20:
551:
497:
389:
515:
104:
1506:). In addition, local elites often strongly argued (and in some cases, overstated) their case and the Russians were often forced to adjudicate between them, further hindered by a lack of expert knowledge and the paucity of accurate or up-to-date ethnographic data on the region. Furthermore, the NTD also aimed to create viable entities, with economic, geographical, agricultural and infrastructural matters also to be taken into account and frequently trumping those of ethnicity. The attempt to balance these contradictory aims within an overall nationalist framework proved exceedingly difficult and often impossible, resulting in the drawing of convoluted borders, multiple enclaves and the unavoidable creation of large minorities who ended up living in the "wrong" republic. Additionally, the Soviets never intended for these borders to become international frontiers.
310:
353:
443:
425:
461:
335:
569:
533:
407:
479:
371:
1782:
1724:. Many groups were thought to be biologically similar, but culturally distinct. In Central Asia, many identified their "nation" as "Muslim." In other cases, geography made the difference, or even whether one lived in a town versus the countryside. Principally, however, dialects or languages formed the basis for distinguishing between various nations. The results were often contradictory and confusing. More than 150 nations were counted in Central Asia alone. Some were quickly subordinated to others, with communities which had hitherto been counted as "nations" now deemed to be simply tribes. As a result, the number of nations shrunk over the decades.
225:, which subsequently became the cornerstone of the Soviet policy towards nationalities, defined a nation as "a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological makeup manifested in a common culture". Many of the subject nationalities or communities in the Russian Empire did not fully meet these criteria. Not only did cultural, linguistic, religious and tribal diversities make the process difficult, but also the lack of a political consciousness of ethnicity among the people was a major obstacle. The process relied on the
19:
1652:
322:
1510:
1737:
70:), which is variously translated in English-language literature as "national-territorial delimitation" (NTD), "demarcation", or "partition". National delimitation formed part of a broader process of changes in administrative-territorial division, which also changed the boundaries of territorial units, but was not necessarily linked to national or ethnic considerations.
1573:
then exceedingly rapidly. There were initial plans to possibly keep the
Khorezm and Bukhara PSRs, but it was decided in April 1924 to partition them, over the often vocal opposition of their local Communist Parties. The Khorezm CP in particular were reluctant to destroy their PSR and had to be strong-armed into voting for their own dissolution in July of that year.
583:
45 nationally delimited territories, including 16 Union-level republics (SSR) for the major nationalities, 23 autonomous regions (18 ASSR and 5 autonomous oblasts) for other nationalities within the
Russian SFSR, and 6 autonomous regions within other Union-level republics (one in Uzbek SSR, one in Azerbaijan SSR, one in Tajik SSR, and three in Georgian SSR).
1708:) was necessarily recorded in their passport. Where parents' nationalities differed, a citizen was able to choose which nationality to register in their passport. This practice did not exist in the Russian Empire and has been abolished in the Russian Federation, although it remains law in some former-Soviet republics, including
250:(Soviet Socialist Republic or SSR). All 15 national republics, created between 1917 and 1940, had constitutionally equal rights and equal standing in the formal structure of state power. The largest of the 15 republics – Russia – was ethnically the most diverse and from the very beginning it was constituted as the RSFSR – the
582:
The first population census of the USSR in 1926 listed 176 distinct nationalities. Eliminating excessive detail (e.g., four ethnic groups for Jews and five ethnic groups for
Georgians) and omitting very small ethnic groups, the list was condensed into 69 nationalities. These 69 nationalities lived in
1289:
Despite the general policy of granting national territories to all ethnic groups, several nationalities remained without their own territories in the 1920s and the 1930s. In many cases these groups were either widely dispersed, or these minorities were concentrated in areas already designated as the
1572:
of the Soviet Union announced that it would proceed with NTD in
Central Asia. The process was to be overseen by a Special Committee of the Central Asian Bureau, with three sub-committees for each of what were deemed to be the main nationalities of the region (Kazakhs, Turkmen and Uzbeks), with work
1408:
Besides national republics, oblasts, and okrugs, several hundred national districts (with populations between 10,000 and 50,000) and several thousand national townships (population 500 to 5,000) were established. In some cases this policy required voluntary or forced resettlement in both directions
1537:(Kirghiz ASSR, Kirgizistan ASSR on the map), which was created on 26 August 1920 in the territory roughly coinciding with the northern part of today's Kazakhstan (at this time Kazakhs were referred to as "Kyrgyz" and what are now the Kyrgyz were deemed a sub-group of the Kazakhs and referred to as
1417:
authorities felt secure enough and in order to project Soviet influence outwards, exploiting cross-border ethnic ties, granted national minorities in the border regions more privileges and national rights than those in the central regions. This policy was implemented especially successfully in the
166:
that took over from the
Russian Empire in 1917 was not a nation-state, nor was the Soviet leadership committed to turning their country into such a state. In the early Soviet period, even voluntary assimilation was actively discouraged, and the promotion of the national self-consciousness of the
1664:
In the 1920s and the 1930s, the policy of national delimitation, which assigned national territories to ethnic groups and nationalities, was followed by nation-building, attempting to create a full range of national institutions within each national territory. Each officially recognized ethnic
239:, which recognized equality and sovereignty of all the peoples of Russia; their right for free self-determination, up to and including secession and creation of an independent state; freedom of religion; and free development of national minorities and ethnic groups on the territory of Russia.
