Natural rights and legal rights

3330:. Although he does not blatantly state it, his position implies that even in light of our unique characteristics we should not be treated differently by our neighbors or our rulers. "Locke is arguing that there is no natural characteristic sufficient to distinguish one person from another... of, course there are plenty of natural differences between us" (Haworth 103). What Haworth takes from Locke is that John Locke was obsessed with supporting equality in society, treating everyone as an equal. He does though highlight our differences with his philosophy showing that we are all unique and important to society. In his philosophy, it is highlighted that the ideal government should also protect everyone, and provide rights and freedom to everyone, because we are all important to society. His ideas then were developed into the movements for freedom from the British creating our government. However, his implied thought of freedom for all is applied most heavily in our culture today. Starting with the civil rights movement, and continuing through women's rights, Locke's call for a fair government can be seen as the influence in these movements. His ideas are typically just seen as the foundation for modern democracy; however, it is not unreasonable to credit Locke with the social activism throughout the history of America. 3334:

challenges to the government's view on equality. To them it was clear that when the designers of democracy said all, they meant all people shall receive those natural rights that John Locke cherished so deeply. "a state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another" (Locke II,4). Locke in his papers on natural philosophy clearly states that he wants a government where all are treated equal in freedoms especially. "Locke's views on toleration were very progressive for the time" (Connolly). Authors such as Jacob Connolly confirm that to them Locke was highly ahead of his time with all this progressive thinking. That is that his thought fits our current state of democracy where we strive to make sure that everyone has a say in the government, and everyone has a chance at a good life. Regardless of race, gender, or social standing starting with Locke it was made clear not only that the government should provide rights, but rights to everyone through his social contract.

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slavery from capture in war, whereby a man forfeited his labor to the conqueror who might lawfully have killed him; and thus Dred Scott was judged permanently to have given up his freedom. But the second kind of right, what Price called "that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess," was inalienable as long man remained man. Like the mind's quest for religious truth from which it was derived, self-determination was not a claim to ownership which might be both acquired and surrendered, but an inextricable aspect of the activity of being human.

2748:(1725), Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence, stating: "For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights, there must arise either a perfect, or external Right to Resistance. ... Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments." Hutcheson, however, placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights, declaring that "there can be no Right, or Limitation of Right, inconsistent with, or opposite to the greatest public Good." Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his 3254: 3162: 3635:. The Church considers that: "The natural law expresses the original moral sense which enables man to discern by reason the good and the evil, the truth and the lie: 'The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin . . . But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted. 3639:" The natural law consists, for the Catholic Church, of one supreme and universal principle from which are derived all our natural moral obligations or duties. Thomas Aquinas resumes the various ideas of Catholic moral thinkers about what this principle is: since good is what primarily falls under the apprehension of the practical reason, the supreme principle of moral action must have the good as its central idea, and therefore the supreme principle is that good is to be done and evil avoided. 77: 2268: 2256: 7397: 3208:", in which human beings kill, steal and enslave others to stay alive, and due to their natural lust for "Gain", "Safety" and "Reputation". Hobbes reasoned that this world of chaos created by unlimited rights was highly undesirable, since it would cause human life to be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". As such, if humans wish to live peacefully they must give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations to establish political and 650: 140: 3353: 227: 3065: 36: 3223:", arguing that law ("lex") and right ("jus") though often confused, signify opposites, with law referring to obligations, while rights refer to the absence of obligations. Since by our (human) nature, we seek to maximize our well being, rights are prior to law, natural or institutional, and people will not follow the laws of nature without first being subjected to a sovereign power, without which all ideas of 3175:. Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature". Thus he argued that the essential natural (human) right was "to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life; and consequently, of doing any thing, which in his own judgement, and Reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto." ( 3568:, which claims that a man has a right to ownership over his life and therefore also his property, because he has invested time (i.e. part of his life) in it and thereby made it an extension of his life. However, if he initiates force against and to the detriment of another man, he alienates himself from the right to that part of his life which is required to pay his debt: "Rights are 2864:

giving up their right of judging for themselves in religion, or by allowing any human beings to prescribe to them what faith they shall embrace, or what mode of worship they shall practise, so neither can any civil societies lawfully surrender their civil liberty by giving up to any extraneous jurisdiction their power of legislating for themselves and disposing their property.

3408:. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said there were only two rights: "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said, after converting to Egoist individualism, "In times past... it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off. ... Man's only right to land is his might over it." 3373:

consequently are instruments of injustice. The fact therefore must be that the individuals themselves, each in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a compact with each other to produce a government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to exist.

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to faith or unbelief. Since, then, belief or unbelief is a matter of everyone's conscience, and since this is no lessening of the secular power, the latter should be content and attend to its own affairs and permit men to believe one thing or another, as they are able and willing, and constrain no one by force.

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The social contract is an agreement between members of a country to live within a shared system of laws. Specific forms of government are the result of the decisions made by these persons acting in their collective capacity. Government is instituted to make laws that protect the three natural rights.

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are meaningless – "Therefore before the names of Just and Unjust can have place, there must be some coercive Power, to compel men equally to the performance of their Covenants..., to make good that Propriety, which by mutual contract men acquire, in recompense of the universal Right they abandon: and

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Hobbes sharply distinguished this natural "liberty", from natural "laws", described generally as "a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving his life; and to omit, that, by which he

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Then it turned out to make considerable difference whether one said slavery was wrong because every man has a natural right to the possession of his own body, or because every man has a natural right freely to determine his own destiny. The first kind of right was alienable: thus Locke neatly derived

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inalienability of "that principle of spontaneity or self-determination which constitutes us agents or which gives us a command over our actions, rendering them properly ours, and not effects of the operation of any foreign cause." Any social contract or compact allegedly alienating these rights would

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It is a mistake to imagine that slavery pervades a man's whole being; the better part of him is exempt from it: the body indeed is subjected and in the power of a master, but the mind is independent, and indeed is so free and wild, that it cannot be restrained even by this prison of the body, wherein

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In adopting Stirnerite egoism (1886), Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of libertarianism. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying libertarianism itself. So bitter was

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Furthermore, every man is responsible for his own faith, and he must see it for himself that he believes rightly. As little as another can go to hell or heaven for me, so little can he believe or disbelieve for me; and as little as he can open or shut heaven or hell for me, so little can he drive me

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principle of the liberty of conscience. One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment (e.g., about religious questions) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is "unalienable". Hutcheson wrote: "Thus no man can really change

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The Zoroastrian religion taught Iranians that citizens have an inalienable right to enlightened leadership and that the duty of subjects is not simply to obey wise kings but also to rise up against those who are wicked. Leaders are seen as representative of God on earth, but they deserve allegiance

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Hugh Gibbons has proposed a descriptive argument based on human biology. His contention is that human beings were other-regarding as a matter of necessity, to avoid the costs of conflict. Over time they developed expectations that individuals would act in certain ways which were then prescribed by

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By founding this sense of freedom for all, Locke was laying the groundwork for the equality that occurs today. Despite the apparent misuse of his philosophy in early American democracy. The Civil Rights movement and the suffrage movement both called out the state of American democracy during their

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has defended Locke's influence on the Founding, claiming that historians who argue to the contrary either misrepresent the classical republican alternative to which they say the revolutionary leaders adhered, do not understand Locke, or point to someone else who was decisively influenced by Locke.

