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20:
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for petroleum. Oil identified as
Precambrian has been found seeping out of the Nonesuch Shale in the White Pine mine in Michigan. A few deep wells were drilled to explore for oil and gas in rift rocks as far southwest as Kansas. No oil and gas were found, but the explorations did make some deep
224:
and creation of a sea. The
Midcontinent Rift appears to have progressed almost to the point where the ocean intruded. But after about 15–22 million years the rift failed. The Midcontinent Rift is the deepest closed or healed rift yet discovered; no known deeper rift ever failed to become an ocean.
219:
to the east which in part overlaps the timing of the rift development. Later compressive forces from the
Grenville Orogeny likely played a major role in the rift's failure and closure. Had the rifting process continued, the eventual result would have been sundering of the North American
1091:
1294:. United States Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program, Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center. A detailed and well-illustrated resource focusing on the mineral resources of the Midcontinent Rift and its geologic history.
1092:
National
Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications; Geophysics Research Board, Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Geophysics Study Committee (1980).
422:
Geological map of North
America showing the Midcontinent Rift in white, here labeled Keweenawan Rift. Lake Superior now occupies the apex of the rift; the section to its north marked "SUPERIOR" is the
189:. The hotspot domed the rocks of the Lake Superior area. Voluminous basaltic lava flows erupted from the central axis of the rift, similar to the present-day rifting underway in the
378:
times, reactivated in the 1840s and continued for more than a century. Some low-grade copper and nickel deposits, among the largest in the world, also exist in the
523:
797:
67:
that are exposed in its northern reaches, but buried beneath later sedimentary formations along most of its western and eastern arms. Those arms meet at
268:, but elsewhere the rift is buried beneath more recent sedimentary rocks up to 9 km (6 mi) thick. Where buried, the rift has been mapped by
1336:
955:
1616:
1120:
771:
1686:
814:
Ojakangas, R. W.; Morey, G. B.; Green, J. C. (1 June 2001). "The
Mesoproterozoic Midcontinent Rift System, Lake Superior Region, USA".
488:
1560:
248:
Lake
Superior occupies a basin created by the rift. Near the present lake, rocks produced by the rift can be seen on the surface of
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formation in the
Keweenawan Rift contains enough organic carbon (greater than 0.5%) to be considered a potential
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A slightly older but possibly related geologic feature is the 2,700,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi)
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1656:
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1641:
87:
defines the northern arc of the rift. From the lake, the rift's eastern arm trends south to central lower
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684:
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1626:
1621:
1402:
959:
257:
76:
1201:
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344:
319:
Iowa magnetic anomaly map showing the rift curving from the north center to the southwest of the state.
215:
The rift system may have been the result of extensional forces behind the continental collision of the
1183:
431:
371:
1018:
891:
1661:
1631:
1171:
Results of the Middle
Proterozoic Midcontinent rift frontier play along Lake Superior's south shore
559:
437:
642:
650:
1071:
602:
181:. In the Lake Superior region, the upwelling of this molten rock may have been the result of a
1493:
1361:
1345:
1254:
932:
340:
200:
The southwest and southeast extensions represent two arms of the triple junction while a third
1276:"The Potential for Geologic Hydrogen for Next-Generation Energy | U.S. Geological Survey"
1094:
351:
also drilled a 17,851 ft (5,441 m) dry hole that penetrated rift sediments in Iowa.
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1004:, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Parks and Trails] (2009), p. 26.
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711:
703:
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554:
397:
could be found or produced in the Mid-continental Rift System at scale for a renewable
253:
242:
833:
1535:
1461:
1100:
791:
750:
603:"Is the "Grenville Front" in the central United States really the Midcontinent Rift?"
375:
216:
205:
194:
182:
1531:
1483:
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J.A. Seglund, "Midcontinent rift continues to show promise as petroleum prospect,"
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383:
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of
Superior in Minnesota and Ontario. Similar rocks are exposed as far south as
1589:
1555:
1412:
1372:
1303:
475:
394:
379:
355:
327:
171:
19:
778:. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008
1605:
1072:"Gravity and Aeromagnetic Anomaly Maps of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan"
858:. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
495:
367:
152:
148:
68:
40:
1223:
749:. Illus. Dan Breedy. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
1550:
1540:
1466:
1456:
1407:
564:
209:
156:
64:
1314:
386:, these deposits have attracted renewed interest from resource companies.
1251:"PolyMet's copper-nickel mine rekindles decades-old environmental debate"
479:
456:
363:
331:
324:
300:
249:
238:
111:. The western arm runs from Lake Superior southwest through portions of
72:
56:
958:. Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey. Archived from
907:
A Superior Swath: Proterozoic Geology of the North American Midcontinent
618:
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1365:
499:
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116:
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84:
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of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northwest Wisconsin, and on the
853:"Geologic Analysis of Priority Basins for Exploration and Drilling"
460:
132:
124:
100:
88:
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rock samples available. These include two "dry holes" drilled by
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863:
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281:
168:
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92:
80:
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273:
221:
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deposits in Keweenawan-age rocks associated with the rift. A
348:
347:
to a depth of 4,966 ft (1,514 m) in 1992. In 1987
336:
16:
Geological rift in the center of the North American continent
1049:"Bouguer gravity anomaly map of north-central United States"
581: – volcanic areas and lava formations in Eastern Canada
1069:
178:
120:
96:
36:
744:
1046:
905:
Schneider, D. A.; Holm, D. K.; Chandler, V. (Fall 2006).
