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606:, or wooden posts. Straw, cement, or manure added to a standard adobe mixture can produce a stronger, more crack-resistant brick. A test is done on the soil content first. To do so, a sample of the soil is mixed into a clear container with some water, creating an almost completely saturated liquid. The container is shaken vigorously for one minute. It is then allowed to settle for a day until the soil has settled into layers. Heavier particles settle out first, sand above, silt above that, and very fine clay and organic matter will stay in suspension for days. After the water has cleared, percentages of the various particles can be determined. Fifty to 60 percent sand and 35 to 40 percent clay will yield strong bricks. The
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728:(UBC) was adopted in the United States. Local ordinances, referencing the UBC added requirements to building with adobe. These included: restriction of building height of adobe structures to 1-story, requirements for adobe mix (compressive and shear strength) and new requirements which stated that every building shall be designed to withstand seismic activity, specifically lateral forces. By the 1980s however, seismic related changes in the California Building Code effectively ended solid wall adobe construction in California; however Post-and-Beam adobe and veneers are still being used.
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445:. Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick. Dung offers the same advantage. The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 15% clay, 10–30% silt, and 55–75% fine sand. Another source quotes 15–25% clay and the remainder sand and coarser particles up to cobbles 50 to 250 mm (2 to 10 in), with no deleterious effect. Modern adobe is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to 10% by weight.
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for the adobe block. Adobe construction should be designed so as to avoid lateral structural loads that would cause bending loads. The building codes require the building sustain a 1 g lateral acceleration earthquake load. Such an acceleration will cause lateral loads on the walls, resulting in shear and bending and inducing tensile stresses. To withstand such loads, the codes typically call for a tensile modulus of rupture strength of at least 50 lbf/in (0.345 newton/mm) for the finished block.
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and in different regions. In some areas a popular size measured 8 by 4 by 12 inches (20 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm) weighing about 25 pounds (11 kg); in other contexts the size is 10 by 4 by 14 inches (25 cm × 10 cm × 36 cm) weighing about 35 pounds (16 kg). The maximum sizes can reach up to 100 pounds (45 kg); above this weight it becomes difficult to move the pieces, and it is preferred to ram the mud
505:) before they warm through to the interior. After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time-lag effect. Thus, a well-planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates, a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material.
526:=4.1 hr ft °F/Btu. Another source provides the following properties: conductivity=0.30 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.52 W/(m K); specific heat capacity=0.24 Btu/(lb °F) or 1 kJ/(kg K) and density=106 lb/ft or 1700 kg/m, giving heat capacity=25.4 Btu/(ft °F) or 1700 kJ/(m K). Using the average value of the thermal conductivity as k = 32 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.55 W/(m K), the thermal diffusivity is calculated to be 0.013 ft/h or 3.3x10 m/s.
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559:, is made by placing soft adobe in layers, rather than by making individual dried bricks or using a form. "Puddle" is a general term for a clay or clay and sand-based material worked into a dense, plastic state. These are the oldest methods of building with adobe in the Americas until holes in the ground were used as forms, and later wooden forms used to make individual bricks were introduced by the Spanish.
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carry the forces. To protect the interior and exterior adobe walls, finishes such as mud plaster, whitewash or stucco can be applied. These protect the adobe wall from water damage, but need to be reapplied periodically. Alternatively, the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters that provide longer protection. Bricks made with stabilized adobe generally do not need protection of plasters.
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452:, with the remainder non-expansive illite or kaolinite. Too much expansive clay results in uneven drying through the brick, resulting in cracking, while too much kaolinite will make a weak brick. Typically the soils of the Southwest United States, where such construction has been widely used, are an adequate composition.
