1152:, though perhaps not overt Russification or attempts to assimilate the minorities. By this time, non-Russians found their appetite whetted rather than satiated by korenizatsiia and there was indication it was encouraging inter-ethnic violence to the extent that the territorial integrity of the USSR would be in danger. In addition, ethnic Russians resented the institutionalized and artificial "reverse discrimination" that benefited non-Russians and regarded them as ungrateful and manipulative as a result. Another concern was that the Soviet Union's westernmost minorities – Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, Finns etc. – who had been previously treated with conscious benevolence in order to provide propaganda value to members of their ethnic groups in nations bordering the USSR (and thus facilitating future national unification, which would then bring about territorial expansion of the USSR) were now instead increasingly seen as vulnerable to influence from across the border, "fifth columns" for expansionist states seeking to acquire Soviet territory inhabited by their own ethnic group. The adherence of the masses to national rather than class identity was as strong in Russia as in other republics and regions. Between 1937 and 1953, racial policies began to creep into nationality policies, with certain nationalities seen as having immutable traits, particularly nationalities in the unstable borderlands.
1055:, . . . expression in an arrogantly disdainful and heartlessly bureaucratic attitude on the part of Russian Soviet officials towards the needs and requirements of the national republics. The multi-national Soviet state can become really durable, and the co-operation of the peoples within it really fraternal, only if these survivals are vigorously and irrevocably eradicated from the practice of our state institutions. Hence, the first immediate task of our Party is vigorously to combat the survivals of Great-Russian chauvinism.
51:
694:
718:
706:
1162:) in which the languages of minority nationalities were the main media of instruction continued, spreading literacy and universal education in many national minority languages, while teaching Russian as a required subject of study. The term korenizatsiia went out of use in the latter half of the 1930s, replaced by more bureaucratic expressions, such as "selection and placement of national cadres" (
762:
1139:
other minorities in the republics. In 1937, the Soviet government proclaimed that local elites had become hired foreign agents and their goal had become dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the restoration of capitalism. Now it was time to see that the
Russians got fair treatment. National leaderships of the republics and autonomies were liquidated en masse.
919:'s establishment of the local languages in government and education, in publishing, in culture, and in public life. In that manner, the cadre of the local Communist Party were promoted to every level of government, and ethnic Russians working in said governments were required to learn the local language and culture of the given Soviet republic.
1138:
Between 1933 and 1938 korenizatsiia was not actually repealed. Its provisions merely stopped being enforced. There also began purges of the leaderships of the national republics and territories. The charge against non-Russians was that they had instigated national strife and oppressed the
Russians or
1124:
was adopted. The new constitution stated that the many socialist nations had transformed on a voluntary basis into a harmonious union. According to the new constitution there were 11 socialist republics, 22 autonomous republics, nine autonomous regions and nine national territories. At the same time,
1614:
and minority territories, as opposed to central or all-Soviet institutions. In this sense, for example, when educational policy focused on expanding "national schools" (nacional'nje školu – национальные школу), it focused on schools in the traditional languages of the national minorities (Ukrainian,
1215:
is an official language in the
Moldovan constitution since its independence, and it is Moldova's sole official language today. Russian is still in use but not as important as it was in the Soviet era, since it has no special status in the country and its usage as mother tongue has been declining for
1060:
The main danger, Great-Russian chauvinism, should be kept in check by the
Russians themselves, for the sake of the larger goal of building socialism. Within the (minority) nationality areas new institutions should be organized giving the state a national (minority) character everywhere, built on the
1675:
This distinction can be attributed to Vernon
Aspaturian: Russianization is the spread of Russian language and Russian culture (and, one might add, of Russian people) into non-Russian territories and societies; Russification is the psychological transformation of the self-identities of non-Russians
1112:
The
Bolsheviks' tactics in their struggle to neutralise nationalist aspirations led to political results by the beginning of the 1930s. The old structure of the Russian Empire had been destroyed and a hierarchical federal state structure, based on the national principle, was created. The structure
