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2647:"Between 1960 and 2000, the world production of plastic resins increased 25 times its original amount, while recovery of the material remained below 5 percent." Many studies have addressed recycling behaviour and strategies to encourage community involvement in recycling programs. It has been argued that recycling behavior is not natural because it requires a focus and appreciation for long-term planning, whereas humans have evolved to be sensitive to short-term survival goals; and that to overcome this innate predisposition, the best solution would be to use social pressure to compel participation in recycling programs. However, recent studies have concluded that social pressure does not work in this context. One reason for this is that social pressure functions well in small group sizes of 50 to 150 individuals (common to nomadic hunter–gatherer peoples) but not in communities numbering in the millions, as we see today. Another reason is that individual recycling does not take place in the public view.
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2398:(EIA) states on its website that "a paper mill uses 40 percent less energy to make paper from recycled paper than it does to make paper from fresh lumber." Some critics argue that it takes more energy to produce recycled products than it does to dispose of them in traditional landfill methods, since the curbside collection of recyclables often requires a second waste truck. However, recycling proponents point out that a second timber or logging truck is eliminated when paper is collected for recycling, so the net energy consumption is the same. An emergy life-cycle analysis on recycling revealed that fly ash, aluminum, recycled concrete aggregate, recycled plastic, and steel yield higher efficiency ratios, whereas the recycling of lumber generates the lowest recycle benefit ratio. Hence, the specific nature of the recycling process, the methods used to analyse the process, and the products involved affect the energy savings budgets.
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2191:. Some have complained that the ultimate fate of recyclates sold to another country is unknown and they may end up in landfills instead of being reprocessed. According to one report, in America, 50–80 percent of computers destined for recycling are actually not recycled. There are reports of illegal-waste imports to China being dismantled and recycled solely for monetary gain, without consideration for workers' health or environmental damage. Although the Chinese government has banned these practices, it has not been able to eradicate them. In 2008, the prices of recyclable waste plummeted before rebounding in 2009. Cardboard averaged about £53/tonne from 2004 to 2008, dropped to £19/tonne, and then went up to £59/tonne in May 2009. PET plastic averaged about £156/tonne, dropped to £75/tonne and then moved up to £195/tonne in May 2009.
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457:, or its hazardous nature, and began to export the problem to developing countries without enforced environmental legislation. (For example, recycling computer monitors in the United States costs 10 times more than in China.) Demand for electronic waste in Asia began to grow when scrapyards found they could extract valuable substances such as copper, silver, iron, silicon, nickel, and gold during the recycling process. The 2000s saw a boom in both the sales of electronic devices and their growth as a waste stream: In 2002, e-waste grew faster than any other type of waste in the EU. This spurred investment in modern automated facilities to cope with the influx, especially after strict laws were implemented in 2003.
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stages in the recycling process. Different collection systems can induce different levels of contamination. When multiple materials are collected together, extra effort is required to sort them into separate streams and can significantly reduce the quality of the final products. Transportation and the compaction of materials can also make this more difficult. Despite improvements in technology and quality of recyclate, sorting facilities are still not 100% effective in separating materials. When materials are stored outside, where they can become wet, can also cause problems for re-processors. Further sorting steps may be required to satisfactorily reduce the amount of non-target and non-recyclable material.
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2097:: unpriced costs and benefits that accrue to individuals outside of private transactions. Examples include less air pollution and greenhouse gases from incineration and less waste leaching from landfills. Without mechanisms such as taxes or subsidies, businesses and consumers following their private benefit would ignore externalities despite the costs imposed on society. If landfills and incinerator pollution is inadequately regulated, these methods of waste disposal appear cheaper than they really are, because part of their cost is the pollution imposed on people nearby. Thus, advocates have pushed for legislation to increase demand for recycled materials. The
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2387:(spelled with an m) analysis, for example, budgets for the amount of energy of one kind (exergy) that is required to make or transform things into another kind of product or service. Emergy calculations take into account economics that can alter pure physics-based results. Using emergy life-cycle analysis researchers have concluded that materials with large refining costs have the greatest potential for high recycle benefits. Moreover, the highest emergy efficiency accrues from systems geared toward material recycling, where materials are engineered to recycle back into their original form and purpose, followed by
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group was sent fliers promoting recycling. It was found that the neighbors that were personally contacted by their block leaders recycled much more than the group without personal contact. As a result of this study, Shawn Burn believes that personal contact within a small group of people is an important factor in encouraging recycling. Another study done by Stuart Oskamp examines the effect of neighbors and friends on recycling. It was found in his studies that people who had friends and neighbors that recycled were much more likely to also recycle than those who did not have friends and neighbors that recycled.
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trade networks of the three countries result in different flows, decay rates, and potential recycling returns". As global consumption of a natural resources grows, their depletion is inevitable. The best recycling can do is to delay; complete closure of material loops to achieve 100 percent recycling of nonrenewables is impossible as micro-trace materials dissipate into the environment causing severe damage to the planet's ecosystems. Historically, this was identified as the metabolic rift by
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487:" policy, setting new standards for imports of recyclable material and banning materials deemed too "dirty" or "hazardous". The new policy caused drastic disruptions in the global recycling market, and reduced the prices of scrap plastic and low-grade paper. Exports of recyclable materials from G7 countries to China dropped dramatically, with many shifting to countries in southeast Asia. This generated significant concern about the recycling industry's practices and
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2287:. Specifically, critics argue that the costs and energy used in collection and transportation detract from (and outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process; also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining, and other industries associated with production; and that materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation prevents further recycling.
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626:, which leads to death due to gastric hemorrhage, if ingested by humans. It may also cause acute dermatitis upon skin exposure. Toxicity may also be uptaken by crops through soil, consequently spreading animals and food sources and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, cognitive impairment, chronic anemia, and damage to kidneys, bones, nervous system, brain and skin.
1429:(UNEP), published reports on metal stocks and their recycling rates. It reported that the increase in the use of metals during the 20th and into the 21st century has led to a substantial shift in metal stocks from below-ground to use in above-ground applications within society. For example, in the US, in-use copper grew from 73 to 238 kg per capita between 1932–1999.
929:. For example, to facilitate the remanufacturing of clear glass products, there are tight restrictions for colored glass entering the re-melt process. Another example is the downcycling of plastic, where products such as plastic food packaging are often downcycled into lower quality products, and do not get recycled into the same plastic food packaging.
1199:. Several studies have looked at the properties of recycled waste plastic and sand bricks. The composite pavers can be sold at 100% profit while employing workers at 1.5× the minimum wage in the West African region, where distributed recycling has the potential to produce 19 million pavement tiles from 28,000 tons of plastic water sachets annually in
1242:. Automatic sorting may be aided by robotics and machine learning. In plants, a variety of materials is sorted including paper, different types of plastics, glass, metals, food scraps, and most types of batteries. A 30% increase in recycling rates has been seen in areas with these plants. In the US, there are over 300 materials recovery facilities.
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Only target material is likely to be recycled, so higher amounts of non-target and non-recyclable materials can reduce the quantity of recycled products. A high proportion of non-target and non-recyclable material can make it more difficult to achieve "high-quality" recycling; and if recyclate is of poor quality, it is more likely to end up being
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2576:, there is a net loss to the poor and possibly the whole of a society to make recycling artificially profitable, e.g. through the law. However, in Brazil and Argentina, waste pickers/informal recyclers work alongside the authorities, in fully or semi-funded cooperatives, allowing informal recycling to be legitimized as a paid public sector job.
2073:(NWRA) reported in May 2015 that recycling and waste made a $ 6.7 billion economic impact in Ohio, U.S., and employed 14,000 people. Economists would classify this extra labor used as a cost rather than a benefit since these workers could have been employed elsewhere; the cost effectiveness of creating these additional jobs remains unclear.
2137:, a nearby factory capable of reprocessing the recyclates, and a potential demand for the recycled products. These last two requirements are often overlooked—without both an industrial market for production using the collected materials and a consumer market for the manufactured goods, recycling is incomplete and in fact only "collection".
1710:, US, uses turkey waste as input material. Gasification is a similar process but is not technically recycling since polymers are not likely to become the result. Plastic Pyrolysis can convert petroleum based waste streams such as plastics into quality fuels, carbons. Given below is the list of suitable plastic raw materials for
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circular economy using cutting-edge sorting technology and community engagement. According to Melati et al., to successfully transition to a circular economy, legislative and regulatory frameworks must encourage sustainable practices while addressing possible obstacles and difficulties in putting these ideas into action.
428:, and other such world-changing events, greatly encouraged recycling. It became necessary for most homes to recycle their waste, allowing people to make the most of what was available. Recycling household materials also meant more resources were left available for war efforts. Massive government campaigns, such as the
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and do not recycle other materials for which the benefit is less than the cost (e.g. glass). Cities, on the other hand, often recycle even when they not only do not receive enough for the paper or plastic to pay for its collection, but must actually pay private recycling companies to take it off of their hands.
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succeeded in creating an average 80% recycling rate. Despite such good results, the shift in collection costs from local government to industry and consumers has created strong opposition in some areas—for example, where manufacturers bear the responsibility for recycling their products. In the
European Union, the
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While recycling diverts waste from entering directly into landfill sites, current recycling misses the dispersive components. Critics believe that complete recycling is impracticable as highly dispersed wastes become so diluted that the energy needed for their recovery becomes increasingly excessive.
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Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables.
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ejects non-ferrous metals, which are sorted by density either by a centrifuge or vibrating plates. Precious metals can be dissolved in acid, sorted, and smelted into ingots. The remaining glass and plastic fractions are separated by density and sold to re-processors. Television sets and monitors must
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In the recycling process, television sets, monitors, cell phones, and computers are typically tested for reuse and repaired. If broken, they may be disassembled for parts still having high value if labor is cheap enough. Other e-waste is shredded to pieces roughly 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in size
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There are many actions along the recycling supply chain, each of which can affect recyclate quality. Waste producers who place non-target and non-recyclable wastes in recycling collections can affect the quality of final recyclate streams, and require extra efforts to discard those materials at later
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The quality of recyclate not only supports high-quality recycling, but it can also deliver significant environmental benefits by reducing, reusing, and keeping products out of landfills. High-quality recycling can support economic growth by maximizing the value of waste material. Higher income levels
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and achieving zero waste. It generally refers to how much of it is composed of target material, versus non-target material and other non-recyclable material. Steel and other metals have intrinsically higher recyclate quality; it is estimated that two-thirds of all new steel comes from recycled steel.
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metals were coveted as they were cheaper to acquire than virgin ore. Railroads purchased and sold scrap metal in the 19th century, and the growing steel and automobile industries purchased scrap in the early 20th century. Many secondary goods were collected, processed and sold by peddlers who scoured
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Sepúlveda, Alejandra; Schluep, Mathias; Renaud, Fabrice G.; Streicher, Martin; Kuehr, Ruediger; Hagelüken, Christian; Gerecke, Andreas C. (2010). "A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from
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Because the social support of a country is likely to be less than the loss of income to the poor undertaking recycling, there is a greater chance for the poor to come in conflict with the large recycling organizations. This means fewer people can decide if certain waste is more economically reusable
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Other studies have shown that recycling in itself is inefficient to perform the "decoupling" of economic development from the depletion of non-renewable raw materials that is necessary for sustainable development. The international transportation or recycle material flows through "... different
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according to the
Economist found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most efficient method to dispose of household waste. However, a 2004 assessment by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute concluded that incineration was the most effective method for disposing of drink containers,
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Sometimes cities have found recycling saves resources compared to other methods of disposal of waste. Two years after New York City declared that implementing recycling programs would be "a drain on the city", New York City leaders realized that an efficient recycling system could save the city over
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Other non-conventional methods of material recycling, like Waste-to-Energy (WTE) systems, have garnered increased attention in the recent past due to the polarizing nature of their emissions. While viewed as a sustainable method of capturing energy from material waste feedstocks by many, others have
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The recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment can create a significant amount of pollution. This problem is specifically occurrent in India and China. Informal recycling in an underground economy of these countries has generated an environmental and health disaster. High levels of lead
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ities do not follow all the strategies of ecosystem development. Biogeochemical paths become fairly straight relative to wild ecosystems, with reduced recycling, resulting in large flows of waste and low total energy efficiencies. By contrast, in wild ecosystems, one population's wastes are another
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argues that it wastes people's resources and lowers the wealth of a population. He notes that recycling can cost a city more than twice as much as landfills, that in the United States landfills are so heavily regulated that their pollution effects are negligible, and that the recycling process also
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Most free-market thinkers detest subsidy and intervention, arguing that they waste resources. The general argument is that if cities charge the full cost of garbage collection, private companies can profitably recycle any materials for which the benefit of recycling exceeds the cost (e.g. aluminum)
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study, waste collection and landfill disposal creates less than one job per 1,000 tons of waste material managed; in contrast, the collection, processing, and manufacturing of recycled materials creates 6–13 or more jobs per 1,000 tons. According to the U.S. Recycling
Economic Informational Study,
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Container deposit legislation mandates refunds for the return of certain containers—typically glass, plastic and metal. When a product in such a container is purchased, a small surcharge is added that the consumer can reclaim when the container is returned to a collection point. These programs have
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Copper slag is obtained when copper and nickel ores are recovered from their source ores using a pyrometallurgical process, and these ores usually contain other elements which include iron, cobalt, silica, and alumina.An estimate of 2.2–3 tons of copper slag is generated per ton of copper produced,
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In a study done by social psychologist Shawn Burn, it was found that personal contact with individuals within a neighborhood is the most effective way to increase recycling within a community. In her study, she had 10 block leaders talk to their neighbors and persuade them to recycle. A comparison
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Some plastics are remelted to form new plastic objects; for example, PET water bottles can be converted into polyester destined for clothing. A disadvantage of this type of recycling is that the molecular weight of the polymer can change further and the levels of unwanted substances in the plastic
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In mixed waste collection, recyclates are collected mixed with the rest of the waste, and the desired materials are sorted out and cleaned at a central sorting facility. This results in a large amount of recyclable waste (especially paper) being too soiled to reprocess, but has advantages as well:
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had about 50% of world share of waste and recycling industries, with over 60,000 companies employing 500,000 people and a turnover of €24 billion. EU countries are mandated to reach recycling rates of at least 50%; leading countries are already at around 65%. The overall EU average was 39% in 2013
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Recycling of metals varies extremely by type. Titanium and lead have an extremely high recycling rates of over 90%. Copper and cobalt have high rates of recycling around 75%. Only about half of aluminum is recycled. Most of the remaining metals have recycling rates of below 35%, while 34 types of
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and makes up meat trays, egg cartons, clamshell containers, and compact disc cases. Type 7 includes all other plastics such as bulletproof materials, 3- and 5-gallon water bottles, cell phone and tablet frames, safety goggles and sunglasses. Having a recycling code or the chasing arrows logo on a
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For some polymers, it is possible to convert them back into monomers, for example, PET can be treated with an alcohol and a catalyst to form a dialkyl terephthalate. The terephthalate diester can be used with ethylene glycol to form a new polyester polymer, thus making it possible to use the pure
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Community engagement, such as education and awareness campaigns, may support the acceptance of recycling and reuse programs and encourage the usage of sustainable practices. One can lessen our influence on the environment, save natural resources, and generate economic possibilities by adopting a
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By extending the lifespan of goods, parts, and materials, a circular economy seeks to minimize waste and maximize resource utilization. Advanced sorting techniques like optical and robotic sorting may separate and recover valuable materials from waste streams, lowering the requirement for virgin
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Finally, glass is sorted according to its color: brown, amber, green, or clear. It may be sorted either by hand, or by a machine that uses colored filters to detect colors. Glass fragments smaller than 10 millimetres (0.39 in) cannot be sorted automatically, and are mixed together as "glass
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At buy-back centers, separated, cleaned recyclates are purchased, providing a clear incentive for use and creating a stable supply. The post-processed material can then be sold. If profitable, this conserves the emission of greenhouse gases; if unprofitable, it increases their emission. Buy-back
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can choose more environmentally conscious options, prompting producers to increase the recycled material in their products and increase demand. Standardized recycling labeling can also have a positive effect on the supply of recyclates when it specifies how and where the product can be recycled.