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Roof design evolved around 1850 in the
American Southwest. Three inches of adobe mud was applied on top of the latillas, then 18 inches of dry adobe dirt applied to the roof. The dirt was contoured into a low slope to a downspout aka a 'canal'. When moisture was applied to the roof the clay particles
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To construct a flat adobe roof, beams of wood were laid to span the building, the ends of which were attached to the tops of the walls. Once the vigas, latillas and brush are laid, adobe bricks are placed. An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure a greater expanse is
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In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost, adobe can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction. In climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe mediates
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The traditional adobe roof has been constructed using a mixture of soil/clay, water, sand and organic materials. The mixture was then formed and pressed into wood forms, producing rows of dried earth bricks that would then be laid across a support structure of wood and plastered into place with more
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The ground supporting an adobe structure should be compressed, as the weight of adobe wall is significant and foundation settling may cause cracking of the wall. Footing depth is to be below the ground frost level. The footing and stem wall are commonly 24 and 14 inches thick, respectively. Modern
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Bricks made from adobe are usually made by pressing the mud mixture into an open timber frame. In North
America, the brick is typically about 25 by 36 cm (10 by 14 in) in size. The mixture is molded into the frame, which is removed after initial setting. After drying for a few hours, the
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Thermodynamic material properties have significant variation in the literature. Some experiments suggest that the standard consideration of conductivity is not adequate for this material, as its main thermodynamic property is inertia, and conclude that experimental tests should be performed over a
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Adobe walls are load bearing, i.e. they carry their own weight into the foundation rather than by another structure, hence the adobe must have sufficient compressive strength. In the United States, most building codes call for a minimum compressive strength of 300 lbf/in (2.07 newton/mm)
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Adobe bricks are rectangular prisms small enough that they can quickly air dry individually without cracking. They can be subsequently assembled, with the application of adobe mud to bond the individual bricks into a structure. There is no standard size, with substantial variations over the years
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Depending on the materials available, a roof may be assembled using wood or metal beams to create a framework to begin layering adobe bricks. Depending on the thickness of the adobe bricks, the framework has been preformed using a steel framing and a layering of a metal fencing or wiring over the
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is placed on top of the opening to support the bricks above. Atop the last courses of brick, bond beams made of heavy wood beams or modern reinforced concrete are laid to provide a horizontal bearing plate for the roof beams and to redistribute lateral earthquake loads to shear walls more able to
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covered when placing the bricks onto the roof. Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar, recommended to be at least 25 mm (1 in) thick to make certain there is ample strength between the brick's edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during rain.
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Depending on the materials, adobe roofs can be inherently fire-proof. The construction of a chimney can greatly influence the construction of the roof supports, creating an extra need for care in choosing the materials. The builders can make an adobe chimney by stacking simple adobe bricks in a
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for a north facing 10-in wall of R0=10 hr ft °F/Btu, which corresponds to thermal conductivity k=10 in x 1 ft/12 in /R0=0.33 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.57 W/(m K) in agreement with the thermal conductivity reported from another source. To determine the total R-value of a wall, scale
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construction codes call for the use of reinforcing steel in the footing and stem wall. Adobe bricks are laid by course. Adobe walls usually never rise above two stories as they are load bearing and adobe has low structural strength. When creating window and door openings, a
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framework to allow an even load as masses of adobe are spread across the metal fencing like cob and allowed to air dry accordingly. This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent cracking.
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Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed, adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size, provided drying is even and the mixture includes reinforcement for larger bricks. Reinforcement can include manure, straw, cement,
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Buildings made of sun-dried earth are common throughout the world (Middle East, Western Asia, North Africa, West Africa, South
America, Southwestern North America, Southwestern and Eastern Europe.). Adobe had been in use by
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Chávez-Galán, Jesus; Almanza, Rafael; Rodríguez, Neftali (2008). "Experimental
Measurments of Thermal Properties for Mexican Building Materials to Simulate Thermal Behavior to Save Energy".
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In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater
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215:, but they are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage if they are not reinforced. Cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include the
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the high and low temperatures of the day, moderating the temperature of the living space. The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun (
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built their adobe structures with handsful or basketsful of adobe, until the
Spanish introduced them to making bricks. Adobe bricks were used in Spain from the
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Mauricio, Ana
Cecilia; Grieseler, Rolf; Heller, Andrew R.; Kelley, Alice R.; Rumiche, Francisco; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Viveen, Willem (30 November 2021).