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The right to what is in essence inalienable is imprescriptible, since the act whereby I take possession of my personality, of my substantive essence, and make myself a responsible being, capable of possessing rights and with a moral and religious life, takes away from these characteristics of mine

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It is a perversion of terms to say that a charter gives rights. It operates by a contrary effect – that of taking rights away. Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants; but charters, by annulling those rights, in the majority, leave the right, by exclusion, in the hands of a few. ... They ...

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Of fundamental importance to the development of the idea of natural rights was the emergence of the idea of natural human equality. As the historian A.J. Carlyle notes: "There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of Aristotle to the later

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Neither can any state acquire such an authority over other states in virtue of any compacts or cessions. This is a case in which compacts are not binding. Civil liberty is, in this respect, on the same footing with religious liberty. As no people can lawfully surrender their religious liberty by

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and Seneca. ... We think that this cannot be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature." Charles H. McIlwain likewise observes that "the idea of the equality of men is the profoundest contribution of the Stoics to political thought" and that "its greatest

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taught that "in order to obtain protection from other men, any means for attaining this end is a natural good" (PD 6). They believed in a contractarian ethics where mortals agree to not harm or be harmed, and the rules that govern their agreements are not absolute (PD 33), but must change with

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with his writings of natural rights, but this claim has been the subject of protracted dispute in recent decades. For example, the historian Ray Forrest Harvey declared that Jefferson and Locke were at "two opposite poles" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson's use in the

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In his natural state, according to Hobbes, man's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws – "It followeth, that in such a condition, every man has the right to every thing; even to one another's body. And therefore, as long as this natural Right of every man to every thing

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Declaration of Independence of the phrase "pursuit of happiness" instead of "property". More recently, the eminent legal historian John Phillip Reid has deplored contemporary scholars' "misplaced emphasis on John Locke", arguing that American revolutionary leaders saw Locke as a

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just that externality which alone made them capable of passing into the possession of someone else. When I have thus annulled their externality, I cannot lose them through lapse of time or from any other reason drawn from my prior consent or willingness to alienate them.

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circumstances (PD 37–38). The Epicurean doctrines imply that humans in their natural state enjoy personal sovereignty and that they must consent to the laws that govern them, and that this consent (and the laws) can be revisited periodically when circumstances change.

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rights from supposed rights, stating that any principle that requires itself to be disproved is an axiom. Critics have pointed to the lack of agreement between the proponents as evidence for the claim that the idea of natural rights is merely a political tool.

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inalienability of those aspects of personhood that distinguish persons from things. A thing, like a piece of property, can in fact be transferred from one person to another. According to Hegel, the same would not apply to those aspects that make one a person:

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There is, at least, one right that cannot be ceded or abandoned: the right to personality...They charged the great logician with a contradiction in terms. If a man could give up his personality he would cease being a moral being. ... There is no

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only the strongest could benefit from their rights. Thus, people form an implicit social contract, ceding their natural rights to the authority to protect the people from abuse, and living henceforth under the legal rights of that authority.

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The concept of natural rights is not universally accepted, partly due to its religious associations and perceived incoherence. Some philosophers argue that natural rights do not exist and that legal rights are the only rights; for instance,

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to argue not simply against involuntary slavery but against any explicit or implied contractual forms of slavery. Any contract that tried to legally alienate such a right would be inherently invalid. Similarly, the argument was used by the

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asserts that rights are inalienable: "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world." Article 1, § 1 of the

2842:, no act of submission by which man can give up the state of free agent and enslave himself. For by such an act of renunciation he would give up that very character which constitutes his nature and essence: he would lose his humanity. 2664:, arguing that the Order could only wage a defensive war if pagans violated the natural rights of the Christians. Vladimiri further stipulated that infidels had rights which had to be respected, and neither the Pope nor the 345: 2757:

his sentiments, judgments, and inward affections, at the pleasure of another; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart. The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable."

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falls prey to the naturalistic fallacy. Some defenders of natural rights theory, however, counter that the term "natural" in "natural rights" is contrasted with "artificial" rather than referring to

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Various definitions of inalienability include non-relinquishability, non-salability, and non-transferability. This concept has been recognized by libertarians as being central to the question of

6294: 3368:(1791), emphasizing that rights cannot be granted by any charter because this would legally imply they can also be revoked and under such circumstances, they would be reduced to privileges: 2958:). Presaging the shift in thinking in the 19th century, Bentham famously dismissed the idea of natural rights as "nonsense on stilts". By way of contrast to the views of Burke and Bentham, 3774: 2983: – that rights and responsibilities are derived from a consensual contract between the government and the people – is the most widely recognized alternative. 6214: 1834: 3525:." However, there is still much dispute over which "rights" are truly natural rights and which are not, and the concept of natural or inalienable rights is still controversial to some. 2710:, "all men are born equally free", and hold "certain inherent natural rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity." Another 17th-century Englishman, 3468:, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle 'A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology 4758: 5106: 2854:

was "attempting to rob them of that liberty to which every member of society and all civil communities have a natural and unalienable title." Price again based the argument on the

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in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly.

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John Locke (1632–1704) was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke believed in a natural right to life,

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derives from theories of natural rights. Those rejecting a distinction between human rights and natural rights view human rights as the successor that is not dependent on

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The law of the Creator, which invests every human being with an inalienable title to freedom, cannot be repealed by any interior law which asserts that man is property.