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How much energy is used in recycling also depends on the type of material being recycled and the process used to do so. Aluminium is generally agreed to use far less energy when recycled rather than being produced from scratch. The EPA states that "recycling aluminum cans, for example, saves 95
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The report's authors observed that, as metals are inherently recyclable, metal stocks in society can serve as huge above-ground mines (the term "urban mining" has thus been coined). However, they found that the recycling rates of many metals are low. They warned that the recycling rates of some
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Source separation used to be the preferred method due to the high cost of sorting commingled (mixed waste) collection. However, advances in sorting technology have substantially lowered this overhead, and many areas that had developed source separation programs have switched to what is called
1016:
A number of systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the general waste stream, occupying different places on the spectrum of trade-off between public convenience and government ease and expense. The three main categories of collection are drop-off centers, buy-back centers and
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has suggested that the sole benefit of reducing landfill space is trumped by the energy needed and resulting pollution from the recycling process. Others, however, have calculated through life-cycle assessment that producing recycled paper uses less energy and water than harvesting, pulping,
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Every year, millions of tons of materials are being exploited from the earth's crust, and processed into consumer and capital goods. After decades to centuries, most of these materials are "lost". With the exception of some pieces of art or religious relics, they are no longer engaged in the
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Both minimum recycled content mandates and utilization rates increase demand by forcing manufacturers to include recycling in their operations. Content mandates specify that a certain percentage of a new product must consist of recycled material. Utilization rates are a more flexible option:
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are recycled using environmentally unsound techniques and are likely stored in homes and warehouses, dumped, exported or recycled under inferior conditions. When e-waste is treated using inferior activities, it can release as many as 1000 different chemical substances ... including harmful
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The final government regulation toward increased demand is recycled product labeling. When producers are required to label their packaging with the amount of recycled material it contains (including the packaging), consumers can make more educated choices. Consumers with sufficient
2444:, who identified the unequal exchange rate between energy and nutrients flowing from rural areas to feed urban cities that create effluent wastes degrading the planet's ecological capital, such as loss in soil nutrient production. Energy conservation also leads to what is known as
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remarks upon the difficulty of managing e-waste, particularly from home automation products, which, due to their becoming obsolete at a high rate, are putting increasing strain on recycling systems, which have not adapted to meet the recycling needs posed by this type of product.
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Substituting gravel and grit in quarries has been more cost-effective, due to having its sources with better proximity to consumer markets. Trading between countries and establishment of blast furnaces is helping increase slag utilization, hence reducing wastage and pollution.
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Certain regions have difficulty using or exporting as much of a material as they recycle. This problem is most prevalent with glass: both
Britain and the U.S. import large quantities of wine bottled in green glass. Though much of this glass is sent to be recycled, outside the
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from the sale of quality recyclates can return value significant to local governments, households and businesses. Pursuing high-quality recycling can also promote consumer and business confidence in the waste and resource management sector, and may encourage investment in it.
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Industries can meet their recycling targets at any point of their operations, or even contract out recycling in exchange for tradable credits. Opponents to these methods cite their large increase in reporting requirements, and claim that they rob the industry of flexibility.
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and the amount of disposal that the community recycles. It states that communities begin to save money when they treat recycling as a replacement for their traditional waste system rather than an add-on to it and by "redesigning their collection schedules and/or trucks".
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Drop-off centers require the waste producer to carry recyclates to a central location—either an installed or mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant itself. They are the easiest type of collection to establish but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput.
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phase. This happens in one of two ways: the product is used retaining the product functionality ("reuse") or the product continues to be used but with altered functionality ("further use"). The product design is unmodified, or only slightly modified, in both scenarios.
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417:—until the US firm Arthur D. Little published in 1921 "On the Making of Silk Purses from Sows' Ears", its research proving that when "chemistry puts on overalls and gets down to business new values appear. New and better paths are opened to reach the goals desired."
200:, can be remanufactured repeatedly without losing their purity. With other materials, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of many products and materials involves their
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consumption process. Where are they? Recycling is only an intermediate solution for such materials, although it does prolong the residence time in the anthroposphere. For thermodynamic reasons, however, recycling cannot prevent the final need for an ultimate sink.
805:, and refuse bans. Mandatory collection laws set recycling targets for cities, usually in the form that a certain percentage of a material must be diverted from the city's waste stream by a target date. The city is responsible for working to meet this target.
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individual-based recycling does not cover all of society's recycling needs. Thus, it does not negate the need for an organized recycling program. Local government can consider the activities of the recycling poor as contributing to the ruining of property.
264:
made from recyclable material, such as glass or metal, may neither be the original object nor resemble it, with the consequence that a successful ancient recycling economy can become invisible when recycling is synonymous with re-melting rather than reuse.
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in the fourth century BC. During periods when resources were scarce, archaeological studies of ancient waste dumps show less household waste (such as ash, broken tools, and pottery), implying that more waste was recycled in place of new material. However,
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When foresting companies cut down trees, more are planted in their place; however, such farmed forests are inferior to natural forests in several ways. Farmed forests are not able to fix the soil as quickly as natural forests. This can cause widespread
444:
A considerable investment in recycling occurred in the 1970s due to rising energy costs. Recycling aluminium uses only 5% of the energy of virgin production. Glass, paper and other metals have less dramatic but significant energy savings when recycled.
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used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells, are so low that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically increased, these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.
1238:, the materials must be sorted. This is done in a series of stages, many of which involve automated processes, enabling a truckload of material to be fully sorted in less than an hour. Some plants can now sort materials automatically; this is known as
491:. The abrupt shift caused countries to accept more materials than they could process, and raised fundamental questions about shipping waste from developed countries to countries with few environmental regulations—a practice that predated the crisis.
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2493:—the costs that are currently not counted by the market. Creating a new piece of plastic, for instance, may cause more pollution and be less sustainable than recycling a similar piece of plastic, but these factors are not counted in market cost. A
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Curbside collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned. The main categories are mixed waste collection, commingled recyclables, and source separation. A
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as a base material for brick making. These forms of recycling were driven by the economic advantage of obtaining recycled materials instead of virgin material, and the need for waste removal in ever-more-densely populated areas. In 1813,
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592:(2023), “Every year millions of electrical and electronic devices are discarded ... a threat to the environment and to human health if they are not treated, disposed of, and recycled appropriately. Common items ... include computers ...
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Next, automated machinery such as disk screens and air classifiers separate the recyclates by weight, splitting lighter paper and plastic from heavier glass and metal. Cardboard is removed from mixed paper, and the most common types of
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in its current form rather than being reprocessed. Contrasted to the recycling poor, the efficiency of their recycling may actually be higher for some materials because individuals have greater control over what is considered "waste".
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Although many government programs concentrate on recycling at home, 64% of waste in the United
Kingdom is generated by industry. The focus of many recycling programs in industry is their cost-effectiveness. The ubiquitous nature of
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population's resources, and succession results in efficient exploitation of available resources. However, even modernized cities may still be in the earliest stages of a succession that may take centuries or millennia to complete.
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remarked "There are three ways society can organize waste disposal: (a) commanding, (b) guiding by tax and subsidy, and (c) leaving it to the individual and the market". These principles appear to divide economic thinkers today.
189:—is also a form of recycling. Materials for recycling are either delivered to a household recycling center or picked up from curbside bins, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials for manufacturing new products.
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actually reduces tree populations. He argues that because paper companies have incentives to replenish their forests, large demands for paper lead to large forests while reduced demand for paper leads to fewer "farmed" forests.
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One labor-intensive underused waste is electronic and computer waste. Because this waste may still be functional and wanted mostly by those on lower incomes, who may sell or use it at a greater efficiency than large recyclers.
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compared to virgin forests. Also, the new trees planted are not as big as the trees that were cut down, and the argument that there would be "more trees" is not compelling to forestry advocates when they are counting saplings.
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Many schools have created recycling awareness clubs in order to give young students an insight on recycling. These schools believe that the clubs actually encourage students to not only recycle at school but at home as well.
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Complete recycling is impossible from a practical standpoint. In summary, substitution and recycling strategies only delay the depletion of non-renewable stocks and therefore may buy time in the transition to true or strong
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2315:. They suggest that every product (and all packaging it requires) should have a complete "closed-loop" cycle mapped out for each component—a way in which every component either returns to the natural ecosystem through
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to increase recycling demand through "procurement policies". These policies are either "set-asides", which reserve a certain amount of spending for recycled products; or "price preference" programs that provide larger
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Source separation is the other extreme, where each material is cleaned and sorted prior to collection. It requires the least post-collection sorting and produces the purest recyclates. However, it incurs additional
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scheme was implemented in
Switzerland, beginning with collection of old refrigerators, then expanding to cover all devices. When these programs were created, many countries could not deal with the sheer quantity of
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It is difficult to determine the amount of energy consumed or produced in waste disposal processes in broader ecological terms, where causal relations dissipate into complex networks of material and energy flow.
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Solomon
Gabasiane, Tlotlo; Danha, Gwiranai; A. Mamvura, Tirivaviri; et al. (2021). Dang, Prof. Dr. Jie; Li, Dr. Jichao; Lv, Prof. Dr. Xuewei; Yuan, Prof. Dr. Shuang; Leszczyńska-Sejda, Dr. Katarzyna (eds.).
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to ensure that recyclers are held to the highest standards for environmental responsibility and to help consumers identify responsible recyclers. It operates alongside other prominent legislation, such as the
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108:. The recyclability of a material depends on its ability to reacquire the properties it had in its original state. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower
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processing, and transporting virgin trees. When less recycled paper is used, additional energy is needed to create and maintain farmed forests until these forests are as self-sustainable as virgin forests.
2416:." In 2009, more than half of all aluminium cans produced came from recycled aluminium. Similarly, it has been estimated that new steel produced with recycled cans reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 75%.
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pays people to recycle, receiving money from local municipalities for the reduction in landfill space that must be purchased. It uses a single stream process in which all material is automatically sorted.
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by 10–15 million tonnes a year. The question for economic efficiency is whether this reduction is worth the extra cost of recycling and thus makes the artificial demand creates by legislation worthwhile.
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The amount of energy saved through recycling depends upon the material being recycled and the type of energy accounting that is used. Correct accounting for this saved energy can be accomplished with
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Certain requirements must be met for recycling to be economically feasible and environmentally effective. These include an adequate source of recyclates, a system to extract those recyclates from the
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2380:, which is a measure of how much useful energy can be used. In general, it takes far less energy to produce a unit mass of recycled materials than it does to make the same mass of virgin materials.
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notes that it is generally more expensive for municipalities to recycle waste from households than to send it to a landfill and that "recycling may be the most wasteful activity in modern
America."
4512:
3904:
1343:, operates an effective recyclables sorting facility that has helped the city reach a record-breaking landfill diversion rate of 80% as of 2021. Other American cities, including Los Angeles, have
8391:
6805:
3782:
5535:
1071:
The city need not pay for the separate collection of recyclates, no public education is needed, and any changes to the recyclability of certain materials are implemented where sorting occurs.
344:
for bottles was established in Sweden in 1884, and for aluminum beverage cans in 1982; it led to recycling rates of 84–99%, depending on type (glass bottles can be refilled around 20 times).
949:
wants to take to increase the quality of materials collected for recycling and sorted at recovery facilities before it is exported or sold on the reprocessing market. Its objectives are to:
904:"Recyclate" is a raw material sent to and processed in a waste recycling plant or materials-recovery facility so it can be used in the production of new materials and products. For example,
1781:
The (ideal) recycling process can be differentiated into three loops, one for manufacture (production-waste recycling) and two for disposal of the product (product and material recycling).
8089:
Negrete-Cardoso, Mariana; Rosano-Ortega, Genoveva; Álvarez-Aros, Erick
Leobardo; Tavera-Cortés, María Elena; Vega-Lebrún, Carlos Arturo; Sánchez-Ruíz, Francisco Javier (1 September 2022).
4847:
896:
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2391:
systems where the materials are recycled into a different kind of product, and then by-product reuse systems where parts of the products are used to make an entirely different product.
5320:
4753:
7709:
4546:
3879:
8067:
5350:
3929:
1597:
1281:
scanners are used to differentiate between types of paper and plastic based on their absorbed wavelengths. Plastics tend to be incompatible with each other due to differences in
6905:
Pimenteira, C.A.P.; Pereira, A.S.; Oliveira, L.B.; Rosa, L.P.; Reis, M.M.; Henriques, R.M. (2004). "Energy conservation and CO2 emission reductions due to recycling in Brazil".
5509:
3182:
1222:
969:
The plan focuses on three key areas, with 14 actions to increase the quality of materials collected, sorted and presented to the processing market in
Scotland. These areas are:
4015:
2534:, dust, soil, water, and sediments in areas surrounding recycling sites. These materials can make work sites harmful to the workers themselves and the surrounding environment.
2497:
can be used to determine the levels of externalities and decide whether the recycling may be worthwhile despite unfavorable market costs. Alternatively, legal means (such as a
2199:
there is not enough wine production to use all of the reprocessed material. The extra must be downcycled into building materials or re-inserted into the regular waste stream.
2159:
supports intervention, saying that it is a public service equal to education and policing. He argues that manufacturers should shoulder more of the burden of waste disposal.
1577:, which contain poisonous metals. The remaining pieces are further shredded to 10 millimetres (0.39 in) particles and passed under a magnet to remove ferrous metals. An
192:
In ideal implementations, recycling a material produces a fresh supply of the same material—for example, used office paper would be converted into new office paper, and used
5731:
5705:
6072:
3546:
2283:
Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs, and suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer from
7120:
6032:
2615:
Better recycling is a priority in the European Union, especially in Central and Eastern Europe among respondents of the 2020-21 European Investment Bank Climate Survey.
2478:
In some cases, the cost of recyclable materials also exceeds the cost of raw materials. Virgin plastic resin costs 40 percent less than recycled resin. Additionally, a
1706:
in feathers and other agricultural waste. Like natural petroleum, the chemicals produced can be used as fuels or as feedstock. A RESEM Technology plant of this type in
2650:
Following the increasing popularity of recycling collection being sent to the same landfills as trash, some people kept on putting recyclables on the recyclables bin.
2174:
and Donald Leal think that all recycling programmes should be privately operated, and therefore would only operate if the money saved by recycling exceeds its costs.
1897:
material is not an automatic indicator that a material is recyclable but rather an explanation of what the material is. Types 1 and 2 are the most commonly recycled.
1131:
6406:
5840:
333:, thousands of such peddlers roamed the streets of American cities, taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer materials into industrial production.
8341:
6989:
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2151:
favours a high level of government intervention to provide recycling services. He believes that recycling's benefit cannot be effectively quantified by traditional
1637:
For some types of plastic, the same piece of plastic can only be recycled about 2–3 times before its quality decreases to the point where it can no longer be used.
477:
2162:
Paul Calcott and Margaret Walls advocate the second option. A deposit refund scheme and a small refuse charge would encourage recycling but not at the expense of
5951:
2448:, where improvements in energy efficiency lowers the cost of production and leads to a rebound effect where rates of consumption and economic growth increases.
844:
Four forms of legislation have also been used to increase and maintain the demand for recycled materials: minimum recycled content mandates, utilization rates,
424:, where financial constraints and significant material shortages made it necessary to reuse goods and recycle materials. These resource shortages caused by the
5982:
9848:
6347:
Vigso, Dorte (2004). "Deposits on single use containers — a social cost–benefit analysis of the Danish deposit system for single use drink containers".
