105:
31:
616:
immediately below these hot spots is probably about 200 °C (360 °F) hotter, based on surface-to-subsurface temperature differences observed for lava on Earth. A temperature of 1,400 °C (2,550 °F) is thought to indicate the presence of ultramafic magma.
269:
rocks are considered a separate group, based on melting model criteria, but there are ultrapotassic and highly silica-under-saturated rocks with >18% MgO which can be considered "ultramafic".
88:
is composed of ultramafic rocks. Ultrabasic is a more inclusive term that includes igneous rocks with low silica content that may not be extremely enriched in Fe and Mg, such as
495:
derived from ultramafic rocks. Ultramafic rocks also contain elevated amounts of chromium and nickel which may be toxic to plants. As a result, a distinctive type of
750:, Western Australia: A distal volcanic model, in Buchanan, D.L., and Jones, M.J. (Editors), Sulphide Deposits in Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks,
410:
facies metamorphism when the rock in question is subjected to metamorphism and the metamorphic fluid has more than 10% molar proportion of CO
647:
108:
IUGS Classification diagram for intrusive ultramafic rocks based on modal percentages of mafic minerals. Green area represents typical
104:
884:
284:
are known to have reached the surface of the Earth. Although no modern eruptions have been observed, analogues are preserved.
751:
652:
131:
rock types do not represent the chemistry of the magma from which they crystallized. The ultramafic intrusives include the
825:
784:
principles of lateritic nickel ore formation. Proceedings of the 2. International
Seminar on Lateritisation Processes,
731:
723:
17:
862:
584:
877:
262:
93:
612:
of Io's surface found ultra-hot areas with temperatures in excess of 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). The
194:
persist longer, but are also rare. There is evidence of ultramafic rocks elsewhere in the solar system.
1117:
768:
519:
826:"Phase equilibria of ultramafic compositions on Mercury and the origin of the compositional dichotomy"
1112:
954:
941:
511:
124:
870:
504:
844:
840:
711:
576:
assemblages associated with highly nickeliferous ultramafic rocks are indicative tools for
742:
Lesher, C.M., Arndt, N.T., and Groves, D.I., 1984, Genesis of komatiite-associated nickel
8:
577:
319:
230:
461:
are rarer, and there are very few recognised true ultramafic lavas in the
Phanerozoic.
491:
is a magnesium rich, calcium, potassium and phosphorus poor soil that develops on the
727:
719:
699:
686:
539:
473:
120:
109:
50:
996:
848:
625:
515:
430:
342:). Kimberlite pipes in Canada, Russia and South Africa have incompletely preserved
187:
85:
303:, and very rarely, intrusions. Most kimberlite and lamproite occurrences occur as
976:
963:
946:
933:
920:
898:
707:
657:
488:
58:
1014:
852:
682:
527:
426:
415:
392:
388:
288:
191:
183:
128:
62:
892:
1106:
989:
715:
46:
798:
1070:
1066:
894:
609:
396:
380:
361:
160:
147:
which has a greater percentage of calcic plagioclase. These grade into the
89:
781:
703:
569:
458:
454:
403:
347:
315:
273:
148:
1019:
637:
496:
477:
331:
281:
246:
164:
159:
often occur in the upper portions of the layered ultramafic sequences.
144:
140:
136:
112:
706:
of komatiites; A field guide to the komatiites of the
Norseman-Wiluna
421:
When such metamorphic fluids have less than 10% molar proportion of CO
785:
681:
of layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the Giles
Complex, western
678:
642:
601:
561:
546:
469:
465:
434:
407:
369:
327:
300:
277:
198:
77:
66:
1079:
1045:
747:
565:
557:
550:
535:
507:
500:
492:
446:
357:
339:
335:
323:
304:
296:
292:
266:
234:
175:
30:
1087:
1083:
1053:
1049:
1032:
743:
605:
553:
450:
250:
226:
202:
179:
73:
1062:
1036:
1028:
1003:
971:
958:
755:
573:
523:
365:
350:
343:
238:
210:
156:
152:
132:
54:
402:
Talc carbonation reactions occur in ultramafic rocks at lower
928:
613:
531:
384:
119:
Intrusive ultramafic rocks are often found in large, layered
70:
391:
results in two main classes of metamorphic ultramafic rock;
538:. Vegetation is typically stunted, and sometimes includes
308:
242:
241:. Rare occurrences may include unusual surface deposits of
222:
81:
360:
events and as such are not lava flows although tephra and
767:
Golightly, J.P. (1981): Nickeliferous
Laterite Deposits.
206:
225:
is extremely rare. It has a characteristic abundance of
372:
via a different process than typical ultramafic rocks.