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Many historical apologies for slavery and illiberal government were based on explicit or implicit voluntary contracts to alienate any "natural rights" to freedom and

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For example, the imperative "not to harm others" is said to be justified by natural law, but the same is not true when it comes to providing protection against harm

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as groundless. Bentham and Burke claimed that rights arise from the actions of government, or evolve from tradition, and that neither of these can provide anything

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Likewise, different philosophers and statesmen have designed different lists of what they believe to be natural rights; almost all include the right to life and

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The signers of the Declaration of Independence deemed it a "self-evident truth" that all men "are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". In

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theory, "inalienable rights" were said to be those rights that could not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign. Such rights were thought to be

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Various philosophers have created different lists of rights they consider to be natural. Proponents of natural rights, in particular Hesselberg and

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argued that "if there are such things as rights at all, then, there must be a right to life and liberty, or, to put it more properly to free life."

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These themes converged in the debate about American independence. While Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence, Welsh nonconformist

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had the authority to violate them. Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify to atrocities committed by the Order.

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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights...

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Reid, J.P.; Hartog, H.; Bakken, G.M.; Nelson, W.E.; Bernstein, R.B.; Benedict, M.L.; Kern, B.W.; Flaherty, M.S.; Fritz, C.G.; Kalman, L. (2000).

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argued that some powers over human beings could be wielded only by God, and that if there were no God, no human beings could wield these powers.

2700:. Preservation of the natural rights to life, liberty, and property was claimed as justification for the rebellion of the American colonies. As 2454:, whereas human rights also comprise positive rights. Even on a natural rights conception of human rights, the two terms may not be synonymous. 6289: 4567: 4530: 4466: 4147: 4112: 2979:

claims that the existence of inalienable rights is unnecessary for the existence of a constitution or a set of laws and rights. This idea of a

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Estate: everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it does not conflict with the first two rights.

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Introduction of the Bill of Rights in Congress, 1789 Jun 8, 21 Jul, 13, 18–19 August; Annals 1:424–450, 661–665, 707–717, 757–759, 766.

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gave a highly developed treatment of this inalienability argument. Like Hutcheson, Hegel based the theory of inalienable rights on the

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basis for the argument that the "liberty of men as agents is that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess." In

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inalienable, but only the possessor of a right can alienate himself from that right – no one else can take a man's rights from him."

3505: 2894: 2737:" which he defined as being rights that every human being is born with, as opposed to rights bestowed by government or by human law. 2543: 1628: 748: 3890:, 2010. The claim that "..all human rights are negative rights.." is rejected, therefore human rights also comprise positive rights. 2507:

claimed to derive natural rights through reason alone. The United States Declaration of Independence, meanwhile, is based upon the "

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One criticism of natural rights theory is that one cannot draw norms from facts. This objection is variously expressed as the

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discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being "life, liberty, and estate (property)", and argued that such

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argued that if there are any rights at all, there must be the right to liberty, for all the others would depend upon this.

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Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are

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Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences religieuses. Résumé des conférences et travaux

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held that no one was a slave by nature; slavery was an external condition juxtaposed to the internal freedom of the soul (

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This marked an important departure from medieval natural law theories which gave precedence to obligations over rights.

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Price raised a furor of opposition so in 1777 he wrote another tract that clarified his position and again restated the

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endureth, there can be no security to any man... of living out the time, which Nature ordinarily allow men to live." (

2415:. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments. 7100: 6372: 5666: 5373: 4200: 3393: 3148: 2910: 2906: 2013: 1638: 1393: 284: 200: 182: 121: 63: 3719: 7411: 6970: 6534: 4062: 2851: 2291: 2048: 616: 7318: 5691: 5610: 5439: 3021:

There is also debate as to whether all rights are either natural or legal. Fourth president of the United States

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Goodway, David (2004). "A cult of sensations: John Cowper Powys,s life philosophy and individualist anarchism".

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Liberty: everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it does not conflict with the first right.

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The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of John Locke

3450:, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German 2637:

is considered one of the first attempts to develop what would come to be called modern natural rights theory.

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argues that "viewing rights as alienable is perfectly consistent with – indeed, implied by – the libertarian

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and natural rights are derived from self-evident principles, not from speculative principles or from facts.

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The Stoic doctrine that the "inner part cannot be delivered into bondage" re-emerged centuries later in the

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One of the first Western thinkers to develop the contemporary idea of natural rights was French theologian

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The existence of natural rights has been asserted by different individuals on different premises, such as

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emphasized "life, liberty and property" as primary. However, despite Locke's influential defense of the

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The idea that certain rights are natural or inalienable also has a history dating back at least to the

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influence is in the changed conception of law that in part resulted from it." Cicero argues in

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In developing his concept of natural rights, Locke was influenced by reports of society among

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that "we are born for Justice, and that right is based, not upon opinions, but upon Nature."

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The Natural Rights Republic: Studies in the Foundation of the American Political Tradition

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The Growth of Political Thought in the West: From the Greeks to the End of the Middle Ages

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society (duties of care etc.) and that eventually crystallized into actionable rights.

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Thomas Paine (1731–1809) further elaborated on natural rights in his influential work

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inalienability arguments of Hutcheson and his predecessors provided the basis for the

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the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of

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Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and

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published by C.L. Swartz, edited by W.E. Gordak and J.W. Lloyd (all associates of

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An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue in Two Treatises

3694: 3539: 3253: 2941: 2925: 2877: 2830: 2554: 2475: 2459: 2384: 2352:(they can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). The concept of 2240: 2213: 2208: 2181: 2137: 1483: 1418: 1270: 1245: 1210: 1160: 1100: 1027: 928: 889: 879: 753: 721: 520: 500: 444: 5167: 3770: 3338:

If a government does not properly protect these rights, it can be overthrown.

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seized this passage as a statement of constitutional principle, although the

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The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by

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Neo-Abolitionism: Abolishing Human Rentals in Favor of Workplace Democracy

4548:

Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Rights

4453:

Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism

7280: 7080: 6965: 6854: 6829: 6817: 6798: 6681: 6661: 6571: 6468: 6316: 5589: 5579: 5462: 4911: 4405:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 586–589. 4297:

Philmore, J. 1982. "The Libertarian Case for Slavery: A Note on Nozick".