1081:
and national cultures. The latter was reflected above all in the areas of language construction and education. For several of the small nationalities in Russia that had no literary language, a "Committee of the North" helped to create alphabets so that the national languages could be taught in
1716:
This, however, would be mainly a change on paper, not in actual ethnic or national identities. The sharply contracted list in 1939 was later expanded again for the 1959 census, though not to the number of peoples listed in 1926; the director of the 1959 census criticized the earlier effort at
1411:
Elsewhere in the USSR, the late 1930s and the outbreak of World War II also saw some significant changes: elements of korenizatsiya were phased out... the
Russians were officially anointed as the 'elder brothers' of the Soviet family of nations, whilst among historians Tsarist imperialism was
906:
Politically and culturally, the nativization policy aimed to eliminate
Russian domination and culture in Soviet republics where ethnic Russians did not constitute a majority. This policy was implemented even in areas with large Russian-speaking populations; for instance, all children in
1779:, first adopted Latin scripts to replace Arabic scripts, and later adopted Cyrillic scripts to replace Latin scripts. Thus, the move to the Cyrillic alphabet was delayed for most non-Russian nationalities until at least the late 1930s, and full implementation of this change took time.
964:
As adopted in 1923 korenizatsiia involved teaching and administration in the language of the republic; and promoting non-Russians to positions of power in
Republic administrations and the party, including for a time the creation of a special administrative units called
1219:
During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic
Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the Soviet republics had reached 25 million.
1155:
Moreover, Stalin seemed set on greatly reducing the number of officially recognized nationalities by contracting the official list of nationalities in the 1939 census, compared with the 1926 census. The development of so-called "national schools"
1770:
kept their original and unique scripts. Many so-called "scriptless" languages, mainly of smaller nationalities in Russia, were first given scripts in Latin alphabet and later changed to Cyrillic. Other languages, in particular in Central Asia,
1211:. Soon after, the language of the country was renamed to "Moldavian" and it ceased being written in the Latin alphabet, changing to Cyrillic. This policy would only be reversed in 1989, after large demonstrations imbued with patriotic feeling.
1443:
1113:
was nationality-based states in which nationality cultures were blossoming, and nationality languages were spoken and used at schools and in local administration. The transition was real, not merely a centralized Russian empire camouflaged.
1179:" were new enemies of the Russian people which had suppressed the Russian language. The policy of indigenization was abandoned. In the following years, the Russian language became a compulsory subject in all Soviet schools.
1082:
schools and literacy could be brought to the people in their native languages—and the minorities would thereby be brought from backwardness to the modern world. And in the very large Ukrainian Republic, the program of
1061:
use of the nationality languages in government and education, and on the recruitment and promotion of leaders from the ranks of minority groups. On the central level the nationalities should be represented in the
1680:(New York: Praeger, 1968): 143–198. While Russianization may be a factor that fosters Russification, it is not sufficient by itself to produce it and in some circumstances may even have the opposite effect.
1147:
By the mid-1930s, with purges in some of the national areas, the policy of korenizatsiia took a new turn, and by the end of the 1930s the policy of promoting local languages began to be balanced by greater
775:
1610:
It's important to be aware of a terminological distinction. In the context of Soviet nationalities policy the term "national," which for clarity here has been rendered as "nationality," referred to
1109:
in an atmosphere of "cultural revolution". Russian cultural heritage was under attack, churches were closed and demolished, old specialists were dismissed, and science and art were proletarianized.
1193:
In 1938, Russian became a mandatory subject of study in all non-Russian schools. In general, the cultural and linguistic russification reflected the overall centralization imposed by Stalin. The
1503:
See "National Factors in Party and State Affairs – Theses for the Twelfth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Approved by the Central Committee of the Party," available here:
1182:
Pre-revolution Russian nationalism was also rehabilitated. Many of the heroes of Russian history were re-appropriated for glorification. The Russian people became the "elder brother" of the
1012:
In 1920s, there still was animosity towards the Russians and towards other nationalities on the part of the Russians, but there were also conflicts and rivalries among other nationalities.