985:. University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire. Archived from
574:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
401:. Water could be pumped down to hot iron-rich rock to
1230:. Minnesota Geological Survey, University of Minnesota
1188:
Iowa Geological Survey Resource Information Fact Sheet
1173:, Oil & Gas Journal, 18 September 1995, pp. 80–82.
1133:
1299:"New Insights into North America’s Midcontinent Rift"
1224:"Mineral potential and geology of the Duluth Complex"
904:
583:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
813:
35:is a 2,000 km (1,200 mi) long geological
1292:"Mineral Deposits of the Midcontinent Rift System"
776:Field Trips, Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan
594:
155:(black). The buff area on the north margin is the
983:"Interstate State Park, A Brief Geologic History"
851:Reeves, T. K.; Carroll, Herbert B. (April 1999).
745:Ojakangas, Richard W.; Charles L. Matsch (1982).
551: – Landform in Thunder Bay district, Ontario
163:The rock formations created by the rift included
1603:
1202:"FAQ: Everything you need to know about PolyMet"
796:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1221:
682:
643:"Middle Proterozoic and The Mid-continent Rift"
1047:Daniels, David L.; Snyder, Stephen L. (1991).
1330:
850:
692:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1134:Kucks, Robert P.; Hill, Patricia L. (2005).
1119:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1070:Hinze, W.; Kellogg, D.; Merritt, D. (1971).
683:Van Schmus, W. R.; Hinze, W. J. (May 1985).
47:. It formed when the continent's core, the
1344:
1337:
1323:
1228:Mineral Potential and Geology of Minnesota
1012:
1010:
1136:"Iowa magnetic and gravity maps and data"
1099:. National Academies Press. p. 180.
1040:
956:"Introduction to the Midcontinental Rift"
954:Anderson, Raymond R. (25 November 2014).
719:
339:: a 7,238 ft (2,206 m) well in
953:
947:
933:"The story of Isle Royale National Park"
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1617:Geologic provinces of the United States
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382:north of the lake. Once thought to be
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1001:Interstate State Park Management Plan
930:
841:
770:Kean, William F. (24 November 2000).
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405:and the hydrogen could be extracted.
1309:https://doi.org/10.1029/2016EO056659
1215:
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1081:. Michigan State Geological Survey.
980:
974:
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712:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.002021
572: – Volcanic activity in Canada
13:
632:
291:in Canada, which extends from the
204:extends north into Ontario as the
51:, began to split apart during the
14:
1703:
1687:Mesoproterozoic rifts and grabens
1285:
1028:. United States Geological Survey
389:
276:rock increases gravity locally),
228:
63:, leaving behind thick layers of
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289:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
71:, which is contained within the
59:, about 1.1 billion years ago.
1268:
1249:Kraker, Dan (5 December 2013).
1242:
1200:Kraker, Dan (2 December 2013).
1193:
1184:Exploring the Midcontinent Rift
1176:
1163:
1150:
1127:
1085:
1051:. Minnesota Geological Survey.
1026:National Oil and Gas Assessment
993:
941:United States Geological Survey
909:. American Geophysical Union.
685:"The Midcontinent Rift System"
147:Rift rocks are exposed in the
43:and south-central part of the
1:
1418:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
1222:Jira, Mark; David Southwick.
834:10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00085-9
588:
579:Volcanology of Eastern Canada
343:in 1987 and 1988, and one in
647:Minnesota's Rocks and Waters
237:Volcanic strata protrude at
7:
931:Huber, Norman King (1975).
542:
208:. This failed arm includes
10:
1708:
1297:Stein, Seth et al. (2016)
1079:Report of Investigation 14
1017:Palacas, James G. (1995).
455:Eroded volcanic strata at
408:
345:Bayfield County, Wisconsin
1579:
1352:
1019:"Superior Province (051)"
662:(Powerpoint presentation)
601:Stein, Carol (May 2018).
1138:. U.S. Geological Survey
772:"Keweenawan Rift System"
560:Mamainse Point Formation
41:North American continent
29:Midcontinent Rift System
23:Midcontinent Rift System
1692:Large igneous provinces
1346:Large igneous provinces
1160:, 15 May 1989, p.55-58.
651:Winona State University
1362:Northeast Georgia Rise
1255:Minnesota Public Radio
981:Jol, Harry M. (2006).