3689: 3596: 3547: 3528: 3457: 3401: 3220: 3034: 3015: 3011: 2815:

to argue against any explicit or implied social contracts of subjection (

2630: 2523: 2483: 2423: 2388: 2372: 2371:. It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, and then developed in the 2342: 1548: 1350: 1335: 1310: 1105: 1090: 997: 850: 798: 4854: 4054: 4031:

All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

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Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority To Tax

4483:

Law as Culture and Culture as Law: Essays in Honor of John Phillip Reid

3452: 3257: 3248: 2999: 2689: 2618: 2581: 2527: 2186: 2152: 2147: 1817: 1330: 1120: 1095: 1002: 855: 835: 641: 4004:"American Enlightenment Thought | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 7274: 7075: 7026: 7009: 6947: 6929: 6703: 6617: 6341: 4690:

Understanding the Political Philosophers From Ancient to Modern Times

3833: 2880:

pulled together these themes and related them to the slavery debate:

2594: 2403:, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a 2255: 2053: 1255: 775: 4355:

Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution

4334:

Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution

3591:. Under this principle, only the initiation of force is prohibited; 3352: 3287:. It was once conventional wisdom that Locke greatly influenced the 3228:

such power there is none before the erection of the Commonwealth." (

3064: 7162: 7095: 7031: 6844: 6822: 6718: 6666: 6424: 5774: 3607: 3555: 3284: 3272: 2732: 2447: 2191: 2164: 2068: 1859: 1110: 953: 4719: 2574:, a kind of divine blessing that they must earn by moral behavior. 226: 7115: 6909: 6902: 6767: 6563: 6331: 6326: 4351:

Additional Observations on the Nature and Value of Civil Liberty.

3659: 3522: 3472:". Among those American anarchists who adhered to egoism include 3382: 3280: 3263: 2515: 2479: 1300: 906: 840: 5391: 4003: 7090: 7042: 6811: 6311: 5498: 5422: 5107:"De Sciuridae et Homo Sapiens: The Origin of Rights and Duties" 5043: 4747:"John Locke on Equality, Toleration, and the Atheist Exception" 3550:, and include amongst their canon the works of authors such as 3224: 3007: 2613: 2589: 2471: 2446:

enshrining one conception of natural rights into international

2368: 2312: 970: 218: 3610:, have responded that reason can be applied to separate truly 3396:

adhered to natural rights positions, later in this era led by

2503:

philosophical reasoning or religious principles. For example,

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American History from revolution to reconstruction and beyond

3611: 3901:"human rights – Natural law transformed into natural rights" 6393: 6321: 5341:

Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism

4243:

American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence.

3947:

Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism

3664: 3400:, some abandoned natural rights positions and converted to 2746:

Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue

2450:. Natural rights were traditionally viewed as exclusively 2411:, and government – and thus legal rights – in the form of 7152: 2348:

Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given

7229:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

5067:"Inalienability and Punishment: A Reply to George Smith" 3204:

This would lead inevitably to a situation known as the "

2399:, the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the 5386:

The U.S. Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights

3961:"America's Founding Documents | National Archives" 3752:

The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social Philosophy

3583:

dismissed as illegitimate and even self-contradictory.

4479: 3219:

Hobbes objected to the attempt to derive rights from "

5355:

Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development

4916:

The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology

4631:

Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy

3720:"Natural Rights | History of Western Civilization II" 4332:. 1776, Part I. Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.) 3430:

Several periodicals were "undoubtedly influenced by

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According to Locke, there are three natural rights:

2940:

The concept of inalienable rights was criticized by

2718:), who came into conflict with both the monarchy of 3534:Contemporary political philosophies continuing the 1599:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

