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635:. Multiple earthbag construction projects have been completed in Haiti, most of these after the earthquake. First Steps Himalaya and other charities had built more than 50 earthbag buildings in Nepal prior to the April 2015 earthquake. Since then, local builders flocked to ongoing earthbag training opportunities, including those by Good Earth Global, which have led to official
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but earthbag needs stronger soil to match this strength. Earthbag in Nepal surpassed this strength slightly by resisting forces above 0.7 g in early 2015. Domes tested in
California resisted approximately 1 g forces, due to the stable shape of these less than 7 m (23 ft) diameter buildings.
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Earthbag of weak soil with no steel can be half the shear strength of unreinforced adobe, which is easily damaged in earthquakes. New
Zealand's code detailing and plans allow unreinforced adobe walls to survive almost 0.6 g forces (comparable to Ss values for 2% probability of excedance in 50 years),
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CE is not "sandbags". Contained sand (CS) uses sand fill or any fill too dry or with poor cohesion that performs structurally like sandbags. CS must be built with solid-weave fabric bags and have good protection from fabric damage, relying on the strength of the bag fabric for wall strength. CS needs
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Bags on the course above are offset by 200 mm (8 in)—half of the 450 mm (18 in) wall width—similar to running bond in masonry. Bags can either be pre-filled with material and hoisted up, or bags or tubes are filled in place. The weight of the earthen fill locks the bag in place on
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Buildings with straight walls longer than 5 m (16.4 ft) in length need intersecting walls or bracing buttresses. International standards exist for bracing wall size and spacing for earthen construction in different types of seismic risk areas, most notably the performance-based standards of
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acceptance of this technique for residences. International NPOs have built hundreds of contained earth or earthbag buildings in Nepal as well, more residences than larger clinics or schools. NPOs are asking for more structural information to be better able to choose reinforcement types and intensity
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used – plastic (for bags & twine), steel wire, and perhaps the outer shell of plaster or stucco – are used in relatively small quantities compared to other types of construction, often totaling less than 5% of the building materials. Buildings last a long time when maintained. However, if "raw"
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Solid CE may be built with less barbed wire in low-risk areas because walls solidify between courses. Earthbag using woven bags or tubes need barbed wire for any level of natural hazard since the bag-to-bag surfaces are slippery. Pins between courses do not contribute important linear out-of-plane
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Contained gravel or contained sand may perform best with wire wrapped around the sides of straight wall sections, alternating with the next course having barbed wire gift-wrapped under and over the same straight sections. Base walls of CG in high risk regions may need additional buttresses at the
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Sands, stone dust and gravels can survive prolonged flood conditions, but most require special bracing during construction as well as some form of structural skin. Sand fill may be appropriate for several courses to provide a vibration damping building base, but becomes unstable in ordinary bags
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Engineer Nabil Taha developed the first general specifications for one type of exterior pinning reinforcement appropriate for the highest seismic risk zones. Several engineering students have tested uncured or low strength earthbag, and Build Simple has tested cured cohesive walls. Organizations
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or other planets. Currently, it is quite expensive to lift a positive-mass payload from Earth. Thus, Khalili's techniques would seem to be an ideal solution as the requisite supplies would consist of lightweight bags and a few tools to fill them. He specified that such bags would probably have
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143:'s earth building standards. Static shear testing shows that earthbag can reach similar strengths to New Zealand's reinforced adobe standards with specific soil strengths and reinforcement although unreinforced weak soil earthbag can have lower shear strength than unreinforced adobe.
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Earthen fill may contain 5–50% clay, and can be "reject fines", "road base", "engineered fill", or local subsoil. "Raw" or un-stabilized soils cure as solid units but cannot withstand prolonged soaking. Subsoils with clay mold tightly and attach well to barbed wire prongs and rebar.
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Earthbag construction uses very little energy compared to other durable construction methods. Unlike concrete, brick or wood, no energy is needed to produce the earthen fill other than gathering soil. If on-site soil is used, little energy is needed for transportation. Unlike
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A roof can be formed by gradually sloping the walls inward to construct a dome. Vaulted roofs can be built on forms. Or a bond beam is used under a traditional roof type. Hip roofs, gable-type trusses or vigas may be needed to reduce outward stress on earthen walls.
