165:
138:, there are 5 trillion tons of natural hydrogen resources worldwide. Most of this hydrogen is likely dispersed too widely to be economically recoverable, but the U.S. Geological Survey has reported that even a fractional recovery could meet global demand for hundreds of years. A discovery in Russia in 2008 suggests the possibility of extracting native hydrogen in geological environments. Resources have been identified in France,
146:
more exploration holes nearby. In 2023 Pironon and de Donato announced the discovery of a deposit they estimated to be some 46 million to 260 million metric tons (several years worth of 2020s production). In 2024, a natural deposit of helium and hydrogen was discovered in Rukwa, Tanzania., as well in Bulqizë, Albania.
145:
An accumulation of natural hydrogen was discovered in a water well in Bourakébougou, Mali, that was exploited to power the nearby village. As of August 2024, this remains the only operating hydrogen well in the world. Hydroma, the company responsible for identifying the resource, has since drilled 30
125:
Serpentinization is thought to produce approximately 80% of the world's hydrogen, especially as seawater interacts with iron- and magnesium-rich (ultramafic) igneous rocks in the ocean floor. Current models point towards radiolysis as the source of most other natural hydrogen.
1074:
Larin, Nikolay; Zgonnik, Viacheslav; Rodina, Svetlana; Deville, Eric; Prinzhofer, Alain; Larin, Vladimir N. (September 2015). "Natural
Molecular Hydrogen Seepage Associated with Surficial, Rounded Depressions on the European Craton in Russia".
1033:
Moretti I., Pierre H. Pour la
Science, special issue in partnership with Engie, vol. 485; 2018. p. 28. N march. Moretti I, D'Agostino A, Werly J, Ghost C, Defrenne D, Gorintin L. Pour la Science, special issue, March 2018, vol 485, 24
340:
Pasche, N., Schmid, M., Vazquez, F., Schubert, C. J., Wüest, A., Kessler, J. D., ... & Bürgmann, H. (2011). Methane sources and sinks in Lake Kivu. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012), 116(G3) (
255:
generally increases with pressure. However, at greater depths and pressures, such as within the mantle, the solubility decreases due to the highly assymetric nature of mixtures of hydrogen and water.
178:
at scale. Water could be pumped down to hot iron-rich rock to produce hydrogen for extraction. Dissolving carbon dioxide in these fluids could allow for simultaneous carbon sequestration through
1002:
Deville, Eric; Prinzhofer, Alain (November 2016). "The origin of N2-H2-CH4-rich natural gas seepages in ophiolitic context: A major and noble gases study of fluid seepages in New
Caledonia".
447:
Deville, Eric; Prinzhofer, Alain (November 2016). "The origin of N2-H2-CH4-rich natural gas seepages in ophiolitic context: A major and noble gases study of fluid seepages in New
Caledonia".
638:
1257:
416:
1155:
Prinzhofer, Alain; Tahara Cissé, Cheick Sidy; Diallo, Aliou
Boubacar (October 2018). "Discovery of a large accumulation of natural hydrogen in Bourakébougou (Mali)".
755:
Prinzhofer, Alain; Tahara Cissé, Cheick Sidy; Diallo, Aliou
Boubacar (October 2018). "Discovery of a large accumulation of natural hydrogen in Bourakébougou (Mali)".
729:
266:
originated the concept of natural hydrogen captured by the Earth in the process of formation from the post-nebula cloud. Cosmogonical aspects were anticipated by
1114:"Evidence for natural molecular hydrogen seepage associated with Carolina bays (surficial, ovoid depressions on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Province of the USA)"
433:
La rédaction: Hydrogène naturel : une source potentielle d'énergie renouvelable. In: La Revue des
Transitions. 7 November 2019, retrieved 17 January 2022
270:. From 1960–2010, V.N. Larin developed the Primordially Hydridic Earth concept that described deep-seated natural hydrogen prominence and migration paths.
1281:
Rigollet, Christophe; Prinzhofer, Alain (2022). "Natural
Hydrogen: A New Source of Carbon-Free and Renewable Energy That Can Compete with Hydrocarbons".