364:
deposits are partially preserved. These represent low-
499:
develops on these soils. Examples are the ultramafic
170:
468:
complexes where deep mantle-derived rocks have been
464:
Many surface exposures of ultramafic rocks occur in
45:, although the terms are not wholly equivalent) are
823:
817:
805:. No. Series 54, Episode 6. BBC. 7 July 2018
440:
425:, reactions favor serpentinisation, resulting in
256:
1104:
445:The majority of ultramafic rocks are exposed in
272:Ultrapotassic, ultramafic igneous rocks such as
824:Charlier, B.; Grove, T.L.; Zuber, M.T. (2013).
375:
69:, and are composed of usually greater than 90%
702:, Gole M.J., and Dowling S.E., 1990. Physical
878:
253:fields of southern Africa and other regions.
99:
648:Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits
368:volatile melts and attain their ultramafic
57:content (less than 45%), generally >18%
885:
871:
677:Ballhaus, C.G. & Glikson, A.Y., 1995,
628:appears to have ultramafic volcanic rock.
600:Ultramafic lava may have been detected on
590:
178:ultramafic rocks are rare outside of the
103:
29:
383:of ultramafic rocks in the presence of
127:rock types often occur in layers. Such
14:
1105:
182:and are essentially restricted to the
866:
34:Peridotite, a type of ultramafic rock
27:Type of igneous and meta-igneous rock
752:Institution of Mining and Metallurgy
653:Fractional crystallization (geology)
583:Weathered ultramafic rocks may form
483:
833:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
457:terranes. Ultramafic magmas in the
24:
689:. AGSO Journal, 16/1&2: 69-90.
216:
171:Volcanic ultramafic rocks on Earth
25:
1129:
724:Geological Society of Australia
564:forms over ultramafic rocks in
311:; lavas are virtually unknown.
143:. Other rare varieties include
53:-igneous rocks with a very low
791:
774:
761:
736:
692:
671:
542:species adapted to the soils.
441:Distribution in space and time
307:and subvolcanic diatremes and
257:Ultrapotassic ultramafic rocks
13:
1:
664:
585:lateritic nickel ore deposits
334:) are known, as are vents of
287:Most of these rocks occur as
233:and a scarcity or absence of
376:Metamorphic ultramafic rocks
205:. Komatiites can be host to
7:
631:
94:ultrapotassic igneous rocks
10:
1134:
853:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.021
620:
520:New Caledonia rain forests
449:belts, and predominate in
100:Intrusive ultramafic rocks
906:
572:environments. Particular
845:2013E&PSL.363...50C
780:Schellmann, W. (1983):
591:Other celestial bodies
116:
35:
595:
522:, and the ultramafic
190:ultramafic rocks and
121:ultramafic intrusions
107:
41:(also referred to as
33:
356:These are generally
76:(dark colored, high
712:Goldfields Province
660:, a moon of Jupiter
578:mineral exploration
530:and other peaks in
503:and barrens of the
320:Argyle diamond mine
263:ultrapotassic rocks
1033:Diabase (Dolerite)
437:type assemblages.
167:, are also found.
117:
36:
1118:Metamorphic rocks
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1067:Microgranodiorite
997:Subvolcanic rocks
799:"Space Volcanoes"
720:Western Australia
687:central Australia
484:Soil and regolith
474:continental crust
197:Examples include
16:(Redirected from
1125:
1113:Ultramafic rocks
909:
908:
887:
880:
873:
864:
863:
857:
856:
830:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
795:
789:
778:
772:
769:Economic Geology
765:
759:
740:
734:
696:
690:
675:
476:along and above
43:ultrabasic rocks
39:Ultramafic rocks
21:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1001:
994:
980:
974:
967:
961:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
902:
899:silicon dioxide
891:
861:
860:
828:
822:
818:
808:
806:
797:
796:
792:
779:
775:
766:
762:
741:
737:
708:Greenstone Belt
697:
693:
676:
672:
667:
658:Volcanism on Io
634:
623:
598:
593:
489:Serpentine soil
486:
443:
424:
413:
378:
259:
219:
217:Ultramafic tuff
203:picritic basalt
173:
102:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ultrabasic rock
15:
12:
11:
5:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1024:
1015:Picrite basalt
1012:
1010:
1004:Plutonic rocks
990:Volcanic rocks
986:
983:
982:
978:
969:
965:
952:
948:
939:
935:
926:
922:
913:
907:
904:
903:
897:classified by
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
859:
858:
816:
790:
773:
760:
735:
691:
683:Musgrave Block
669:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
655:
650:
645:
640:
633:
630:
622:
619:
597:
594:
592:
589:
528:Mount Kinabalu
485:
482:
442:
439:
422:
416:carbon dioxide
411:
393:talc carbonate
389:carbon dioxide
377:
374:
258:
255:
218:
215:
184:Neoproterozoic
172:
169:
125:differentiated
101:
98:
86:Earth's mantle
84:content). The
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
985:
984:
981:
973:
970:
968:
960:
956:
953:
951:
943:
940:
938:
930:
927:
925:
917:
914:
911:
910:
905:
900:
896:
895:igneous rocks
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
820:
804:
800:
794:
787:
783:
777:
770:
764:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
733:
732:0-909869-55-3
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:Yilgarn Block
713:
709:
705:
701:
695:
688:
684:
680:
674:
670:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
629:
627:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
588:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:Often thick,
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
438:
436:
432:
428:
419:
417:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
349:
345:
341:
338:lamprophyre (
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
114:
111:
106:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
1084:Microgranite
1078:
1071:Granodiorite
1061:
1050:Microdiorite
1044:
1027:
1013:
1002:
995:
988:
987:
955:Intermediate
942:Intermediate
915:
836:
832:
819:
807:. Retrieved
802:
793:
776:
763:
746:deposits at
738:
698:Hill R.E.T,
694:
673:
624:
610:heat-mapping
604:, a moon of
599:
582:
544:
487:
463:
444:
420:
401:
397:serpentinite
381:Metamorphism
379:
355:
313:
286:
271:
261:Technically
260:
220:
209:deposits of
196:
186:or earlier.