6295:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) 4545: 4508: 4420: 4188: 4099:A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West 3991:Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation 6383:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 4788:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 4676:Two Treatises of Government – Of Civil Government 4603:. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 2730:, argued for level human basic rights he called " 7426: 3818:"Systèmes de pensées et de croyances médiévaux" 3749:Rommen, Heinrich A.; Hanley, Thomas R. (1998). 3504:Many documents now echo the phrase used in the 3045:from which a government derives its authority. 2924:argued before the Supreme Court in the case of 5143:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText" 3517:recognizes inalienable rights and articulated 6409: 5514: 5407: 5064: 4992: 2292: 1624:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 1594:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 610: 84:The examples and perspective in this article 4427:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4418: 4195:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 231. 4186: 3748: 2675:doctrine of liberty of conscience. In 1523, 4368:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism 4330:Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty 2874:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism 2311:Some philosophers distinguish two types of 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6416: 6402: 5521: 5507: 5414: 5400: 4566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4529:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4465:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4217:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. 4146:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4111:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3508:. The preamble to the 1948 United Nations 3296:on established constitutional principles. 2928:, who had been charged with violating the 2356:is related to the concept of legal rights. 2299: 2285: 617: 603: 163:. Please do not remove this message until 5299: 5217:Grotius, Pufendorf and Modern Natural Law 5065:Kinsella, N. Stephan (Winter 1998–1999). 4877: 4875: 4873: 4414: 4412: 3944: 3506:United States Declaration of Independence 3301:This position has also been sustained by 3149:Learn how and when to remove this message 2895:United States Declaration of Independence 2544:United States Declaration of Independence 2462:called natural rights "simple nonsense". 1629:International Federation of Liberal Youth 201:Learn how and when to remove this message 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 5033: 4995:"A Libertarian Theory of Inalienability" 4779: 4618:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4616:Natural Rights and the New Republicanism 4324: 4322: 4320: 4164:(Keyes translation), book 1, section 28. 4125: 4101:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. pp. 8, 9. 3815: 3381: 3351: 3252: 3160: 159:Relevant discussion may be found on the 6215:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5034:Rothbard, Murray N. (9 February 2007). 4840: 4786:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4722:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4687: 4633:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4628: 4613: 4598: 4588:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4096: 3929: 3861:. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, pp. 72, 74. 3853: 3851: 2955:Reflections on the Revolution in France 1609:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 14: 7427: 6307:List of human rights abuses by country 5795:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017) 5760:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 5252: 5235:. 1690 (primarily the second treatise) 4928:"Individual Rights" – Ayn Rand Lexicon 4870: 4861: 4744: 4580: 4450: 4409: 4028: 3953: 3085:Please improve this section by adding 2966:criticized Burke's view as "tyranny". 2859:be non-binding and void, wrote Price: 6397: 6378:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5502: 5395: 5388:from Constitutional Rights Foundation 4822:from the original on 27 November 2020 4792:from the original on 5 September 2018 4726:from the original on 27 February 2022 4702: 4656:from the original on 14 February 2019 4317: 3510:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3185:thinketh it may best be preserved." ( 2850:sided with the colonists' claim that 2440:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5168:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Natural Law" 4959:from the original on 9 November 2014 4717: 4543: 4506: 4353:Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.) 3971:from the original on 12 October 2016 3848: 3816:Grellard, Christophe (31 May 2022). 3730:from the original on 17 October 2020 3538:tradition of natural rights include 3434:s presentation of egoism, including 3058: 2438:to dismiss. The 1948 United Nations 133: 70: 29: 5087:from the original on 29 August 2012 4175:Philosophy and Government 1572–1651 3312:Life: everyone is entitled to live. 1649:Liberal South East European Network 24: 5805:during the Libyan civil war (2011) 5667:National human rights institutions 5662:List of human rights organisations 5314:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5267:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5188: 4396: 3911:from the original on 3 August 2022 3622: 2644:made a natural rights case at the 2612:philosophical view represented by 2580:The 40 Principal Doctrines of the 27:Philosophical and political rights 25: 7486: 5421: 5379: 4867:Tucker, Instead of a Book, p. 350 4652:. GMW – University of Groningen. 4643: 4370:. Vintage Books, 1969, pp. 56–57. 4219:Cornell University Press, p. 77. 4065:from the original on 27 June 2019 3777:from the original on 7 March 2022 3394:American individualist anarchists 3378:American individualist anarchists 3098:"Natural rights and legal rights" 2688:17th-century English philosopher 1639:Liberal Network for Latin America 1072:(contributions to liberal theory) 45:This article has multiple issues. 7396: 7395: 5790:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp 5528: 5015:from the original on 2 July 2014 4893:from the original on 24 May 2011 4423:Natural Law & Natural Rights 4357:. Duke University Press, p. 136. 4314:. Yale University Press, p. 175 3063: 3048: 2696:could not be surrendered in the 2656:. He challenged legality of the 2542:" in place of "property" in the 2266: 2254: 648: 225: 138: 75: 34: 5915:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet 5621:Natural rights and legal rights 5611:Claim rights and liberty rights 5440:Claim rights and liberty rights 5435:Natural rights and legal rights 5160: 5135: 5099: 5058: 5027: 4986: 4971: 4941: 4921: 4905: 4834: 4804: 4773: 4761:from the original on 3 May 2021 4738: 4711: 4696: 4681: 4668: 4637: 4622: 4607: 4592: 4574: 4537: 4500: 4473: 4455:. Chapel Hill, NC. p. 120. 4444: 4435: 4390: 4373: 4360: 4343: 4304: 4291: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4235: 4222: 4209: 4180: 4167: 4154: 4119: 4090: 4077: 4047: 4022: 4010:from the original on 3 May 2021 3996: 3983: 3938: 3789:Natural rights and legal rights 3499: 3341: 2518:as the two highest priorities. 252:Natural rights and legal rights 242:Claim rights and liberty rights 53:or discuss these issues on the 7435:Legal doctrines and principles 6961:Right of way (property access) 5785:against Palestinians by Israel 5074:Journal of Libertarian Studies 5002:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4812:"Thomas Paine's Rights of Man" 4782:"Locke's Political Philosophy" 3923: 3893: 3873: 3864: 3809: 3798: 3742: 3712: 2897:, famously condensed this to: 2707:Virginia Declaration of Rights 2432:Christian theological doctrine 2360:Natural law first appeared in 1013:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 5008:(2). Mises Institute: 39–85. 4993:Block, Walter (Spring 2003). 4707:. Cambridge University Press. 4262:(Indianapolis), pp. 192, 193. 4126:McIlwain, Charles H. (1932). 3706: 3675:Natural-rights libertarianism 3242: 3087:secondary or tertiary sources 3014:, for example, contends that 2913:recognized and protected the 2565:, writes in the latter that: 2486:, and descending through the 2345:is the law of natural rights. 