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roofs. In recent years, building with earth bags has become one of the increasingly practiced techniques in natural building. It facilitates self-contained, often free-form rammed-earth structures. Its growing popularity relates to its use of an abundant and readily available often site-available material (earth) in a potentially inexpensive building technique that is flexible, and easy to learn and use. However, because earth is a poor insulator, in more extreme climates other filler variations are now being explored, substituting pumice, rice-hulls or another material with better insulating value for all or part of the earth (
25:
286:
names, and date from at least 10,000 years ago. Cob building began use in
England prior to the 13th century, and fell out of favor after World War I, although it is seeing a resurgence today. Cob is one of the simplest and least expensive building techniques available, though it is typically very labor-intensive. Cob's other great advantage is versatility; It can easily be shaped into any form. While cob building was falling out of favor in England by the late 19th century, thousands of cob structures have endured to the present (20,000 in
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82:
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construction is known as dry stone, or dry stacking. These are freestanding structures such as field walls, bridges and buildings that use irregularly shaped stones carefully selected and placed so that they fit closely together without slipping. Structures are typically wider at the base and taper in as height increases. They do not require any special tools, only the skill of the craftsman in choosing and placing the stones.
336:
379:, it is possible to quickly construct a high performance, sustainable building, using completely natural products. The benefits are many—the building performs better over its lifespan, waste is reduced (much can be re-cycled, composted or used as fuel). Timber-frame structures are frequently used in combination with other natural building techniques, such as cob, straw bale, or cordwood/masonry.
267:
is not a good insulator, however, so insulation can be added (preferably on the outside), or a double wall built with airspace or insulation in between. The traditional thick, un-insulated adobe has proven to perform best in regions without harsh winters or where daily sun is predictably available during those cold periods.
316:
added in the mix to achieve the desired color. Around 5-10 inches of mixed damp sub-soil are placed inside the forms and pounded to total compaction and the process is repeated until the desired height is achieved. What is left after the forms are removed is a wall that is structural and can last over 1000 years.
529:
based binder to create a material that can be cast into molds. This forms a non-load-bearing 'breathable' insulating material that can be used to form walls, floor slabs, ceilings and roof insulation. It is marketed under names like
Hempcrete, Canobiote, Canosmose, and Isochanvre. Hempcrete is easier
315:
Rammed earth walls are formed in place by pounding damp sub-soil (containing sand, clay and sometimes gravel) into movable, reusable forms with manual or machine-powered tampers. In traditional rammed earth, a mixture of around 70% aggregate (gravel, sand) and 30% clay is optimal. Pigmentation may be
496:
Earth is the most typical fill material used in bag-wall construction techniques. This building method utilizes stacked polypropylene or natural-fiber (burlap) bags filled with earth or other mixes without a stabilizer, other than clay, to form footings, foundations, walls and even vaulted or domed
285:
is used to describe a monolithic building system based on a mixture of clay, sand, straw and earth. The construction uses no forms, bricks or wooden framework; it is built from the ground up. Various forms of "mud" building have been used in many parts of the world for centuries, under a variety of
266:
To protect the walls and reduce maintenance, adobe buildings usually have large overhanging eaves and sizeable foundations. Adobe can be plastered over with cob or lime-based mixes for both appearance and protection. Adobe has good thermal mass, meaning that it is slow to transmit heat or cold. It
405:
with a high strength-to-weight ratio similar to timber, and its strength is generally similar to a strong softwood or hardwood timber. In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, the South
Pacific, Central and South
262:
Various claims are made about the optimal proportions of clay and sand (or larger aggregate). Some say that the best adobe soil contains 15% - 30% clay to bind the material together. Others say equal proportions of clay and sand are best to prevent cracking or fragmenting of the bricks. The blocks
150:
impact of buildings and other supporting systems, without sacrificing comfort or health. To be more sustainable, natural building uses primarily abundantly available, renewable, reused or recycled materials. The use of rapidly renewable materials is increasingly a focus. In addition to relying on
142:
or salvaged, produce healthy living environments and maintain indoor air quality. Natural building tends to rely on human labor, more than technology. As
Michael G. Smith observes, it depends on "local ecology, geology and climate; on the character of the particular building site, and on the needs
472:
Typically, bales created on farms with mobile machinery have been used ("field-bales"), but recently higher-density "recompressed" bales (or "straw-blocks") are increasing the loads that may be supported; where field bales might support around 600 pounds per linear foot of wall, the high density
460:
using either lime-based formulations or earth/clay renders. Bale buildings can either have a structural frame of other materials, with bales between (simply serving as insulation and stucco substrate), referred to as "infill", or the bales may actually provide the support for openings and roof,
642:
Stone has been used as a building material for thousands of years. It has long been recognized as a material of great durability. The pyramids in Giza, burial chambers in the UK and temples in Malta were all built from stone over 4000 years ago and are still standing. The earliest form of stone
308:
Rammed earth is a wall system made of compacted earth, or another material that is compacted. It is extremely strong and durable. Quality rammed earth walls are dense, solid, and stone-like with great environmental benefits and superior low maintenance characteristics. As an option depending on
347:
were in place in Europe and Asia by the 9th century. It remained the common mode of house construction in northern cultures until the 19th century. Craftsmanship was, and is, an important value in timber-frame building. The oldest timber-frame structures (for example, the timber framed stave
646:
Traditional stone masonry evolved from dry stone stacking. Stone blocks are laid in rows of even (courses) or uneven (un-coursed) height, and fixed in place with lime mortar pasted between the stones. Traditional stone masonry is rarely used today because stone is expensive to quarry, cut and
590:
571:. It is a low density material and resistant to crack under movement thus making it highly suitable for use in earthquake-prone areas. Hempcrete walls must be used together with a frame of another material that supports the vertical load in building construction, as hempcrete's
258:
One of the oldest building methods, adobe is simply clay and sand mixed with water. Often, chopped straw or other fibers are added for strength. The mixture is then allowed to dry in the desired shape. Usually adobe is shaped into bricks that can be stacked to form walls.
650:
Stone is a highly durable, low maintenance building material with high thermal mass. It is versatile, available in many shapes, sizes, colors and textures, and can be used for floors, walls, arches and roofs. Stone blends well with the
367:, consisting of two posts, a tie beam and two rafters. These are connected into a framework through joinery. To practice the craft, one must understand the basic structural aspects of the bent. This, along with a knowledge of
556:. Theoretically 165 kg of carbon can be absorbed and locked up by 1 m of hempcrete wall during manufacture. Furthermore, the carbonation of the lime during curing adds to this effect as lime turns to
374:
Timber framing is now a modern method of construction, Ideally suited to mass house building as well as public buildings. In conjunction with a number of natural insulations and timber cladding or modern
218:
Other materials are avoided by practitioners of this building approach, due to their major negative environmental or health impacts. These include unsustainably harvested wood, toxic wood-preservatives,
290:, England alone). It is estimated that from one third to one half of the world's population lives in earthen dwellings today. Although typically associated with "low-rise" structures, in
151:
natural building materials, the emphasis on the architectural design is heightened. The orientation of a building, the utilization of local climate and site conditions, the emphasis on
452:, with a moisture barrier between. Bale walls are often tied together with pins of bamboo or wood (internal to the bales or on their faces), or with surface wire meshes, and then
309:
climate rigid insulation can be placed inside the wall. Similarly, depending on seismic concerns bamboo or other tensile natural materials can be used to reinforce the wall.
215:
materials are common in natural building, including urbanite (salvaged chunks of used concrete), vehicle windscreens and other recycled glass, which can be toxic in nature.
263:
can either be poured into molds and dried, or pressed into blocks. Adobe colored with clay and polished with natural oil makes an attractive and resilient floor.
530:
to work with than traditional lime mixes and acts as an insulator and moisture regulator. It lacks the brittleness of concrete and consequently does not need
171:
The materials common to many types of natural building are clay and sand. When mixed with water and, usually, straw or another fiber, the mixture may form
2669:
2605:
1245:
790:
2630:
1929:
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448:) were not. Straw bale building typically consists of stacking a series of rows of bales (often in running-bond) on a raised footing or
436:
have been in use in a range of ways in building since pre-history around the world, their incorporation in machine-manufactured modular
312:
Rammed earth has been used for around 10,000 years in all types of buildings from low rise to high-rise and from small huts to palaces.
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1449:
2765:
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through design, fundamentally lessen operational costs and positively impact the environment. Building compactly and minimizing the
1739:
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1141:
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1151:
987:
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854:
827:
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880:
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is a natural building method in which "cordwood" or short lengths of pieces of debarked tree are laid up crosswise with
294:
and other Middle-Eastern countries it has, for centuries, been used in "apartment" buildings of eight stories and more.