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Cement, lime or bitumen stabilization can allow clay soil to withstand flooding or allow sands to be used in traditional bags with a non-structural plaster skin. Because earthbag walls are usually 38 cm (15 in) thick a large amount of stabilizer is needed.
217:. Kelly Hart developed a massive online database of earthbag information that encouraged idea sharing. Kaki Hunter and Doni Kiffmeyer worked on a variety of projects after studying with Khalili, calling earthbag "flexible form rammed earth". Their 2004 book,
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Many like Akio Inoue, from Tenri
University in Japan and Scott Howard of Earthen Hand have tested and built buildings. Hart, with Geiger, encouraged earthbag's development into different culturally and climatically-appropriate shapes. Robert Shear built an
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foundation level where builders cannot afford a reinforced concrete (RC) grade beam or footing. A narrower plastic mesh tube often used for erosion control wattle could be filled with gravel to allow a half-width RC ring beam under the wide walls.
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Dr. John
Anderton of South Africa has tested a triple channel bag version that reduces the slumping problems inherent in non-cohesive fill material like sand, and pioneered work in a narrow wall contained sand system which he calls E-khaya.
449:(CE) is based on the original technique, but with specific soil strengths and reinforcement chosen for hazard levels. CE uses damp, cohesive, tamped bag fill, which bonds strongly with barbed wire and other reinforcement as the wall cures.
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Soil fill can contain a high proportion of aggregate, as long as it tamps and cures strongly. Crushed bottles, strong rubble, or plastic trash can be used, but high aggregate mixes may interfere with inserting rebar.
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makes massive earth walls ideal for mild or hot and dry climates. Clay or sand also have excellent heat retention characteristics and, when properly insulated from the home's exterior, can serve as thermal mass in a
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and commercial buildings. Earthbag is frequently chosen for many small-to-medium-sized institutional structures in the developing world. Subgrade structures including underground and bermed dwellings (such as
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Earthbag housing: structural behaviour and applicability in Sri Lanka. Engineering
Sustainability . December 2011;164(4):261-273. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 5,
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Current earthbag techniques of inserting rebar unattached to base and overlapping without connection may only resist 1.2 g or less, even if using very strong soil. Special reinforcement is needed
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Free online booklets have been developed by different authors, including Owen Geiger and Patti
Stouter. These include structural research and field testing techniques developed for rural areas.
411:. Tubes are often available from manufacturers who sew them into bags. Mesh tubes of soft crocheted poly fibers are also used, although stiff extruded mesh or woven mesh bags can also be used.
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Solid CE of strong soil has higher shear and out of plane strength than modular CE,. It may also allow the use of mesh for horizontal reinforcement in addition to or in place of barbed wire.
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Contained gravel (CG) uses fill of any aggregate larger than coarse sand, usually in doubled rice bags, although strong mesh can be used. CG limits dampness transmission from footings.
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Modular CE is built in grain bags or similar tubes. Walls rely on attachment between barbed wire barbs and/ or added pins between courses. Solid CE is hyperadobe built in some type of
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yield higher insulation value than clay or sand. Untreated organic materials that could decay should not be used as part of a structural wall, although they can be used as infill.
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more vertical reinforcement for both shear and out-of-plane strength than CE, or may require a structural skin. Some builders use narrow bags of contained sand as wall infill.
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Although Joseph
Kennedy probably invented the term earthbag (as well as contained earth), Paulina Wojciechowska wrote the first book on the topic of earthbag building in 2001,
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the barbed wire below. A light tamping of the bags or tubes consolidates the moist clay-containing fill and creates interlocking bags or tubes anchored on the barbed wire.
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Some buildings use a planted-earth "living roof" ("green-roof") to top the structure, while others use a more conventional framing and roof placed atop earth-bag walls.
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Generally inorganic material is used as filler, but some organic material (such as rice hulls) can be used if a strong matrix like wire mesh reinforces the plaster.
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While Gernot Minke, the German professor of earthen architecture, first developed a technique of using bags filled with pumice to build walls, architect and builder
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is also sometimes wrapped around the bags to tie one course to the next, to hold in-progress structures together and keep courses well-seated on barbed wire prongs.