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used cheaper materials and made a specialized adobe brick called "Bitudobe." His first adobe house was built in 1936. In 1948, he published the book
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The more traditional flat adobe roofs are functional only in dry climates that are not exposed to snow loads. The heaviest wooden beams, called
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1091: – Persian archeological site (also known as Ctesiphon Arch) in Iraq is the largest mud brick arch in the world, built beginning in 540 AD
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expanded to create a waterproof membrane. Once a year it was necessary to pull the weeds from the roof and re-slope the dirt as needed.
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1617:. State of New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department Energy Conservation and Management Division (ECMD). p. 9.
472:, is built in adobe. The struts projecting from the wall serve as decoration, as well as supports for scaffolding during maintenance.
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has existed for around 4,000 years with relatively little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the
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which described his method of construction, including how to make "Bitudobe." In 1938, he served as an adviser to the architects
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260:(eighth century BCE onwards). Its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and manufacture, and economics.
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has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North
America, especially in
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Post-Adobe; Simplified Adobe
Construction Combining A Rugged Timber Frame And Modern Stabilized Adobe,
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Post-adobe; Simplified Adobe
Construction Combining a Rugged Timber Frame and Modern Stabilized Adobe
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longer period of time than usual - preferably with changing thermal jumps. There is an effective
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by the thickness of the wall in inches. The thermal resistance of adobe is also stated as an
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buildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world.
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Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo
Shabaka (1999).
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383:. English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century, still referring to
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bricks are turned on edge to finish drying. Slow drying in shade reduces cracking.
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Vargas, J.; J. Bariola; M. Blondet (1986). "Seismic Strength of Adobe Masonry".
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1458:. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. p. 70. Archived from
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2009 New Mexico Energy Conservation Code Residential Applications Manual,v2.0
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This article is about the building material. For the software company, see
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Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words that Come from Spanish
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1518:"The role of adobes in the thermal performance of vernacular dwellings"
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796:: the world's largest adobe structure, dating to at least 500 BC
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1346:, Second Edition, on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press, 2009
161:. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the
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Add Water, Then Stir – How Adobe Construction Works | HowStuffWorks
1215:
Short documentary about adobe preparation and 2010 Chile earthquake
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removed, exposing the adobe bricks at Fort St. Sebastien in France
329:"mud brick" (with vowels unwritten). Middle Egyptian evolved into
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at New Mexico State University recommends a mix of not more than
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36:"Adobes" redirects here. For the place in Castile-La Mancha, see
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made of earth mixed with water and an organic material such as
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Earth Building: Methods and Materials, Repair and Conservation
1307:. Montagnac, France: Éditions Monique Mergoil. pp. 49–57.
598:-based cement for the plaster to protect against rain damage.
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1150:"The earliest adobe monumental architecture in the Americas"
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Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
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Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V)
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1079: – Turf house used in early colonial North America
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Adobe architecture has been dated to before 5,100 BC.
1416:"Adobe-The Material, Its Deterioration, Its Coatings"
130:
1317:
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Cliff dwellings of poured or puddled adobe (cob) at
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173:. Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to
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1217:Livingatlaschile.com, FICh. Retrieved 5 March 2014
1113:
594:on interior and exterior walls. Some cultures used
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100:
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736:The largest structure ever made from adobe is the
1516:Michael, Philokyprou, Thravalou, Ioannou (2016).
586:The same mixture, without straw, is used to make
534:
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1016: – Building material made of soil and fiber
1004: – Earth-based stabilized building material
748:in Peru, with 100 million signed bricks and the
555:adobe (puddled clay, piled earth), today called
16:Building material of earth and organic materials
1154:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1043: – 17th-century Spanish mission in Arizona
1749:. Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. p. 114.
1322:. Geological Society of America. p. 299.
1049: – Style of architecture used adobe walls
1904:
1073: – Construction material of damp subsoil
448:No more than half the clay content should be
199:, resulting in a different typology known as
152:
1544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1305:Les maisons en terre de la Gaule méridionale
348:
1318:Rose, William I.; Julian J. Bommer (2004).