541:
Zgonnik, P. Malbrunot: L'Hydrogene
Naturel. Hrsg.: AFHYPAC Association française pour l'hydrogène et les piles à combustible. August 2020, S. 8 p., p. 5
1270:
706:
Osselin, F., Soulaine, C., Faugerolles, C., Gaucher, E.C., Scaillet, B., and Pichavant, M., 2022, Orange hydrogen is the new Green: Nature Geoscience.
1317:
Osselin, F., Soulaine, C., Faugerolles, C., Gaucher, E.C., Scaillet, B., and Pichavant, M., 2022, Orange hydrogen is the new Green: Nature Geoscience.
658:
1038:
Prinzhofer, Alain; Moretti, Isabelle; Françolin, Joao; Pacheco, Cleuton; D'Agostino, Angélique; Werly, Julien; Rupin, Fabian (March 2019).
592:
Prinzhofer, Alain; Moretti, Isabelle; Françolin, Joao; Pacheco, Cleuton; D'Agostino, Angélique; Werly, Julien; Rupin, Fabian (March 2019).
182:
of the rocks. The resulting hydrogen would be produced through a carbon-negative pathway and has been referred to as "orange" hydrogen.
1039:
593:
38:), is hydrogen that is formed by natural processes (as opposed to hydrogen produced in a laboratory or in industry). By contrast
689:
1238:
1112:
Zgonnik, Viacheslav; Beaumont, Valérie; Deville, Eric; Larin, Nikolay; Pillot, Daniel; Farrell, Kathleen M. (December 2015).
342:
206:
such as the Midcontinent Rift System of North America are also viable sources of rocks which may undergo serpentinisation.
194:. Serpentinisation occurs frequently in the oceanic crust; many targets for exploration include portions of oceanic crust (
732:[A natural hydrogen discovery in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques region, the first step towards industrial exploration].
299:
880:
Larin V.N. 1975 Hydridic Earth: The New Geology of Our Primordially Hydrogen-Rich Planet (Moscow: Izd. IMGRE) in Russian
672:
571:
730:"Une découverte d'hydrogène naturel dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, première étape vers une exploration industrielle"
1192:
Zgonnik, Viacheslav (1 April 2020). "The occurrence and geoscience of natural hydrogen: A comprehensive review".
1040:"Natural hydrogen continuous emission from sedimentary basins: The example of a Brazilian H2-emitting structure"
594:"Natural hydrogen continuous emission from sedimentary basins: The example of a Brazilian H2-emitting structure"
354:
Larin V.N. 1975 Hydridic Earth: The New Geology of Our Primordially Hydrogen-Rich Planet (Moscow: Izd. IMGRE).
304:
898:"Predicting the phase behavior of hydrogen in NaCl brines by molecular simulation for geological applications"
519:
1335:
190:
Natural hydrogen is generated from various sources. Many hydrogen emergences have been identified on
175:
168:
155:
1258:"L'hydrogène naturel : curiosité géologique ou source d'énergie majeure dans le futur ?"
327:
1271:"L'hydrogène naturel pourrait devenir une véritable source d'énergie propre et inépuisable..."
971:
931:
725:
690:"The Potential for Geologic Hydrogen for Next-Generation Energy | U.S. Geological Survey"
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https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2011JG001690?download=true
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1217:
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919:
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616:
398:
263:
53:
Natural hydrogen may be renewable, it is non-polluting, and may offer lower costs than
896:
Lopez-Lazaro, Cristina; Bachaud, Pierre; Moretti, Isabelle; Ferrando, Nicolas (2019).
1330:
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620:
524:
402:
210:
92:
58:
1213:
1147:
890:
865:
673:"Will Albania's Huge White Hydrogen Deposit Change the Clean Energy Game? - H2 News"
554:
1298:
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839:
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772:
612:
608:
514:
504:
464:
388:
289:
279:
85:
74:
43:
1023:
891:Наша Земля (происхождение, состав, строение и развитие изначально гидридной Земли)
748:
468:
393:
368:
191:
81:
1302:
57:. Natural hydrogen has been identified in many source rocks in areas beyond the
643:
572:"They went hunting for fossil fuels. What they found could help save the world"
164:
39:
1248:
1138:
1113:
1096:
962:
941:
Elements: An International Magazine of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology
935:
799:
1324:
241:
491:
Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar; Wilkinson, Mark; Haszeldine, R Stuart (2024).