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job market. To compensate for this loss of income, a society may need to create additional forms of societal programs to help support the poor. Like the
1562:
810:
6641:
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11362:
10002:
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1277:(#2)—are collected, so these materials can be diverted into the proper collection channels. This is usually done by hand; but in some sorting centers,
2482:(EPA) study that tracked the price of clear glass from 15 July to 2 August 1991, found that the average cost per ton ranged from $ 40 to $ 60 while a
4912:
4568:
2303:
1245:
Initially, commingled recyclates are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a conveyor belt spread out in a single layer. Large pieces of
8091:"Circular economy strategy and waste management: a bibliometric analysis in its contribution to sustainable development, toward a post-COVID-19 era"
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8176:
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6700:
2206:
in the region as well as the proximity to Asian markets. In other areas of the U.S., however, demand for used newsprint has seen wide fluctuation.
7447:
Clark, Brett; Foster, John Bellamy (2009). "Ecological Imperialism and the Global Metabolic Rift: Unequal Exchange and the Guano/Nitrates Trade".
6133:
1607:
6835:
Morris, Jeffrey (1 July 2005). "Comparative LCAs for Curbside Recycling Versus Either Landfilling or Incineration with Energy Recovery (12 pp)".
6454:
5483:
4871:
4717:
4676:
4606:
2937:
Villalba, G; Segarra, M; Fernández, A.I; Chimenos, J.M; Espiell, F (December 2002). "A proposal for quantifying the recyclability of materials".
1111:
surveyed multi-family property managers; about half of them reported problems, including contamination of recyclables due to trespassers such as
7622:
6573:
4854:
4260:
Mahar, Amanullah; Wang, Ping; Ali, Amjad; Kumar Awasthi, Mukesh; Hussain Lahori, Altaf; Wang, Quan; Li, Ronghua; Zhang, Zengqiang (April 2016).
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campaign in the United States, occurred in every fighting nation, urging citizens to donate metal, paper, rags, and rubber as a patriotic duty.
11387:
8256:, "Challenge #3: Complete Recycling of Non-Renewable Materials and Wastes", New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada,
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1192:
in rural regions consumes less energy than using virgin resin, or using conventional recycling processes with their associated transportation.
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industries, are proactively creating recycling policies even before their waste streams have considerable volume, anticipating future demand.
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reports that recycling of indium, gallium, germanium, selenium, and tantalum is still very difficult and their recycling rates are very low.
1541:
872:
8155:
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2297:
Much of the difficulty inherent in recycling comes from the fact that most products are not designed with recycling in mind. The concept of
1811:
where product materials are recovered and recycled. Ideally, the materials are processed so they can flow back into the production process.
7821:
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3864:
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6244:
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5342:
5254:"Technical and Economic Viability of Distributed Recycling of Low-Density Polyethylene Water Sachets into Waste Composite Pavement Blocks"
3926:
3834:
2600:
2354:
packaging for food products is more easily recycled than most plastic, but is heavier to ship and may result in more waste from spoilage.
11299:
7350:
7021:
6477:
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4383:
7611:
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6217:
5252:
Tsala-Mbala, Celestin; Hayibo, Koami Soulemane; Meyer, Theresa K.; Couao-Zotti, Nadine; Cairns, Paul; Pearce, Joshua M. (October 2022).
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703:
112:. It can also prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reducing energy use,
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10232:
10206:
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5294:
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1108:
828:, and garden waste. This can create a viable economy for the proper disposal of the products. Care must be taken that enough recycling
292:
was first recorded in 1031 when Japanese shops sold repulped paper. In Britain dust and ash from wood and coal fires was collected by "
7142:
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3174:
675:
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of recyclable material is crucial. Three legislative options have been used to create such supplies: mandatory recycling collection,
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6551:
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1383:
and paper manufacturers all deal directly in commonly recycled materials; however, independent tire dealers may collect and recycle
10496:
3653:
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5666:
5380:
4116:
Cyber-physical systems for end-of-life management of printed circuit boards and mechatronics products in home automation: A review
1544:. It is also the fastest growing waste stream in the EU. Many recyclers do not recycle e-waste responsibly. After the cargo barge
448:
Although consumer electronics have been popular since the 1920s, recycling them was almost unheard of until early 1991. The first
414:
374:
363:
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1376:, and goods distributors. Other industries deal in niche and specialized products, depending on the waste materials they handle.
682:
6159:
3621:"Out of the Garbage-Pail into the Fire: fuel bricks now added to the list of things salvaged by science from the nation's waste"
3543:
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are mixed but kept separate from non-recyclable waste. This greatly reduces the need for post-collection cleaning, but requires
10996:
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7566:
3563:
564:
6503:
3512:
2501:) can be used to bring externalities into the market, so that the market cost of the material becomes close to the true cost.
1473:, and is used by all branches of the U.S. military for the development of such things as armor-piercing shells and shielding.
11415:
9779:
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8210:
8156:"arriers and drivers for enterprises to transition to a circular economy. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm, Sweden"
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Fiscal efficiency is separate from economic efficiency. Economic analysis of recycling does not include what economists call
1494:
Recycling of plastics is more difficult, as most programs are not able to reach the necessary level of quality. Recycling of
768:
In particular, wood from tropical rainforests is rarely harvested for paper because of their heterogeneity. According to the
536:
7499:
7425:
7339:"Resource Recovery and Materials Flow in the City: Zero Waste and Sustainable Consumption as Paradigms in Urban Development"
5918:
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871:
when recycled items are purchased. Additional regulations can target specific cases: in the United States, for example, the
9893:
8782:
8752:
8398:
8163:
Arriers and Drivers for Enterprises to Transition to a Circular Economy. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm, Sweden
6426:
4478:
4174:
Edraki, Mansour; Baumgarti, Thomas; Manlapig, Emmanuel; Bradshaw, Dee; M. Franks, Daniel; J. Moran, Chris (December 2014).
3564:"Report: "On the Making of Silk Purses from Sows' Ears," 1921: Exhibits: Institute Archives & Special Collections: MIT"
2466:
The amount of money actually saved through recycling depends on the efficiency of the recycling program used to do it. The
2202:
Similarly, the northwestern United States has difficulty finding markets for recycled newspaper, given the large number of
2110:
1845:
offered a means of identifying the resin content of bottles and containers commonly found in the residential waste stream.
1426:
689:
340:, began offering refundable recycling deposits in Great Britain and Ireland around 1800. An official recycling system with
8036:
6951:
Brown, M.T.; Buranakarn, Vorasun (2003). "Emergy indices and ratios for sustainable material cycles and recycle options".
6418:
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671:
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483:
In 2018, changes in the recycling industry have sparked a global "crisis". On 31 December 2017, China announced its "
7241:"Is recycling 'part of the solution'? The role of recycling in an expanding society and a world of finite resources"
4176:"Designing mine tailings for better environmental, social and economic outcomes: a review of alternative approaches"
1368:
packaging makes cardboard a common waste product recycled by companies that deal heavily in packaged goods, such as
11324:
11281:
10521:
9873:
9129:
8850:
5974:
5195:
Chauhan, S S; Kumar, Bhushan; Singh, Prem Shankar; Khan, Abuzaid; Goyal, Hritik; Goyal, Shivank (1 November 2019).
5082:"Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed Recycling of Post-consumer High Density Polyethylene for 3-D Printing Filament"
4307:
Khalid, Sana; Shahid, Muhammad; Khan Niazi, Nabeel; Murtaza, Behzad; Bibi, Irshad; Dumat, Camille (November 2017).
2747:
1838:
8239:
5572:
5536:"Mayor Lee Announces San Francisco Reaches 80 Percent Landfill Waste Diversion, Leads All Cities in North America"
3365:
2166:. Thomas C. Kinnaman concludes that a landfill tax would force consumers, companies and councils to recycle more.
1841:. Because municipal recycling programs traditionally have targeted packaging—primarily bottles and containers—the
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report shows that the cost per ton of raw silica sand from years 1993 to 1997 fell between $ 17.33 and $ 18.10.
268:
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11139:
10674:
9774:
9651:
9606:
9119:
8804:
8447:
7843:
Burn, Shawn (2006). "Social Psychology and the Stimulation of Recycling Behaviors: The Block Leader Approach".
1312:
an electric current around aluminum cans, creating an eddy current inside the cans that is repulsed by a large
7068:
6632:
6185:
5413:
5109:
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Reusing materials has been a common practice for most of human history with recorded advocates as far back as
11485:
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11309:
11236:
9671:
9631:
9596:
9124:
9114:
9016:
8797:
7945:
Moore, C. J. (2008). "Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat".
6113:
Garbage Solutions: A Public Officials Guide to Recycling and Alternative Solid Waste Management Technologies,
802:
532:
469:
341:
6048:
4346:
1848:
In the United States, plastic products are printed with numbers 1–7 depending on the type of resin. Type 1 (
1569:
National Computer Recycling Act, to prevent poisonous chemicals from entering waterways and the atmosphere.
1502:
of the material, which means only products of lower quality standard can be made with the recycled material.
11221:
10489:
9969:
9964:
9759:
9696:
9686:
8825:
8777:
2573:
1837:
was developed. The recycling code for plastics was introduced in 1988 by the plastics industry through the
1694:
Another process involves the conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal
1422:
1339:'s Department of the Environment set a citywide goal of zero waste by 2020. San Francisco's refuse hauler,
993:
488:
480:, is defined as substantially reducing waste generation by 2030, indicated by the National Recycling Rate.
6004:
5617:
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4308:
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shoddy industry in towns such as Batley and Dewsbury lasted from the early 19th century to at least 1914.
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9254:
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1650:
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is a growing problem, accounting for 20–50 million metric tons of global waste per year according to the
1235:
352:
7275:
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916:
The quality of recyclates is one of the principal challenges for the success of a long-term vision of a
11512:
11031:
10652:
10531:
10438:
10377:
9737:
9711:
9701:
9691:
9661:
9641:
9471:
9147:
8732:
8635:
8268:
Lienig, Jens; Bruemmer, Hans (2017). "Recycling Requirements and Design for Environmental Compliance".
6137:
2989:
Lienig, Jens; Bruemmer, Hans (2017). "Recycling Requirements and Design for Environmental Compliance".
2890:
2812:
2732:
1884:) is found in shopping bags, squeezable bottles, tote bags, clothing, furniture, and carpet. Type 5 is
1849:
1755:
1657:
and unneeded plastic parts and physically converts them into spools of feedstock for the space station
1604:
1270:
696:
449:
42:
8215:
Ayres, R.U. (1994). "Industrial Metabolism: Theory and Policy", In: Allenby, B.R., and D.J. Richards,
6446:
5487:
4599:
4115:
476:, specifies 11 targets "to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns". The fifth target,
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10864:
10516:
10433:
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10151:
10035:
9754:
9681:
9646:
9621:
8696:
6583:
3684:
3334:
2489:
Comparing the market cost of recyclable material with the cost of new raw materials ignores economic
2291:
1861:
1842:
1484:
1344:
1309:
429:
38:
7857:
7772:
7035:
2069:
there are over 50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million jobs in the US. The
1784:
The product's manufacturing phase, which consists of material processing and fabrication, forms the
1524:
1017:
curbside collection. About two-thirds of the cost of recycling is incurred in the collection phase.
11164:
11041:
11006:
10755:
10745:
10719:
10423:
10367:
10136:
10121:
10095:
10011:
8603:
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6536:
4635:
4575:. City & County of Honolulu, Department of Environmental Services. October 2002. Archived from
4262:"Challenges and opportunities in the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: A review"
2712:
2248:
1929:
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1395:
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by removing raw material input and redirecting waste output in the economic system. There are some
109:
17:
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7102:
6761:
Huesemann, Michael H. (2003). "The limits of technological solutions to sustainable development".
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4056:
3405:
Sustaining the earth: choosing consumer products that are safe for you, your family, and the earth
3205:
413:
in 1907) and promised to transform valueless into valuable materials. Proverbially, you could not
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process. Such a process would be able to accept almost any polymer or mix of polymers, including
1239:
1143:
centres generally need government subsidies to be viable. According to a 1993 report by the U.S.
1135:
1075:
302:
261:
70:
2350:, care must be taken to ensure a complete view of the costs and benefits involved. For example,
1833:
In order to meet recyclers' needs while providing manufacturers a consistent, uniform system, a
1788:
loop. Industrial waste materials are fed back into, and reused in, the same production process.
661:
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7907:
7852:
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7012:
6296:
Lavee, Doron (26 November 2007). "Is Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Economically Efficient?".
6248:
5793:
3041:
Geissdoerfer, Martin; Savaget, Paulo; Bocken, Nancy M.P.; Hultink, Erik Jan (1 February 2017).
2877:
2757:
2697:
2530:, as well as polybrominated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs), concentrated in the air,
2179:
generates pollution and uses energy, which may or may not be less than from virgin production.
2101:(EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's
1865:
1658:
777:
7338:
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5643:
4365:
2564:. With the creation of large recycling organizations that may be profitable, either by law or
1319:
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557:
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Recycling—or "salvage", as it was then usually known—was a major issue for governments during
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Polymer modified cements and repair mortars. Daniels LJ, PhD thesis Lancaster University 1992
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747:
worker is pictured burning insulated copper wires for copper recovery at Agbogbloshie, Ghana.
227:
214:
of constituent materials from complex products, due to either their intrinsic value (such as
89:
5212:
4038:
Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
1556:
was formed to stem the flow of hazardous substances into poorer countries. They created the
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5406:"Recycling Without Sorting: Engineers Create Recycling Plant That Removes The Need To Sort"
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percent of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source,
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409:
New chemical industries created in the late 19th century both invented new materials (e.g.
398:
329:
dumps and city streets for discarded machinery, pots, pans, and other sources of metal. By
7996:
Schackelford, T.K. (2006). "Recycling, evolution and the structure of human personality".
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4155:
3027:
131:
Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "
8:
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3206:"Recycling Beauty, Prada Foundation — what the Romans did for us and what we did to them"
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1981:
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1159:
A drop-off center in the United Kingdom, where they are generally named Recycling Centres
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for collecting each material, and requires extensive public education to avoid recyclate
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946:
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4159: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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Industrialization spurred demand for affordable materials. In addition to rags, ferrous
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bronze and other metals being collected in Europe and melted down for continuous reuse.
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be manually disassembled to remove lead from CRTs and the mercury backlight from LCDs.
1506:
1488:
1434:
1327:, Scotland, with separate containers for paper, plastics, and differently colored glass
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849:
639:
197:
132:
62:
This article is about recycling of waste materials. For recycling of waste energy, see
7781:
7073:
Municipal Solid Waste: Frequently Asked Questions about Recycling and Waste Management
6972:
5763:
4238:
2958:
1603:
Whereas many critical raw elements and REE's can be recovered, environmental engineer
1256:
1195:
Another form of distributed recycling mixes waste plastic with sand to make bricks in
11420:
11403:
11374:
11169:
11053:
10859:
10612:
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A survey showing the share of firms taking action by recycling and waste minimisation
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2284:
2171:
2156:
2033:
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1301:
1147:, it costs an average $ 50 to process a ton of material that can be resold for $ 30.
868:
798:
231:
7982:
7201:
7045:
7016:
6790:
6384:
6333:
5158:"A review on utilization of plastic waste materials in bricks manufacturing process"
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8521:
8273:
8126:
8110:
8005:
7962:
7889:
7880:
Oskamp, Stuart (1995). "Resource Conservation and Recycling: Behavior and Policy".
7862:
7777:
7665:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7456:
7385:
7308:
7286:
7181:
7040:
6968:
6922:
6887:
6878:
Oskamp, Stuart (1995). "Resource Conservation and Recycling: Behavior and Policy".
6852:
6778:
6364:
6313:
5697:
5689:
5265:
5216:
5169:
5101:
5030:
4979:
4894:
4743:"Quality Action Plan Proposals to Promote High Quality Recycling of Dry Recyclates"
4328:
4281:
4234:
4195:
4142:
3519:
3275:
3264:"Approaches to interrogate the erased histories of recycled archaeological objects"
3065:
2994:
2954:
2852:
2817:
2792:
2737:
2717:
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2553:
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earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and selling them for recycling.
2432:
2196:
2102:
1695:
1553:
1537:
1518:
1477:
1470:
1083:
956:
Help those contracting with recycling facilities identify what is required of them.