280:Economic, social and cultural 6423: 5626:Negative and positive rights 5445:Negative and positive rights 5292:Pufendorf, Baron Samuel von, 5224:A System of Moral Philosophy 5095:– via Mises Institute. 5036:"A Crusoe Social Philosophy" 4629:Zuckert, Michael P. (2002). 4614:Zuckert, Michael P. (1998). 4599:Zuckert, Michael P. (1996). 4486:. Madison House Publishers. 4451:Harvey, Ray Forrest (1937). 4275:. London, 1755, pp. 261–262. 4273:A System of Moral Philosophy 4230:Concerning Secular Authority 3685:Rule according to higher law 3680:Natural person in French law 2750:A System of Moral Philosophy 2704:stated in his draft for the 576:Self-determination of people 257:Negative and positive rights 7: 7267:Two Treatises of Government 6368:List of human rights awards 6240:in the United Arab Emirates 5616:Individual and group rights 5450:Individual and group rights 5232:Two Treatises of Government 5210:The Rights Of War And Peace 4646:"A Biography of John Locke" 4544:Reid, John Phillip (1986). 4507:Reid, John Phillip (1987). 4286:Hegel's Philosophy of Right 4258:Hutcheson, Francis (2004), 4215:Davis, David Brion (1966). 4187:Christiansen, Eric (1997). 3642: 2907:movement to abolish slavery 2561:and the author of the book 2557:, a veteran journalist for 2393:De Vita Spirituali Animae." 247:Individual and group rights 165:conditions to do so are met 98:, discuss the issue on the 10: 7491: 6290:of the Marcos dictatorship 5348:The Idea of Natural Rights 4705:Two Treaties of Government 3932:The Idea of Natural Rights 3345: 3246: 3052: 2570:only as long as they have 2549: 2465: 7391: 7188: 6990: 6870: 6763: 6756: 6605: 6562: 6507: 6431: 6350: 6235:in the State of Palestine 6220:in the Dominican Republic 5800:during the Gaddafi regime 5737: 5682: 5675: 5654: 5634: 5603: 5575: 5564: 5536: 5458: 5430: 5294:Law of Nature and Nations 4938:. Retrieved 29 July 2013. 4552:. Madison, Wis. pp. 4515:. Madison, Wis. pp. 4403:The Works of James Wilson 4301:. XIV (Fall 1982): 43–58. 3945:Siedentop, Larry (2014). 3724:courses.lumenlearning.com 3002:, for example, said that 2905:In the 19th century, the 2662:crusade against Lithuania 2635:De Vita Spirituali Animae 2624: 2364:, and was referred to by 2236:Sexually liberal feminism 2143:Bias in American academia 1614:European Democratic Party 1070:List of liberal theorists 7319:The Great Transformation 6677:Labor theory of property 5212:: Three Volume Set, 1625 4366:Lynd, Staughton (1969). 4310:Cassirer, Ernst (1963). 4029:Kinzer, Stephen (2004). 3650:Constitutional economics 3631:considers natural law a 3589:non-aggression principle 2362:ancient Greek philosophy 895:Labor theory of property 234:Theoretical distinctions 6888:Forest-dwelling (India) 6850:restraint on alienation 6630:Common good (economics) 6358:History of human rights 5765:Enforced disappearances 5755:Crimes against humanity 5483:Equality before the law 5366:Oxford University Press 5343:, Belknap Press, 2014. 5198:, SpringerNature, 2021 4949:"The Ethics of Liberty" 4780:Tuckness, Alex (2020). 4745:Broers, Adalei (2009). 4349:Price, Richard (1979). 4328:Price, Richard (1979). 4241:Maier, Pauline (1983). 3930:Tierney, Brian (1997). 3700:Substantive due process 3515:California Constitution 3033:, arising neither from 2889:Meanwhile, in America, 2654:Jagiellonian University 2642:Polish-Lithuanian union 2413:classical republicanism 1604:Arab Liberal Federation 794:Consent of the governed 7327:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 7101:Primitive accumulation 6956:Right of way (transit) 6741:Tragedy of the commons 6623:fictitious commodities 6302:Incitement to genocide 5595:Universal jurisdiction 5478:Universal jurisdiction 4980:The Market for Liberty 4688:Haworth, Alan (2014). 4399:Robert Green McCloskey 4097:Carlyle, A.J. (1903). 3755:. Liberty Publishing. 3565:The Market for Liberty 3478:John Beverley Robinson 3428: 3389: 3375: 3359: 3276: 3206:war of all against all 3168: 3074:relies excessively on 2938: 2917:. As a lawyer, future 2915:institution of slavery 2903: 2887: 2866: 2844: 2780: 2686: 2633:, whose 1402 treatise 2609: 2576: 2488:Protestant Reformation 1619:European Liberal Youth 1589:Africa Liberal Network 814:Economic globalization 473:Other groups of rights 7465:Human rights concepts 7440:Political terminology 7380:The Wealth of Nations 7360:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 7352:The Ethics of Liberty 6363:List of global issues 5317:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5301:Rasmussen, Douglas B. 5270:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 4692:. Taylor and Francis. 4419:Finnis, John (2011). 4312:The Myth of the State 4191:The Northern Crusades 4132:. New York. pp. 4055:"Principle Doctrines" 3886:5 August 2019 at the 3417: 3385: 3370: 3355: 3256: 3164: 2977:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2934: 2899: 2882: 2861: 2835: 2808:anti-slavery movement 2775: 2752:(1755), based on the 2724:military dictatorship 2681: 2604: 2567: 2401:divine right of kings 2377:Catholic philosophers 2261:Liberalism portal 2133:Anti-authoritarianism 1634:Liberal International 293:Rights by beneficiary 7243:Progress and Poverty 6577:Common-pool resource 6245:in the United States 6020:in Jammu and Kashmir 5566:Fundamental concepts 5325:. pp. 436–438. 5278:. pp. 434–436. 5222:Hutcheson, Francis. 4703:Locke, John (1999). 4379:Wills, Gary (1979). 4271:Hutcheson, Francis. 3989:Green, T.H. (1883). 3173:political philosophy 2992:naturalistic fallacy 2962:scholar and justice 2762:German Enlightenment 2648:(1414–1418), led by 2646:Council of Constance 2540:pursuit of happiness 2492:Age of Enlightenment 2397:Age of Enlightenment 1065:Age of Enlightenment 1018:Separation of powers 591:Water and sanitation 104:create a new article 96:improve this article 86:may not represent a 7366:The Social Contract 7054:population transfer 6971:prior-appropriation 6650:homestead principle 6230:in the Soviet Union 6130:in Papua New Guinea 5780:Human rights abuses 5738:Human rights abuses 5642:Corporal punishment 5305:"Rights, Theory of" 5242:. 1995, Routledge. 5240:Locke on Government 5238:Lloyd Thomas, D.A. 5123:on 27 November 2013 5046:on 17 November 2014 4978:"Man and Society". 4934:1 July 2011 at the 4918:, New York: Bantam. 4887:Oll.libertyfund.org 4299:Philosophical Forum 4284:Georg W. F. Hegel, 4177:(1993), pp. 25–27. 3967:. 12 October 2016. 3289:American Revolution 2972:The Social Contract 2840:pactum subjectionis 2817:pactum subjectionis 2813:democratic movement 2532:right of revolution 2273:Politics portal 976:Civil and political 949:Popular sovereignty 809:Economic liberalism 275:Civil and political 152:of this article is 7450:Libertarian theory 7346:Murray N. Rothbard 6657:Free-rider problem 6225:in the Philippines 5750:Crime of apartheid 5362:Theories of Rights 5350:, Eerdmans, 1997. 5339:Siedentop, Larry, 5215:Haakonssen, Knud, 3879:See James Nickel, 3544:anarcho-capitalism 3482:Steven T. Byington 3390: 3360: 3277: 3169: 3004:ethical naturalism 2930:Fugitive Slave Act 2800:self-determination 2694:fundamental rights 2666:Holy Roman Emperor 2600:Seneca the Younger 2563:All The Shah's Men 2559:The New York Times 2436:international body 2391:in his 1402 work " 944:Permissive society 924:Limited government 7445:Libertarian terms 7422: 7421: 7333:What Is Property? 7126:human trafficking 7111:Regulatory taking 6986: 6985: 6731:Right to property 6391: 6390: 6373:Three generations 5733: 5732: 5650: 5649: 5496: 5495: 5360:Waldron, Jeremy 5258:"Rights, Natural" 5204:978-3-030-62676-1 5194:Ellerman, David, 4751:Inquiries Journal 4718:Connolly, Jacob. 4582:Pangle, Thomas L. 4381:Inventing America 3655:Constitutionalism 3601:retaliatory force 3577:voluntary slavery 3536:classical liberal 3496:and E.H. Fulton. 3159: 3158: 3151: 3133: 2911:U.S. constitution 2782:In discussion of 2742:Francis Hutcheson 2366:Roman philosopher 2309: 2308: 2148:Bias in the media 1664:Regional variants 981:Natural and legal 627: 626: 285:Three generations 211: 210: 203: 193: 192: 185: 132: 131: 124: 106:, as appropriate. 