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Rebuilding after natural disasters and in low-income regions around the world has included earthbag. Although heavy earthen walls are usually dangerous in quakes,
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techniques, on temporary forms. Light may also be brought in by skylights, glass-capped pipes, or bottles placed between bag courses during construction.
591:. If walls are 'raw' earth, an infill plaster of earth with straw is used to fill the nooks between bags or courses. A finish plaster is applied on top.
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inspired earthbag house in Utah and Morgan
Caraway of Sustainable Life School is building a house that incorporates earthship design principles as well.
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or lime plaster, to shed water and prevent fabric UV damage. Finishes can differ from protected interior applications to exposed external applications.
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Thermal mass properties of earthen fill moderate temperature swings in climates that experience high temperature fluctuations from night to day. This
368:. In high seismic risk regions a reinforced concrete footing or grade beam may be recommended. Earthbag buildings can also be built on conventional
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building methods. The technique requires very basic construction materials: sturdy sacks filled with organic material usually available on site.
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United Earth
Builders has tried a light straw clay in the hyperadobe mesh tubing to form a layer 200 mm (8") thick outside of a dome.
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STACEY K. Earthbag buildings a quake solution. Nelson Mail, The . August 29, 2015:3. Available from: Newspaper Source Plus, Ipswich, MA
205:, and retaining walls can be built with stabilized soil fill or with additional reinforcement and water-resistant gravel or sand fill.
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Earthbag is now a varied family of techniques. Each type of fill and container has different strength and reinforcement requirements.
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on top, that attaches to the bag to prevent slippage and resists any tendency for the outward expansion of dome or rectangular walls.
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is most popular, available around the world to transport rice or other grains. Polypropylene is low cost and resists water damage,
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building in Nepal are currently working with engineers to improve and refine reinforcement options for seismic-resistant earthbag.
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This construction technique is one of the most versatile natural building methods and can be used for benches, freestanding walls,
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is an inexpensive building method using mostly local soil to create structures which are both strong and can be quickly built.
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Stouter, P. (May 2015) Rebuilding Nepal
Sustainably: Culture, Climate and Quakes p. 7 Build Simple Inc., www.BuildSimple.org
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strength. Walls of earthbag with barbed wire are more flexible than adobe and may resist collapse when carefully detailed.
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than a rubble trench foundation) and can have a bermed or underground "floating" foundation like an earthship as well.
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Stouter, Patti (May 2017) Estimated Shear Strengths of Contained Earth Walls. Build Simple Inc. www.BuildSimple.org
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requirements, although plaster on lower walls may be stronger and more water-resistant than plaster on upper walls.
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value of a material is directly related to both the porosity of the material and the thickness of the wall. Crushed
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construction, only human labor energy is required to tamp the soil lightly. The energy-intensive materials that
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can be hammered into walls to strengthen corners and opening edges and provide resistance against overturning.
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Thermal insulating properties are important for climates that experience temperature extremes. The thermal
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is used. Walls are gradually built up by laying the bags in courses—forming a staggered pattern similar to
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Earth domes are inexpensive to build, but waterproofing them is complex or expensive in humid regions.
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Fernando Pacheco of Brazil pioneered the use of lighter HDPE mesh tubing for simpler hyperadobe walls.
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appropriate to local soil strength and seismic risk. University testing has begun but more is needed.
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or unstabilized soil is used as fill, when the building is no longer useful the earthen fill can be
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for humanitarian efforts (particularly for residential buildings) as well as natural flood control.
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Standard earthbag fill material has internal stability. Either moist subsoil that contains enough
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Earth Architecture and Ceramics: The Sandbag/ Superadobe/ Superblock Construction System
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Ross, Brandon et al. (2013) Wind Load Test of Earthbag Wall. Buildings 2013, 3, 532-544
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The walls can be curved or straight, domed with earth or topped with conventional
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Standard Guide for Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems E2392 / E2392M – 10e1
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Earthbag building techniques were also explored in Sri Lanka after the
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Several courses of gravel in doubled woven bags form a water-resistant
311: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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60: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Kennedy, Joseph F.; Smith, Michael G.; Wanek, Catherine, eds. (2014).
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helped reintroduce earthbag construction as a modern technique called
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mesh tube, so that the damp earthen fill solidifies between courses.
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left earthbag buildings in good condition near destroyed buildings.