863:
728:
105:
83:
63:
10172:
5105:
4199:
3808:
3263:
3069:
2544:
In some countries, recycling is performed by the entrepreneurial poor such as the
11179:
11089:
11074:
10940:
10905:
10714:
10428:
10403:
10271:
10261:
9903:
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7483:
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5902:
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4285:
4062:
4036:
United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
3933:
3625:
3550:
2797:
2772:
2767:
2569:
2328:, which ultimately is only guaranteed in an economy based on renewable resources.
2175:
2163:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1834:
1820:
1611:
1466:
1461:
for many military and industrial uses. Uranium left over from processing it into
1450:
784:
cited numerous explanations for why the technology has not been scaled globally.
732:
293:
289:
140:
121:
8277:
6423:
5693:
5173:
4691:
4466:
4309:"A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils"
2998:
11104:
11021:
10955:
10950:
10669:
10647:
10582:
10505:
10352:
10334:
10105:
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9949:
9822:
9496:
9476:
9386:
9346:
9234:
9167:
9001:
8895:
8875:
8665:
8630:
8114:
8009:
7669:
7621:. Silica Statistics and Information. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 146–147.
7290:
7276:"Your scrap, my scrap! The flow of scrap materials through international trade"
6069:"Recycling Symbols on Plastics – What Do Recycling Codes on Plastics Mean"
5017:
Kreiger, M.; Anzalone, G. C.; Mulder, M. L.; Glover, A.; Pearce, J. M. (2013).
2904:
2857:
2762:
2722:
2388:
2325:
2316:
2252:
2148:
2114:
2060:
In addition to environmental impact, there is debate over whether recycling is
1933:
1462:
1313:
1096:
905:
461:
318:
281:
144:
7374:"Challenges and opportunities in transforming a city into a 'Zero Waste City'"
6856:
6782:
6732:"Fact Sheets on Designing for the Disassembly and Deconstruction of Buildings"
6317:
6186:"From Waste to Jobs: What Achieving 75 Percent Recycling Means for California"
5132:
4983:
4899:
3485:
2188:
1825:
1628:
813:
requires producers of consumer electronics to reimburse the recyclers' costs.
731:, author of a paper entitled "Why I Am Not an Environmentalist", claimed that
11501:
11409:
11134:
11119:
11114:
11099:
10920:
10874:
10632:
10090:
10055:
9933:
9888:
9548:
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9036:
8905:
8855:
8716:
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8655:
8566:
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6368:
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2106:
1885:
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1446:
1407:
1336:
1293:
1253:
are removed by hand at this stage, as they can cause later machinery to jam.
1100:
1036:
917:
619:
resulting in around 24.6 tons of slag per year, which is regarded as waste.
211:
113:
7054:
3744:
3422:
11382:
10780:
10539:
10453:
10372:
9980:
9832:
9538:
9416:
9396:
9341:
9006:
8975:
8835:
8140:
7974:
7750:
Medina, Martin (2000). "Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America".
7193:
6934:
6376:
6325:
5737:. California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery. Archived from
5077:
4293:
4246:
3714:
2557:
2141:
2134:
1877:
1727:
1632:
A container for recycling used plastic spoons into material for 3D printing
1578:
1384:
1369:
1305:
1278:
1112:
884:
761:
753:
421:
402:
368:
357:
117:
8342:
Sweden's recycling is so revolutionary, the country has run out of rubbish
8251:
8025:"Social pressure and recycling: a brief review, commentary and extensions"
8024:
7390:
7373:
7283:
IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology (ISSST)
7240:
5904:
Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters
4147:
4130:
2455:
This shop in New York only sells items recycled from demolished buildings.
2081:
benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to the reduced
1588:, solar panels and wind turbines can also be recycled. They often contain
1172:
For some waste materials such as plastic, recent technical devices called
945:
Scotland's Recyclate Quality Action Plan proposes a number of actions the
401:. Such public property fences were sawed for the iron and recycled during
104:
materials into new materials and objects. This concept often includes the
10965:
10960:
10925:
10788:
10388:
9863:
9513:
9351:
9266:
9229:
8980:
8930:
8830:
8516:
8392:
International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management
5343:"AMP Robotics announces largest deployment of AI-guided recycling robots"
5034:
4632:"Regulatory Policy Center — Property Matters — James V. DeLong"
4127:
4082:
3042:
2882:
2619:
Changes that have been demonstrated to increase recycling rates include:
2545:
2210:
2094:
1893:
1747:
1743:
1662:
1499:
1250:
1189:
922:
859:
845:
833:
330:
297:
235:
219:
193:
186:
170:
6407:"Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Household and Municipal Recycling?"
3872:"Where Gadgets Go To Die: E-Waste Recycler Opens New Plant in Las Vegas"
2364:
649:
509:
313:" wool in Batley, Yorkshire, which combined recycled fibers with virgin
11124:
11109:
10935:
10915:
9918:
9276:
9261:
9031:
8985:
8885:
8060:"Recycling Rethink: What to Do With Trash Now That China Won't Take It"
7185:
6721:
Afterlife: An Essential Guide To Design For Disassembly, by Alex Diener
5270:
5253:
4848:"Report by Director of Transport, Environmental and Community Services"
3280:
2531:
2498:
2351:
1889:
1873:
1853:
1703:
1557:
1173:
757:
598:
383:
239:
207:
182:
174:
7543:
7011:
Decker, Ethan H.; Elliott, Scott; Smith, Felisa A.; Blake, Donald R.;
5156:
Kumar, Rishabh; Kumar, Mohit; Kumar, Inder; Srivastava, Deepa (2021).
2607:
increases public participation rates, but requires additional sorting.
2470:
argues that the cost of recycling depends on various factors, such as
1449:
to reclaim the steel of old vessels. Ships may also be sunk to create
1031:
11393:
10793:
10181:
9898:
9190:
8955:
5946:
5701:
5019:"Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas"
2862:
2727:
2568:, the poor are more likely to be driven out of the recycling and the
2549:
2441:
2203:
1711:
1699:
1574:
1442:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1044:
953:
Increase recyclate quality, and create greater transparency about it.
821:
817:
739:
623:
425:
337:
152:
5862:
Francisco José Gomes da Silva; Ronny Miguel Gouveia (18 July 2019).
1260:
Early sorting of recyclable materials: glass and plastic bottles in
151:
related to recycling, such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and
11186:
9421:
9381:
9301:
8691:
8581:
8240:"San Francisco Crushing Plant Ordered Shut Down Over Dust Concerns"
7076:
5081:
4967:
2742:
2561:
2471:
2082:
1458:
1411:
1399:
1340:
1324:
1040:
926:
410:
390:
125:
78:
5794:"Sweeep Kuusakoski – Glass Recycling – BBC filming of CRT furnace"
5667:"Producer Responsibility and Recycling Solar Photovoltaic Modules"
4041:
2678:
Embracing a circular economy through advanced sorting technologies
155::2015 for environmental management control of recycling practice.
11159:
10474:
10282:
9391:
9011:
5251:
4966:
Baechler, Christian; DeVuono, Matthew; Pearce, Joshua M. (2013).
3863:. The Sixty Mile Publishing Company. 4 March 2010. Archived from
3835:"Bulgaria opens largest WEEE recycling factory in Eastern Europe"
3364:
Cleveland, Cutler J.; Morris, Christopher G. (15 November 2013).
2674:
Art objects are more and more often made from recycled material.
2413:
2078:
1880:, wire jacketing, medical equipment, siding, and piping. Type 4 (
1773:
1454:
1403:
1355:
1297:
1286:
1208:
1204:
998:
820:
the disposal of certain materials as waste, often including used
760:
to maintain the soil, while containing little tree and wild-life
593:
454:
166:
9361:
7092:"Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Aluminum Industry"
6497:"Recycling and waste have $ 6.7 billion economic impact in Ohio"
4131:"Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review"
3367:
Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds
3040:
2936:
10823:
9336:
9291:
7646:
5538:. San Francisco Department of the Environment. 5 October 2012.
4173:
4088:
3440:. Noronha, Guy C.,, Energy and Resources Institute. New Delhi.
2527:
2514:
2384:
2377:
1739:
1683:
1261:
1196:
1104:
772:
secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is
379:
306:
273:
161:
include many kinds of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic,
6008:
5942:"Made in Space to launch commercial recycler to space station"
5295:"Single-use face masks get new life thanks to Regina engineer"
4968:"Distributed Recycling of Waste Polymer into RepRap Feedstock"
2301:
aims to solve this problem, and was laid out in the 2002 book
1529:
816:
An alternative way to increase the supply of recyclates is to
9331:
9194:
9051:
8935:
8556:
6904:
4600:"The Producer Responsibility Principle of the WEEE Directive"
4306:
2842:
2832:
2666:
1791:
The product's disposal process requires two recycling loops:
1735:
1549:
1200:
959:
Ensure compliance with the Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012.
925:
or, in more extreme cases, sent to other recovery options or
744:
325:
285:
272:
Inside a British factory, a textile worker rakes newly-made '
256:
202:
136:
101:
8454:
3435:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2683:
resources and accelerating the shift to a circular economy.
1234:
Once commingled recyclates are collected and delivered to a
965:
Address and reduce issues around waste shipment regulations.
832:
exist to meet the supply, or such bans can create increased
196:
foam into new polystyrene. Some types of materials, such as
8437:
Recycling: North America's Recycling and Composting Journal
7411:
Techno-fix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment
7164:
Brunner, P. H. (1999). "In search of the final sink".
6662:
5900:
5016:
2483:
1872:) includes items such as shampoo bottles, shower curtains,
1723:
1719:
1421:
Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the
1391:
1274:
1185:
940:
825:
602:
395:
314:
223:
215:
162:
9189:
8297:
Junkyard Planet: Travels in the Billion-Dollar Trash Trade
8253:
Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment
6094:
5510:"Best Recycling Programs in the US & Around the World"
4502:"Investment and financial flows to address climate change"
1777:
Loops for production-waste, product and material recycling
8219:. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 23–37.
6475:
5155:
5075:
4887:"One bin future: How mixing trash and recycling can work"
4259:
2973:
2368:
Bales of crushed steel ready for transport to the smelter
1495:
1457:
is a dense metal that has qualities superior to lead and
589:
276:' which was then combined with new wool to make new cloth
6996:, U.S. Energy Information Administration, archived from
5201:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
4539:"Burning issue: are waste-to-energy plants a good idea?"
3175:"7 Things You Didn't Know About Plastic (and Recycling)"
2539:
1868:, laundry detergent bottles, and some dishware. Type 3 (
908:
can be made into plastic pellets and synthetic fabrics.
900:
Glass recovered by crushing only one kind of beer bottle
230:), or their hazardous nature (e.g. removal and reuse of
11364:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
7010:
5313:"How recycling robots have spread across North America"
4845:
3590:
3043:"The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm?"
1686:
designed to handle a greater variety of used material.
1476:
The construction industry may recycle concrete and old
879:
from recycled or re-refined sources whenever possible.
8195:
Why Do We Recycle?: Markets, Values, and Public Policy
7743:
7593:
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
7017:"Energy and Material flow through the urban Ecosystem"
6633:"Rewarding Recyclers, and Finding Gold in the Garbage"
4689:
3630:. Bonnier Corporation. February 1919. pp. 50–51.
3544:
Rethinking economic incentives for separate collection
3144:
1689:
1649:
A commercial-built recycling facility was sent to the
1289:
molecules repel each other, similar to oil and water.
780:(32%), which is linked to food, not paper production.
7733:
7731:
7729:
7595:. US Environmental Protection Agency. December 1992.
5194:
4965:
4656:
2888:
2113:
stated that Great Britain's recycling efforts reduce
1573:
and manually checked to separate toxic batteries and
976:
Sorting facilities—material sampling and transparency
770:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6575:
Illegal dumping and damage to health and environment
6535:. Associated Press. 25 February 2002. Archived from
6093:
Unless otherwise indicated, this data is taken from
5571:. 25 September 2014. p. 2 and 6. Archived from
4822:"Recyclate Quality Action Plan – Consultation Paper"
3232:
1359:
Mounds of shredded rubber tires ready for processing
1176:
enable a form of distributed recycling called DRAM (
468:
In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly set 17
6478:"Unprofitable Recycling Weighs On Waste Management"
4408:
The Armchair Economist: Economics and Everyday Life
4404:
4370:
The Armchair Economist: Economics and Everyday Life
4008:"Germany's recycling rate continues to lead Europe"
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3021:
1563:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
1184:(LCA) indicates that such distributed recycling of
962:
Stimulate a household market for quality recyclate.
9849:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
7726:
7407:
6837:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
6668:Communicating Sustainability for the Green Economy
6631:
6598:
6494:
6242:
5901:Timothy E. Long; John Scheirs (1 September 2005).
4398:
4057:"Why the world's recycling system stopped working"
4055:
3894:
3857:"EnvironCom opens largest WEEE recycling facility"
3484:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3234:
1702:materials such as vulcanized rubber tires and the
1483:Some rapidly growing industries, particularly the
494:
8224:Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things
7617:. In National Minerals Information Center (ed.).
7485:The Ecological Rift: Capitalisms War on the Earth
7075:. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
6440:
6438:
6121:Mining Urban Wastes: The Potential for Recycling,
6099:. New York: Lyons & Burford. pp. 35–72.
5975:"Eastman advances two chemical recycling options"
5764:"Sweeep Kuusakoski – Resources – BBC Documentary"
5379:. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3149:. New York: Lyons & Burford. pp. 35–72.
2304:Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things
1799:. The product or product parts are reused in the
1600:, large amounts of REE's are typically required.
1230:Video of recycling sorting facility and processes
797:For a recycling program to work, a large, stable
11499:
6529:"Much toxic computer waste lands in Third World"
5855:
5197:"Fabrication and Testing of Plastic Sand Bricks"
5130:
3668:
2670:Uniseafish – made of recycled aluminum beer cans
7559:"The Five Most Dangerous Myths About Recycling"
7403:
7401:
7121:"The Recycling of Aluminum Cans Versus Plastic"
6950:
5894:
4935:"The State of Multi-Tenant Recycling in Oregon"
4118:" Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2022.
3553:. Zero Waste Europe & Reloop Platform, 2017
3491:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
3487:Cash for Your Trash: Scrap Recycling in America
3482:
3363:
1533:Computer processors retrieved from waste stream
1035:A recycling truck collecting the contents of a
875:mandates the purchase of oil, paper, tires and
206:in producing different materials (for example,
11388:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
8267:
7912:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2011.
7449:International Journal of Comparative Sociology
6435:
6119:January/February 1989; and Worldwatch 76
6005:"RESEM A Leading Pyrolysis Plant Manufacturer"
5664:
5134:Young Inventor Makes Bricks From Plastic Trash
4215:"An overview of recovery of metals from slags"
3300:
3172:
2988:
1211:. This has also been done with COVID19 masks.
69:"Recycled" redirects here. For the album, see
10490:
9996:
9175:
8470:
7273:
7238:
6444:
6134:"Recycling metals — aluminium and steel"
5821:
5819:
5732:"The Anatomy of a Computer Recycling Process"
5610:"Publications – International Resource Panel"
4569:"A Beverage Container Deposit Law for Hawaii"
4212:
2595:
2522:(Pb), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs),
2480:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2099:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1350:
1054:Emptying of segregated rubbish containers in
839:
336:Manufacturers of beverage bottles, including
10010:
8175:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8095:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
7995:
7818:"Raids on Recycling Bins Costly To Bay Area"
7640:
7398:
7371:
6754:
6447:"The Declining Case for Municipal Recycling"
4597:
4054:Hook, Leslie; Reed, John (24 October 2018).
3896:"New plant tackles our electronic leftovers"
3591:"The War Episode 2: Rationing and Recycling"
3438:Know all about : reduce, reuse, recycle
3402:
2868:USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program
2357:
2251:. There might be a discussion about this on
1932:. There might be a discussion about this on
1525:Wind turbine § Demolition and recycling
1178:distributed recycling additive manufacturing
622:Environmental impact of slag include copper
305:developed the process of turning rags into "
59:Converting waste materials into new products
7482:Foster, John Bellamy; Clark, Brett (2011).