886:Cite journal requires
372:copper mining industry
341:Alger County, Michigan
320:
245:
160:
24:
1096:Continental Tectonics
570:Volcanology of Canada
537:, Minnesota-Wisconsin
535:Interstate State Park
513:Saint Louis River in
318:
266:Saint Paul, Minnesota
236:
146:
139:Formation and failure
49:North American craton
39:in the center of the
22:
1682:Geology of Wisconsin
1677:Geology of Tennessee
1652:Geology of Minnesota
1501:Mackenzie dike swarm
989:on 15 December 2012.
917:. Abstract #T42A-06.
820:. 141–142: 421–442.
515:Jay Cooke State Park
498:and Shovel Point in
305:Northwestern Ontario
278:aeromagnetic surveys
131:, and possibly into
91:, and possibly into
45:North American Plate
1667:Geology of Oklahoma
1657:Geology of Nebraska
1647:Geology of Michigan
1642:Geology of Kentucky
1546:Paraná and Etendeka
1433:Franklin dike swarm
1423:Equatorial Atlantic
1378:Brazilian Highlands
1158:Oil and Gas Journal
915:2006AGUFM.T42A..06S
826:2001SedG..141..421O
817:Sedimentary Geology
747:Minnesota's Geology
704:1985AREPS..13..345V
619:10.1130/GSATG357A.1
1672:Geology of Ontario
1627:Geology of Indiana
1622:Geology of Alabama
1590:Geology portal
1169:Albert B. Dickas,
555:Geology of Ontario
384:uneconomic to mine
321:
254:Keweenaw Peninsula
246:
243:Keweenaw Peninsula
161:
25:
1637:Geology of Kansas
1597:
1596:
1106:978-0-309-02928-5
962:on 4 January 2019
756:978-0-8166-0953-6
374:was developed in
311:Natural resources
270:gravity anomalies
217:Grenville Orogeny
206:Nipigon Embayment
195:East African Rift
185:which produced a
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151:areas around
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69:Lake Superior
66:
65:igneous rock
62:
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1599:
1581:
1478:
1467:Broken Ridge
1457:Karoo-Ferrar
1302:
1270:
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1244:
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1227:
1217:
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1195:
1187:
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1129:
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1025:
1000:
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987:the original
976:
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960:the original
949:
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879:cite journal
867:. Retrieved
864:10.2172/6060
815:
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775:
765:
746:
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695:
691:
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646:
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610:
606:
596:
565:Nemaha Ridge
517:in Minnesota
393:
376:Precolumbian
353:
322:
299:to near the
286:
247:
214:
210:Lake Nipigon
199:
162:
157:Lake Nipigon
149:buff-colored
32:
28:
26:
1528:Ontong Java
1440:High Arctic
1260:10 December
1207:10 December
1142:3 September
1057:11299/60081
613:(5): 4–10.
480:Thunder Bay
457:Isle Royale
364:Isle Royale
332:source rock
325:Proterozoic
301:Great Lakes
272:(its dense
258:North Shore
250:Isle Royale
239:Isle Royale
212:, Ontario.
77:north shore
73:rift valley
57:Precambrian
55:era of the
1612:Aulacogens
1606:Categories
1513:Mistassini
1508:Matachewan
1484:Long Range
1479:Keweenawan
838:(Abstract)
589:References
494:Cliffs at
202:failed arm
197:system.
1561:Skagerrak
1536:Hikurangi
1489:Mackenzie
1462:Kerguelen
1383:Caribbean
1366:Maud Rise
1115:cite book
607:GSA Today
500:Minnesota
482:, Ontario
117:Minnesota
113:Wisconsin
105:Tennessee
85:Minnesota
31:(MRS) or
1571:Winagami
1556:Siberian
1532:Manihiki
1474:Marathon
1428:Franklin
1413:Emeishan
1234:13 April
792:cite web
721:1808/104
656:13 April
543:See also
474:A mafic
461:Michigan
274:basaltic
252:and the
241:and the
133:Oklahoma
125:Nebraska
101:Kentucky
89:Michigan
1551:Shatsky
1523:Ongeluk
1452:Iceland
1357:Agulhas
1190:2006-2.
1032:10 June
911:Bibcode
869:10 June
822:Bibcode
727:10 June
700:Bibcode
442:Ontario
409:Gallery
358:in the
297:Nunavut
282:seismic
193:of the
183:hotspot
169:granite
109:Alabama
93:Indiana
81:Ontario
1566:Ungava
1541:Panjal
1408:Deccan
1373:Azores
1307:, 97,
1103:
966:27 May
782:8 June
753:
293:Arctic
284:data.
280:, and
222:craton
176:basalt
165:gabbro
129:Kansas
123:, and
107:, and
1075:(PDF)
1022:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
624:1 May
349:Amoco
337:Amoco
264:near
179:lavas
159:area.
1262:2013
1236:2008
1209:2013
1144:2009
1121:link
1101:ISBN
1034:2007
968:2016
892:help
871:2007
798:link
784:2007
751:ISBN
729:2007
658:2008
626:2018
476:sill
362:and
323:The
174:and
167:and
121:Iowa
97:Ohio
83:and
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27:The
1304:Eos
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1053:hdl
860:doi
830:doi
716:hdl
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615:doi
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