316:
1542:
For a review of the national languages in education, see Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934–1980,"
1074:
The main idea of the korenizatsiia was to grow communist cadres for every nationality. By the mid-1930s the percentage of locals in both the party and state service grew considerably.
1093:
that building socialism was a period of blossoming of national cultures. The final goal would be to merge into one international culture with a common language. Meanwhile, the first
1120:
in 1934, proclaimed that the building of the material basis for a socialist society had succeeded. The Soviet Union first became an officially socialist society in 1936 when the
1446:) For a substantive analysis, see Slezkine (1994). The korenizatsiya phase roughly spanned the period from the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s, though vestiges of it carried over.
2960:
1902:
Pål Kolstø, "Political construction sites: Nation-building in Russia and the post-Soviet States". Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. 81–104 uncorrected version,
1855:
770:
1881:
460:
485:
65:
2339:
1790:
1442:
Nationalities policy went through several stages. For a general timeline, see the Russian-language Knowledge article on "Nationalities policy of Russia" (
1090:
784:
will be ensured." The poster uses traditional Ukrainian imagery with Ukrainian-language text to reach a wider appeal. The School of Red Commanders in
2354:
1021:
2490:
2201:
1235:" idea to the USSR. Thomas Winderl wrote "The USSR became in a certain sense more a prison-house of nations than the old Empire had ever been."
1117:
490:
1963:
Anderson, Barbara A.; Silver, Brian D. (December 1984). "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934–1980".
2334:
2563:
748:
583:
356:
140:
1468:
For further discussion, see Yuri Slezkine, "The USSR as a Communal Apartment, Or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,"
1279:
328:
2495:
2241:
1244:
1078:
530:
1917:
1171:
From 1937, the central press started to praise Russian language and Russian culture. Mass campaigns were organized to denounce the "
450:
900:
2721:
994:
323:
80:
1426:"Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923–1937"
2955:
1944:
1400:
378:
115:
2307:
373:
333:
75:
2093:
Slezkine, Yuri (Summer 1994). "The USSR as a Communal Apartment, Or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism".
2990:
2194:
1094:
916:
908:
85:
1303:
613:
510:
1125:
administration was now greatly centralised. All the Republics were now harnessed to serve one common socialist state.
2970:
2160:
2148:
2083:
2061:
2038:
2015:
1965:
1578:
1269:
957:
871:
of their Soviet republics. The main idea of the korenizatsiia was to grow communist cadres for every nationality. In
540:
2842:
2788:
1264:
1369:
In April 1923 the Russian Communist Party formalized the policy of korenizatsiia (indigenization or nativization)
741:
1811:
1044:, chauvinism of the great power) and local nationalism. However, he described the former as the greater danger:
2187:
545:
520:
1906:
1877:
1190:, emerged, with national survival taking priority over ideological conflicts between communists and fascists.
1024:, Stalin identified two threats to the success of the party's "nationalities policy": Great Power Chauvinism (
2975:
2451:
2236:
1307:
856:
17:
2699:
430:
2860:
2980:
2897:
2439:
2285:
2172:
1289:
1208:
955:
with his ideas for the policy. It was summarized in Stalin's pamphlet (his first scholarly publication),
351:
130:
2965:
2847:
734:
500:
405:
1456:
834:
668:
505:
1340:
2985:
2610:
2461:
2396:
2324:
2053:
2030:
1570:
1315:
1311:
1249:
1121:
1048:
535:
525:
495:
120:
2592:
2543:
2140:
1062:
1034:
805:
608:
578:
311:
2736:
1791:"The Literary-musical Clubs that Sparked the Moldovan National Liberation Movement 30 Years Ago"
2877:
2246:
863:, and their national minorities, into the lower administrative levels of the local government,
593:
233:
2679:
2642:
2598:
2210:
1392:
1176:
1172:
997:) based on concentrations of minorities within what were minority republics. For example, in
673:
603:
573:
135:
218:
2914:
2882:
1149:
1098:
363:
168:
100:
1914:
1676:
into Russians. See Vernon V. Aspaturian, "The Non-Russian Peoples," in Allen Kassof, Ed.,
273:
8:
2919:
2892:
2302:
2295:
1615:
Tatar, Armenian, Karelian, and so forth), not on schools for the Soviet Union as a whole.