1918:
1911:
1897:
1837:"Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings"
1368:"Adobe Moulding" Auroville Earth Institute
1264:. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press
721:similar fashion as the surrounding walls.
666:
40:. For the place in the United States, see
1303:de Chazelles-Gazzal, Claire-Anne (1997).
1191:
1173:
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571:Adobe bricks near a construction site in
398:, regardless of the construction method.
1803:
884:Adobe brick house under construction in
853:Adobe brick house under construction in
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488:, by adding a new layer of mud rendering
480:Maintenance of historic architecture in
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459:
405:
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75:
60:
48:
3796:Western (genre) staples and terminology
1789:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1666:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 22.
1236:"Peru rebuilds two years on from quake"
1233:
744:. Other large adobe structures are the
390:In more modern English usage, the term
151:made from earth and organic materials.
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1742:
1736:
1278:World History: Patterns of Interaction
1037: – Egyptian architect (1900–1989)
1010: – Historic torto houses in Aruba
934:tower, the tallest adobe structure in
455:
80:Adobe walls separate urban gardens in
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2721:
1987:
1892:
1716:
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1612:
1085: – Form of earthbag construction
1055: – Earth blocks for construction
142:
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1710:
1534:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1413:
1135:participating institution membership
829:Mixing mud and straw in brick frames
663:, which used his Post-adobe system.
1698:from the original on 9 October 2022
1242:from the original on 15 August 2009
349:
240:in the Southwestern United States,
13:
1446:
1282:. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell.
347:. This was adopted into Arabic as
238:indigenous peoples of the Americas
14:
3807:
3035:Megalithic architectural elements
1884:
1746:Carmel, A History in Architecture
1456:New Mexico Geology, November 1984
1358:, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007, p.5
2722:
1560:"Mass and insulation with adobe"
980:
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501:) and from the surrounding air (
371:. This was assimilated into the
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53:Adobe wall (detail) in Bahillo,
3654:Evolutionary origin of religion
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1421:. pp. 5–16. Archived from
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1234:Collyns, Dan (15 August 2009).
562:
433:composition typically contains
230:
3776:Adobe buildings and structures
1863:"How Adobe Construction Works"
1839:. Dawson Lupul. Archived from
1684:Technical Information Online.
1449:"Adobe as a building material"
1336:
1320:Natural hazards in El Salvador
1311:
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1267:
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1047:Monterey Colonial architecture
535:Poured and puddled adobe walls
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1:
3766:Soil-based building materials
3267:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2797:British megalith architecture
1719:"ABCs of Making Adobe Bricks"
1584:. Spriner. pp. 496–501.
1101:
692:
334:
317:
3262:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2802:Nordic megalith architecture
1590:10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_89
971:, famous building made from
263:
248:for several thousand years.
7:
1723:New Mexico State University
1613:Hagan, Dan (January 2011).
995:
810:Still in production today,
206:
10:
3812:
3410:British Isles and Brittany
3331:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1804:Comstock, Hugh W. (1948).
1686:"Mud Plasters and Renders"
1041:Mission San Xavier del Bac
659:Associates, who built the
630:sand, and never more than
163:Southwestern United States
35:
24:
18:
3612:
3425:
3252:
3099:
3095:
3078:
2964:
2928:
2777:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2524:
2355:
2328:
2253:
2179:
2170:
2075:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1926:
1651:Oxford English Dictionary
1344:Oxford English Dictionary
1260:Marchand, Trevor (2009).
1122:Oxford English Dictionary
1025: – Building material
217:1976 Guatemala earthquake
1662:Keefe, Laurence (2005).
1381:Materials and Structures
340:), where it appeared as
25:Not to be confused with
3786:Vernacular architecture
3642:Evolutionary musicology
3045:Oldest extant buildings
2972:Archaeological features
2491:Prepared-core technique
1691:. Practicalaction.org.
1175:10.1073/pnas.2102941118
1127:Oxford University Press
667:Adobe wall construction
647:, designer and builder
529:
333:and finally to Coptic (
65:Renewal of the surface
3781:Appropriate technology
3604:Unchambered long cairn
3452:Mound Builders culture
2785:Neolithic architecture
1920:Prehistoric technology
1653:2nd. ed. 2009. CD-rom.