1673:
was implemented, native teachers were trained, and national schools were established. This was always accompanied by native-language press and books written in the native language, along with other facets of cultural life. National elites were encouraged to develop and take over the leading
1416:
Soviet fear of foreign influence gained momentum from sporadic ethnic guerilla uprisings along the entire Soviet frontier throughout the 1920s. The Soviet government was particularly concerned about the loyalty of the
Finnish, Polish, and German populations. However, in July 1925 the Soviet
1719:
The
Bolsheviks' plan was to identify the total sum of all national, cultural, linguistic, and territorial diversities under their rule and establish scientific criteria to identify which groups of people were entitled to the description of 'nation'. This task relied on the existing work of
175:, native-language press, and books written in the native language came with the national territory, along with cultural institutions such as theaters. The attitudes towards many ethnic minorities changed dramatically in the 1930s–1940s under the leadership of
1681:, troubled economic conditions, international destabilization and the reversal of the immigration flow in the early 1930s, the Soviet Union became increasingly worried about the possible disloyalty of diaspora ethnic groups with cross-border ties (especially
1483:; a way to maintain Soviet hegemony over the region by artificially dividing its inhabitants into separate nations and with borders deliberately drawn so as to leave minorities within each state. Though the Soviets were concerned about the possible threat of
214:
began the process of national delimitation and nation building, which lasted through the 1920s and most of the 1930s. The project attempted to build nations out of the numerous ethnic groups in the Soviet Union. Defining a nation or politically conscious
1318:
as an official language of
Byelorussian SSR and a corresponding national public education system in Yiddish, along with the promotion of Yiddish literature and theatre in these areas as well as in the larger Russian cities. Other minorities included
1640:, all of which had sizeable, if not dominant, Tajik populations. The final decision negotiated by the Uzbek and Tajik parties, not without strong involvement of the Communist Party, left these three largely Tajik-populated territories within the
1476:, and Joseph Stalin's definition of a nation as being "a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture".
2767:
1624:
was also created at that time (5 December 1936), thus completing the process of national delimitation of Soviet
Central Asia into five Soviet Socialist Republics that in 1991 would become five independent states.
1720:
tsarist-era ethnographers and statisticians, as well as new research conducted under Soviet auspices. Because most people did not know what is meant by a nation, some of them simply gave names when asked about
171:, however small, was granted its own national territory where it enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, national schools, and national elites. A written national language (if it had been lacking), national
2827:
1811:
270:. The exact number of ASSR and AO varied over the years as new entities were created while old entities switched from one form to another, transformed into Union-level republics (e.g.,
255:
1600:
was created within the Uzbek SSR for the Tajik ethnic population and, in May 1929, it was separated from Uzbek SSR and upgraded to the status of a full Soviet
Socialist Republic (the
119:. In the 1905 Duma elections the nationalist parties received only 9 percent of all votes. Many non-Russian indigenous ethnic groups in the Russian Empire were classified as
1569:
1525:
NTD of the area along ethnic lines had been proposed as early as 1920. At this time Central Asia consisted of two Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs) within the
2763:
1290:
national republic for a different group, for example Poles and Jews (who were considered a nationality) represented up to a third of the population in some areas of the
1588:
of Soviet Central Asia. The Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics were largely absorbed into the Uzbek SSR, which also included other territories inhabited by
1772:
600:
2350:
2421:
1644:
Uzbek SSR. The Tajik SSR was created on 5 December 1929 as the home for most of the ethnic Tajiks in Soviet Central Asia within the boundaries of present-day
2378:
837:
1669:
where it enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, in addition to national elites. A written national language was developed (if it had been lacking), national
1565:
1472:
it was decided to divide Central Asia into ethnically based republics in a process known as National Territorial Delimitation (NTD). This was in line with
2364:
1678:
949:
691:
2406:
23:"Long live the unity of the oppressed labourers of the East with the workers of all the world in the struggle for the socialism!", a 1924 poster in the
1355:
in 1941. The peoples of the North had neither autonomous republics nor autonomous oblasts, but since the 1930s they have been organized in 10 national
227:
103:
33:
was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics , autonomous Soviet socialist republics , autonomous
143:. Specifically, separate constituent units inside of this federal state would be created for the various regions and ethnic groups of Russia (such as
985:
287:
2105:
1409:
to create a compact population. The immigration of cross-border ethnic groups and the return of non-Russian émigrés to the Soviet Union during the
1148:
1533:, created in April 1918 and covering large parts of what are now southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, as well as Turkmenistan, and the
1534:
1236:
2201:
2819:
2330:
1530:
1192:
1021:
931:
2392:
1628:
Particularly bitter debates accompanied the partition of the Uzbek and Tajik SSRs in 1929, focusing especially on the status of the cities of
877:
783:
1617:
1526:
1426:
1210:
755:
723:
634:
624:
315:
283:
251:
163:
195:(mostly towards those with cross-border ethnic ties to foreign nation-states in the 1930s or compromised in the view of Stalin during the
1835:
1086:
967:
859:
662:
1597:
1413:, albeit perceived as an easy cover for espionage, were not discouraged and proceeded quite actively, contributing to nation-building.