231:(VOCs), steel, waste materials such as rubber tires in regions where they are recycled, and some plastics; particularly
2641:
2519:
2439:
2279:
2254:
1551:
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534:. The result is a lightweight insulating material ideal for most climates as it combines insulation and thermal mass.
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2188:
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352:) show both craftsmanship and a strong grasp of the technical aspects of structural design, as do such structures in
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is common, as are on-site handling of energy acquisition, on-site water capture, alternate sewage treatment and
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1917:
501:
2755:
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2707:
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or
Hemplime is a composite building material, a mixture of the chopped woody stem of the hemp plant known as
440:
seems to date back to the early 20th century in the midwestern United States, particularly the sand-hills of
2464:
1732:
2775:
2572:
2504:
1880:
1323:
224:
785:
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mixtures to build a wall. The cordwood, thus, becomes infill for the walls, usually between posts in a
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1759:
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228:
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1998:
1988:
1962:
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1610:
1379:
1364:
1338:
1254:
869:
Smith, Michael G. "Cob
Building, Ancient and Modern," in Kennedy, Smith and Wanek, (2002), 132-133.
755:
715:
112:
33:
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2312:
2122:
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1817:
1807:
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705:
415:
200:
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2008:
1983:
1967:
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1934:
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1384:
1353:
1343:
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620:) to produce attractive combinations. Cordwood masonry construction provides a relatively high
466:
50:
235:(PVC or "vinyl") and those containing harmful plasticizers or hormone-mimicking formulations.
2612:
2557:
2514:
2397:
2372:
2337:
2013:
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8:
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1641:
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806:
Smith, Michael G. "The Case for
Natural Building," in Kennedy, Smith and Wanek (2002), 6.
670:
388:
152:
147:
1004:
2454:
2449:
2084:
2046:
2003:
1922:
1509:
1491:
1480:
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1399:
1369:
1192:
The Hand-Sculpted House: A Practical and
Philosophical Guide to Building a Cob Cottage.
1047:
402:
232:
135:
116:
941:
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2646:
2617:
2412:
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2102:
1855:
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1147:
1143:
The
Natural House: A Complete Guide to Healthy, Energy-efficient, Environmental Homes
1051:
1039:
983:
961:
957:
886:
850:
823:
819:
The
Natural House: A Complete Guide to Healthy, Energy-efficient, Environmental Homes
695:
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360:
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128:
1415:
1035:
1024:"How can carbon be stored in the built environment? A review of potential options"
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1957:
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760:
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The basic elements of timber-frame building—joined timbers, clay walls and
220:
183:(clay blocks). Other materials commonly used in natural building are: earth (as
134:
This in turn implies durability and the use of minimally processed, plentiful or
1211:
1023:
2347:
2264:
2198:
2193:
1912:
1890:
1825:
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1577:
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1328:
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1022:
Kuittinen, Matti; Zernicke, Caya; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette (2021-03-11).
745:
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208:
173:
124:
108:
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160:
86:
765:
420:
2367:
2352:
2178:
2158:
680:
637:
617:
522:
444:, where grass was plentiful and other building materials (even quality
81:
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structure. Cordwood masonry can be combined with other methods (e.g.,
92:
2636:
2582:
2036:
1701:
1424:
735:
730:
633:
557:
518:
513:
469:
and load-bearing may be employed, referred to a "hybrid" straw bale.
139:
2429:
685:
568:
441:
253:
212:
1146:. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub. pp. 178ā179.
822:. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub. pp. 127ā128.
647:
transport, and the building process is labor and skill-intensive.
2402:
1717:
1525:
1220:, International journal of natural building and ecological design
929:, Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, New Delhi 2006
601:
572:
457:
429:
1217:
1087:"Minoeco - Natural Plasters & Bioclimatic Design, Hempcrete"
885:. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub. Co. p. xv.
589:
2066:
1171:
Alternative Construction, Contemporary Natural Building Methods
553:
549:
453:
394:
368:
335:
204:
846:
The Workshop: Celebrating the Place Where Craftsmanship Begins
1178:
The Art of Natural Building: Design, Construction, Resources.
1021:
915:
913:
437:
433:
393:
Bamboos are some of the fastest-growing plants in the world.
