul.
3070:
3058:
3057:ushistory.org
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2765:online review
2761:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2724:, p. 81.
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2673:, p. 35.
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2637:, p. 56.
2636:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2598:, p. 92.
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2478:, p. 98.
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2418:, p. 91.
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2382:, p. 87.
2381:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2295:, p. 81.
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2208:, p. 77.
2207:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2172:, p. 62.
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2131:, p. 89.
2130:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:, p. 80.
2091:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2068:, p. 84.
2067:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2041:, p. 28.
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1981:, p. 76.
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1901:, p. 87.
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1846:, p. 32.
1845:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1823:, p. 11.
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1787:, p. 11.
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1763:, p. 10.
1762:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1706:, p. 10.
1705:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1487:, p. 12.
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Panic of 1837
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:Federal style
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:Greek Revival
1130:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058: –
1057:
1053:
1052:Find sources:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:This section
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:Added to NRHP
998:
993:
990:
987:
980:
977:
976:Greek Revival
974:
970:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
926:39°56′54.86″N
919:
915:
912:
907:
903:
896:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
862:
858:
847:
842:
837:
835:
824:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:Thomas Dunlap
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
747:
744:
743:William Jones
741:
740:
735:
721:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
610:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
552:
551:
547:
539:
536:
535:Panic of 1837
526:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
499:
495:
494:
485:
480:
475:
465:
463:
462:James Madison
459:
455:
449:
447:
443:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
422:Panic of 1819
419:
415:
414:William Jones
410:
408:
407:laissez-faire
403:
402:credit bubble
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
370:
369:(1829–1837).
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
339:
332:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
271:Establishment
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:and pro-bank
233:
229:
224:
222:
221:James Madison
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
198:public credit
194:
192:
188:
187:U.S. Treasury
184:
180:
179:public duties
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
144:
141:
138:
137:William Jones
135:
134:
132:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
94:
91:
88:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
32:
28:
24:
19:
5434:
5386:
5367:
5360:
5285:(1863; 1864)
5209:Free banking
5166:
5161:Suffolk Bank
5154:
5067:Section VIII
5006:(1751; 1764)
4876:Philadelphia
4799:Philadelphia
4763:Westmoreland
4693:Philadelphia
4305:
4298:
4291:
4224:
4194:
4187:
4159:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4118:
4112:
4104:
4096:
3989:Bibliography
3765:
3622:
3613:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3381:
3377:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3293:. New York:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3249:
3233:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3192:
3186:
3172:
3149:
3145:
3117:
3108:
3092:. Routledge.
3089:
3080:
3072:
3061:. Retrieved
3056:
3044:
3034:November 25,
3032:. Retrieved
3028:
3002:(1): 80–85.
2999:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2932:
2928:
2917:November 25,
2915:. Retrieved
2900:
2890:
2858:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2837:. p. 81
2833:
2813:
2800:
2781:
2771:
2749:
2740:
2732:Bibliography
2722:Dickens 1913
2717:
2705:
2693:
2671:Gallery 2004
2666:
2654:
2647:Hammond 1956
2642:
2620:Wilentz 2005
2615:
2610:, p. 9.
2608:Hammond 1957
2603:
2596:Wellman 1966
2591:
2584:Wilentz 2005
2579:
2572:Hammond 1947
2567:
2562:, p. 7.
2555:
2543:
2531:
2524:Wilentz 2005
2519:
2507:
2500:Wilentz 2005
2495:
2483:
2471:
2464:Wilentz 2005
2459:
2447:
2435:
2428:Wellman 1966
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2360:
2353:Wilentz 2005
2348:
2336:
2329:Hammond 1957
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2269:Hammond 1957
2264:
2257:Hammond 1957
2252:
2240:
2233:Hammond 1947
2228:
2221:Wilentz 2005
2201:
2194:Hammond 1957
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2146:Hammond 1947
2114:Wilentz 2005
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2015:Wilentz 2005
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1967:Wilentz 2005
1945:
1938:Hammond 1947
1923:Wilentz 2005
1918:
1911:Hammond 1947
1906:
1894:
1887:Hammond 1947
1868:Wilentz 2005
1863:
1851:
1839:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1797:Wilentz 2005
1792:
1780:
1773:Wilentz 2005
1768:
1746:Wilentz 2005
1731:Wilentz 2005
1711:
1704:Hammond 1956
1699:
1692:Hammond 1947
1677:Wilentz 2005
1662:Hammond 1957
1657:
1650:Hammond 1956
1645:
1633:
1621:
1614:Wilentz 2005
1594:
1587:Wilentz 2005
1553:, p. 9.