1351:
in the south of Moldova, where they enjoy a measure of autonomy). The Volga Germans lost their national territory with the outbreak of
1120:
1058:
1003:
2959:
1040:
913:
895:
2999:
211:
184:
1748:
254:, a federation within a federation. The Russian SFSR was divided in the early 1920s into some 30 autonomous ethnic territories (
2989:
1666:
1295:
611:
358:
259:
2932:
2285:
Nationalism and Policy Toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society
1094:
2253:
2074:
1771:
in 1991, fifteen newly sovereign states adopted their own policies and laws with regard to national minorities. A number of
2041:
1550:
1138:
448:
430:
2347:
2142:
1697:
1554:
1418:
1291:
1182:
736:
466:
340:
279:
48:
266:. There was also a very large number of lower-level ethnic territories, such as national districts and national village
85:), which typically referred to the policies and actions implemented by the government of a national territorial unit (a
2230:
1494:
The Soviets aimed to create ethnically homogenous republics; however, many areas were ethnically mixed (especially the
1442:
1273:
1076:
574:
538:
412:
2418:
2969:
2922:
2904:
2886:
2868:
2306:
2068:
1781:
1693:), residing along its western borders. This eventually led to the start of Stalin's repressive policy towards them.
1605:
1577:
1314:
in 1934). For the largely Yiddish-speaking Jews in these areas, policies were implemented such as the designation of
556:
502:
484:
232:
221:
2797:
2269:
David Shneer, Yiddish and the Creation of Soviet Jewish Culture: 1918-1930, Cambridge University Press, 2004. p.52.
1621:
1438:
1391:
1105:
394:
275:
271:
2375:
2173:
199:
in the 1940s), although nation-building often continued simultaneously for others. After the establishment of the
1768:
1601:
1581:
1491:, closer analysis informed by the primary sources paints a much more nuanced picture than is commonly presented.
1260:
1226:
520:
376:
1674:
administrative and Party positions, sometimes in proportions exceeding the proportion of the native population.
1498:), and it often proved difficult to assign a "correct" ethnic label to some peoples (e.g. the mixed Tajik-Uzbek
242:
The Soviet Union (or more formally USSR – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was established in 1922 as a
2361:
1613:
1379:
168:
2974:
2933:
Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account
2403:
2151:
1399:
1383:
675:
247:
130:
1584:. The Turkmen SSR roughly matched the borders of today's Turkmenistan and it was created as a home for the
1387:
1244:
196:
1474:
Communist theory that nationalism was a necessary step on the path towards an eventually communist society
2994:
2979:
2101:
1356:
188:
246:
of nationalities, which eventually came to encompass 15 major national territories, each organized as a
2984:
2299:
Where the Jews aren't : the sad and absurd story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish autonomous region
183:
ethnic roots) with the advent of a repressive policy featuring abolition of the national institutions,
2196:
2964:
1942:
1363:
2896:
2389:
1820:
1307:
768:
708:
647:
1375:
1371:
1395:
1576:
The Turkestan ASSR was officially partitioned into two Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), the
219:
was in itself a politically charged issue in the Soviet Union. In 1913, Stalin, in his work
1897:
1452:
Russia had conquered Central Asia in the 19th century by annexing the formerly independent
1320:
2171:"The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism"
8:
2744:
1957:
1869:
1864:
1799:
1513:
1410:
1167:
263:
126:
1298:
SSRs or nearly half of the population in some cities and towns, yet apart from national
139:, No. 5 called for Russia to be transformed into a federal state along the lines of the
2878:
2852:
2324:
1850:
1786:
1651:
1637:
1542:
1465:
1328:
236:
2348:
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/20/kyrgyzstan-stalins-deadly-legacy
1479:
Central Asia's borders are often viewed by critics of the USSR as being an attempt to
89:) after delimitation. In most cases national delimitation in the USSR was followed by
2918:
2900:
2893:
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939
2882:
2864:
2312:
2302:
2064:
1670:
1488:
1457:
1340:
172:
156:
148:
2820:"Как в Казахстане в паспорте и удостоверении можно изменить графу "национальность""
2419:
https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/stalin-at-core-of-kyrgyzstan-carnage-1.548241
1701:
1546:
1461:
1311:
823:
795:
267:
78:
59:
1541:
i.e. "black Kyrgyz"). There were also the two separate successor republics of the
2939:
2927:
2425:
2410:
2396:
2382:
2368:
2354:
2257:
2250:
2234:
2205:
2177:
2146:
2058:
2045:
2020:
Hasan Ali Karasar, "The Partition of Khorezm and the Positions of Turkestanis on
1990:
1495:
1480:
807:
74:
2213:
2038:
1778:
In the Russian Federation, some autonomous regions became new ethnic republics.