1067: – Type of castle
1023:Compressed earth block
969:Great Mosque of Djenné
732:Adobe around the world
680:
579:
548:
489:
473:
466:Great Mosque of Djenné
414:
277:
153:
140:Spanish pronunciation:
85:
73:
58:
3279:List of Stone Age art
2481:Microblade technology
2429:Langdale axe industry
2027:Ard / plough
1743:Seavey, Kent (2007).
1629:"HVAC Systems AE-390"
726:Uniform Building Code
674:
570:
542:
479:
463:
409:
367:attached to the root
271:
225:2010 Chile earthquake
79:
64:
52:
3791:Sustainable building
3686:Prehistoric medicine
3681:Prehistoric counting
3664:Prehistoric religion
3659:Paleolithic religion
3637:Behavioral modernity
2994:Causewayed enclosure
2886:Abri de la Madeleine
2010:Neolithic Revolution
1262:The Masons of Djenne
1221:24 June 2017 at the
955:Santa Fe, New Mexico
620:clay, not less than
522:for a 10-inch wall R
417:An adobe brick is a
412:Santa Fe, New Mexico
373:Old Spanish language
274:San Pedro de Atacama
71:Chamisal, New Mexico
69:of an adobe wall in
3725:Prehistoric warfare
2471:Magdalenian culture
2434:Levallois technique
2365:Earliest toolmaking
1717:Dominguez, Thomas.
1631:. Drexel University
1166:2021PNAS..11802941M
1125:(Online ed.).
990:showing adobe-ovens
657:Franklin & Kump
456:Material properties
321: 2000 BC
221:2003 Bam earthquake
171:Territorial Revival
3676:Origin of language
3669:Spiritual drug use
3579:Rectangular dolmen
3481:Dartmoor kistvaens
3294:Carved stone balls
3006:Circular enclosure
2965:Other architecture
2908:Alp pile dwellings
2496:Solutrean industry
2407:Gravettian culture
2057:Secondary products
1465:on 2 December 2013
1393:10.1007/BF02472107
951:San Miguel Mission
681:
661:Carmel High School
580:
549:
490:
474:
419:composite material
415:
338: 600 BC
278:
86:
74:
59:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3698:Prehistoric music
3647:music archaeology
3304:Cup and ring mark
3129:Clothing/textiles
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2516:Yubetsu technique
2501:Striking platform
2466:Lithic technology
2351:
2350:
2336:Game drive system
2255:Projectile points
2147:Mortar and pestle
1649:"puddle, n. 4.".
1599:978-3-540-75996-6
1497:on 18 August 2013
1414:Garrison, James.
1329:978-0-8137-2375-4
1289:978-0-395-87274-1
1133:(Subscription or
975:, a type of adobe
915:An adobe wall in
742:Achaemenid Empire
149:building material
3803:
3713:Divje Babe flute
3620:Archaeoastronomy
3363:Petrosomatoglyph
3097:
3096:
3080:
3079:
2929:Water management
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2622:Denticulate tool
2444:Lithic reduction
2177:
2176:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1490:. Archived from
1489:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1453:
1447:Austin, George.
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1177:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1118:
1111:
1065:Qalat (fortress)
1019:
984:
965:
947:
928:
912:
896:
881:
865:
850:
841:Community effort
838:
826:
807:
769:
760:, both in Peru.