987:
914:
897:
831:
528:
225:
159:
105:
976:"The place of natural hydrogen in the energy transition: A position paper"
284:
179:
47:
885:
Hydridic Earth: the New Geology of Our Primordially Hydrogen-rich Planet
823:
883:
V.N. Larin (1993). Hydridic Earth, Polar Publishing, Calgary, Alberta.
852:
V.N. Larin (1993). Hydridic Earth, Polar Publishing, Calgary, Alberta.
509:
492:
267:
252:
245:
221:
112:
98:
974:; Moretti, I.; Gonthier, N.; Pélissier, N.; Burridge, G. (June 2023).
715:
L'hydrogène dans une économie décarbonée (connaissancedesenergies.org)
490:
251:
Hydrogen is soluble in fresh water, especially at moderate depths as
203:
199:
195:
46:
sources, while grey, brown, blue or black hydrogen are obtained from
1030:
Gregory Paita, Master Thesis, Engie & Université de Montpellier.
975:
936:"New Perspectives in the Industrial Exploration for Native Hydrogen"
639:"It Could Be a Vast Source of Clean Energy, Buried Deep Underground"
481:
Gregory Paita, Master Thesis, Engie & Université de Montpellier.
237:
229:
895:
1037:
591:
142:, the United States, and approximately a dozen other countries.
970:
214:
1154:
754:
659:"Helium One Itumbula West-1 records positive concentrations"
1111:
233:
139:
1073:
328:"Geologists signal start of hydrogen energy 'gold rush'"
1231:
Hydrogène naturel, la prochaine révolution énergétique
101:– water in contact with freshly exposed rock surfaces;
854:
https://archive.org/details/Hydridic_Earth_Larin_1993
800:"Water and hydrogen are immiscible in Earth's mantle"
798:
Bali, Eniko; Audetat, Andreas; Keppler, Hans (2013).
1280:
797:
1228:
1001:
866:https://archive.org/details/B-001-026-834-PDF-060
520:20.500.11820/b23e204c-744e-44f6-8cf5-b6761775260d
446:
232:activity are under investigation. In France, the
174:White hydrogen could be found or produced in the
1322:
493:"Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming?"
369:"Natural hydrogen the fuel of the 21 st century"
366:
16:Molecular hydrogen naturally occurring on Earth
367:Truche, Laurent; Bazarkina, Elena F. (2019).
149:
209:Diagenetic origin (iron oxidation) in the
1229:Prinzhofer, Alain; Deville, Éric (2015).
1137:
961:
913:
889:Our Earth. V.N. Larin, Agar, 2005 (rus.)
864:Our Earth. V.N. Larin, Agar, 2005 (rus.)
518:
508:
392:
202:and incorporated into continental crust.
129:
91:water in contact with reducing agents in
1268:
1157:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
1047:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
757:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
636:
601:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
569:
163:
1255:
1191:
1118:Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
930:
734:Géologues, Société géologique de France
724:
61:where oil companies typically operate.
1323:
322:
320:
684:
682:
632:
630:
69:Sources of natural hydrogen include:
244:has hyperalkaline sources that show
317:
300:Combined cycle hydrogen power plant
13:
679:
637:Alderman, Liz (December 4, 2023).
627:
220:Mantle hydrogen and hydrogen from
14:
1347:
1256:Moretti, Isabelle (22 May 2020).
118:decomposition of organic matter;
73:degassing of deep hydrogen from
1269:Trégouët, René (17 July 2020).
1214:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103140
874:
858:
846:
791:
718:
709:
700:
665:
651:
585:
563:
548:
535:
240:are suitable for exploitation.
217:, notably are found in Russia.