16:
Process of creating national territorial units from the ethnic diversity of USSR
2376:
https://www.economist.com/briefing/2010/06/17/stalins-harvest?story_id=16377083
1889:
1825:
1641:
1425:. However, some Ukrainian communists claimed neighboring regions even from the
1402:
1029:
827:
811:
763:
731:
204:
24:
2139:
2953:
2316:
2182:
1998:
1986:
1982:
1952:
1947:
1874:
1830:
1690:
1344:
1332:
1324:
1303:
993:
975:
867:
799:
776:
703:
655:
192:
176:
144:
140:
91:
2944:
Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union
2362:
https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/kyrgyzstan-crisis-and-russian-dilemma
2225:
2750:
1790:
1721:
1469:
1367:
1352:
1157:
1143:
903:
819:
791:
684:
216:
200:
135:
116:
86:
2659:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2620:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2587:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2561:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2532:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2493:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2438:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2404:
https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2010/11/29/tajikistan-next-jihadi-stronghold
1802:(2008) that succeeded the national territories of Russian SFSR (pre-1990)
1484:
1421:, which at first indeed succeeded in attracting the population of Polish
1250:
921:
125:(literally meaning "of different, i.e., non-Russian descent"). After the
108:
2789:
1736:
1509:
321:
98:
2170:
1845:
1713:
1709:
1645:
1609:
1187:
1100:
243:
208:
129:, attitudes in regards to this topic began to change. In early 1917, a
1810:
2914:
2860:
2039:Изменение административно-территориального деления России в XII-XX в.
1994:
1927:
1917:
1902:
1633:
1503:
1200:
1175:
1161:
1128:
1113:
1081:
957:
885:
744:
180:
121:
1612:) was created only in 1936; between 1929 and 1936 it existed as the
2711:
Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR
2685:
Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR
2542:
2540:
2464:
Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR
1922:
1912:
1884:
1859:
1840:
1585:
1558:
1348:
939:
845:
748:
699:
642:
629:
1775:
erupted, some of them fed in part by national or ethnic tensions.
282:
created in 1940), or were absorbed into larger territories (e.g.,
1879:
1686:
1629:
1453:
1336:
1315:
1281:
849:
670:
152:
2537:
2390:
https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/the-tajik-tragedy-of-uzbekistan/
587:
Higher-level autonomous national territories in the Soviet Union
31:
National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1593:
1589:
1265:
1231:
1066:
1048:
1011:
815:
803:
34:
1520:
2487:
2485:
1682:
1422:
1299:
43:
38:
1981:
The 1926 census delineated six Jewish ethnic groups: Jews,
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
1907:
1499:
716:
54:
The Russian-language term for this Soviet state policy was
2482:
1468:. After the Communists took power in 1917 and created the
1306:, no particular territorial entity was created (though a
2605:
1659:
1432:
2875:
The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia
2451:
The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia
107:
1977 Soviet stamp marking the 50th anniversary of the
2050:
99:
Policies of national delimitation in the Soviet Union
73:
National delimitation in the USSR was distinct from
2399:; Rashid, A in the New York Review of Books, 2010,
1727:
1347:(today the Gagauz live in a compact area known as
228:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2936:. Theory and Society, 23 (February 1994): 47–78.
299:Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991
2951:
2698:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2646:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2633:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2600:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2519:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2506:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2477:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2385:; Pillalamarri, Akhilesh in the Diplomat, 2016,
2343:For example: Stourton, E. in The Guardian, 2010
2060:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
1502:, or the various Turkmen/Uzbek tribes along the
115:Pre-1917 Russia was a multiethnic empire, not a
2208:, March–May 1913; Russian original: J. Stalin,
1655:National delimitation in Central Asia 1924-1925
2726:, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1991, pp. 16-18
2724:Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation
2241:, on-line edition. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
2227:Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2095:
2093:
2091:
264:ethnic republics within the Russian Federation
2911:The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations
2359:The Kyrgyzstan Crisis and the Russian Dilemma
2296:
2251:List of nationalities in the 1926 USSR census
2056:
1665:minority, however small, was granted its own
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1535:Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1269:
1254:
1220:
1204:
1132:
1070:
1052:
1034:
1015:
997:
979:
961:
943:
925:
907:
889:
871:
853:
831:
252:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
167:non-Russian populations was attempted. Each
2857:Central Asia: History, Ethnicity, Modernity
2672:Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia
2574:Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia
2548:Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia
2088:
1521:Creation of new SSRs and autonomous regions
235:on 15 November 1917, immediately after the
2329:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2165:
2163:
2161:
1800:ethnic republics of the Russian Federation
262:– AO), many of which exist to this day as
68:natsionalno-territorialnoye razmezhevaniye
2119:
1700:in 1932, each adult citizen's ethnicity (
2401:Tajikistan - the Next Jihadi Stronghold?
2279:
2277:
2275:
2140:"The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing"
2063:. W.W Norton Company, Inc. p. 545.