1274:
1052:
658:
638:
563:
435:
193:
855:
for the integration of non-Russian nationalities into the governments of their specific
2575:
2263:
2132:
2120:
2112:
2071:
2007:
1990:
1982:
1838:
1731:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
1660:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
1643:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
1626:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
1595:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
1518:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
1488:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
912:
825:
643:
368:
278:
203:
198:
173:
90:
34:
213:
2909:
2528:
2156:
2144:
2124:
2079:
2057:
2050:
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939
2034:
2011:
1994:
1940:
1767:
1763:
1574:
1396:
1360:
1232:
1212:
1187:
663:
395:
253:
178:
125:
188:
2887:
2820:
2752:
2548:
2104:
1974:
1352:
1197:
script was instituted for a number of Soviet languages, including the languages of
1183:
1083:
1025:
872:
820:
796:
710:
698:
568:
455:
445:
288:
243:
228:
70:
1356:
2934:
2854:
2832:
2815:
2622:
2587:
2428:
2418:
2374:
2369:
2268:
2231:
1934:
1921:
1910:
1386:
1294:
1224:
940:
788:
was organized to promote the careers of the Ukrainian national cadre in the army.
722:
678:
465:
410:
293:
248:
223:
183:
50:
1086:
led to a profound shift of the language of instruction in schools to Ukrainian.
2924:
2827:
2810:
2726:
2706:
2674:
2627:
2617:
2570:
2558:
2517:
2512:
2478:
2468:
2446:
2408:
2379:
2364:
2314:
2290:
2221:
1776:
1284:
948:
947:, which was a very ethnically diverse city due to its status as capital of the
932:
899:, "native population"). The policy practically ended in the mid-1930s with the
860:
781:
588:
283:
238:
105:
1201:
that in the late 1920s had been given Latin alphabets to replace Arabic ones.
2949:
2904:
2778:
2711:
2694:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2632:
2605:
2538:
2522:
2507:
2502:
2456:
2434:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2386:
2329:
2319:
2253:
2095:
1470:
1364:
1299:
1259:
1254:
1228:
978:
936:
766:
598:
388:
208:
163:
110:
2027:
Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union
2783:
2762:
2731:
2716:
2689:
2684:
2637:
2582:
2533:
2485:
2473:
2391:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2226:
2137:
A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin
1878:"Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova, May 12–25, 2014"
1504:
1406:
1198:
868:
852:
420:
400:
258:
1077:
The initial period of korenizatsiia went together with the development of
2929:
2757:
2553:
2258:
1936:
Struggle Over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarusianness"
864:
653:
618:
383:
268:
263:
145:
2179:
1555:
Committee for the Assistance to the Peoples of the Northern Borderlands.
717:
2169:
Language Aspects of Ethnic Patterns and Processes in the North Caucasus
2116:
1986:
1772:
1102:
648:
515:
440:
765:
The 1921 Soviet recruitment to the Military Education poster with the
2278:
2273:
1341:"Korenizatsiia: Restructuring Soviet nationality policy in the 1920s"
1006:
928:
425:
42:
2108:
1978:
1903:
1425:
1194:
1106:
623:
415:
1457:
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03.htm
1812:"Moldova officially identifies its national language as Romanian"
1533:
For a highly informative yet compact summary see Slezkine (1994).