649:Hugh W. Comstock
645:Great Depression
639:
638:
634:
629:
628:
624:
619:
618:
614:
362:definite article
352:
351:
339:
336:
322:
319:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
250:Puebloan peoples
156:
146:
144:[aˈðoβe]
141:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3741:
3608:
3594:Stone box grave
3564:Megalithic tomb
3469:Cotswold-Severn
3421:
3326:Guardian stones
3254:Prehistoric art
3248:
3091:
3066:
3055:Timber trackway
2960:
2924:
2920:Wattle and daub
2773:
2752:Standing stones
2726:
2705:
2520:
2347:
2324:
2249:
2166:
2076:Food processing
2071:
2020:New World crops
1992:
1979:
1922:
1917:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1869:. 17 April 2012
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:Terra Lyon 2016
1520:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1428:on 5 March 2016
1425:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1232:
1228:
1223:Wayback Machine
1213:
1209:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1095:Wattle and daub
1029:Earth structure
1017:
998:
991:
985:
976:
966:
957:
948:
939:
929:
920:
913:
904:
897:
888:
882:
873:
866:
857:
851:
842:
839:
830:
827:
818:
808:
799:
798:
797:
790:Kerman Province
775:
770:
734:
695:
677:earthen plaster
669:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
621:
616:
612:
611:
565:
537:
532:
525:
517:
458:
450:expansive clays
410:Adobe style in
404:
379:, probably via
337:
320:
314:Middle Egyptian
288:
284:
266:
233:
209:
190:
157:is Spanish for
139:
132:
121:
120:
96:
92:
45:
34:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Alligator drum
3695:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3630:lunar calendar
3627:
3616:
3614:
3613:Other cultural
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3417:Venus figurine
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Megalithic art
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3299:Cave paintings
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3101:Material goods
3093:
3092:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2817:Cliff dwelling
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Fire hardening
2399:
2394:
2392:Clovis culture
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:Manis Mastodon
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:throwing stick
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1885:External links
1883:
1881:
1880:
1854:
1843:on 1 July 2017
1828:
1796:
1755:
1735:
1709:
1676:
1672:978-0415323222
1655:
1642:
1620:
1605:
1598:
1572:
1551:
1508:
1476:
1439:
1406:
1387:(4): 253–256.
1371:
1360:
1348:
1335:
1328:
1310:
1295:
1288:
1266:
1253:
1226:
1207:
1140:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:Cob (building)
1011:
1005:
997:
994:
993:
992:
986:
979:
977:
967:
960:
958:
949:
942:
940:
930:
923:
921:
919:, Gansu, China
914:
907:
905:
898:
891:
889:
883:
876:
874:
867:
860:
858:
852:
845:
843:
840:
833:
831:
828:
821:
819:
809:
802:
772:
771:
764:
763:
762:
758:Tambo Colorado
733:
730:
694:
691:
668:
665:
564:
561:
545:Cuarenta Casas
536:
533:
531:
528:
523:
515:
457:
454:
403:
400:
387:construction.
265:
262:
232:
229:
208:
205:
189:
186:
167:Pueblo Revival
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Simple dolmen
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Passage grave
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3520:Gallery grave
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:Burial mounds
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Statue menhir
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:Stone carving
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Sewing needle
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
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2223:spear-thrower
2221:
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2201:Bow and arrow
2199:
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2110:Grinding slab
2108:
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2043:
2042:Domestication
2040:
2038:
2037:Digging stick
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Founder crops
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1976:
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1969:
1966:
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1956:New Stone Age
1954:
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1756:9780738547053
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1485:"14.7.4 NMAC"
1480:
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747:
746:Huaca del Sol
743:
740:built by the
739:
729:
727:
724:In 1927, the
722:
718:
714:
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703:
699:
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673:
664:
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346:
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332:
331:Late Egyptian
328:
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315:
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283:
275:
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261:
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137:
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124:
117:
90:
83:
78:
72:
68:
63:
56:
51:
47:
43:
42:Adobes, Texas
39:
38:Adobes, Spain
32:
28:
22:
3530:wedge-shaped
3515:Funeral pyre
3508:Great dolmen
3464:Chamber tomb
3445:Round barrow
3400:Stone circle
3272:Blombos Cave
3200:Grooved ware
3124:Chalcolithic
3028:Thornborough
2946:Flush toilet
2881:Blombos Cave
2876:Rock shelter
2832:Quiggly hole
2724:Architecture
2699:illustration
2341:Buffalo jump
2162:Storage pits
2125:Aşıklı Höyük
2115:Ground stone
1951:Subdivisions
1871:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1806:
1799:
1760:. Retrieved
1745:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1679:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1608:
1581:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1554:
1540:cite journal
1524:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1455:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1409:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1229:
1210:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1120:
1109:
1071:Rammed earth
1035:Hassan Fathy
1008:Cas di torto
816:Danube Delta
749:
735:
723:
719:
715:
711:
704:
700:
696:
682:
652:
642:
600:
585:
581:
563:Adobe bricks
556:
550:
507:
495:
491:
447:
416:
391:
389:
376:
368:
364:
357:
353:
344:
324:
281:
279:
234:
231:Distribution
213:thermal mass
210:
201:rammed earth
194:
191:
183:
179:rammed earth
88:
87:
46:
3552:unchambered
3547:Long barrow
3537:Grave goods
3493:Court cairn
3488:Clava cairn
3440:Bowl barrow
3378:Rock cupule
3321:Golden hats
3314:Hill figure
3215:Unstan ware
3195:Cord-marked
3060:Sweet Track
2982:Burnt mound
2903:Stilt house
2891:Sibudu Cave
2684:Tally stick
2652:Quern-stone
2637:Hammerstone
2627:Fire plough
2598:Pesse canoe
2556:Bannerstone
2526:Other tools
2439:Lithic core
2387:Aurignacian
2275:Bare Island
2157:Quern-stone
1821:27 February
1780:|work=
1635:25 November
1565:12 December
1469:27 February
1432:27 February
1116:"adobe, n."
988:Taos Pueblo
932:Poeh Museum
917:Linxia City
643:During the
551:Poured and
402:Composition
360:, with the
254:Late Bronze
242:Mesoamerica
188:Description
3760:Categories
3691:trepanning
3584:Ring cairn
3542:Jar burial
3525:transepted
3457:U.S. sites
3358:Petroglyph
3284:Bird stone
3242:wine press
2915:Stone roof
2898:Roundhouse
2790:long house
2767:Stonehenge
2735:Ceremonial
2679:Stone tool
2506:Tool stone
2476:Metallurgy
2380:Mousterian
2357:Toolmaking
2295:Cumberland
2268:Transverse
2238:Schöningen
2130:Qesem cave
2098:Earth oven
2052:Irrigation
1963:Technology
1931:Prehistory
1873:24 October
1847:30 January
1762:16 January
1728:26 October
1702:9 November
1137:required.)
1102:References
1083:Superadobe
936:New Mexico
899:Ukrainian
855:Kyrgyzstan
693:Adobe roof
590:and often
577:Kyrgyzstan
503:convection
396:New Mexico
272:Church at
244:, and the
223:, and the
21:Adobe Inc.
3735:symbolism
3599:Tor cairn
3557:Grønsalen
3498:Cremation
3390:Sculpture
3368:Pictogram
3353:Petroform
3173:amber use
3141:Cosmetics
2951:Reservoir
2936:Check dam
2866:Pueblitos
2861:Pit-house
2844:Longhouse
2778:Dwellings
2647:Microlith
2578:Bow drill
2573:Bone tool
2566:prismatic
2375:Acheulean
2290:Cresswell
2263:Arrowhead
2189:Boomerang
2105:Granaries
2067:Terracing
1946:Stone Age
1782:ignored (
1772:cite book
1401:108826268
1342:"adobe",
1246:24 August
1184:0027-8424
1089:Taq Kasra
1077:Sod house
868:House in
786:Arg-é Bam
782:Bam, Iran
754:Chan Chan
750:ciudellas
738:Arg-é Bam
573:Milyanfan
547:in Mexico
499:radiation
381:Mozarabic
280:The word
264:Etymology
258:Iron Ages
3373:Rock art
3336:painting
3309:Geoglyph
3134:timeline
3114:Beadwork
2854:Mehrgarh
2849:Mudbrick
2757:megalith
2632:Fire-saw
2454:debitage
2449:analysis
2417:Hand axe
2397:Cupstone
1975:Glossary
1936:Timeline
1816:58880807
1693:Archived
1529:Archived
1240:Archived
1219:Archived
1202:34782482
1053:Mudbrick
996:See also
385:mudbrick
354:aṭ-ṭawbu
207:Strength
159:mudbrick
55:Palencia
3771:Masonry
3730:Symbols
3341:pigment
3227:Weaving
3190:Cardium
3185:Pottery
3180:Mirrors
3168:Jewelry
3109:Baskets
3089:culture
2941:Cistern
2747:Pyramid
2689:Weapons
2667:Scraper
2657:Racloir
2617:Cleaver
2605:Chopper
2511:Uniface
2422:Grooves
2412:Hafting
2370:Oldowan
2329:Systems
2280:Cascade
2243:woomera
2233:harpoon
2206:history
2172:Hunting
2152:Pottery
2093:Cooking
2002:Farming
1968:history
1941:Outline
1501:25 June
1238:. BBC.