1780:
1650:
1508:
102:
64:национально-территориальное размежевание
18:
2790:"Россиянину хорошо и без "пятой графы""
2700:, Princeton University Press, pgs. 56-8
2648:, Princeton University Press, pgs. 52-3
2158:
2952:
2737:The History of the Clumsy Delimitation
2713:, Cornell University Press, 302-3, 307
2453:, Palgrave Macmillan, pgs. 24-5, 182-3
1302:, 24 of which were established in the
2830:from the original on 24 December 2021
2800:from the original on 24 December 2021
2770:from the original on 24 December 2021
2746:The History of a National Catastrophe
2687:, Cornell University Press, pg. 271-2
2413:; Schreck, C. in The National, 2010,
2272:
2195:Definition of a nation in J. Stalin,
1660:Nation-building for ethnic minorities
1592:as well as those inhabited by ethnic
1433:National delimitation in Central Asia
256:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics
169:officially recognized ethnic minority
2739:, Irfon Publ. House, Dushanbe, 1991
2635:, Princeton University Press, pg. 54
2602:, Princeton University Press, pg. 55
2521:, Princeton University Press, pg. 53
2508:, Princeton University Press, pg. 47
2479:, Princeton University Press, pg. 46
2415:Stalin at core of Kyrgyzstan carnage
2287:, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1991.
1731:
1516:in 1922 before national delimitation
286:absorbed into the RSFSR in 1945 and
203:within the boundaries of the former
2440:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39-40
2028:, 60(7):1247-1260 (September 2008).
1677:With the grain requisition crises,
49:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
47:) from the ethnic diversity of the
13:
2846:
2563:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 40-1
2534:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 43-4
2495:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 44-5
2466:, Cornell University Press, pg. 13
2345:Kyrgyzstan: Stalin's deadly legacy
2099:
1785:National territorial units of the
1696:Following the introduction of the
1549:, which were transformed into the
14:
3011:
2826:(in Russian). 26 September 2020.
2670:Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011)
2572:Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011)
2546:Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011)
2198:Marxism and the National Question
1555:Khorezm People's Soviet Republics
1487:, as seen in its reaction to the
222:Marxism and the National Question
2960:Subdivisions of the Soviet Union
2661:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 92
2622:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 42
2589:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39
2357:; Zeihan, P. for Stratfor, 2010
1809:
1735:
567:
549:
531:
513:
495:
477:
459:
441:
423:
405:
387:
369:
351:
333:
320:
308:
2812:
2782:
2756:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2625:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2387:The Tajik Tragedy of Uzbekistan
2337:
2290:
2263:
2108:from the original on 2020-12-04
2077:from the original on 2023-02-02
1975:
1769:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1728:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3000:Federalism in the Soviet Union
2764:"Положение о паспортах (1932)"
2244:
2219:
2189:
2031:
2014:
1614:Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast
1557:following the takeover by the
1443:Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border
290:absorbed into RSFSR in 1941).
1:
2990:Geography of the Soviet Union
2373:Kyrgyzstan - Stalin's Harvest
2210:Collected Works in 16 Volumes
2152:The Journal of Modern History
1963:
2696:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2644:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2631:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2598:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2517:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2504:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2475:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2301:(First ed.). New York.
1447:
1439:Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border
7:
1936:
51:(USSR) and its subregions.
10:
3016:
2946:, Cornell University Press
2796:(in Russian). 5 May 2010.
1436:
628:
623:
319:
83:национальное строительство
1943:Islam in the Soviet Union
1808:
1705:
1186:
1181:
1080:
1075:
618:
610:
607:
593:
295:
82:
63:
2970:Soviet internal politics
2897:Cornell University Press
1596:. At the same time, the
1564:On 25 February 1924 the
1308:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
615:
604:
2743:. English translation:
2239:Big Soviet Encyclopedia
2169:Slezkine, Yuri (1994).
1310:was established in the
131:Socialist Revolutionary
2722:William Fierman, ed.,
2371:; The Economist, 2010
2297:Gessen, Masha (2016).
2138:Martin, Terry (1998).
2057:Richard Overy (2004).
1794:
1698:Soviet passport system
1656:
1616:(province) within the
1517:
1485:pan-Turkic nationalism
112:
27:
2709:Khalid, Adeeb (2015)
2683:Khalid, Adeeb (2015)
2462:Khalid, Adeeb (2015)
1784:
1654:
1512:
1437:Further information:
838:Kabardino-Balkar ASSR
678:(Oyrot AO until 1948)
106:
22:
2975:Soviet ethnic policy
2891:Terry Martin(2001).