1551:Hammond 1956
1546:
1524:Hammond 1947
1509:Hammond 1956
1504:
1492:
1464:Hammond 1947
1436:
1429:Hammond 1947
1395:
1389:
1357:
1311:Banks portal
1290:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1249:
1242:
1231:
1191:
1157:
1118:
1103:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1051:
1039:Please help
1034:verification
1031:
850:Architecture
844:
839:
834:Bray Hammond
830:
818:
814:
810:
806:
795:
719:
545:
532:
523:
519:
503:
491:
489:
450:
446:James Monroe
430:
411:
395:
379:central bank
376:
348:
285:
274:
225:
210:
195:
172:
168:Pennsylvania
164:Philadelphia
155:
153:
121:Pennsylvania
117:Philadelphia
113:Headquarters
57:Company type
18:
5469:(1909–1912)
5451:(1890–1891)
5431:(1879–1907)
5425:(1878–1964)
5413:(1875–1878)
5400:Free silver
5388:Knox v. Lee
5383:(1870–1875)
5354:(1870–1914)
5332:(1865–1889)
5326:(1864–1873)
5315:(1863–1864)
5309:(1863–1933)
5297:(1863–1913)
5291:(1863–1865)
5279:(1862–1876)
5273:(1862–1971)
5262:(1861–1862)
5260:Demand Note
5251:(1853–1863)
5240:(1851–1873)
5229:(1846–1913)
5223:(1842–1865)
5217:(1836–1865)
5211:(1836–1865)
5202:(1840–1870)
5183:, 1832–1836
5177:, 1829–1842
5163:, 1818–1858
5157:, 1816–1836
5146:(1812–1913)
5140:(1793–1857)
5134:(1793–1857)
5123:(1792–1873)
5111:(1792–1873)
5100:(1791–1811)
5083:1789–1913;
5065:1787–1788;
5057:(1781–1791)
5051:(1781–1785)
5045:(1780–1781)
5039:(1775–1779)
5027:(1776–1780)
5018:(1760–1840)
4980:(1607–1760)
4905:NRHP portal
4845:Other lists
4804:Center City
4728:Susquehanna
4678:Northampton
4130:(1989 film)
4123:(1946 film)
3805:Other noted
3714:War of 1812
3553:(1781–1783)
3545:(1789–1797)
3537:(1801–1809)
3526:(1809–1817)
3448:Second Bank
3152:(1): 3–15.
2935:(1): 1–23.
2452:Remini 1981
2440:Remini 1981
2404:Remini 1981
2392:Remini 1981
2365:Remini 1981
2341:Remini 1981
2317:Remini 1981
2305:Remini 1981
2245:Remini 1981
2158:Remini 1981
2039:Remini 1981
1844:Remini 1981
1626:Meyers 1953
1599:Remini 1993
1566:Remini 1993
1252:Wall Street
1214:Roman villa
1145:New Orleans
1011:May 4, 1987
1003:May 4, 1987
941: /
929:75°8′55.2″W
917:Coordinates
281:War of 1812
256:liquidation
211:Modeled on
191:stockholder
160:Hamiltonian
5489:Categories
5138:Large cent
4789:Pittsburgh
4753:Washington
4708:Schuylkill
4668:Montgomery
4613:Lackawanna
4593:Huntingdon
4543:Cumberland
4523:Clearfield
4160:Washington
3980:Legacy and
3930:Montpelier
3684:Presidency
2868:0962290815
2791:1066117752
2548:Brown 1912
1407:References
1283:Don Guzman
1210:modillions
1206:balustrade
1097:March 2019
1067:newspapers
729:Presidents
529:State bank
507:Henry Clay
308:Henry Clay
244:hard-money
240:Henry Clay
200:issued by
129:Key people
107:Liquidated
5132:Half cent
5121:Half dime
5072:Section X
4829:Southwest
4819:Northwest
4814:Northeast
4794:Lancaster
4618:Lancaster
4603:Jefferson
4436:Armstrong
4431:Allegheny
4274:(brother)
4256:(stepson)
3994:Memorials
3939:Elections
3406:153635866
3235:March 26,
3209:144902648
3063:April 12,
2957:155058579
2841:April 17,
2712:, online.
2700:, online.
2688:, online.
2661:, online.
2659:NRIS 2006
1952:, online.
1950:Hill 2015
1258:in 1924.
1168:stylobate
1160:Parthenon
1153:Charlotte
1149:Dahlonega
1129:architect
962:Architect
957:1818–1824
538:charter.
484:Uncle Sam
448:in 1823.
437:recession
426:Baltimore
322:grounds.
5181:Bank War
4955:pre–1913
4895:Category
4723:Sullivan
4718:Somerset
4643:Lycoming
4623:Lawrence
4578:Franklin
4553:Delaware
4538:Crawford
4533:Columbia
4461:Bradford
4268:(mother)
4262:(father)
4227:magazine
4144:Hamilton
3287:(1967).
3280:. (1993)
3098:Archived
2876:citation
2812:(1966).
2698:NPS 2009
2686:NPS 2017
1297:See also
1292:spirits.