364:
353:
291:
287:
249:
179:
1181:
567:
is around 1 MPa, around 1/20 that of residential grade
538:
910:
655:, and can easily be recycled for other building purposes.
445:
146:
The basis of natural building is the need to lessen the
2607:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
624:, which helps to minimize fluctuations in temperature.
107:
is a discipline within the more comprehensive scope of
1199:
Natural Building: A Guide to Materials and Techniques.
942:"Mechanical properties of bamboo, a natural composite"
920:
Jaquin, P. A.; Augarde, C. E.; Gerrard, C. M. (2006),
401:, bridges, houses and buildings. Bamboo is a natural
919:
842:
319:
123:that promotes the construction of buildings using
339:The completed frame of a modern timber-frame home
2742:
1176:Kennedy, J., Smith, M. and Wanek, C. eds. 2002.
1169:Lynne Elizabeth, L., and Adams, C., eds. 2000.
923:Analysis of Historic Rammed Earth Cconstruction
548:from the atmosphere as it grows, retaining the
2631:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1190:, Michael G. Smith, and Linda Smiley. 2003.
143:and personalities of the builders and users."
1733:
1239:
1253:
998:
996:
939:
465:" or "Nebraska-style", or a combination of
397:can be utilized as a building material for
363:." A bent is a structural support, like a
2702:
1740:
1726:
1246:
1232:
1173:pub. by John Wiley & Sons, inc. NY, NY
940:Lakkad, S. C.; Patel, J. M. (1981-06-01).
849:. Newton, CT: Taunton Press. p. 172.
797:Transition Culture. Retrieved: 2007-03-30.
371:, are the basis of timber-frame building.
223:-based mixes and derived products such as
2642:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
1101:"Tradical Hemcrete 2008 Information Pack"
1066:"Tradical Hemcrete 2008 Information Pack"
1002:
993:
424:Straw bale construction in Santa Cruz, CA
227:, paints and other coatings that off-gas
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2670:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
1339:Environmentally healthy community design
588:
473:bales bear up to 4,000 lb./lin.ft.
419:
334:
91:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
1123:"HemcreteĀ®: Carbon Negative Hemp Walls"
1120:
1003:Priesnitz, Rolf B. (MarchāApril 2006).
476:
2743:
2240:Corporate environmental responsibility
1139:
815:
1721:
1227:
878:
843:Gibson, Scott; Anthony, Paul (2003).
575:is 15% that of traditional concrete.
2613:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
96:Porch of a modern timber framed home
18:
1212:Natural Builder's Knowledge Network
1121:Flahiff, Daniel (August 24, 2009).
238:
13:
2255:Environmental full-cost accounting
1747:
1476:waste-water treatment technologies
978:William Stanwix and Alex Sparrow.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2792:
2189:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
1461:agricultural wastewater treatment
1205:
359:Timber framing typically uses a "
16:Sustainable construction practice
2766:Buildings and structures by type
2701:
2690:
2689:
2659:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
1414:
127:processes and locally available
23:
2245:Corporate social responsibility
2174:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2113:Community-supported agriculture
1798:Human impact on the environment
1542:List of energy storage projects
1466:industrial wastewater treatment
1319:Environmental impact assessment
1289:Environmental impact assessment
1133:
1114:
1093:
1079:
1058:
1015:
972:
324:
320:Plant-based material techniques
297:
138:, as well as those that, while
2485:Socially responsible marketing
1214:, requires Facebook membership
933:
899:
872:
863:
836:
809:
800:
778:
502:Rice-hull bagwall construction
211:. A wide variety of reused or
1:
2676:Sustainable Development Goals
2480:Socially responsible business
1163:
1036:10.1080/00038628.2021.1896471
721:Helsinki Central Library Oodi
666:Alternative natural materials
409:
1028:Architectural Science Review
958:10.1016/0015-0568(81)90023-3
946:Fibre Science and Technology
593:A section of a cordwood home
507:
166:
85:A small cob building with a
7:
2771:Recycled building materials
2505:Sustainability organization
2290:Standards and certification
1881:Social return on investment
1324:Environmental impact design
726:Hemp as a building material
658:
578:
537:Like other plant products,
481:
225:Autoclaved aerated concrete
10:
2797:
1930:Systemic change resistance
1682:High-performance buildings
1140:Chiras, Daniel D. (2000).