7481:
7446:
7022:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment
6946:
6944:
6763:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
6476:Serena Ng and Angela Chen (29 April 2015).
6126:
5825:The dark side of green energies documentary
5076:Kreiger, M.A.; Mulder, M.L.; Glover, A.G.;
4870:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4841:
4839:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4716:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4690:Freudenrich, C. (2014) (14 December 2007).
4675:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2376:using real energy values, and in addition,
2217:
1410:. It is a very useful material and used in
983:
979:Material quality benchmarking and standards
23:
11459:
10497:
10483:
10003:
9989:
9182:
9168:
8477:
8463:
8022:
7909:Recycling Rates of Metals: A status report
7740:, 16 February 2010. Report on the Zabaleen
7330:
7208:
7157:
6724:
6340:
5933:
5865:Cleaner Production: Toward a Better Future
5816:
3468:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2071:National Waste & Recycling Association
1548:dumped 14,000 metric tons of toxic ash in
1145:National Waste & Recycling Association
997:A three-sided bin at a railway station in
973:Collection systems and input contamination
82:The three chasing arrows of the universal
24:
11399:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
8270:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
8130:
8057:
7856:
7771:
7542:
7513:Alcott, Blake (2005). "Jevons' paradox".
7506:
7475:
7389:
7239:Grosse, François; Mainguy, Gaëll (2010).
7232:
7044:
7034:
7004:
6760:
6220:. all-recycling-facts.com. Archived from
5269:
5220:
4898:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4363:
4146:
3802:
3800:
3279:
2991:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
2644:metals have recycling rates of under 1%.
2271:Learn how and when to remove this message
2129:Wrecked automobiles gathered for smelting
1976:Air pollution savings vs. new production
1952:Learn how and when to remove this message
1864:) is found in most hard plastics such as
1761:Mixed waste plastic from waste paper mill
11427:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
10096:Environmentally healthy community design
8250:Huesemann, M.H., Huesemann, J.A. (2011).
8237:
7938:
7440:
7365:
7343:Sustainable Development Law & Policy
7267:
7089:
6984:
6982:
6941:
6797:
6629:
5456:
4836:
4801:
4464:
4372:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 279–290.
4053:
2665:
2657:
2610:
2599:
2508:
2450:
2363:
2124:
1900:
1824:
1772:
1627:
1528:
1354:
1318:
1292:Strong magnets are used to separate out
1255:
1218:
1167:
1154:
1130:
1049:
1030:
992:
941:Recyclate Quality Action Plan (Scotland)
895:
738:
607:Sustainable Materials & Technologies
465:and is rising steadily, to 45% in 2015.
389:
373:
362:
351:
267:
93:Municipal waste recycling rate (%), 2015
88:
77:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
9879:High-level radioactive waste management
8351:
8058:Chaudhuri, Saabira (19 December 2019).
8023:Pratarelli, Marc E. (4 February 2010).
7796:"The News-Herald – Scrap metal a steal"
7414:. New Society Publishers. p. 464.
7336:
7163:
6803:
6690:
6007:. RESEM Pyrolysis Plant. Archived from
5665:McDonald, N. C.; Pearce, J. M. (2010).
5562:"UK statistics on waste – 2010 to 2012"
4885:Waldrop, M. Mitchell (1 October 2020).
4884:
3869:
3407:. New York: Hearst Books. p. 103.
3228:
3226:
2187:Certain countries trade in unprocessed
2077:$ 20 million. Municipalities often see
1892:, and some automotive parts. Type 6 is
1441:The military recycles some metals. The
911:
722:
106:recovery of energy from waste materials
14:
11500:
10997:Corporate environmental responsibility
8294:
7998:Personality and Individual Differences
7879:
7749:
7650:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
7628:from the original on 29 September 2006
7512:
7502:from the original on 20 February 2023.
7118:
6877:
6834:
6600:"Waste outshines gold as prices surge"
6404:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
5972:
5939:
5907:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 459.
5834:
5604:
5602:
5292:
4724:
4624:
4499:
4266:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
3845:from the original on 14 September 2011
3806:
3797:
3695:from the original on 16 September 2009
3634:from the original on 20 February 2023.
3585:
3583:
3581:
3403:Dadd-Redalia, Debra (1 January 1994).
3203:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3015:
2587:Some recycling advocates believe that
2209:In some U.S. states, a program called
2182:
1480:, selling these materials for profit.
1020:
474:Responsible Consumption and Production
10478:
9984:
9163:
8458:
8442:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
8238:Derbeken, Jaxon Van (30 March 2023).
8222:Braungart, M., McDonough, W. (2002).
8217:The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems
8070:from the original on 21 December 2019
8039:from the original on 20 February 2023
7944:
7752:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
7684:"Too Good To Throw Away – Appendix A"
7609:
7599:from the original on 8 February 2023.
7488:. Monthly Review Press. p. 544.
7428:from the original on 20 February 2023
7408:Huesemann, M.; Huesemann, J. (2011).
7318:from the original on 17 December 2020
6979:
6953:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
6630:Desimone, Bonnie (21 February 2006).
6549:
6509:from the original on 15 February 2017
6346:
6295:
6277:from the original on 15 November 2020
6071:. The Daily Green. 25 November 2008.
5954:from the original on 20 February 2023
5921:from the original on 20 February 2023
5882:from the original on 20 February 2023
5804:from the original on 30 November 2020
5774:from the original on 30 November 2020
4759:from the original on 10 February 2017
4536:
4437:
4425:from the original on 20 February 2023
4386:from the original on 20 February 2023
4005:
3987:from the original on 7 September 2018
3892:
3870:Goodman, Peter S. (11 January 2012).
3601:from the original on 23 February 2011
3436:Nongpluh, Yoofisaca Syngkon. (2013).
3384:from the original on 20 February 2023
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
2939:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
2540:Possible income loss and social costs
2504:
1668:
1640:
1316:, ejecting the cans from the stream.
756:and often requiring large amounts of
633:
11370:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
9894:Sewage regulation and administration
9142:
8399:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
7926:from the original on 10 January 2021
7845:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
7842:
7690:from the original on 24 January 2010
6703:from the original on 30 January 2023
6611:from the original on 8 February 2023
6596:
6457:from the original on 2 December 2020
5371:
5131:Insider Business (12 October 2021).
5112:from the original on 2 December 2021
5057:from the original on 8 February 2023
4998:from the original on 2 December 2021
4915:from the original on 18 October 2020
4698:from the original on 4 December 2020
4549:from the original on 4 February 2020
4296:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4202:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4070:from the original on 25 October 2018
4018:from the original on 8 February 2023
3957:from the original on 8 February 2023
3841:. WtERT Germany GmbH. 12 July 2010.
3785:from the original on 22 January 2018
3476:
3345:from the original on 25 January 2009
3288:from the original on 20 October 2022
3261:
3241:. London, UK: Black Dog Publishing.
3223:
3185:from the original on 25 January 2020
3168:
3166:
2223:
2111:Waste and Resources Action Programme
2109:in 2005. In the United Kingdom, the
1904:
1888:and makes up syrup bottles, straws,
1653:in late 2019. The facility takes in
1617:
1427:United Nations Environment Programme
1115:gaining access to collection areas.
1089:
643:
503:
439:
210:). Another form of recycling is the
8406:Journal of Environmental Psychology
8370:
8153:
7824:from the original on 11 August 2013
7274:Sahni, S.; Gutowski, T. G. (2011).
6391:
6218:"Recycling Benefits to the Economy"
6095:The League of Women Voters (1993).
6075:from the original on 24 August 2013
5985:from the original on 29 August 2019
5711:from the original on 1 October 2019
5599:
5438:from the original on 29 August 2019
5010:
4959:
4537:Towie, Narelle (28 February 2019).
4481:from the original on 1 October 2018
3907:from the original on 26 August 2017
3882:from the original on 8 January 2017
3646:"Recycling through the ages: 1970s"
3578:
2653:
1965:Environmental effects of recycling
1690:Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil
1150:
1126:
56:
11012:Environmental full-cost accounting
10504:
10233:waste-water treatment technologies
8377:Category:Waste management journals
8187:
7894:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01353.x
7867:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00539.x
7610:Bolen, Wallace P. (January 1998).
7372:Zaman, A. U.; Lehmann, S. (2011).
7337:Lehmann, Steffen (15 March 2011).
6892:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01353.x
6405:Gunter, Matthew (1 January 2007).
6198:from the original on 30 March 2018
5459:Introduction to Plastics Recycling
5386:from the original on 24 April 2013
4789:from the original on 31 March 2019
4779:"How to Recycle Tin or Steel Cans"
4467:"How to make paper in the tropics"
4411:. Simon and Schuster. p. 98.
4366:"Why I Am Not An Environmentalist"
4313:Journal of Geochemical Exploration
4114:Patil T., Rebaioli L., Fassi I., "
4108:
3755:from the original on 31 March 2019
3725:from the original on 31 March 2019
3099:
3087:from the original on 31 March 2021
1973:Energy savings vs. new production
1814:
1768:
1086:on what materials are recyclable.
57:
11534:
10946:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
10218:agricultural wastewater treatment
8365:
7563:Institute for Local Self-Reliance
7353:from the original on 25 June 2021
7255:from the original on 5 April 2010
7069:"How does recycling save energy?"
6742:from the original on 6 March 2019
6644:from the original on 28 June 2015
6451:Foundation for Economic Education
5940:Werner, Debra (21 October 2019).
5837:""Eco"-plastic: recycled plastic"
5729:
5542:from the original on 24 June 2014
5353:from the original on 16 July 2019
4612:from the original on 5 March 2016
4213:Shen, Huiting; Forssberg (2003).
3893:Moses, Asher (19 November 2008).
3204:Aspden, Peter (9 December 2022).
3163:
2753:List of waste management acronyms
2468:Institute for Local Self-Reliance
2396:Energy Information Administration
2066:Natural Resources Defense Council
613:
11458:
11447:
11446:
11416:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
10171:
9944:
9943:
9932:
9874:Extended producer responsibility
9360:
9141:
9105:
9104:
9094:
8851:Extended producer responsibility
8580:
8412:Journal of Environmental Systems
8154:K, J, P, Melati, Nikam, Nguyen.
8147:
8082:
8051:
8016:
7989:
7900:
7873:
7836:
7810:
7788:
7702:
7676:
7603:
7581:
7569:from the original on 29 May 2009
7551:
7223:
7135:
7125:National Geographic Green Living
7112:
7083:
7061:
6898:
6871:
6828:
6715:
6684:
6656:
6623:
6590:
6566:
6543:
6521:
6488:
6469:
6289:
6049:About resin identification codes
5843:from the original on 27 May 2020
5481:
5412:. 1 October 2007. Archived from
5293:Samson, Sam (19 February 2023).
4947:from the original on 26 May 2019
4828:. 5 October 2012. Archived from
4518:from the original on 10 May 2008
4405:Steven E. Landsburg (May 2012).
4154:
4006:Paben, Jared (7 February 2017).
3809:"Mechanics of e-waste recycling"
3656:from the original on 16 May 2019
2910:
2898:
2748:List of elements facing shortage
2228:
2085:costs. A study conducted by the
1909:
1839:Society of the Plastics Industry
1390:The waste produced from burning
648:
508:
499:
415:make a silk purse of a sow's ear
11002:Corporate social responsibility
10931:Ocean thermal energy conversion
10870:Community-supported agriculture
10555:Human impact on the environment
10299:List of energy storage projects
10223:industrial wastewater treatment
10076:Environmental impact assessment
10046:Environmental impact assessment
9432:Mechanical biological treatment
8448:Waste Management & Research
7166:Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res
7046:10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.685
6666:; Eda Gurel-Atay, eds. (2014).
6349:Waste Management & Research
6263:
6236:
6210:
6178:
6152:
6087:
6061:
6042:
6023:
5997:
5973:Siegel, R. P. (7 August 2019).
5966:
5835:Layton, Julia (22 April 2009).
5828:
5786:
5756:
5723:
5658:
5632:
5590:
5554:
5528:
5502:
5486:. 1coast.com.au. Archived from
5484:"What Happens to My Recycling?"
5475:
5450:
5420:
5398:
5365:
5335:
5323:from the original on 8 May 2019
5305:
5286:
5245:
5188:
5149:
5124:
5069:
4927:
4878:
4771:
4683:
4650:
4591:
4561:
4530:
4493:
4458:
4357:
4339:
4300:
4253:
4206:
4167:
4121:
4094:World Health Organization (WHO)
4047:
4030:
3999:
3969:
3939:
3919:
3827:
3815:from the original on 3 May 2009
3767:
3737:
3707:
3638:
3613:
3556:
3537:
3505:
3429:
3396:
3357:
3173:Lilly Sedaghat (4 April 2018).
3145:League of Women Voters (1993).
2087:Technical University of Denmark
1646:can increase with each remelt.
873:Environmental Protection Agency
495:Health and environmental impact
394:Remnants of iron fence bars in
11242:Socially responsible marketing
8352:Tierney, J. (3 October 2015).
7612:"Sand and Gravel (Industrial)"
7535:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.020
7127:. Demand Media. Archived from
6804:Tierney, John (30 June 1996).
6691:Tierney, John (30 June 1996).
6445:Howard Husock (23 June 2020).
6117:Energy Savings from Recycling,
5461:. iSmithers Rapra Publishing.
5222:10.1088/1757-899x/691/1/012083
5023:MRS Online Proceedings Library
3977:"Recycling of municipal waste"
3255:
3197:
3034:
2930:
1445:'s Ship Disposal Program uses
1138:in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland
1067:generally picks up the waste.
787:
13:
1:
11433:Sustainable Development Goals
11237:Socially responsible business
9017:Container-deposit legislation
8484:
8417:Journal of Industrial Ecology
7782:10.1016/s0921-3449(00)00071-9
7589:"Markets for Recovered Glass"
7090:Margolis, Nancy (July 1997).
6973:10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00093-9
6550:Gough, Neil (11 March 2002).
5839:. Science.howstuffworks.com.
5374:"Common Recyclable Materials"
5372:None, None (10 August 2015).
5258:Journal of Composites Science
5106:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.009
5086:Journal of Cleaner Production
4846:The Highland Council (2013).
4364:Landsburg, Steven E. (2012).
4239:10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00164-2
4200:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.079
4180:Journal of Cleaner Production
3233:Black Dog Publishing (2006).
3070:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
3050:Journal of Cleaner Production
2959:10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00056-3
2923:
2319:or is recycled indefinitely.
1807:Product disassembly requires
1489:solar photovoltaic technology
1001:, intended to separate paper
988:
891:
803:container deposit legislation
470:Sustainable Development Goals
100:is the process of converting
7967:10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025
6927:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.07.001
6273:. recycling-revolution.com.
5162:Materials Today: Proceedings
4333:10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021
4286:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.023
4090:"Electronic waste (e-waste)"
3807:Kinver, Mark (3 July 2007).
3775:"Where does e-waste end up?"
3237:Recycle : a source book
3022:European Commission (2014).
2574:parable of the broken window
1594:other critical raw materials
1519:Solar panel § Recycling
1423:International Resource Panel
1308:: A rotating magnetic field
489:environmental sustainability
284:times, there is evidence of
143:. It promotes environmental
7:
11262:Sustainability organization
11047:Standards and certification
10638:Social return on investment
10081:Environmental impact design
9884:History of waste management
8712:Materials recovery facility
8278:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0_7
7619:Mineral Commodity Summaries
7147:Can Manufacturers Institute
7119:Lerche, Jacqueline (2011).
6990:"Recycling paper and glass"
6812:. p. 3. Archived from
6495:Daniel K. Benjamin (2010).
6417:(1): 83–111. Archived from
6245:"Recycling myths revisited"
6243:Daniel K. Benjamin (2010).
5694:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.023
5457:Goodship, Vannessa (2007).
5174:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.337
4657:Web-Dictionary.com (2013).