68: 16:(Redirected from 7482: 7399: 7398: 7303:John Stuart Mill 7223:Friedrich Engels 7204:Frédéric Bastiat 7197: 7049:Forced migration 7017:Collectivization 6761: 6760: 6640:First possession 6613:Bundle of rights 6418: 6411: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6145:in Punjab, India 5770:Forced migration 5680: 5679: 5573: 5572: 5568:and philosophies 5523: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5473:Sovereign states 5416: 5409: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5346:Tierney, Brian, 5336: 5289: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5116:. Archived from 5111: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5042:. Archived from 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5014: 4999: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4955:. 20 July 2005. 4945: 4939: 4925: 4919: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4879: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4551: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4394: 4388: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4347: 4341: 4326: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4194: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3949:. Belknap Press. 3942: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3834:10.4000/asr.4158 3828:(129): 383–400. 3813: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3716: 3670:Legal positivism 3638: 3585:Stephan Kinsella 3486:Hutchins Hapgood 3471: 3406:Egoist anarchism 3324:Native Americans 3154: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3091: 3067: 3059: 2996:appeal to nature 2988:is-ought problem 2891:Thomas Jefferson 2652:, rector of the 2650:Paulus Vladimiri 2536:Thomas Jefferson 2444:legal instrument 2442:is an important 2428:natural theology 2381:Albert the Great 2301: 2294: 2287: 2271: 2270: 2259: 2258: 2177:Economic freedom 2170:Radical centrism 1008:Secular humanism 934:Natural monopoly 885:Internationalism 702:Internationalist 652: 629: 628: 619: 612: 605: 566:Rest and leisure 229: 215: 214: 206: 199: 188: 181: 177: 174: 168: 142: 141: 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7387: 7191: 7190: 7184: 7134:husband-selling 7071:Illegal logging 7066:Illegal fishing 6995: 6982: 6893:Freedom to roam 6866: 6779:(agrarian land) 6752: 6709:Property rights 6601: 6558: 6520:Estate (landed) 6503: 6427: 6422: 6392: 6387: 6346: 6175:in South Africa 6165:in Sierra Leone 6160:in Saudi Arabia 5890:in Burkina Faso 5845:in Azad Kashmir 5729: 5671: 5646: 5630: 5599: 5569: 5567: 5560: 5551:Intersex people 5532: 5527: 5497: 5492: 5488:Social contract 5454: 5426: 5420: 5382: 5353:Tuck, Richard, 5333: 5286: 5226:. 1755, London. 5208:Grotius, Hugo, 5191: 5189:Further reading 5186: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5040:Mises Institute 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4953:Mises Institute 4947: 4946: 4942: 4936:Wayback Machine 4926: 4922: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4716: 4712: 4701: 4697: 4686: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4627: 4623: 4612: 4608: 4597: 4593: 4579: 4575: 4559: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4522: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4417: 4410: 4397:Wilson, James. 4395: 4391: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4348: 4344: 4338:Duke University 4327: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4249:, 1993, p. 134. 4247:Alfred A. Knopf 4240: 4236: 4228:Martin Luther, 4227: 4223: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4185: 4181: 4173:Tuck, Richard. 4172: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4139: 4138: 4124: 4120: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3943: 3939: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3888:Wayback Machine 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3849: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3645: 3636: 3629:Catholic Church 3625: 3623:Catholic Church 3581:Murray Rothbard 3560:Murray Rothbard 3502: 3490:James L. Walker 3474:Benjamin Tucker 3469: 3398:Benjamin Tucker 3392:While at first 3387:Benjamin Tucker 3380: 3350: 3344: 3328:social contract 3303:Michael Zuckert 3251: 3245: 3225:right and wrong 3214:social contract 3155: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3080:primary sources 3068: 3057: 3051: 3043:social contract 2981:social contract 2922:Salmon P. Chase 2852:King George III 2829:. According to 2784:social contract 2728:Oliver Cromwell 2698:social contract 2627: 2607:it is confined. 2552: 2468: 2452:negative rights 2405:social contract 2305: 2265: 2253: 2246: 2245: 2128: 2120: 2119: 1922:North Macedonia 1666: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1644:Liberal parties 1582: 1574: 1573: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1086: 1076: 1075: 1060: 1050: 1049: 1045:State of nature 1033:Social services 1023:Social contract 986:To own property 789: 781: 780: 660: 623: 496:Civil liberties 207: 196: 195: 194: 189: 178: 172: 169: 158: 143: 139: 128: 117: 111: 108: 93: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7488: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7404: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7258: 7253: 7251:Garrett Hardin 7248: 7247: 7246: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7200: 7198: 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5860:in Balochistan 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5810:in Afghanistan 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5745:Atrocity crime 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5380:External links 5378: 5377: 5376: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5332:978-1412965804 5331: 5323:Cato Institute 5309:Hamowy, Ronald 5297: 5290: 5285:978-1412965804 5284: 5276:Cato Institute 5262:Hamowy, Ronald 5250: 5236: 5227: 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2658:Teutonic Order 2626: 2623: 2555:Stephen Kinzer 2551: 2548: 2476:late Antiquity 2467: 2464: 2460:Jeremy Bentham 2385:Thomas Aquinas 2358: 2357: 2346: 2317:natural rights 2307: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2289: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2263: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2241:Utilitarianism 2238: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2214:Libertarianism 2211: 2209:Land value tax 2206: 2205: 2204: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2182:Egalitarianism 2179: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2138:Anti-communism 2135: 2129: 2127:Related topics 2126: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2081:Arizona School 2073: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2049:United Kingdom 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1820: 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1067: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1028:Social justice 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 994: 993: 988: 983: 978: 968: 967: 966: 961: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 929:Market economy 926: 921: 920: 919: 914: 904: 897: 892: 890:Invisible hand 887: 882: 880:Harm principle 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 859: 858: 853: 838: 833: 832: 831: 826: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 779: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 757: 756: 751: 746: 745: 744: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 693: 692: 682: 677: 672: 667: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 645: 644: 638: 637: 625: 624: 622: 621: 614: 607: 599: 596: 595: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 521:Free migration 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 475: 474: 470: 469: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 411: 410: 405: 395: 390: 385: 384: 383: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 295: 294: 290: 289: 288: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 262: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 236: 235: 231: 230: 222: 221: 209: 208: 191: 190: 146: 144: 137: 130: 129: 90:of the subject 88:worldwide view 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 18:Natural rights 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7487: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7460:Animal rights 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400:Categories: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341:David Ricardo 7339: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7308:Elinor Ostrom 7306: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106:Privatization 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086:Legal plunder 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7038: 7037:Expropriation 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6772: 6771:(watercourse) 6770: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6714:primogeniture 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:Legal plunder 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:appropriation 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6635:Excludability 6633: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6265:in Uzbekistan 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155:in the Russia 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6035:in Kazakhstan 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:in Bangladesh 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:in Azerbaijan 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:South America 5714: 5712: 5710: 5709:North America 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655:Organizations 5653: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5374:0-19-875063-3 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5229:Locke, John. 