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Khalili proposed using the techniques of earthbag construction for
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in cool climates, keeping interior temperatures stable year-round.
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Building with Earth: A Guide to Flexible-Form Earthbag Construction
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into either garden areas, backfill, or new earthen buildings.
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to become cohesive when tamped, or a water-resistant angular
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Aseismic Performance-Based Standards for Earth Construction
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Windows and doors can be formed with a traditional masonry
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To improve friction between bags and wall tensile strength
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National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
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Earthbag Building: The Tools, Tricks and Techniques eBook
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For hazardous locations, accurate terminology is needed.
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Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
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Comprehensive Design Method for Earthbag and Superadobe
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Canadell R., Samuel, A. Blanco and S. Cavalero (2016)
757:. Building Walls: New Society Publishers. p. 39.
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Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
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Earthbag Building Guide: Vertical Walls Step-by-Step
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construction techniques and temporary flood-control
780:. eBooks.com (2004-11-19). Retrieved on 2011-07-27.
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Earthbag Building: the Tools, Tricks and Techniques
579:Cover the wall to prevent damage to the bags from
352:Timelapse video of an earthbag building being made
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894:Project Types: Sustainable Building 541-850-6300
873:(2nd ed.). Canada: New Society Publishers.
847:. Earthbagbuilding.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-27.
483:above 60–100 cm (24–39 in) in height.
1346:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
1385:Construction Management Association of America
1419:National Association of Women in Construction
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859:. Earthbagbuild.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-27.
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594:Roof overhangs are helpful to reduce plaster
372:(though this is more expensive and uses more
1334:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association
799:. Build Simple Inc. Retrieved on 2017-01-10.
97:technique developed from historic military
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661:) fastener strips in lieu of barbed wire.
1374:Civil Engineering Contractors Association
1340:Associated General Contractors of America
811:"Earthbag Building Guide: Vertical Walls"
356:Construction usually begins by digging a
327:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:The structure is typically finished with
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1791:List of tallest buildings and structures
1455:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
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525:Reinforcement and structural performance
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383:. Each layer usually has two strands of
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928:Materials and Design 96 (2016) 270- 282
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1413:National Association of Home Builders
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1425:National Fire Protection Association
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309:adding citations to reliable sources
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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1467:Society of Construction Arbitrators
1328:American Society of Civil Engineers
975:Kahlili, N. and Vittore, P. (1998)
583:rays or moisture with cement-based
150:is usually placed between courses.
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1322:American Institute of Constructors
414:Organic/natural materials such as
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1786:Lists of buildings and structures
914:Earthbag Testing Research Summary
903:. (PDF). Retrieved on 2011-07-27.
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519:passive solar building design
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169:on a strong mesh layer or an
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227:A 2011 e-book by Geiger,
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1402:Home Builders Federation
1128:Timeline of architecture
1090:Underground construction
989:Stouter, P. (May 2016),
857:EarthBag Building System
815:www.earthbagbuilding.com
438:Types of contained earth
366:rubble trench foundation
1844:Real estate development
1746:Construction management
1601:Vernacular architecture
1586:Indigenous architecture
1574:Industrial architecture
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514:thermal flywheel effect
360:to undisturbed mineral
1917:Appropriate technology
1690:Monocrete construction
1649:Earthquake engineering
1642:Structural engineering
1596:Landscape architecture
1123:Structural engineering
845:History of Earthbag at
439:
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1680:Earthbag construction
1591:Interior architecture
1085:Offshore construction
948:Accessed July 5, 2017
912:EarthbagBuilding.com
834:Natural Building Blog
809:Geiger, Owen (2011).
719:Morris, Hugh. (2006)
627:Use in disaster areas
587:, or lime or earthen
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20:Earthbag construction
1927:Sustainable building
1728:Construction bidding
1408:Lighting Association
1380:The Concrete Society
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751:Hart, Kelly (2018).
701:Cellular confinement
305:improve this article
54:improve this article
26:Earthbag development
1859:Unfinished building
1632:Coastal engineering
1261:Construction worker
1204:Structural engineer
1095:Tunnel construction
995:, Build Simple Inc.