3981:European Environment Agency
3951:European Environment Agency
3947:"Recycling rates in Europe"
3861:www.greenwisebusiness.co.uk
3335:"The truth about recycling"
2999:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0_7
2828:Refurbishment (electronics)
2690:
1829:Recycling codes on products
1661:facility used for in-space
1651:International Space Station
1236:materials recovery facility
776:(48% of deforestation) and
672:"Concrete recycling health"
10:
11539:
10687:Systemic change resistance
10439:High-performance buildings
9472:fluorescent lamp recycling
8427:Journal of Urban Economics
8422:Journal of Socio-Economics
8374:
8115:10.1007/s11356-022-18703-3
8010:10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.020
7670:10.1016/j.eiar.2009.04.001
7291:10.1109/ISSST.2011.5936853
5798:www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk
5768:www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk
5512:. cmfg.com. Archived from
5428:"Sortation by the numbers"
4447:(3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman.
3595:Public Broadcasting System
2813:Recycling rates by country
2733:Electronic waste recycling
2596:Public participation rates
1850:polyethylene terephthalate
1818:
1786:production-waste recycling
1621:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1414:construction. It exhibits
1351:Recycling industrial waste
1214:
1024:
840:Government-mandated demand
637:
605:.” A paper in the journal
583:
450:electronic waste recycling
347:
250:
245:
68:
61:
11518:Waste management concepts
11442:
11353:
11290:
11062:
10989:
10898:
10865:Climate-smart agriculture
10850:
10822:
10779:
10733:
10700:
10573:
10530:
10512:
10434:Heat recovery ventilation
10419:Environmental remediation
10344:
10247:
10180:
10169:
10036:Climate smart agriculture
10018:
9927:
9841:
9810:
9720:
9572:
9369:
9358:
9205:
9090:
8994:
8813:
8725:
8679:
8589:
8578:
8492:
6857:10.1065/lca2004.09.180.10
6783:10.1007/s10098-002-0173-8
6670:. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
6597:Hogg, Max (15 May 2009).
6552:"Garbage In, Garbage Out"
6318:10.1007/s00267-007-9000-7
6191:. March 2014. p. 2.
5868:. Springer. p. 180.
4984:10.1108/13552541311302978
4972:Rapid Prototyping Journal
4900:10.1146/knowable-092920-3
4465:de Jesus, Simeon (1975).
3719:Computer Recycling Center
3370:. Elsevier. p. 461.
2358:Energy and material flows
1862:high-density polyethylene
1678:announced initiatives of
792:
430:National Salvage Campaign
11007:Environmental accounting
10756:Sustainable architecture
10746:Environmental technology
10424:Glass in green buildings
10368:sustainable architecture
10012:Environmental technology
9854:China's waste import ban
8432:Psychology and Marketing
8385:Environment and Behavior
8354:"The Reign of Recycling"
8319:Resources for the Future
7882:Journal of Social Issues
7710:"Mission Police Station"
7461:10.1177/0020715209105144
6880:Journal of Social Issues
6369:10.1177/0734242X04049252
6298:Environmental Management
6271:"A Recycling Revolution"
5640:"How Urban Mining Works"
3549:19 December 2019 at the
3483:Carl A. Zimring (2005).
2713:Automotive oil recycling
2461:
2218:Criticisms and responses
1882:low-density polyethylene
1676:Eastman Chemical Company
1674:polymer again. In 2019,
1610:6 September 2021 at the
1558:e-Stewards certification
1396:Coal-fired power station
1304:are ejected by magnetic
1296:such as iron, steel and
1065:waste collection vehicle
984:Recycling consumer waste
262:archaeological artefacts
110:greenhouse gas emissions
39:latest accepted revision
10880:Sustainable agriculture
9215:Agricultural wastewater
9042:Reverse vending machine
8064:The Wall Street Journal
7099:US Department of Energy
6054:19 October 2010 at the
6030:Plastic Recycling codes
5432:Resource Recycling News
5317:Resource Recycling News
5213:2019MS&E..691a2083C
4826:The Scottish Government
4445:Environmental Chemistry
4012:Resource Recycling News
3932:3 February 2014 at the
2624:Single-stream recycling
2605:Single-stream recycling
2524:polychlorinated dioxins
2348:environmental economics
1852:) is commonly found in
1598:electric car production
1240:single-stream recycling
1136:Reverse vending machine
848:policies, and recycled
71:Recycled (Nektar album)
11423:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
11292:Sustainable management
11277:Urban drainage systems
11017:Environmental planning
10981:Water recycling shower
10971:Tidal stream generator
10766:Sustainable industries
10725:Sustainable population
10710:Demographic transition
10692:Tragedy of the commons
10414:Environmental movement
10111:Sustainability science
10101:Public interest design
10026:Appropriate technology
9939:Environment portal
9617:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9507:water recycling shower
9082:Water recycling shower
8926:Reuse of human excreta
8896:Recycling (ecological)
8881:Material flow analysis
8315:The Economics of Waste
7947:Environmental Research
7686:. NRDC. 30 June 1996.
7217:The Armchair Economist
6806:"Recycling Is Garbage"
6738:. EPA. 14 March 2016.
6693:"Recycling is Garbage"
4511:. UNFCCC. p. 81.
3024:"EU Waste Legislation"
2878:Water recycling shower
2758:Mobile phone recycling
2698:2000s commodities boom
2671:
2663:
2616:
2608:
2518:
2456:
2429:
2409:
2369:
2340:
2140:Free-market economist
2130:
2062:economically efficient
1830:
1778:
1659:additive manufacturing
1633:
1534:
1360:
1345:achieved similar rates
1328:
1265:
1231:
1160:
1139:
1059:
1047:
1013:
1005:and plastic wrappings
901:
778:commercial agriculture
748:
658:This section is empty.
406:
387:
371:
360:
277:
228:printed circuit boards
94:
86:
11315:Humanistic capitalism
11130:Environmental finance
10771:Sustainable packaging
10293:hydrogen technologies
10207:Solid waste treatment
9307:Municipal solid waste
9287:Industrial wastewater
8871:Interchangeable parts
8866:Industrial metabolism
8313:Porter, R.C. (2002).
8295:Minter, Adam (2015).
8226:. North Point Press,
8193:Ackerman, F. (1997).
7820:. NPR. 19 July 2008.
7565:. 14 September 1996.
7391:10.3390/challe2040073
7214:Landsburg, Steven E.
7079:on 27 September 2006.
6539:on 13 September 2007.
6111:, which attributes, "
4443:Baird, Colin (2004).
4148:10.3390/cryst11121504
3925:European Commission,
3901:Sydney Morning Herald
3685:"The price of virtue"
2669:
2661:
2614:
2603:
2512:
2495:life cycle assessment
2454:
2418:
2404:
2367:
2321:
2128:
2090:even aluminium ones.
1901:Cost–benefit analysis
1828:
1776:
1764:Multi-layered plastic
1631:
1532:
1523:Further information:
1517:Further information:
1511:Further information:
1505:Further information:
1478:road surface pavement
1358:
1323:A recycling point in
1322:
1259:
1247:corrugated fiberboard
1229:
1188:to make filament for
1168:Distributed recycling
1158:
1134:
1121:co-mingled collection
1053:
1034:
996:
899:
742:
393:
377:
366:
356:American poster from
355:
271:
92:
81:
11282:Urban infrastructure
10976:Water heat recycling
10799:Conservation biology
10643:Steady-state economy
10618:Micro-sustainability
10603:Ecological footprint
10560:Planetary boundaries
10464:Water heat recycling
10394:Efficient energy use
10384:Conservation biology
10321:Sustainable lighting
10257:Efficient energy use
10071:Environmental Design
10041:Environmental design
9502:water heat recycling
9407:Garden waste dumping
9077:Water heat recycling
9067:Waste management law
8347:The Independent (UK)
8299:. Bloomsbury Press.
8272:. pp. 193–218.
7515:Ecological Economics
7013:Rowland, F. Sherwood
6421:on 11 December 2015.
6039:, American Chemistry
6035:21 July 2011 at the
5744:on 23 September 2015
5145:– via YouTube.
5035:10.1557/opl.2013.258
3781:. 24 February 2009.
2993:. pp. 193–218.
2873:Water heat recycling
2808:Recycling by product
2783:PET bottle recycling
2241:confusing or unclear
2105:by a net 49 million
1922:confusing or unclear
1283:chemical composition
1076:single-stream system
912:Quality of recyclate
862:have used their own
723:Environmental impact
399:Whip-Ma-Whop-Ma-Gate
378:Poster from wartime
367:British poster from
159:Recyclable materials
11383:Earth Summit (1992)
11037:Metrics and indices
10890:Sustainable fishery
10809:Holocene extinction
10628:Product stewardship
10598:Earth Overshoot Day
10449:Nature conservation
10444:Land rehabilitation
10399:Energy conservation
10288:carbon-neutral fuel
10196:dispersion modeling
9869:Eco-industrial park
9457:appliance recycling
9377:Anaerobic digestion
9322:Post-consumer waste
9220:Biodegradable waste
9027:Ethical consumerism
8961:Urban lumberjacking
8891:Product stewardship
8841:Eco-industrial park
8264:, pp. 135–137.
8107:2022ESPR...2961729N
8101:(41): 61729–61746.
7959:2008ER....108..131M
7764:2000RCR....31...51M
7662:2010EIARv..30...28S
7527:2005EcoEc..54....9A
7178:1999ESPR....6....1B
7131:on 26 October 2011.
6965:2003RCR....38....1B
6919:2004WaMan..24..889P
6849:2005IJLCA..10..273M
6775:2003CTEP....5...21H
6586:on 9 November 2012.
6562:on 9 November 2003.
6482:Wall Street Journal
6429:15 May 2019 at the
6361:2004WMR....22..477V
6310:2007EnMan..40..926L
6224:on 24 February 2021
6011:on 18 February 2013
5686:2010EnPol..38.7041M
5620:on 11 November 2012
5098:2014JCPro..70...90K
4832:on 2 February 2013.
4692:"How Plastics Work"
4325:2017JCExp.182..247K
4319:(Part B): 247–268.
4278:2016EcoES.126..111M
4231:2003WaMan..23..933S
4192:2014JCPro..84..411E
3262:Wood, J.R. (2022).
3179:National Geographic
3062:2017JCPro.143..757G
2951:2002RCR....37...39V
2708:Appliance recycling
2374:life-cycle analysis
2249:clarify the article
2183:Trade in recyclates
1966:
1930:clarify the article
1843:resin coding system
1590:rare-earth elements
1416:Pozzolanic activity
1182:life-cycle analysis
1074:In a commingled or
1056:Tomaszów Mazowiecki
1027:Curbside collection
1021:Curbside collection
947:Scottish Government
877:building insulation
774:subsistence farming
434:Salvage for Victory
432:in Britain and the
342:refundable deposits
179:biodegradable waste
177:and other reuse of
29:Page version status
11523:Water conservation
10842:Sustainable energy
10804:Endangered species
10761:Sustainable design
10675:Consumer behaviour
10267:Energy development
10249:Sustainable energy
10238:water purification
10202:Industrial ecology
9914:Waste minimisation
9859:Cleaner production
9524:Reusable packaging
9437:Mechanical sorting
9240:Construction waste
9100:Environment portal
8971:Waste minimisation
8916:Reusable packaging
8861:Industrial ecology
8358:The New York Times
7648:China and India".
7186:10.1007/bf02987111
7153:on 19 August 2019.
7108:on 11 August 2011.
7000:on 25 October 2008
6816:on 6 December 2008
6810:The New York Times
6697:The New York Times
6638:The New York Times
6411:Econ Journal Watch
6140:on 16 October 2007
6097:The Garbage Primer
6058:American Chemistry
5578:on 3 December 2017
5434:. 1 October 2018.
5416:on 31 August 2008.
5271:10.3390/jcs6100289
5137:. World Wide Waste
4598:European Council.
4351:Recovery Worldwide
3525:on 14 October 2012
3281:10.1111/arcm.12756
3147:The Garbage Primer
2703:Aircraft recycling
2672:
2664:
2617:
2609:
2566:economies of scale
2519:
2505:Working conditions
2457:
2426:P. H. Brunner
2383:Some scholars use
2370:
2337:H. Huesemann, 2003
2299:sustainable design
2176:Daniel K. Benjamin
2131:
1964:
1870:polyvinyl chloride
1831:
1809:material recycling
1797:material recycling
1779:
1708:Carthage, Missouri
1669:Chemical recycling
1641:Physical recycling
1634:
1565:of the EU and the
1535:
1507:Computer recycling
1361:
1329:
1302:Non-ferrous metals
1266:
1232:
1161:
1140:
1060:
1048:
1014:
902:
749:
640:Concrete recycling
634:Concrete recycling
533:"recycling health"
521:. You can help by
407:
388:
372:
361:
278:
95:
87:
35:
11513:Energy conversion
11495:
11494:
11421:Earth Summit 2002
11404:Lisbon Principles
11376:Our Common Future
11054:Sustainable yield
10860:Civic agriculture
10613:Green consumption
10550:Global governance
10472:
10471:
10309:commercialization
9978:
9977:
9909:Waste legislation
9818:Sanitation worker
9792:London Convention
9728:Bamako Convention
9519:Resource recovery
9487:textile recycling
9482:plastic recycling
9462:battery recycling
9402:Ecological design
9327:Radioactive waste
9157:
9156:
8911:Resource recovery
8901:Refill (campaign)
8846:Ecological design
8826:Dematerialization
8636:Fluorescent lamps
8345:(December 2016),
8335:978-1-891853-42-5
8287:978-3-319-55839-4
8211:978-1-55963-504-2
7919:978-92-807-3161-3
7495:978-1-58367-218-1
7421:978-0-86571-704-6
7300:978-1-61284-394-0
7015:(November 2000).
6994:Energy Kid's Page
6677:978-0-7656-3680-5
6106:978-1-55821-250-3
5914:978-0-470-09067-1
5875:978-3-03-023165-1
5730:Hogye, Thomas Q.
5680:(11): 7041–7047.
5490:on 11 August 2014
5468:978-1-84735-078-7
4891:Knowable Magazine
4579:on 22 August 2021
4418:978-1-4516-5173-7
4379:978-1-4516-5173-7
4096:. 18 October 2023
3498:978-0-8135-4694-0
3447:978-1-4619-4003-6
3414:978-0-688-12335-2
3377:978-0-12-417019-3
3248:978-1-904772-36-1
3156:978-1-55821-250-3
3030:on 12 March 2014.
3008:978-3-319-55839-4
2848:Textile recycling
2823:Resource recovery
2788:Plastic recycling
2313:Michael Braungart
2309:William McDonough
2285:confirmation bias
2281:
2280:
2273:
2157:Allen Hershkowitz
2064:. According to a
2058:
2057:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1801:product recycling
1793:product recycling
1624:Plastic recycling
1618:Plastic recycling
1513:Battery recycling
1498:often results in
1227:
1090:Source separation
1009:from other waste
824:, old batteries,
720:
719:
588:According to the
581:
580:
440:Post-World War II
169:, batteries, and
47:16 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
11530:
11462:
11461:
11450:
11449:
11394:Agenda 21 (1992)
11365:
11330:Natural resource
11217:Organic movement
11192:Impact investing
10911:Hydroelectricity
10885:Sustainable diet
10837:Renewable energy
10832:Carbon footprint
10814:Invasive species
10751:Natural building
10702:World population
10663:Marketing myopia
10623:Over-consumption
10593:Circular economy
10588:Anti-consumerism
10545:Environmentalism
10499:
10492:
10485:
10476:
10475:
10409:Energy recycling
10330:electric vehicle
10304:Renewable energy
10278:alternative fuel
10228:sewage treatment
10212:Waste management
10175:
10066:Energy recycling
10061:Electric vehicle
10031:Clean technology
10005:
9998:
9991:
9982:
9981:
9947:
9946:
9937:
9936:
9802:OSPAR Convention
9733:Basel Convention
9544:Waste collection
9534:Sewage treatment
9492:timber recycling
9467:bottle recycling
9447:Reclaimed lumber
9442:Photodegradation
9364:
9282:Industrial waste
9250:Electronic waste
9245:Demolition waste
9225:Biomedical waste
9199:waste management
9184:
9177:
9170:
9161:
9160:
9145:
9144:
9108:
9107:
9098:
9072:Waste management
9062:Waste collection
8921:Reuse of bottles
8821:Circular economy
8798:Northern Ireland
8584:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8456:
8455:
8371:Related journals
8361:
8310:
8291:
8247:
8197:. Island Press.