1204:
998:
785:
1385:
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Sebe, Berny; Maas, Gabrielle (2014-12-23).
1904:
Chapter 2, par. "Nations and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe"
952:
944:
931:
party in 1913, four years before they came to power in Russia.
633:
1856:"Moldovan court overturns special status for Russian language"
705:
1430:
Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal
1051:
spirit, which is becoming stronger and stronger owing to the
628:
27:
1920s Soviet policy of promoting its indigenous ethnic groups
1704:
Red racisms: racism in communist and post-communist contexts
859:. In the 1920s, the policy promoted representatives of the
761:
1567:
Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North
915:
in school. The policies of korenizatsiia facilitated the
1882:
National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova
1412:
rehabilitated as having had a 'progressive significance'
1388:
Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies
1747:
1745:
1743:
839:
1039:
982:
966:
888:
876:
810:
1740:
2961:
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1725:
1723:
1015:
486:
Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
1683:
1482:
1480:
1384:
1939:. Central European University Press. p. 42.
1223:Some historians evaluating the Soviet Union as a
2947:
2002:Chulos, Chris J.; Piirainen, Timo, eds. (2000).
1720:
1652:
1635:
1618:
1587:
1207:became part of the USSR as a consequence of the
1069:
1510:
1477:
927:The nationalities policy was formulated by the
1962:
2195:
1163:
1157:
988:
972:
894:
882:
742:
66:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2004:The Fall of an Empire, the Birth of a Nation
1142:
943:and therefore an ethnic minority member) to
1133:
769:theme. The text reads: "Son! Enroll in the
2202:
2188:
2131:
1280:Declaration of Rights of Peoples of Russia
749:
735:
329:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
2209:
1245:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
1079:national-territorial administrative units
849: "indigenization" or "nativization"
531:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
2092:
2001:
1734:
1663:
1646:
1629:
1598:
1564:
1521:
1505:http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/NF23.html
1491:
1165:подбор и расстановка национальных кадров
760:
1788:
1128:
14:
2948:
2166:
2076:Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II
2047:
2024:
1689:
324:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
2183:
2070:
1932:
1839:"The Politics of Language in Moldova"
1751:
1338:
901:deportations of various nationalities
819:
491:All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks
461:20th Congress of the Communist Party
1701:
845:
24:
1926:
1089:In 1930, Stalin proclaimed at the
1001:in the late 1920s there were even
317:The History of the Communist Party
25:
3002:
1966:American Political Science Review
1836:
1789:Erizanu, Paula (27 August 2021).
1544:American Political Science Review
1474:53, No. 2 (Summer 1994): 414–452.
1423:
1270:Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union
958:Marxism and the National Question
1265:Latinisation in the Soviet Union
1016:Against Great-Russian chauvinism
716:
704:
692:
334:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
319:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
49:
1956:
1896:
1870:
1848:
1830:
1804:
1782:
1757:
1710:
1695:
1669:
1604:
1558:
1549:
1536:
1527:
1444:ru:Национальная политика России
2135:; Martin, Terry, eds. (2002).
1546:78 (December 1984): 1019–1039.
1497:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1417:
1378:
1339:Liber, George (January 1991).
1332:
521:Communist Party of New Zealand
511:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
13:
1:
2171:. Geography Research Series.
1357:10.1080/01419870.1991.9993696
1321:
1184:"socialist family of nations"
1097:in 1928–1931 was a period of
1070:Creation of socialist nations
922:
851:) was an early policy of the
2956:Politics of the Soviet Union
2784:Romanisation of the writings
1678:Prospects for Soviet Society
1326:
1186:. A new kind of patriotism,
431:Chinese Communist Revolution
7:
2898:Forced religious conversion
2173:University of Chicago Press
1933:Bekus, Nelly (2010-01-01).
1735:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
1664:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
1647:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
1630:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
1599:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
1522:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
1492:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
1290:Affirmative action in China
1238:
1040:
983:
967:
889:
877:
840:
811:
451:Death and funeral of Stalin
131:Soviet socialist patriotism
10:
3007:
2991:Language policy in Ukraine
1717:contraction as artificial.