174:
163:and, rarely
161:Hornblendite
149:anorthosites
118:
90:carbonatites
42:
38:
37:
782:Geochemical
771:75, 710-735
758:, p. 70-80.
704:volcanology
700:Barnes S.J.
570:subtropical
514:, the "wet
505:Appalachian
459:Phanerozoic
455:Proterozoic
406:through to
404:greenschist
348:agglomerate
326:lamproite (
318:lamproite (
316:Proterozoic
274:lamprophyre
247:kimberlites
221:Ultramafic
188:Subvolcanic
141:pyroxenites
137:peridotites
1107:Categories
1020:Peridotite
916:Ultramafic
710:, Eastern
665:References
638:Chromitite
608:, because
497:vegetation
478:subduction
431:serpentine
332:Antarctica
301:laccoliths
282:kimberlite
231:serpentine
165:phlogopite
145:troctolite
113:peridotite
839:: 50–60.
788:, 119-135
786:Sao Paulo
679:Petrology
643:Magnetite
562:duricrust
547:magnesite
518:" of the
508:mountains
501:woodlands
466:ophiolite
435:amphibole
408:granulite
370:chemistry
328:Gaussberg
314:Vents of
297:lopoliths
293:diatremes
278:lamproite
267:melilitic
199:komatiite
78:magnesium
67:potassium
1080:Rhyolite
1046:Andesite
975:>69%
919:<45%
748:Kambalda
632:See also
566:tropical
558:laterite
551:calcrete
536:Malaysia
512:piedmont
493:regolith
470:obducted
451:Archaean
447:orogenic
427:chlorite
358:diatreme
340:Scotland
336:Devonian
324:Cenozoic
305:volcanic
235:feldspar
180:Archaean
176:Volcanic
129:cumulate
74:minerals
1088:Granite
1054:Diorite
962:63–69%
945:52–63%
932:45–52%
901:content
893:Common
841:Bibcode
809:6 March
803:Horizon
744:sulfide
626:Mercury
621:Mercury
606:Jupiter
554:caprock
540:endemic
524:forests
480:zones.
387:and/or
322:), and
251:diamond
249:in the
227:olivine
133:dunites
61:, high
47:igneous
1063:Dacite
1037:Gabbro
1029:Basalt
972:Felsic
959:felsic
756:London
730:
574:floral
516:maquis
366:volume
351:facies
344:tephra
239:quartz
211:nickel
157:norite
153:Gabbro
123:where
110:mantle
65:, low
55:silica
929:Mafic
829:(PDF)
614:magma
532:Sabah
472:onto
385:water
309:maars
289:dikes
243:maars
192:dykes
71:mafic
912:Type
811:2019
728:ISBN
568:and
560:and
510:and
453:and
395:and
346:and
280:and
265:and
237:and
223:tuff
201:and
155:and
139:and
92:and
82:iron
80:and
51:meta
49:and
977:SiO
964:SiO
947:SiO
934:SiO
921:SiO
849:doi
837:363
722:.,
526:of
418:).
362:ash
299:or
245:of
229:or
207:ore
63:FeO
59:MgO
1109::
847:.
835:.
831:.
801:.
754:,
726:.
718:,
714:,
685:,
602:Io
596:Io
587:.
580:.
556:,
534:,
399:.
353:.
330:,
295:,
291:,
276:,
213:.
151:.
135:,
96:.
1006::
999::
992::
979:2
966:2
957:–
949:2
936:2
923:2
886:e
879:t
872:v
855:.
851::
843::
813:.
549:-
433:-
429:-
423:2
414:(
412:2
115:.
20:)
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