1183:pediment
1176:triglyph
989:87001293
905:Location
800:and the
750:(Acting)
542:Branches
511:Bank War
474:Bank War
418:post-war
252:Bank War
185:and the
183:Congress
67:Industry
5117:(1792–)
5033:(1775–)
4866:covered
4862:Bridges
4768:Wyoming
4743:Venango
4673:Montour
4658:Mifflin
4638:Luzerne
4628:Lebanon
4608:Juniata
4598:Indiana
4568:Fayette
4548:Dauphin
4528:Clinton
4518:Clarion
4496:Chester
4481:Cameron
4476:Cambria
4446:Bedford
4171:Related
4149:musical
4105:Madison
3791:Cabinet
3749:results
3719:origins
3398:1825049
3361:(1949).
3166:3031286
3016:1005664
2949:2113597
1081:scholar
363:slavery
312:earmark
266:History
238:led by
83:Defunct
75:Founded
70:Banking
5475:(1913)
5463:(1908)
5457:(1900)
5445:(1890)
5439:(1884)
5419:(1878)
5407:(1875)
5391:(1871)
5372:(1870)
5171:, 1819
4995:(1730)
4748:Warren
4713:Snyder
4703:Potter
4663:Monroe
4653:Mercer
4648:McKean
4633:Lehigh
4588:Greene
4583:Fulton
4573:Forest
4491:Centre
4486:Carbon
4471:Butler
4441:Beaver
4362:Topics
4250:(wife)
4241:Family
4004:statue
3640:No. 51
3635:No. 10
3569:(1776)
3458:FRASER
3404:
3396:
3368:(1969)
3354:(1987)
3301:
3207:
3164:
3132:
3014:
2955:
2947:
2908:
2865:
2820:
2789:
2756:
1187:marble
1179:frieze
1164:Athens
1151:, and
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1054:
784:, 1841
720:
716:(1830)
710:(1830)
704:(1830)
698:(1829)
692:(1829)
686:(1828)
680:(1827)
674:(1826)
664:(1817)
658:(1817)
652:(1817)
646:(1817)
640:(1817)
634:(1817)
628:(1817)
622:(1817)
616:(1817)
606:(1817)
600:(1817)
594:(1817)
588:(1817)
582:(1817)
576:(1817)
570:(1817)
564:(1817)
123:, U.S.
4824:South
4809:North
4758:Wayne
4738:Union
4733:Tioga
4688:Perry
4511:South
4506:North
4466:Bucks
4456:Blair
4451:Berks
4426:Adams
4095:USRC
3786:1816)
3402:S2CID
3394:JSTOR
3270:(PDF)
3205:S2CID
3162:JSTOR
3012:JSTOR
2953:S2CID
2945:JSTOR
1381:Notes
1286:Bank.
1172:Doric
1088:JSTOR
1074:books
954:Built
177:with
4949:and
4834:West
4773:York
4698:Pike
4563:Erie
4501:East
4153:film
4111:USS
4103:USS
3971:1812
3961:1794
3956:1792
3951:1790
3908:Life
3781:1815
3776:1814
3299:ISBN
3237:2017
3130:ISBN
3065:2020
3036:2021
2980:(4).
2919:2021
2906:ISBN
2882:link
2863:ISBN
2843:2020
2818:ISBN
2787:OCLC
2754:ISBN
1393:See
1250:The
1060:news
460:and
357:and
154:The
103:Fate
78:1816
4558:Elk
3532:5th
3521:4th
3456:on
3386:doi
3197:doi
3170:in
3154:doi
3004:doi
2961:in
2937:doi
1162:in
1043:by
984:No.
215:'s
5491::
4151:,
3400:.
3392:.
3382:53
3380:.
3376:.
3350:.
3297:.
3254:.
3248:.
3203:.
3193:18
3191:.
3185:.
3160:.
3148:.
3124::
3120:.
3055:.
3027:.
3010:.
3000:43
2998:.
2976:.
2951:.
2943:.
2931:.
2878:}}
2874:{{
2678:^
2627:^
2372:^
2213:^
2136:^
2121:^
2058:^
1957:^
1930:^
1875:^
1753:^
1738:^
1723:^
1684:^
1669:^
1606:^
1573:^
1558:^
1531:^
1516:^
1471:^
1448:^
1415:^
1147:,
823:.
517:.
393:.
341:A
294:,
262:.
246:"
173:A
166:,
119:,
4957:)
4953:(
4939:e
4932:t
4925:v
4878:)
4874:(
4868:)
4864:(
4347:e
4340:t
4333:v
4155:)
4147:(
3501:e
3494:t
3487:v
3426:.
3408:.
3388::
3343:.
3307:.
3239:.
3211:.
3199::
3168:.
3156::
3150:5
3138:.
3111:.
3067:.
3047:.
3038:.
3018:.
3006::
2978:8
2959:.
2939::
2933:7
2921:.
2884:)
2826:.
2793:.
2774:.
2762:.
2743:.
1110:)
1104:(
1099:)
1095:(
1085:·
1078:·
1071:·
1064:·
1037:.
33:.
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