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5173: 5172:newadvent.org 5169: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982:. p. 11. 4981: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4843:Powys Journal 4837: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4644:Kunze, Fred. 4640: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4385:Vintage Books 4382: 4376: 4369: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4202:0-14-026653-4 4198: 4193: 4192: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4085:De beneficiis 4080: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3824:(in French). 3823: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552:Robert Nozick 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3494:Victor Yarros 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3416: 3414: 3413:Wendy McElroy 3411:According to 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3365:Rights of Man 3358: 3354: 3349: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3298:Thomas Pangle 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3210:civil society 3207: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3166:Thomas Hobbes 3163: 3153: 3150: 3142: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: – 3099: 3095: 3094:Find sources: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3072:This section 3070: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3055:Thomas Hobbes 3049:Thomas Hobbes 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:social rights 3028: 3027:trial by jury 3024: 3023:James Madison 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2919:Chief Justice 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848:Richard Price 2843: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827:Thomas Hobbes 2824: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2792:natural state 2789: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:Freeborn John 2713: 2712:John Lilburne 2709: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2677:Martin Luther 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538:substituted " 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:H. L. A. Hart 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2505:Immanuel Kant 2502: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482:of the early 2481: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2197:Individualism 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076:United States 2074: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1676:Latin America 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1581:Organizations 1578: 1577: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038:Welfare state 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 969: 965: 962: 960: 957: 956: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909: 908: 905: 903: 902: 901:Laissez-faire 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 837: 834: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 785: 784: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 755: 752: 750: 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Retrieved 5171: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5146: 5137: 5125:. Retrieved 5118:the original 5113: 5101: 5089:. Retrieved 5077: 5073: 5060: 5048:. Retrieved 5044:the original 5039: 5029: 5019:13 September 5017:. Retrieved 5005: 5001: 4988: 4979: 4973: 4961:. Retrieved 4952: 4943: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4895:. Retrieved 4886: 4863: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4824:. Retrieved 4815: 4806: 4794:. Retrieved 4785: 4775: 4763:. Retrieved 4754: 4750: 4740: 4728:. Retrieved 4720:"John Locke" 4713: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4675: 4674:John Locke, 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4649: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4615: 4609: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4547: 4539: 4510: 4502: 4482: 4475: 4452: 4446: 4437: 4422: 4402: 4392: 4383:. New York: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4333: 4329: 4311: 4306: 4298: 4293: 4285: 4280: 4272: 4267: 4259: 4254: 4242: 4237: 4229: 4224: 4216: 4211: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4161: 4156: 4128: 4121: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4067:. Retrieved 4059:epicurus.net 4058: 4049: 4030: 4024: 4012:. 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Retrieved 3723: 3714: 3626: 3617: 3605: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3503: 3500:Contemporary 3465: 3461: 3456:, edited by 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3418: 3410: 3391: 3371: 3363: 3361: 3357:Thomas Paine 3348:Thomas Paine 3342:Thomas Paine 3336: 3332: 3321: 3307: 3293: 3278: 3261: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3145: 3136: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3093: 3073: 3039:positive law 3020: 2985: 2970: 2968: 2964:James Wilson 2953: 2949: 2946:Edmund Burke 2939: 2935: 2904: 2900: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2820: 2816: 2803: 2797: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2715: 2705: 2702:George Mason 2687: 2682: 2670: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2610: 2605: 2593: 2587: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2513: 2509:self-evident 2498: 2496: 2480:Catholic law 2469: 2456: 2420:human rights 2418:The idea of 2417: 2409:positive law 2392: 2383:, his pupil 2359: 2354:positive law 2350:legal system 2338: 2332: 2328: 2321:legal rights 2320: 2316: 2310: 2231:Pirate Party 2091:Jeffersonian 1999:South Africa 1489:Lloyd George 1084:Philosophers 991:To bear arms 980: 939:Open society 899: 670:Conservative 571:Self defense 561:Reproductive 266:Human rights 251: 212: 197: 179: 170: 148: 118: 109: 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 7470:Sovereignty 7281:Das Kapital 7168:progressive 7158:inheritance 7081:Land reform 6855:real estate 6830:Land tenure 6818:Inheritance 6746:anticommons 6682:Law of rent 6662:Game theory 6592:Information 6572:Common land 6469:Cooperative 6317:Persecution 6285:in Zimbabwe 6210:in Thailand 6120:in Pakistan 6075:in Malaysia 5940:in Ethiopia 5900:in Cambodia 5880:in Botswana 5692:Middle East 5590:Sovereignty 5580:Natural law 5463:Natural law 5177:17 November 5152:17 November 4912:Fromm, Eric 4730:27 February 3934:. 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Moore 2714:(known as 2690:John Locke 2619:De Legibus 2582:Epicureans 2528:John Locke 2494:to today. 2478:, through 2187:Empiricism 2158:Democratic 2153:Capitalism 2064:Manchester 1897:Montenegro 1882:Luxembourg 1818:Venizelism 1748:Costa Rica 1003:Secularism 836:Federalism 788:Principles 680:Democratic 642:Liberalism 536:Linguistic 511:Fair trial 393:Minorities 361:Indigenous 150:neutrality 50:improve it 7275:Karl Marx 7076:Land Back 7027:Enclosure 7010:biopiracy 6948:Bergregal 6930:squatting 6704:Ownership 6618:Commodity 6597:Knowledge 6508:By nature 6464:Customary 6454:Community 6255:in Uganda 6250:in Turkey 6205:in Taiwan 6140:in Poland 6125:in Panama 6085:in Mexico 6070:in Malawi 6045:in Kuwait 6010:in Israel 5945:in France 5905:in Canada 5885:in Brazil 5820:in Angola 4849:: 45–80. 4562:cite book 4525:cite book 4461:cite book 4142:cite book 4107:cite book 4033:. 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