2794:Komsomolskaya Pravda
2657:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2618:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2585:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2559:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2530:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2491:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2449:Haugen, Arne (2003)
2436:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2237:, 15 November 1917,
2102:"Against Federalism"
1898:North Ossetia-Alania
737:Karachay–Cherkess AO
601:Autonomous republics
248:Union-level republic
233:Bolshevik government
2873:Arne Haugen (2004)
2026:Europe-Asia Studies
1958:Soviet Central Asia
1865:Karachay-Cherkessia
1789:that succeeded the
1514:Soviet Central Asia
1411:New Economic Policy
1274:Gorno-Badakhshan AO
1168:Nagorno-Karabakh AO
950:North Ossetian ASSR
692:Chechen-Ingush ASSR
197:Great Patriotic War
185:ethnic deportations
133:publication called
127:February Revolution
2995:Post-Soviet states
2980:Soviet phraseology
2909:Oliver Roy (2000)
2879:Palgrave Macmillan
2853:John Everett-Heath
2674:Routledge, pg. 106
2576:Routledge, pg. 105
2550:Routledge, pg. 112
2424:2020-08-30 at the
2409:2019-04-26 at the
2395:2020-06-19 at the
2381:2020-06-22 at the
2367:2020-08-04 at the
2353:2020-08-04 at the
2256:2011-05-22 at the
2233:2008-12-02 at the
2204:2011-07-28 at the
2176:2020-12-15 at the
2145:2020-12-15 at the
2044:2020-09-23 at the
1851:Kabardino-Balkaria
1795:
1787:Russian Federation
1747:. You can help by
1667:national territory
1657:
1638:Surxondaryo Region
1543:Emirate of Bukhara
1518:
1466:Emirate of Bukhara
619:Titular nation(s)
612:Autonomous oblasts
260:autonomous oblasts
237:October Revolution
113:
95:(indigenization).
28:
2985:Ethnic minorities
1934:
1933:
1765:
1764:
1671:language planning
1570:Central Committee
1489:Basmachi movement
1287:
1286:
1106:South Ossetian AO
986:Volga German ASSR
608:Titular nation(s)
580:
579:
288:Volga German ASSR
278:created in 1936,
231:, adopted by the
179:(despite his own
173:language planning
3007:
2965:Decentralization
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2786:
2780:
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2777:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2260:on demoscrope.ru
2248:
2242:
2223:
2217:
2193:
2187:
2167:
2156:
2155:70 (4), 813-861.
2136:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2104:. Marxists.org.
2097:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2054:
2048:
2037:Тархов, Сергей.
2035:
2029:
2018:
2001:
1979:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1798:Map showing the
1760:
1757:
1739:
1732:
1707:
1642:Turkic-populated
1547:Khanate of Khiva
1475:
1312:Russian Far East
1149:Nakhichevan ASSR
591:
590:
573:
571:
570:
555:
553:
552:
537:
535:
534:
519:
517:
516:
501:
499:
498:
483:
481:
480:
465:
463:
462:
447:
445:
444:
429:
427:
426:
411:
409:
408:
393:
391:
390:
375:
373:
372:
359:Byelorussian SSR
357:
355:
354:
339:
337:
336:
324:
314:
312:
311:
293:
292:
84:
65:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2950:
2949:
2940:Francine Hirsch
2928:Rogers Brubaker
2849:
2847:Further reading
2844:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2426:Wayback Machine
2411:Wayback Machine
2397:Wayback Machine
2383:Wayback Machine
2369:Wayback Machine
2355:Wayback Machine
2342:
2338:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2283:Gerhard Simon,
2282:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2258:Wayback Machine
2249:
2245:
2235:Wayback Machine
2224:
2220:
2206:Wayback Machine
2194:
2190:
2186:53 (2), 414–52.
2178:Wayback Machine
2168:
2159:
2147:Wayback Machine
2137:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2046:Wayback Machine
2036:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1939:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1890:Sakha (Yakutia)
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1745:needs expansion
1730:
1662:
1523:
1496:Ferghana Valley
1481:divide and rule
1473:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1403:titular nations
1392:Ust-Orda Buryat
1242:
1237:Karakalpak ASSR
1092:
1032:of Central Asia
568:
566:
550:
548:
532:
530:
514:
512:
496:
494:
478:
476:
460:
458:
442:
440:
424:
422:
406:
404:
388:
386:
370:
368:
352:
350:
334:
332:
309:
307:
189:national terror
101:
75:nation-building
17:
12:
11:
5:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2925:
2907:
2889:
2871:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2811:
2781:
2766:(in Russian).