1455:A copy can be found here:
1041:velikoderzhavnyy shovinizm
951:. Stalin reported back to
821:[kərʲɪnʲɪˈzatsɨjə]
546:Stalin Bloc — For the USSR
501:Communist Party of Germany
406:Soviet atomic bomb project
2870:
2861:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2803:
2771:
2746:Assimilation by religions
2745:
2217:
2048:Martin, Terry D. (2001).
2025:Hirsch, Francine (2005).
1345:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1164:
1158:
1143:Reversal to Russification
1029:
989:
973:
895:
883:
829:
800:
506:Communist Party of Greece
2971:Soviet internal politics
2772:Assimilation by writings
2054:Cornell University Press
2031:Cornell University Press
1909:19 December 2017 at the
1571:Cornell University Press
1250:Great Russian chauvinism
1134:Purges of national cadre
1049:Great-Russian chauvinist
1030:великодержавный шовинизм
771:School of Red Commanders
536:National Bolshevik Party
526:Romanian Communist Party
496:Albanian Party of Labour
141:Transformation of nature
121:Socialism in one country
2167:Wixman, Ronald (1980).
2141:Oxford University Press
1706:. Springer. p. 19.
1565:Slezkine, Juri (1994).
1209:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1063:Soviet of Nationalities
949:Austro-Hungarian empire
609:Authoritarian socialism
579:Stalin and antisemitism
312:Foundations of Leninism
2878:Cultural globalisation
1920:2 January 2005 at the
1177:Bourgeois nationalists
1067:
1057:
789:
594:Stalinist architecture
234:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
2211:Cultural assimilation
1393:Bloomsbury Publishing
1173:enemies of the people
1058:
1046:
780:, and the defence of
764:
669:Soviet–Albanian split
604:Anti-Soviet agitation
574:Rise of Joseph Stalin
2976:Soviet ethnic policy
2915:Internal colonialism
2883:Cultural imperialism
2564:Northern Afghanistan
1129:End of korenizatsiia
890:korennoye naseleniye
711:Socialism portal
699:Communism portal
614:Comparison to Nazism
364:First five-year plan
169:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky
2920:Jewish assimilation
2893:Forced assimilation
2431:or Castilianisation
2133:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2072:Motyl, Alexander J.
1275:Bilingual education
1118:17th Party congress
1091:16th Party Congress
1022:12th Party Congress
911:were taught in the
723:Politics portal
659:Sino-Albanian split
639:National Bolshevism
564:Anti-Stalinist left
436:First Indochina War
194:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
81:Cult of personality
2981:Soviet phraseology
2544:Montenegrinisation
2078:. Academic Press.
2008:Ashgate Publishing
1159:национальные школы
995:national districts
913:Ukrainian language
896:коренное население
790:
644:National communism
279:Vladimir Kryuchkov
204:Vyacheslav Molotov
199:Valerian Kuybyshev
174:Kliment Voroshilov
2966:Linguistic rights
2943:
2942:
2910:Identity politics
2799:
2798:
2529:Macedonianisation
1946:978-963-9776-68-5
1729:Timo Vihavainen:
1702:Law, Ian (2016).
1658:Timo Vihavainen:
1641:Timo Vihavainen:
1624:Timo Vihavainen:
1612:ethnic minorities
1593:Timo Vihavainen:
1516:Timo Vihavainen:
1486:Timo Vihavainen:
1402:978-0-85773-896-7
1304:the Baltic states
1233:prison of nations
1231:"), applied the "
1188:Soviet patriotism
1038:
1005:for Russians and
838:
809:
759:
758:
674:Tito–Stalin split
664:Sino–Soviet split
396:Spanish Civil War
379:Industrialisation
306:Theoretical works
274:Nicolae Ceauşescu
254:Nikos Zachariadis
179:William Z. Foster
126:Socialist realism
16:(Redirected from
2998:
2888:Dominant culture
2871:Related concepts
2833:De-russification
2821:De-stalinisation
2816:De-communisation
2753:Christianisation
2743:
2742:
2595:or Latinisation
2549:Norwegianisation
2525:or Hungarisation
2499:
2340:Colombianisation
2242:Native Americans
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1998:
1973:(4): 1019–1039.