1103:. American Lime Technology
1068:. American Lime Technology
816:Chiras, Daniel D. (2000).
787:A Natural Way of Building.
631:
582:
511:
485:
413:
386:
328:
301:
274:
247:
229:volatile organic compounds
2685:
2596:
2533:
2305:
2232:
2141:
2108:Climate-smart agriculture
2093:
2065:
2022:
1976:
1943:
1816:
1773:
1755:
1677:Heat recovery ventilation
1662:Environmental remediation
1587:
1490:
1423:
1412:
1279:Climate smart agriculture
1261:
1194:Chelsea Green Publishing.
382:
2761:Sustainable architecture
2250:Environmental accounting
1999:Sustainable architecture
1989:Environmental technology
1667:Glass in green buildings
1611:sustainable architecture
1255:Environmental technology
772:
756:Sustainable architecture
716:Greystone (architecture)
627:
243:
113:sustainable architecture
2123:Sustainable agriculture
990:. (p. 23, 1st Edition).
882:The Hand-sculpted House
706:Green building and wood
416:Straw bale construction
53:more precise citations.
2666:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
2535:Sustainable management
2520:Urban drainage systems
2260:Environmental planning
2224:Water recycling shower
2214:Tidal stream generator
2009:Sustainable industries
1968:Sustainable population
1953:Demographic transition
1935:Tragedy of the commons
1657:Environmental movement
1354:Sustainability science
1344:Public interest design
1269:Appropriate technology
1218:The Last Straw Journal
1182:New Society Publishers
594:
425:
340:
270:
97:
89:
2558:Humanistic capitalism
2373:Environmental finance
2014:Sustainable packaging
1536:hydrogen technologies
1450:Solid waste treatment
1180:Gabriola Island, BC.
1009:Natural Life Magazine
982:, Green Books, 2014,
879:Evans, Ianto (2002).
751:Self-sufficient homes
598:Cordwood construction
592:
585:Cordwood construction
488:Earthbag construction
423:
338:
95:
84:
2756:Sustainable building
2751:Architectural theory
2525:Urban infrastructure
2219:Water heat recycling
2042:Conservation biology
1886:Steady-state economy
1861:Micro-sustainability
1846:Ecological footprint
1803:Planetary boundaries
1707:Water heat recycling
1637:Efficient energy use
1627:Conservation biology
1564:Sustainable lighting
1500:Efficient energy use
1314:Environmental Design
1284:Environmental design
565:compressive strength
477:Composite techniques
157:ecological footprint
2626:Earth Summit (1992)
2280:Metrics and indices
2133:Sustainable fishery
2052:Holocene extinction
1871:Product stewardship
1841:Earth Overshoot Day
1692:Nature conservation
1687:Land rehabilitation
1642:Energy conservation
1531:carbon-neutral fuel
1439:dispersion modeling
671:Autonomous building
389:Bamboo construction
153:natural ventilation
136:renewable resources
105:ecological building
2776:Building materials
2085:Sustainable energy
2047:Endangered species
2004:Sustainable design
1918:Consumer behaviour
1510:Energy development
1492:Sustainable energy
1481:water purification
1445:Industrial ecology
980:The Hempcrete Book
793:2008-02-03 at the
784:Hopkins, R. 2002.
595:
552:and releasing the
426:
403:composite material
341:
233:polyvinyl chloride
98:
90:
2738:
2737:
2664:Earth Summit 2002
2647:Lisbon Principles
2619:Our Common Future
2297:Sustainable yield
2103:Civic agriculture
1856:Green consumption
1793:Global governance
1715:
1714:
1552:commercialization
1197:Woolley T. 2006.