2755:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2336:
2307:
2289:
2271:
2262:
2243:
2218:
2188:
2157:
2118:
2087:
2069:
2049:
2030:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1893:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1763:
1762:
1756:September 2023
1742:
1740:
1729:
1726:
1706:национальность
1661:
1658:
1531:Turkestan ASSR
1522:
1519:
1449:
1446:
1434:
1431:
1376:Dolgano-Nenets
1285:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1193:Moldavian ASSR
1190:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:Turkic peoples
1027:
1024:
1022:Turkestan ASSR
1018:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
991:
988:
982:
981:
978:
973:
970:
964:
963:
960:
955:
952:
946:
945:
942:
937:
934:
932:Mordovian ASSR
928:
927:
924:
919:
916:
910:
909:
906:
901:
898:
892:
891:
888:
883:
880:
874:
873:
870:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
843:
840:
834:
833:
830:
789:
786:
780:
779:
774:
771:
766:
764:Crimean Tatars
761:
758:
752:
751:
742:
739:
734:
732:Chuvash people
729:
726:
720:
719:
714:
711:
706:
697:
694:
688:
687:
682:
679:
676:Gorno-Altai AO
673:
668:
665:
659:
658:
653:
650:
645:
640:
637:
632:
627:
621:
620:
617:
614:
609:
606:
603:
598:
597:Titular nation
595:
578:
577:
564:
560:
559:
546:
542:
541:
528:
524:
523:
510:
506:
505:
492:
488:
487:
474:
470:
469:
456:
452:
451:
449:Lithuanian SSR
438:
434:
433:
431:Azerbaijan SSR
420:
416:
415:
402:
398:
397:
384:
380:
379:
366:
362:
361:
348:
344:
343:
330:
326:
325:
318:
305:
301:
300:
297:
205:Russian Empire
100:
97:
25:Uzbek language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3012:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:0-8147-7555-1
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:0-8014-8677-7
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:1-4039-1571-7
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:0-7007-0956-8
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2735:Rahim Masov,
2732:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:9780805242461
2304:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2183:Slavic Review
2179:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2070:9780141912240
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2022:Razmezhevanie
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:Mountain Jews
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:Georgian Jews
1984:
1983:Bukharan Jews
1978:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Korenizatsiya
1951:
1949:
1948:Soviet people
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Bashkortostan
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1743:This section
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Ukrainian SSR
1414:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Yamalo-Nenets
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Ukrainian SSR
1301:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:Karakalpak AO
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:Abkhazian SSR
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:Volga Germans
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
977:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
959:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
923:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
905:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
887:
884:
881:
879:
878:Karelian ASSR
876:
875:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
851:
847:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
787:
785:
784:Dagestan ASSR
782:
781:
778:
777:Khakas people
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
746:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Ingush people
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:Adyghe people
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
626:
622:
616:Creation date
613:
605:Creation date
602:
599:
596:
594:Host republic
592:
589:
588:
584:
576:
565:
562:
561:
558:
547:
544:
543:
540:
529:
526:
525:
522:
511:
508:
507:
504:
493:
490:
489:
486:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:Moldavian SSR
457:
454:
453:
450:
439:
436:
435:
432:
421:
418:
417:
414:
403:
400:
399:
396:
385:
382:
381:
378:
367:
364:
363:
360:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:Ukrainian SSR
331:
328:
327:
323:
317:
306:
303:
302:
298:
294:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:Russification
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Joseph Stalin
174:
170:
165:
164:Soviet Russia
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Little Russia
142:
141:United States
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
110:
105:
96:
94:
93:
92:korenizatsiya
88:
80:
76:
71:
69:
61:
57:
56:razmezhevanie
52:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
26:
21:
2943:
2931:
2910:
2892:
2874:
2856:
2832:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2793:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2758:
2751:Iraj Bashiri
2745:
2741:(in Russian)
2736:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2414:
2400:
2386:
2372:
2358:
2344:
2339:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2265:
2246:
2238:
2226:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2191:
2181:
2150:
2110:. Retrieved
2079:. Retrieved
2059:
2052:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2016:
1977:
1895:
1857:
1797:
1796:
1791:Russian SFSR
1777:
1766:
1753:
1749:adding to it
1744:
1722:ethnic group
1718:
1695:
1676:
1663:
1627:
1618:Russian SFSR
1575:
1563:
1538:
1527:Russian SFSR
1524:
1493:
1478:
1470:Soviet Union
1451:
1427:Russian SFSR
1415:
1407:
1400:Komi-Permyak
1384:Khanty-Mansi
1358:
1353:World War II
1296:Byelorussian
1288:
1211:Crimean ASSR
1144:Azerbaijanis
904:Komi peoples
756:Crimean ASSR
724:Chuvash ASSR
685:Altai people
635:Bashkir ASSR
625:Russian SFSR
586:
585:
581:
575:Estonian SSR
539:Armenian SSR
413:Georgian SSR
316:Russian SFSR
284:Crimean ASSR
280:Moldovan SSR
241:
226:
220:
217:ethnic group
201:Soviet Union
161:
136:Dyelo Naroda
134:
120:
117:nation state
114:
90:
87:nation state
72:
67:
55:
53:
42:
30:
29:
2834:24 December
2804:24 December
2774:24 December
1606:Kirghiz SSR
1578:Turkmen SSR
1539:Kara-Kyrgyz
1388:Agin-Buryat
1357:autonomous
1251:Karakalpaks
1247:until 1932)
1158:Azerbaijani
1087:Abkhaz ASSR
968:Udmurt ASSR
922:Mari people
860:Kalmyk ASSR
663:Buryat ASSR
557:Turkmen SSR
503:Kirghiz SSR
485:Latvian SSR
258:– ASSR and
109:Turkmen SSR
2954:Categories
2863:-Curzon,
2749:, transl.