1193:8640935
1162:Bibcode
901:Cossack
886:Romania
872:, Yemen
812:Romania
778:citadel
698:adobe.
635:⁄
625:⁄
615:⁄
592:plaster
553:puddled
520:R-value
511:R-value
358:aṭ-ṭūbu
323:) word
276:, Chile
196:in situ
147:) is a
67:coating
57:, Spain
3708:flutes
3503:Dolmen
3427:Burial
3237:winery
3210:Linear
3040:Midden
3018:Cursus
3011:Goseck
2871:Pueblo
2822:Dugout
2807:Burdei
2486:Mining
2310:Lamoka
2305:Folsom
2285:Clovis
2142:Metate
2120:Hearth
2088:Basket
2062:Sickle
1814:
1753:
1670:
1596:
1399:
1326:
1286:
1200:
1190:
1182:
1160:(48).
870:Sa'dah
686:lintel
640:silt.
588:mortar
482:Agadez
429:. The
219:, the
84:, Iran
82:Shiraz
3625:sites
3569:Mummy
3289:Cairn
3205:Jōmon
3156:shoes
3151:Hides
3023:Henge
2977:Broch
2839:Jacal
2694:Wheel
2642:Knife
2588:Canoe
2583:Burin
2561:Blade
2459:flake
2320:Plano
2228:baton
2218:Spear
2184:Arrow
2137:Manos
1990:Tools
1696:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1532:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1495:(PDF)
1488:(PDF)
1463:(PDF)
1452:(PDF)
1426:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
1397:S2CID
1131:
1059:Qadad
1002:Alker
973:banco
788:, in
784:, or
707:vigas
604:rebar
486:Niger
423:straw
392:adobe
377:adobe
350:الطوب
282:adobe
246:Andes
154:Adobe
119:
89:Adobe
31:Adobo
27:Abode
3718:gudi
3476:Cist
3405:list
3232:Wine
3161:Ötzi
3146:Glue
3119:Beds
3087:and
3085:Arts
2956:Well
2812:Cave
2742:Kiva
2672:side
2662:Rope
2610:tool
2544:bone
2534:Adze
2300:Eden
2213:Nets
2083:Fire
2047:Goad
2032:Celt
1875:2017
1849:2014
1823:2022
1812:OCLC
1791:link
1784:help
1764:2022
1751:ISBN
1730:2022
1704:2010
1668:ISBN
1637:2014
1594:ISBN
1567:2019
1546:link
1503:2013
1471:2013
1434:2013
1324:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1248:2009
1198:PMID
1180:ISSN
938:, US
794:Iran
776:The
756:and
675:The
596:lime
530:Uses
470:Mali
464:The
443:clay
441:and
439:silt
435:sand
431:soil
427:dung
369:tuba
345:tōbə
342:ⲧⲱⲃⲉ
256:and
177:and
135:-bee
2827:Hut
2762:row
2593:Oar
2551:Axe
2539:Awl
1586:doi
1389:doi
1188:PMC
1170:doi
1158:118
953:in
903:hut
814:'s
780:of
752:of
557:cob
425:or
375:as
365:al-
356:or
326:ḏbt
175:cob
169:or
133:DOH
29:or
3762::
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1776::
1774:}}
1770:{{
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1542:}}
1538:{{
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335:c.
318:c.
305:iː
299:oʊ
227:.
203:.
138:;
131:ə-
107:oʊ
1912:e
1905:t
1898:v
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