1153:978-1-890132-57-6
1005:"Hemp For Houses"
988:978-0-8578412-0-9
892:978-1-890132-34-7
856:978-1-56158-575-5
829:978-1-890132-57-6
696:Ecological design
653:natural landscape
199:/post-and-beam),
129:natural materials
121:ecological design
79:
78:
71:
2788:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2637:Agenda 21 (1992)
2608:
2573:Natural resource
2460:Organic movement
2435:Impact investing
2154:Hydroelectricity
2128:Sustainable diet
2080:Renewable energy
2075:Carbon footprint
2057:Invasive species
1994:Natural building
1945:World population
1906:Marketing myopia
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1788:Environmentalism
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1616:New Urbanism
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1588:Conservation
1380:food systems
1365:architecture
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178:
172:
170:
145:
133:
104:
100:
99:
65:
56:
37:
2599:conferences
2470:Procurement
2413:Development
2313:Advertising
2275:Measurement
2209:Tidal power
2204:Small hydro
2169:Micro hydro
2032:Biosecurity
1984:Appropriate
1913:Sustainable
1896:Advertising
1818:Consumption
1808:Development
1632:Ecoforestry
1390:procurement
1375:development
1360:agriculture
1188:Ianto Evans
492:Super Adobe
399:scaffolding
350:Scandinavia
161:water reuse
125:sustainable
117:sustainable
115:as well as
87:living roof
51:introducing
2745:Categories
2490:Sanitation
2445:Livelihood
2368:Ecovillage
2353:Eco-cities
2270:Accounting
2179:Pico hydro
2159:Hydropower
1977:Technology
1775:Principles
1601:insulation
1594:Building (
1557:transition
1400:technology
1385:industries
1164:References
1107:2009-08-25
1072:2010-05-15
681:Brownstone
638:Stone wall
618:light clay
523:hemp hurds
450:foundation
410:Straw bale
34:references
2583:Recycling
2578:Planetary
2568:Materials
2563:Landscape
2548:Fisheries
2515:Transport
2440:Landscape
2423:Marketing
2398:Gardening
2338:Community
2285:Reporting
2149:Footprint
2037:Biosphere
1702:Recycling
1425:Pollution
1405:transport
1127:Inhabitat
1052:233617364
1044:0003-8628
966:0015-0568
736:Log house
731:Hempcrete
634:Dry stone
616:, cob or
558:limestone
519:Hempcrete
514:Hempcrete
508:Hempcrete
458:plastered
428:Although
406:America.
281:The term
191:), wood (
189:earth bag
167:Materials
59:June 2012
2696:Category
2495:Sourcing
2430:Greening
2323:Business
2199:Security
2194:Scarcity
1030:: 1ā17.
791:Archived
766:YakhchÄl
686:Building
659:See also
579:Cordwood
569:concrete
541:absorbs
499:see also
482:Earthbag
454:stuccoed
442:Nebraska
254:Mudbrick
213:recycled
193:cordwood
140:recycled
2729:Degrees
2722:Studies
2715:Science
2510:Tourism
2403:Geopark
2393:Finance
2388:Fashion
1963:Control
1851:Ethical
1760:Outline
1606:natural
1526:biofuel
1459:Water (
1434:control
1262:General
602:masonry
573:density
467:framing
430:grasses
369:joinery
47:improve
2678:(2015)
2655:(2000)
2649:(1997)
2633:(1992)
2621:(1987)
2553:Forest
2455:Market
2450:Living
2067:Energy
1923:Market
1519:Fuel (
1370:design
1150:
1050:
1042:
986:
964:
889:
853:
826:
554:oxygen
550:carbon
395:Bamboo
383:Bamboo
205:bamboo
36:, but
2708:Lists
2588:Waste
2500:Space
2408:Green
2142:Water
1901:Brand
1765:Index
1596:green
1048:S2CID
927:(PDF)
773:Notes
628:Stone
438:bales
434:straw
365:truss
354:Japan
292:Yemen
288:Devon
250:Adobe
244:Adobe
209:stone
201:straw
180:adobe
2328:City
2095:Food
1148:ISBN
1040:ISSN
984:ISBN
962:ISSN
887:ISBN
851:ISBN
824:ISBN
636:and
539:hemp
527:lime
490:and
446:sods
432:and
361:bent
252:and
207:and
119:and
2318:Art
1032:doi
954:doi
606:cob
604:or
504:).
456:or
283:cob
271:Cob
195:or
187:or
177:or
174:cob
131:.
103:or
2747::
1125:.
1046:.
1038:.
1026:.
1007:.
995:^
960:.
950:14
948:.
944:.
912:^
560:.
543:CO
356:.
163:.
111:,
1741:e
1734:t
1727:v
1623:)
1580:)
1571:(
1538:)
1483:)
1441:)
1407:)
1247:e
1240:t
1233:v
1184:.
1156:.
1129:.
1110:.
1089:.
1075:.
1054:.
1034::
1011:.
968:.
956::
895:.
859:.
832:.
545:2
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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