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have silicate mantles; Io's ~1,100 kilometers (680 miles) silicate mantle is overlain by a volcanic crust, Ganymede's ~1,315 kilometers (817 miles) thick silicate mantle is overlain by ~835 kilometers (519 miles) of ice, and Europa's ~1,165 kilometers (724 miles) km silicate mantle is overlain by ~85
117:. Its mass of 4.01 Ă— 10 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid, but in
449:
719:
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395:
495:
50:, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone
214:. The lunar mantle contains a seismic discontinuity at ~500 kilometers (310 miles) depth, most likely related to a change in composition.
167:'s silicate mantle is approximately 1,600 kilometers (990 miles) thick, constituting ~74–88% of its mass, and may be represented by
753:
525:
896:
400:
706:
698:
658:
638:, Blackwell (1989), is a textbook dealing with the Earth's interior and is now available on the web. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
584:
Reddy, Vishnu; Nathues, Andreas; Gaffey, Michael J. (2011-03-01). "First fragment of
Asteroid 4 Vesta's mantle detected".
563:
343:
676:
645:(2000). "Mantle of the Earth". In Haraldur Sigurdsson; Bruce Houghton; Hazel Rymer; John Stix; Steve McNutt (eds.).
1034:
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267:
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163:'s silicate mantle is approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,700 miles) thick, constituting around 70% of its mass.
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has a silicate mantle approximately 490 kilometers (300 miles) thick, constituting only 28% of its mass.
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The
Biggest Dig: Japan builds a ship to drill to the earth's mantle
247:
67:
722:– Scientific American (September 2005) (archived 17 October 2007)
251:
179:
55:
556:"Griffith Observatory – Pieces of the Sky – Meteorite Histories"
87:
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is approximately 1300–1400 km thick, and is the source of
225:
195:
kilometers (53 miles) of ice and possibly liquid water.
450:"The Constitution and Structure of the Lunar Interior"
368:"What is the Earth's Mantle Made Of? – Universe Today"
930:
583:
1026:
254:has a silicate mantle similar in composition to
747:
518:
16:Layer inside a planet between core and crust
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206:. The lunar mantle might be exposed in the
754:
740:
667:Nixon, Peter H. (1987). Mantle xenoliths:
326:
447:
86:
641:
393:
140:, and partial melting of the mantle at
1027:
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454:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
401:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
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312:
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332:The planetary scientist's companion
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502:. 23 February 2012. Archived from
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726:Information on the Mohole Project
713:
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859:D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)
854:660 discontinuity (upper mantle)
849:410 discontinuity (upper mantle)
151:
448:Wieczorek, M. A. (2006-01-01).
91:The internal structure of Earth
577:
548:
387:
360:
1:
394:Swindle, T. D. (2002-01-01).
303:
606:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.032
293:Numerical modeling (geology)
268:Earth's internal heat budget
235:
7:
560:www.griffithobservatory.org
334:. Fegley, Bruce. New York:
261:
250:have mantles; for example,
224:each have a mantle made of
198:The silicate mantle of the
77:
10:
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844:Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)
728:(archived 2 November 2015)
691:Cambridge University Press
239:
94:
18:
910:
877:
836:
769:
647:Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
897:Gutenberg (upper mantle)
878:Regional discontinuities
693:, Third Edition (2014),
174:
82:
336:Oxford University Press
208:South Pole-Aitken basin
21:Mantle (disambiguation)
1035:Structure of the Earth
902:Lehmann (upper mantle)
837:Global discontinuities
242:4 Vesta § Geology
92:
42:. Mantles are made of
474:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3
422:10.2138/rmg.2002.47.6
396:"Martian Noble Gases"
273:Lehmann discontinuity
90:
70:, and some planetary
864:Core–mantle boundary
506:on 14 September 2015
246:Some of the largest
30:is a layer inside a
19:For other uses, see
869:Inner-core boundary
792:Lithospheric mantle
669:J. Wiley & Sons
635:Theory of the Earth
598:2011Icar..212..175R
536:on 17 November 2015
466:2006RvMG...60..221W
414:2002RvMG...47..171S
328:Katharina., Lodders
288:Mesosphere (mantle)
60:terrestrial planets
34:bounded below by a
763:Structure of Earth
683:Donald L. Turcotte
653:. pp. 41–54.
526:"Triton: In Depth"
93:
1040:Planetary geology
928:
927:
890:continental crust
707:978-0-521-18623-0
699:978-1-107-00653-9
660:978-0-12-643140-7
496:"Layers of Titan"
283:Mantle convection
146:continental crust
132:of the mantle at
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298:Primitive mantle
278:Mantle xenoliths
142:subduction zones
134:mid-ocean ridges
121:it behaves as a
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687:Gerald Schubert
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130:Partial melting
119:geological time
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66:), a number of
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38:and above by a
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592:(1): 175–179.
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373:Universe Today
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105:is a layer of
103:Earth's mantle
97:Earth's mantle
95:Main article:
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32:planetary body
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152:Other planets
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1007:Solar System
804:Lower mantle
787:Upper mantle
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568:. Retrieved
564:the original
559:
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538:. Retrieved
534:the original
520:
508:. Retrieved
504:the original
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405:
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389:
378:. Retrieved
376:. 2016-03-26
371:
362:
331:
258:meteorites.
245:
232:substances.
216:
204:mare basalts
200:Earth's moon
197:
178:
171:meteorites.
155:
109:between the
100:
27:
25:
995:Outer space
709:(Paperback)
701:(Hardback)
169:chassignite
62:(including
1029:Categories
826:Inner core
821:Outer core
808:Mesosphere
671:, 844p., (
570:2018-11-24
540:16 October
380:2018-11-24
304:References
240:See also:
115:outer core
971:Astronomy
614:0019-1035
510:7 October
482:1529-6466
430:1529-6466
256:diogenite
248:asteroids
236:Asteroids
228:or other
182:'s moons
144:produces
136:produces
68:asteroids
920:Category
354:65171709
330:(1998).
262:See also
192:Ganymede
113:and the
78:Examples
1019:Science
947:Geology
933:Portals
594:Bibcode
462:Bibcode
410:Bibcode
210:or the
180:Jupiter
157:Mercury
123:viscous
58:. All
56:density
885:Conrad
782:Mantle
770:Shells
705:
697:
675:
657:
612:
586:Icarus
480:
428:
352:
342:
222:Triton
190:, and
188:Europa
28:mantle
983:Stars
806:(aka
777:Crust
252:Vesta
218:Titan
175:Moons
161:Venus
126:fluid
111:crust
83:Earth
72:moons
64:Earth
40:crust
816:Core
703:ISBN
695:ISBN
685:and
673:ISBN
655:ISBN
610:ISSN
542:2015
530:NASA
512:2015
500:NASA
478:ISSN
426:ISSN
350:OCLC
340:ISBN
220:and
165:Mars
101:The
48:ices
44:rock
36:core
602:doi
590:212
470:doi
418:doi
226:ice
54:by
46:or
1031::
679:).
632:,
608:.
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468:.
458:60
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452:.
438:^
424:.
416:.
406:47
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398:.
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348:.
338:.
311:^
186:,
184:Io
148:.
128:.
26:A
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