992:Stronger EB Corners
637:Nepal building code
277:Construction method
1751:Construction waste
1733:Construction delay
1164:Building officials
1159:Building estimator
944:2017-07-06 at the
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178:emergency shelters
141:ASTM International
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1711:Building material
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1154:Building engineer
1080:Home construction
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790:BSI Resources
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401:polypropylene
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310:
306:
300:
299:
294:This section
292:
288:
283:
282:
274:
270:
268:
263:
260:
256:
254:
250:
249:Nader Khalili
245:
243:
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118:volcanic rock
115:
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49:
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43:This section
41:
37:
32:
31:
23:
21:
1912:Construction
1864:Urban design
1849:Stonemasonry
1761:Design–build
1704:Other topics
1695:Slip forming
1679:
1554:Architecture
1199:Site manager
1118:Construction
1113:Architecture
1066:Construction
1025:
1011:
1001:
991:
984:
971:
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933:
920:
908:
889:
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864:
852:
840:
829:
818:. Retrieved
814:
804:
785:
773:
753:
746:
737:
728:
715:
647:
633:2004 tsunami
630:
612:rammed earth
608:
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489:
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477:
473:
470:
461:knit raschel
458:
455:
451:
444:
441:
413:
399:Solid-weave
398:
389:
378:
355:
323:
314:
303:Please help
298:verification
295:
271:
264:
261:
257:
246:
238:
228:
226:
223:
218:
214:
212:
203:root cellars
199:spring boxes
175:
160:
145:
137:
126:
107:
92:
72:
63:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
19:
18:
1808:Plasterwork
1798:Megaproject
1610:Engineering
1539:Site safety
1301:Steel fixer
1266:Electrician
1236:Boilermaker
1142:Professions
723:, pp. 52–66
691:Super Adobe
430:Terminology
424:gunny sacks
385:barbed wire
148:barbed wire
122:bricklaying
116:or crushed
1906:Categories
1825:Parge coat
1756:Demolition
1522:Regulation
1476:By country
1281:Millwright
1276:Ironworker
1241:Bricklayer
820:2017-01-10
708:References
681:Green roof
653:pre-sewn "
569:brick-arch
504:rice hulls
492:insulating
381:foundation
253:superadobe
235:Proponents
191:Earthships
1830:Roughcast
1286:Plasterer
1246:Carpenter
1149:Architect
979:Cal-Earth
703:(geocell)
575:Finishing
565:corbeling
317:June 2021
242:earthship
66:June 2021
1893:Category
1818:Proofing
1721:Millwork
1352:Build UK
1231:Banksman
942:Archived
897:Archived
793:Archived
665:See also
657:" (i.e.
621:recycled
563:or with
195:cisterns
93:It is a
89:Features
1885:Outline
1835:Harling
1668:Methods
1579:British
1498:Romania
1421:(NAWIC)
1370:(CIPHE)
1364:(CICES)
1291:Plumber
1271:Glazier
1106:History
589:plaster
422:(like "
409:insects
362:subsoil
209:Writers
182:housing
163:plaster
1544:Zoning
1503:Turkey
1457:(RICS)
1445:(NTCA)
1433:(NKBA)
1427:(NFPA)
1415:(NAHB)
1387:(CMAA)
1376:(CECA)
1348:(APHC)
1336:(ATAC)
1330:(ASCE)
1306:Welder
1296:Roofer
877:
761:
696:Gabion
659:Velcro
585:stucco
561:lintel
500:pumice
420:burlap
407:, and
358:trench
167:stucco
114:gravel
99:bunker
1562:Style
1493:Japan
1483:India
1463:(SBF)
1451:(RTA)
1439:(NRC)
1404:(HBF)
1397:FIDIC
1393:(CSI)
1342:(AGC)
1324:(AIC)
1073:Types
1006:2015.
186:barns
184:, or
171:adobe
156:Rebar
152:Twine
133:igloo
129:roofs
1813:Damp
1771:DfMA
1675:List
1567:List
1488:Iran
1222:List
875:ISBN
759:ISBN
416:hemp
110:clay
103:dike
616:are
567:or
502:or
405:rot
307:by
193:),
56:by
1908::
813:.
581:UV
498:,
418:,
201:,
197:,
135:.
124:.
1224:)
1220:(
1058:e
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1044:v
1019:.
883:.
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767:.
330:)
324:(
319:)
315:(
301:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