2112:2017-05-11
2081:2021-11-20
1964:References
1846:Ingushetia
1767:After the
1714:Uzbekistan
1710:Kazakhstan
1646:Tajikistan
1636:, and the
1622:Kazakh SSR
1610:Kyrgyzstan
1598:Tajik ASSR
1329:Hungarians
1321:Bulgarians
1261:Tajikistan
1227:Uzbekistan
1188:Ukrainians
1139:Azerbaijan
1121:Adjar ASSR
1101:Abkhazians
1097:1921–1931)
1059:Yakut ASSR
1004:Tatar ASSR
824:Tabasarans
395:Kazakh SSR
276:Kyrgyz SSR
244:federation
212:government
2915:NYU Press
2861:Routledge
2325:cite book
2317:932001420
2008:Citations
1995:Krymchaks
1928:Chuvashia
1918:Khakassia
1903:Tatarstan
1773:conflicts
1634:Samarkand
1608:(today's
1602:Tajik SSR
1582:Uzbek SSR
1566:Politburo
1561:in 1920.
1504:Amu Darya
1448:Rationale
1292:Ukrainian
1218:undefined
1201:Moldovans
1197:1924–1940
1176:Armenians
1129:Adjarians
1114:Ossetians
1082:Georgians
1041:Tuva ASSR
1026:1918–1924
990:1918–1941
958:Ossetians
914:Mari ASSR
896:Komi ASSR
886:Karelians
769:Khakas AO
760:1921–1945
745:Karachays
709:Jewish AO
648:Adyghe AO
521:Tajik SSR
377:Uzbek SSR
296:Republic
209:Bolshevik
157:Turkestan
122:inorodtsy
2828:Archived
2798:Archived
2768:Archived
2422:Archived
2407:Archived
2393:Archived
2379:Archived
2365:Archived
2351:Archived
2254:Archived
2231:Archived
2214:volume 2
2202:Archived
2174:Archived
2143:Archived
2106:Archived
2100:Stalin.
2075:Archived
2042:Archived
1991:Karaites
1937:See also
1923:Chechnya
1913:Udmurtia
1885:Mordovia
1860:Kalmykia
1841:Dagestan
1836:Buryatia
1586:Turkmens
1580:and the
1559:Red Army
1545:and the
1464:and the
1454:khanates
1364:Chukotka
1362:for the
1349:Gagauzia
1162:Armenian
940:Mordvins
846:Kabarday
828:Tsakhurs
749:Cherkess
700:Chechens
643:Bashkirs
630:Russians
181:Georgian
2942:(2005)
2855:(2003)
1880:Mari El
1870:Karelia
1793:in 1991
1702:Russian
1687:Germans
1679:famines
1630:Bukhara
1604:). The
1551:Bukhara
1341:Koreans
1316:Yiddish
1282:Pamiris
1183:Ukraine
1077:Georgia
976:Udmurts
868:Kalmyks
850:Balkars
812:Lezgins
800:Dargins
671:Buryats
268:soviets
153:Siberia
149:Georgia
79:Russian
60:Russian
35:oblasts
2921:
2903:
2885:
2867:
2753:, 1996
2315:
2305:
2067:
1997:, and
1821:Adygea
1620:. The
1594:Tajiks
1590:Uzbeks
1529:: the
1458:Kokand
1372:Nenets
1368:Koryak
1359:okrugs
1345:Gagauz
1343:, and
1337:Uigurs
1333:Romani
1325:Greeks
1300:raions
1266:Tajiks
1232:Uzbeks
1164:region
1156:mixed
1067:Yakuts
1049:Tuvans
1012:Tatars
826:, and
820:Rutuls
816:Nogais
804:Kumyks
572:
554:
536:
518:
500:
482:
464:
446:
428:
410:
392:
374:
356:
338:
313:
272:Kazakh
207:, the
191:, and
155:, and
44:okrugs
39:raions
1969:Notes
1826:Altai
1691:Poles
1683:Finns
1462:Khiva
1423:Kresy
1396:Evenk
1241:1925
1091:1931
796:Avars
792:Aghul
2919:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2836:2021
2824:Zona
2806:2021
2776:2021
2331:link
2313:OCLC
2303:ISBN
2065:ISBN
1926:21.
1921:20.
1916:19.
1911:18.
1908:Tuva
1906:17.
1901:16.
1896:15.
1888:14.
1883:13.
1878:12.
1875:Komi
1873:11.
1868:10.
1712:and
1689:and
1568:and
1553:and
1500:Sart
1460:and
1441:and
1278:1929
1215:1991
1172:1923
1153:1920
1125:1921
1110:1922
1063:1922
1045:1961
1008:1920
972:1920
954:1924
936:1930
918:1920
900:1921
882:1923
864:1935
848:and
842:1921
808:Laks
788:1921
773:1930
747:and
741:1922
728:1925
717:Jews
713:1934
702:and
696:1936
681:1922
667:1923
652:1922
639:1919
274:and
162:The
41:and
2024:",
1863:9.
1858:8.
1751:.
1456:of
1294:or
563:15
545:14
527:13
509:12
491:11
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2956::
2930:,
2917:,
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1993:,
1989:,
1985:,
1716:.
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1648:.
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1429:.
1405:.
1398:,
1394:,
1390:,
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