8181:
8180:
8174:
8166:
8160:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8134:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8004:(8): 1551–1556.
7993:
7987:
7986:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7860:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7775:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7715:. Archived from
7714:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7616:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7455:(3–4): 311–334.
7444:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7405:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7317:
7285:. pp. 1–6.
7280:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7221:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7149:. Archived from
7143:"By the Numbers"
7139:
7133:
7132:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7101:. Archived from
7096:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7048:
7038:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6986:
6977:
6976:
6948:
6939:
6938:
6907:Waste Management
6902:
6896:
6895:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6635:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6602:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6582:. Archived from
6570:
6564:
6563:
6558:. Archived from
6547:
6541:
6540:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6508:
6501:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6442:
6433:
6422:
6402:
6389:
6388:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6247:. Archived from
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6190:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6166:on 12 March 2016
6162:. Archived from
6160:"UCO: Recycling"
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6136:. Archived from
6130:
6124:
6110:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6065:
6059:
6046:
6040:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5736:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5671:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5642:. Archived from
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5616:. Archived from
5606:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5566:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5349:. 27 June 2019.
5347:The Robot Report
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5224:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4902:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4861:
4860:on 7 April 2014.
4859:
4853:. Archived from
4852:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4818:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4747:
4739:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4666:
4665:on 7 April 2014.
4661:. Archived from
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4638:on 14 April 2008
4634:. Archived from
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4506:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4462:
4456:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4347:"Slag Recycling"
4343:
4337:
4336:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4219:Waste Management
4210:
4204:
4203:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4125:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4059:
4051:
4045:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3943:
3937:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3868:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3681:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3652:. 30 July 2014.
3642:
3636:
3635:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3587:
3576:
3575:
3570:. Archived from
3560:
3554:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3518:. Archived from
3517:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3331:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3142:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3026:. Archived from
3019:
3013:
3012:
2986:
2971:
2970:
2934:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2853:Timber recycling
2818:Recycling symbol
2793:Reclaimed lumber
2738:Energy recycling
2718:Bottle recycling
2654:Recycling in art
2629:Pay as you throw
2554:rag-and-bone man
2433:Steven Landsburg
2427:
2338:
2336:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2197:American Midwest
2103:carbon emissions
1967:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1696:depolymerization
1605:Phillipe Bihouix
1554:Basel Convention
1485:renewable energy
1471:depleted uranium
1467:nuclear reactors
1451:artificial reefs
1425:, hosted by the
1398:is often called
1228:
1151:Drop-off centers
1127:Buy-back centers
1084:public education
864:purchasing power
850:product labeling
729:Steven Landsburg
715:
712:
706:
660:You can help by
652:
644:
576:
573:
567:
512:
504:
460:As of 2014, the
84:recycling symbol
64:Energy recycling
21:
11538:
11537:
11533:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11528:
11527:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11491:
11438:
11363:
11355:
11354:Agreements and
11349:
11286:
11090:Climate finance
11058:
10985:
10941:Reclaimed water
10894:
10846:
10818:
10775:
10729:
10715:Family planning
10696:
10569:
10526:
10508:
10503:
10473:
10468:
10429:Green computing
10404:Energy recovery
10340:
10272:Energy recovery
10262:Electrification
10243:
10189:Air pollution (
10176:
10167:
10014:
10009:
9979:
9974:
9950:Category: Waste
9931:
9923:
9904:Waste hierarchy
9837:
9828:Waste collector
9806:
9797:Oslo Convention
9716:
9568:
9564:Waste-to-energy
9559:Waste treatment
9529:Right to repair
9427:Landfill mining
9412:Illegal dumping
9365:
9356:
9317:Packaging waste
9312:Open defecation
9272:Hazardous waste
9201:
9188:
9158:
9153:
9086:
9057:Waste-to-energy
9022:Dumpster diving
8990:
8966:Waste hierarchy
8941:Right to repair
8809:
8778:The Netherlands
8733:Rate by country
8721:
8675:
8585:
8576:
8488:
8483:
8453:
8379:
8373:
8368:
8307:
8288:
8190:
8188:Further reading
8185:
8184:
8168:
8167:
8158:
8152:
8148:
8087:
8083:
8073:
8071:
8056:
8052:
8042:
8040:
8021:
8017:
7994:
7990:
7943:
7939:
7929:
7927:
7920:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7878:
7874:
7858:10.1.1.462.1934
7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7801:
7799:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7773:10.1.1.579.6981
7748:
7744:
7736:
7727:
7722:on 13 May 2012.
7719:
7712:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7645:
7641:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7614:
7608:
7604:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7511:
7507:
7496:
7480:
7476:
7445:
7441:
7431:
7429:
7422:
7406:
7399:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7319:
7315:
7301:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7256:
7237:
7233:
7228:
7224:
7213:
7209:
7162:
7158:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7117:
7113:
7105:
7094:
7088:
7084:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7036:10.1.1.582.2325
7009:
7005:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6949:
6942:
6903:
6899:
6876:
6872:
6833:
6829:
6819:
6817:
6802:
6798:
6759:
6755:
6745:
6743:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6628:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6605:Financial Times
6595:
6591:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6548:
6544:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6493:
6489:
6474:
6470:
6460:
6458:
6443:
6436:
6431:Wayback Machine
6403:
6392:
6345:
6341:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6143:
6141:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6107:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6056:Wayback Machine
6047:
6043:
6037:Wayback Machine
6028:
6024:
6014:
6012:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5915:
5899:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5846:
5844:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5817:
5807:
5805:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5646:on 11 July 2010
5638:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5621:
5608:
5607:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5356:
5354:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5291:
5287:
5250:
5246:
5193:
5189:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4883:
4879:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4844:
4837:
4820:
4819:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4725:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4688:
4684:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4504:
4500:UNFCCC (2007).
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4463:
4459:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4362:
4358:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4305:
4301:
4258:
4254:
4225:(10): 933–949.
4211:
4207:
4172:
4168:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4063:Financial Times
4052:
4048:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3934:Wayback Machine
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3885:
3883:
3876:Huffington Post
3867:on 15 May 2016.
3855:
3848:
3846:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3805:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3749:Swico Recycling
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3691:. 7 June 2007.
3683:
3682:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3626:Popular Science
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3574:on 3 June 2016.
3562:
3561:
3557:
3551:Wayback Machine
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3481:
3477:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3434:
3430:
3415:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3341:. 7 June 2007.
3333:
3332:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3231:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3210:Financial Times
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3143:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2987:
2974:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2798:Reclaimed water
2773:Paint recycling
2768:Optical sorting
2693:
2680:
2656:
2598:
2570:remanufacturing
2542:
2513:Some people in
2507:
2464:
2446:Jevon's paradox
2428:
2425:
2360:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2246:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2185:
2164:illegal dumping
2118:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1927:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1823:
1821:Recycling codes
1817:
1815:Recycling codes
1771:
1769:Recycling loops
1718:Mixed plastic (
1692:
1671:
1643:
1626:
1620:
1612:Wayback Machine
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1463:nuclear weapons
1379:Glass, lumber,
1353:
1219:
1217:
1180:). Preliminary
1170:
1153:
1129:
1097:operating costs
1092:
1029:
1023:
991:
986:
943:
914:
906:plastic bottles
894:
842:
834:illegal dumping
795:
790:
733:paper recycling
725:
716:
710:
707:
666:
665:
653:
642:
636:
616:
586:
577:
571:
568:
527:
526:
519:needs expansion
513:
502:
497:
442:
350:
290:Paper recycling
253:
248:
141:waste hierarchy
139:, and Recycle"
122:water pollution
74:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11536:
11526:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11489:
11482:
11475:
11468:
11456:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11437:
11436:
11430:
11429:(Rio+20, 2012)
11424:
11418:
11413:
11407:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11385:
11380:
11372:
11367:
11359:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11348:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11296:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11175:Infrastructure
11172:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11105:Eco-capitalism
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11057:
11056:
11051:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11022:Sustainability
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10993:
10991:
10990:Accountability
10987:
10986:
10984:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10856:
10854:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10828:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10785:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10737:
10735:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10706:
10704:
10698:
10697:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10683:
10682:
10677:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10648:Sustainability
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10583:Anthropization
10579:
10577:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10536:
10534:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10524:
10519:
10513:
10510:
10509:
10506:Sustainability
10502:
10501:
10494:
10487:
10479:
10470:
10469:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10348:
10346:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10338:
10335:hybrid vehicle
10332:
10326:Transportation
10323:
10318:
10317:
10316:
10311:
10301:
10296:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10253:
10251:
10245:
10244:
10242:
10241:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10193:
10186:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10165:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10113:
10108:
10106:Sustainability
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10086:Green building
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10051:Eco-innovation
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10015:
10008:
10007:
10000:
9993:
9985:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9941:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9823:Street sweeper
9820:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9735:
9730:
9724:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9714:
9709:
9707:United Kingdom
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9578:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9497:tire recycling
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9477:land recycling
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9387:Biodegradation
9384:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9366:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9349:
9347:Surface runoff
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9235:Chemical waste
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9211:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9187:
9186:
9179:
9172:
9164:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9151:
9139:
9134:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9102:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
9002:Bottle cutting
8998:
8996:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8876:Land recycling
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8817:
8815:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8793:United Kingdom
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8611:
8606:
8604:Automotive oil
8601:
8595:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8498:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8482:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8459:
8452:
8451:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8380:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8366:External links
8364:
8363:
8362:
8349:
8339:Sheffield, H.
8337:
8311:
8306:978-1608197934
8305:
8292:
8286:
8265:
8248:
8235:
8220:
8213:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8146:
8081:
8050:
8015:
7988:
7953:(2): 131–139.
7937:
7918:
7899:
7888:(4): 157–177.
7872:
7851:(8): 611–629.
7835:
7809:
7787:
7742:
7725:
7701:
7675:
7639:
7602:
7580:
7550:
7505:
7494:
7474:
7439:
7420:
7397:
7364:
7329:
7299:
7266:
7231:
7222:
7207:
7156:
7134:
7111:
7082:
7060:
7029:(1): 685–740.
7003:
6978:
6940:
6913:(9): 889–897.
6897:
6886:(4): 157–177.
6870:
6843:(4): 273–284.
6827:
6796:
6753:
6723:
6714:
6683:
6676:
6655:
6622:
6589:
6565:
6542:
6520:
6487:
6468:
6434:
6390:
6339:
6304:(6): 926–943.
6288:
6262:
6251:on 18 May 2015
6235:
6209:
6177:
6151:
6125:
6105:
6086:
6060:
6041:
6022:
5996:
5965:
5932:
5913:
5893:
5874:
5854:
5827:
5815:
5785:
5755:
5722:
5657:
5631:
5598:
5589:
5553:
5527:
5516:on 12 May 2015
5501:
5474:
5467:
5449:
5419:
5397:
5364:
5334:
5319:. 7 May 2019.
5304:
5285:
5244:
5187:
5148:
5123:
5068:
5009:
4978:(2): 118–125.
4958:
4940:. April 2018.
4926:
4877:
4835:
4800:
4770:
4723:
4682:
4649:
4623:
4590:
4560:
4529:
4492:
4457:
4436:
4417:
4397:
4378:
4356:
4338:
4299:
4252:
4205:
4166:
4120:
4107:
4081:
4046:
4029:
3998:
3968:
3938:
3918:
3839:www.ask-eu.com
3826:
3796:
3766:
3736:
3706:
3667:
3650:Plastic Expert
3637:
3612:
3577:
3555:
3536:
3504:
3497:
3475:
3446:
3428:
3413:
3395:
3376:
3356:
3299:
3254:
3247:
3222:
3196:
3162:
3155:
3098:
3033:
3014:
3007:
2972:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Tire recycling
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Nutrient cycle
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Drug recycling
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2655:
2652:
2633:
2632:
2631:fees for trash
2626:
2597:
2594:
2541:
2538:
2506:
2503:
2463:
2460:
2423:
2389:adaptive reuse
2359:
2356:
2330:
2326:sustainability
2317:biodegradation
2279:
2278:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2184:
2181:
2172:Terry Anderson
2149:Frank Ackerman
2116:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1819:Main article:
1816:
1813:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1691:
1688:
1670:
1667:
1642:
1639:
1622:Main article:
1619:
1616:
1387:for a profit.
1352:
1349:
1314:magnetic field
1294:ferrous metals
1216:
1213:
1169:
1166:
1152:
1149:
1128:
1125:
1091:
1088:
1025:Main article:
1022:
1019:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
974:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
942:
939:
913:
910:
893:
890:
841:
838:
811:WEEE Directive
794:
791:
789:
786:
724:
721:
718:
717:
656:
654:
647:
635:
632:
615:
614:Slag recycling
612:
599:neurotoxicants
585:
582:
579:
578:
516:
514:
507:
501:
498:
496:
493:
485:National Sword
462:European Union
441:
438:
382:, encouraging
349:
346:
319:West Yorkshire
282:pre-industrial
252:
249:
247:
244:
145:sustainability
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11535:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11488:
11487:
11483:
11481:
11480:
11476:
11474:
11473:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11445:
11444:
11441:
11434:
11431:
11428:
11425:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11411:
11410:Earth Charter
11408:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11352:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11300:Environmental
11298:
11297:
11295:
11293:
11289:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11232:Refurbishment
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11222:Organizations
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11167:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11135:Green economy
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11120:Eco-socialism
11118:
11116:
11115:Eco-investing
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11100:Disinvestment
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11055:
11052:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11024:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10988:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10921:Marine energy
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10897:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10875:Cultured meat
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10853:
10849:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10778:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10668:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10633:Simple living
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10529:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10511:
10507:
10500:
10495:
10493:
10488:
10486:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10379:
10378:New Classical
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10246:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10174:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10152:refurbishment
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:Sustainable (
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10091:Green vehicle
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10056:Ecotechnology
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10006:
10001:
9999:
9994:
9992:
9987:
9986:
9983:
9971:
9970:Organizations
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9942:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9929:
9926:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9889:Landfill fire
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9809:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9738:EU directives
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9719:
9713:
9712:United States
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9549:Waste sorting
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9363:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9297:Marine debris
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9185:
9180:
9178:
9173:
9171:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9150:
9149:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9130:organizations
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9111:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9092:
9089:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9047:Simple living
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9037:Pallet crafts
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8976:Waste picking
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8906:Repairability
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8856:Green economy
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8805:United States
8803:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
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8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8717:Waste sorting
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8646:Mobile phones
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8620:
8617:
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8607:
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8500:
8499:
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8491:
8487:
8480:
8475:
8473:
8468:
8466:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8386:
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8381:
8378:
8359:
8355:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8327:1-891853-42-2
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8266:
8263:
8262:0-86571-704-4
8259:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8236:
8233:
8232:0-86547-587-3
8229:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8203:1-55963-504-5
8200:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8178:
8172:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8124:
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8112:
8108:
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8096:
8092:
8085:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8054:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8019:
8011:
8007:
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7999:
7992:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7903:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7876:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7823:
7819:
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7783:
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7746:
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7734:
7732:
7730:
7718:
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7643:
7624:
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7554:
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7450:
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7427:
7423:
7417:
7413:
7412:
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7402:
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7383:
7379:
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7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
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7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7226:
7219:
7218:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
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7171:
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7160:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7115:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7014:
7007:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6718:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6664:Lynn R. Kahle
6659:
6643:
6639:
6634:
6626:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6556:Time Magazine
6553:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6472:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6439:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6355:(6): 477–87.