1177:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193
1059:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.119
902:BSGF – Earth Sciences Bulletin
777:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193
613:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.119
570:Paddison, Laura (2023-10-29).
484:
475:
440:
427:
409:
360:
348:
334:
305:Hydrogen fuel cell power plant
1:
1024:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.011
469:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.011
310:
258:
108:in the structure of minerals;
7:
1303:10.3997/1365-2397.fb2022087
394:10.1051/e3sconf/20199803006
273:
176:Mid-continental Rift System
169:Mid-continental Rift System
10:
1352:
1077:Natural Resources Research
980:European Geologist Journal
557:. V. N. Larin, Agar, 2005
185:
153:
64:
1262:Connaissance des énergies
1139:10.1186/s40645-015-0062-5
1097:10.1007/s11053-014-9257-5
963:10.2138/gselements.16.1.8
497:Chemical Society Reviews
156:Midcontinent Rift System
150:Midcontinent Rift System
80:reaction of water with
988:10.5281/zenodo.8108239
373:E3S Web of Conferences
171:
130:Resources and Reserves
1194:Earth-Science Reviews
417:"Hydrogen color code"
167:
915:10.1051/bsgf/2019008
1295:2022FirBr..40j..78R
1206:2020ESRv..20303140Z
1169:2018IJHE...4319315P
1163:(42): 19315–19326.
1130:2015PEPS....2...31Z
1089:2015NRR....24..369L
1016:2016ChGeo.440..139D
954:2020Eleme..16....8G
824:10.1038/nature11908
816:2013Natur.495..220B
769:2018IJHE...4319315P
763:(42): 19315–19326.
461:2016ChGeo.440..139D
385:2019E3SWC..9803006T
295:Hydrogen production
121:biological activity
55:industrial hydrogen
661:. 5 February 2024.
510:10.1039/D3CS00723E
264:Vladimir Vernadsky
211:sedimentary basins
198:) which have been
172:
59:sedimentary basins
1336:Natural resources
1240:978-2-410-00335-2
1053:(12): 5676–5685.
934:(February 2020).
810:(7440): 220–222.
736:(in French) (213)
607:(12): 5676–5685.
134:According to the
104:decomposition of
42:is produced from
32:geogenic hydrogen
28:geologic hydrogen
1343:
1314:
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1004:Chemical Geology
998:
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972:Gaucher, Éric C.
967:
965:
932:Gaucher, Éric C.
927:
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856:
850:
844:
843:
795:
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726:Gaucher, Éric C.
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503:(5): 2258–2263.
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449:Chemical Geology
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290:Hydrogen economy
280:Pure-play helium
192:mid-ocean ridges
86:serpentinisation
82:ultrabasic rocks
44:renewable energy
20:Natural hydrogen
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675:. 7 March 2024.
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136:Financial Times
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1083:(3): 369–383.
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644:New York Times
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111:natural water
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93:Earth's mantle
89:
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66:
63:
40:green hydrogen
24:white hydrogen
15:
9:
6:
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3:
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1332:
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1289:(10): 78–84.
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728:(June 2020).
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106:hydroxyl ions
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75:Earth's crust
72:
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56:
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49:
45:
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37:
36:gold hydrogen
33:
29:
25:
21:
1286:
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1276:(in French).
1273:
1264:(in French).
1261:
1233:. Humensis.
1230:
1197:
1193:
1160:
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1121:
1117:
1080:
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1046:
1034:25XXII_XXVI.
1007:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
979:
945:
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875:Bibliography
860:
848:
807:
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760:
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738:. Retrieved
733:
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702:
694:www.usgs.gov
693:
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604:
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576:. Retrieved
565:
559:(in Russian)
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356:(in Russian)
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226:electrolysis
219:
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160:Nemaha Ridge
144:
135:
133:
124:
68:
52:
48:fossil fuels
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
18:
1283:First Break
1010:: 139–147.
555:"Our Earth"
543:(in French)
455:: 139–147.
435:(in French)
285:Electrofuel
248:emissions.
180:carbonation
77:and mantle;
1325:Categories
1249:1158938704
1200:: 103140.
993:August 17,
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