6354:
6350:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6194:
6187:
6181:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6026:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5897:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5866:
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5838:
5831:
5822:
5820:
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5799:
5795:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5674:Energy Policy
5668:
5661:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5593:
5574:
5570:
5569:UK Government
5563:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5352:
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5338:
5322:
5318:
5314:
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5300:
5296:
5289:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5207:(1): 012083.
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5168:: 6775–6780.
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5078:Pearce, J. M.
5072:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
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4989:
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4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
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4901:
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4892:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4856:
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4827:
4823:
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4815:
4813:
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4809:
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4751:
4744:
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4713:
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4693:
4686:
4678:
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4608:
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4578:
4574:
4573:www.opala.org
4570:
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4540:
4533:
4514:
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4503:
4496:
4480:
4476:
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4468:
4461:
4454:
4453:0-7167-4877-0
4450:
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4371:
4367:
4360:
4352:
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4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
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4267:
4263:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
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4216:
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4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
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4140:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4117:
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4095:
4091:
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4069:
4065:
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4058:
4050:
4043:
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3982:
3978:
3972:
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3803:
3801:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:"CRC History"
3710:
3694:
3690:
3689:The Economist
3686:
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3672:
3655:
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3596:
3592:
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3559:
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3457:
3453:
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3410:
3406:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3339:The Economist
3336:
3330:
3328:
3326:
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3320:
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3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3287:
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3277:
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3258:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3229:
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3211:
3207:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3152:
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3141:
3139:
3137:
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3131:
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3125:
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3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
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3103:
3083:
3079:
3075:
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3067:
3063:
3059:
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3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
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2908:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2884:
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2879:
2876:
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2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Rigs-to-Reefs
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Recycling bin
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Pallet crafts
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
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2749:
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2699:
2696:
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2684:
2675:
2668:
2660:
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2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2589:laissez-faire
2585:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:externalities
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2472:landfill fees
2469:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2329:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:by architect
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2264:
2254:
2253:the talk page
2250:
2244:
2242:
2237:This article
2235:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:laissez-faire
2150:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2107:metric tonnes
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:externalities
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1935:
1934:the talk page
1931:
1925:
1923:
1918:This article
1916:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:polypropylene
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:water bottles
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:coding system
1827:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
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1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
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1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:plastic waste
1652:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:(REE) and/or
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1567:United States
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
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1531:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1465:and fuel for
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:ship breaking
1444:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:United States
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:retail stores
1367:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:San Francisco
1333:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:eddy currents
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:spectroscopic
1276:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
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1187:
1183:
1179:
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1157:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:contamination
1098:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:recycling bin
1033:
1028:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
978:
975:
972:
971:
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928:
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919:
918:green economy
909:
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865:
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734:
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714:
711:December 2023
705:
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698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674: –
673:
669:
668:Find sources:
663:
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645:
641:
631:
627:
625:
620:
611:
608:
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600:
595:
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575:
572:December 2023
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535: –
534:
530:
529:Find sources:
524:
520:
517:This section
515:
511:
506:
505:
500:Health impact
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
458:
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149:ISO standards
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114:air pollution
111:
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40:
33:
28:
19:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11451:
11375:
11339:
11140:Construction
11063:Applications
10781:Biodiversity
10540:Anthropocene
10458:
10454:Permaculture
10373:New Urbanism
10345:Conservation
10137:food systems
10122:architecture
9842:Other topics
9833:Waste picker
9760:incineration
9539:Urban mining
9451:
9417:Incineration
9397:Durable good
9342:Sharps waste
9302:Mining waste
9146:
9007:Cogeneration
8836:Durable good
8485:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8357:
8340:
8314:
8296:
8269:
8252:
8244:NBC Bay Area
8243:
8223:
8216:
8194:
8171:cite journal
8162:
8149:
8098:
8094:
8084:
8072:. Retrieved
8063:
8053:
8041:. Retrieved
8032:
8029:S.A.P.I.EN.S
8028:
8018:
8001:
7997:
7991:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7928:. Retrieved
7908:
7902:
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7881:
7875:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7826:. Retrieved
7812:
7800:. Retrieved
7790:
7758:(1): 51–69.
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7745:
7738:PBS NewsHour
7737:
7717:the original
7704:
7692:. Retrieved
7678:
7656:(1): 28–41.
7653:
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7630:. Retrieved
7618:
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7562:
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7430:. Retrieved
7410:
7384:(4): 73–93.
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7346:
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7332:
7320:. Retrieved
7282:
7269:
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7248:
7245:S.A.P.I.EN.S
7244:
7234:
7225:
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7159:
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7137:
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7103:the original
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7072:
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6998:the original
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6836:
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6814:the original
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6735:
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6450:
6419:the original
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6265:
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6212:
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6180:
6168:. Retrieved
6164:the original
6154:
6142:. Retrieved
6138:the original
6128:
6123:April 1987."
6120:
6116:
6115:as cited in
6112:
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6077:. Retrieved
6063:
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6009:the original
5999:
5987:. Retrieved
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5935:
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5864:
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5830:
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5767:
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5739:the original
5725:
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5634:
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5488:the original
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5431:
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5410:ScienceDaily
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5316:
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4626:
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4577:the original
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4543:The Guardian
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4093:
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4061:
4049:
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4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4011:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3980:
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3950:
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3921:
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3900:
3884:. Retrieved
3875:
3865:the original
3860:
3847:. Retrieved
3838:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3787:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
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3748:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3718:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3688:
3658:. Retrieved
3649:
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3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3594:
3572:the original
3567:
3558:
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3527:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3507:
3486:
3478:
3437:
3431:
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3366:
3359:
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3338:
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3271:
3268:Archaeometry
3267:
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3236:
3213:. Retrieved
3209:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3178:
3146:
3089:. Retrieved
3053:
3049:
3036:
3028:the original
3017:
2990:
2945:(1): 39–53.
2942:
2938:
2932:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2618:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2558:waste picker
2543:
2536:
2520:
2488:
2477:
2465:
2458:
2438:
2430:
2419:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2382:
2371:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2322:
2311:and chemist
2302:
2296:
2292:John Tierney
2289:
2282:
2267:
2258:
2247:Please help
2238:
2221:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2147:
2142:Julian Simon
2139:
2135:waste stream
2132:
2092:
2075:
2059:
1948:
1939:
1928:Please help
1919:
1878:credit cards
1847:
1832:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1693:
1680:methanolysis
1672:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1602:
1584:
1579:eddy current
1571:
1536:
1493:
1482:
1475:
1440:
1431:
1420:
1389:
1385:rubber tires
1378:
1362:
1334:
1330:
1291:
1267:
1251:plastic bags
1244:
1233:
1194:
1171:
1162:
1141:
1120:
1117:
1093:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
968:
944:
935:
931:
915:
903:
885:buying power
881:
858:
854:
843:
815:
807:
796:
782:
767:
762:biodiversity
754:soil erosion
750:
726:
708:
700:
693:
686:
679:
667:
662:adding to it
657:
628:
621:
617:
606:
587:
569:
561:
554:
547:
540:
528:
523:adding to it
518:
482:
467:
459:
447:
443:
422:World War II
419:
408:
403:World War II
386:to "salvage"
369:World War II
358:World War II
335:
323:
303:Benjamin Law
279:
254:
236:thermometers
201:
191:
187:garden waste
158:
157:
130:
118:incineration
97:
96:
75:
46:
37:This is the
31:
11356:conferences
11227:Procurement
11170:Development
11070:Advertising
11032:Measurement
10966:Tidal power
10961:Small hydro
10926:Micro hydro
10789:Biosecurity
10741:Appropriate
10670:Sustainable
10653:Advertising
10575:Consumption
10565:Development
10389:Ecoforestry
10147:procurement
10132:development
10117:agriculture
9864:Downcycling
9811:Occupations
9780:waste water
9677:Switzerland
9667:South Korea
9657:New Zealand
9582:Afghanistan
9554:Waste trade
9514:Repurposing
9352:Toxic waste
9332:Scrap metal
9267:Green waste
9230:Brown waste
9207:Major types
9120:by material
8981:Wishcycling
8931:Repurposing
8831:Downcycling
8783:Switzerland
8619:PET bottles
8567:Cooking oil
8552:Refrigerant
8074:21 December
7798:. Zwire.com
7632:7 September
7521:(1): 9–21.
7251:(1): 1–17.
6959:(1): 1–22.
6820:28 February
6648:12 February
6513:11 December
6461:11 December
6079:29 February
5264:(10): 289.
5141:26 February
5116:5 September
5002:29 December
4659:"Recyclate"
4642:28 February
4553:23 December
4272:: 111–121.
4186:: 411–420.
4100:11 December
3699:8 September
3388:19 November
3349:8 September
3274:: 187–205.
3056:: 757–768.
2917:Environment
2883:Wishcycling
2546:karung guni
2290:Journalist
2211:RecycleBank
2155:economics.
1894:polystyrene
1704:biopolymers
1663:3D printing
1500:downcycling
1435:rare metals
1190:3D printers
1174:recyclebots
1080:recyclables
923:down-cycled
860:Governments
846:procurement
788:Legislation
478:Target 12.5
472:. Goal 12,
331:World War I
240:thermostats
194:polystyrene
171:electronics
126:landfilling
11502:Categories
11247:Sanitation
11202:Livelihood
11125:Ecovillage
11110:Eco-cities
11027:Accounting
10936:Pico hydro
10916:Hydropower
10734:Technology
10532:Principles
10358:insulation
10351:Building (
10314:transition
10157:technology
10142:industries
9919:Zero waste
9721:Agreements
9652:Kazakhstan
9607:Bangladesh
9392:Composting
9277:Heat waste
9262:Food waste
9255:by country
9125:by product
9115:by country
9032:Freeganism
9012:Composting
8986:Zero waste
8886:Precycling
8707:Collection
8697:Blue boxes
8599:Appliances
8375:See also:
8043:6 November
7828:6 November
7802:6 November
7694:6 November
7573:8 February
7544:1942/22574
7378:Challenges
7259:15 October
6707:30 January
6615:8 February
6281:1 February
6255:19 January
6228:1 February
6170:22 October
6144:1 November
5958:22 October
5748:13 October
5582:3 December
5520:1 February
5390:2 February
5061:8 February
4919:12 October
4793:8 February
4763:4 November
4509:unfccc.int
4074:25 October
4022:8 February
3991:8 February
3961:8 February
3779:Greenpeace
3745:"About us"
3529:27 October
3513:"sd_shire"
3189:8 February
2924:References
2532:bottom ash
2499:carbon tax
2431:Economist
2352:paperboard
2261:March 2019
2243:to readers
2204:pulp mills
2189:recyclates
1942:March 2019
1924:to readers
1890:Tupperware
1874:hula hoops
1860:. Type 2 (
1854:soft drink
1575:capacitors
1469:is called
1374:warehouses
1113:transients
1109:Oregon DEQ
989:Collection
927:landfilled
892:Recyclates
758:fertilizer
727:Economist
683:newspapers
638:See also:
544:newspapers
426:world wars
384:housewives
298:downcycled
208:paperboard
198:metal cans
175:composting
11508:Recycling
11340:Recycling
11335:Planetary
11325:Materials
11320:Landscape
11305:Fisheries
11272:Transport
11197:Landscape
11180:Marketing
11155:Gardening
11095:Community
11042:Reporting
10906:Footprint
10794:Biosphere
10459:Recycling
10182:Pollution
10162:transport
9899:Upcycling
9765:landfills
9755:framework
9748:Recycling
9743:batteries
9672:Sri Lanka
9632:Hong Kong
9597:Australia
9574:Countries
9452:Recycling
9370:Processes
9191:Biosolids
8956:Upcycling
8950:Green Dot
8738:Australia
8726:Countries
8692:Blue bags
8680:Apparatus
8626:Computers
8609:Batteries
8502:Aluminium
8494:Materials
8486:Recycling
8123:1614-7499
7853:CiteSeerX
7768:CiteSeerX
7469:154627746
7229:Selke 116
7031:CiteSeerX
6865:110948339
6533:USA Today
6015:20 August
5989:29 August
5947:SpaceNews
5925:30 August
5886:30 August
5715:18 August
5702:1974/6122
5442:29 August
5357:29 August
5327:29 August
5280:2504-477X
5239:212846044
5231:1757-899X
5182:236599187
5092:: 90–96.
5043:0272-9172
5029:: 91–96.
4909:224860591
4161:CC BY 4.0
3927:Recycling
3464:cite book
3456:858862026
3078:157449142
2967:0921-3449
2863:Upcycling
2728:E-cycling
2550:zabbaleen
2442:Karl Marx
2119:emissions
1995:Cardboard
1982:Aluminium
1970:Material
1866:milk jugs
1712:pyrolysis
1700:thermoset
1546:Khian Sea
1443:U.S. Navy
1381:wood pulp
1366:cardboard
1335:In 2003,
1273:(#1) and
1045:Australia
624:paralysis
338:Schweppes
181:—such as
153:ISO 14001
98:Recycling
11453:Category
11252:Sourcing
11187:Greening
11080:Business
10956:Security
10951:Scarcity
9960:Journals
9775:vehicles
9697:Thailand
9687:Tanzania
9422:Landfill
9382:Balefill
9110:Category
8995:See also
8814:Concepts
8773:Mongolia
8768:Malaysia
8671:Vehicles
8661:Textiles
8591:Products
8512:Concrete
8141:35668274
8068:Archived
8037:Archived
7983:26874262
7975:18949831
7930:10 April
7924:Archived
7822:Archived
7688:Archived
7623:Archived
7597:Archived
7567:Archived
7500:Archived
7426:Archived
7351:Archived
7313:Archived
7253:Archived
7220:. p. 86.
7202:46384723
7194:19005854
7172:(1): 1.
7055:42674488
6935:15504666
6791:55193459
6746:12 March
6740:Archived
6701:Archived
6642:Archived
6609:Archived
6504:Archived
6455:Archived
6427:Archived
6385:13596709
6377:15666450
6334:40085245
6326:17687596
6275:Archived
6193:Archived
6073:Archived
6052:Archived
6033:Archived
5983:Archived
5979:GreenBiz
5952:Archived
5919:Archived
5880:Archived
5841:Archived
5802:Archived
5772:Archived
5706:Archived
5650:9 August
5614:unep.org
5540:Archived
5436:Archived
5381:Archived
5351:Archived
5321:Archived
5110:Archived
5080:(2014).
5055:Archived
5051:18303920
4996:Archived
4992:15980607
4942:Archived
4913:Archived
4866:cite web
4787:Archived
4783:Earth911
4754:Archived
4752:. 2013.
4712:cite web
4696:Archived
4671:cite web
4607:Archived
4547:Archived
4513:Archived
4479:Archived
4471:Unasylva
4429:10 April
4423:Archived
4390:10 April
4384:Archived
4294:26741880
4247:14614927
4163:license.
4135:Crystals
4068:Archived
4016:Archived
3985:Archived
3955:Archived
3930:Archived
3905:Archived
3880:Archived
3843:Archived
3813:Archived
3783:Archived
3753:Archived
3723:Archived
3693:Archived
3654:Archived
3632:Archived
3599:Archived
3597:. 2007.
3547:Archived
3423:29702410
3382:Archived
3343:Archived
3286:Archived
3183:Archived
3082:Archived
2743:Greening
2691:See also
2562:junk man
2424:—
2346:As with
2331:—
2083:landfill
2054: —
2041: —
2034:Plastics
2002: —
1608:Archived
1586:Vehicles
1459:titanium
1412:concrete
1400:fuel ash
1341:Recology
1332:fines".
1325:New Byth
1298:tin cans
1285:; their
1269:plastic—
1058:, Poland
1041:Canberra
830:services
743:A metal
601:such as
411:Bakelite
167:textiles
43:reviewed
18:Recycled
11486:Degrees
11479:Studies
11472:Science
11267:Tourism
11160:Geopark
11150:Finance
11145:Fashion
10720:Control
10608:Ethical
10517:Outline
10363:natural
10283:biofuel
10216:Water (
10191:control
10019:General
9627:Georgia
9602:Belgium
9592:Armenia
9587:Albania
9148:Commons
8753:Ireland
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