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1837:CHINN, JEFFREY.
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1084:Ukrainianization
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1020:In 1923, at the
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569:De-Stalinization
541:The Other Russia
456:De-Stalinization
374:Collectivisation
289:Gennady Zyuganov
244:Valko Chervenkov
229:Lazar Kaganovich
101:Marxism–Leninism
76:Collectivization
71:Anti-revisionism
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2986:Derussification
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2935:Monoculturalism
2866:
2855:De-sinicisation
2828:De-nazification
2804:Opposite trends
2795:
2767:
2741:
2623:Sanskritisation
2588:Romanianisation
2554:Pakistanisation
2493:
2429:Hispanicisation
2419:Hawaiianisation
2375:Europeanisation
2370:Estonianisation
2325:Canadianisation
2232:Americanisation
2213:
2208:
2151:
2109:10.2307/2501300
2086:
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2018:
1979:10.2307/1955805
1959:
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1922:Wayback Machine
1911:Wayback Machine
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1884:. 2 August 2013
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887:) derives from
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411:Greek Civil War
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249:Georgy Malenkov
224:Walter Ulbricht
214:Bolesław Bierut
184:Georgi Dimitrov
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2518:Lithuanisation
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2479:Japanification
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2409:Georgification
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2103:(2): 414–452.
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2052:. Ithaca, NY:
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2029:. Ithaca, NY:
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2016:
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1945:
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1818:. 3 March 2023
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2523:Magyarisation
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2161:0-19-514422-8
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2150:0-19-514423-6
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2096:Slavic Review
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2085:0-12-227230-7
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2063:0-8014-8677-7
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2017:1-85521-902-6
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935:sent a young
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920:
918:
914:
910:
904:
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891:
879:
878:korenizatsiya
874:
870:
866:
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858:
854:
842:
841:korenizatsiia
836:
827:
822:
813:
812:korenizatsiya
807:
798:
794:
793:Korenizatsiia
787:
783:
777:
772:
768:
767:Ukrainization
763:
752:
747:
745:
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738:
733:
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729:
724:
719:
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632:
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599:Neo-Stalinism
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446:Doctors' plot
444:
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389:Moscow trials
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219:Mátyás Rákosi
217:
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209:Harry Pollitt
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164:Joseph Stalin
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111:Popular front
109:
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52:
48:
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44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
18:Korenizatsiya
2859:
2843:Latinisation
2837:
2789:Soviet Union
2763:Islamisation
2732:Wolofisation
2717:Uzbekisation
2690:Thaification
2685:Tamilisation
2638:Sinicisation
2593:Romanisation
2583:Polonisation
2534:Malayisation
2486:Javanisation
2474:Japanisation
2452:Indonesation
2392:Francisation
2360:Czechisation
2350:Croatisation
2345:Creolisation
2227:Albanisation
2168:
2163:(hardcover).
2139:. New York:
2136:
2100:
2094:
2075:
2049:
2026:
2006:. Helsinki:
2003:
1970:
1964:
1957:Bibliography
1935:
1928:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1850:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1784:
1759:
1730:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1659:
1654:
1642:
1637:
1632:, pp. 81–82.
1625:
1620:
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1594:
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1529:
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1512:
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1469:
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1438:
1429:
1419:
1410:
1407:Google Books
1405:– via
1387:
1380:
1368:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1308:the Caucasus
1222:
1218:
1203:
1199:Central Asia
1192:
1181:
1170:
1154:
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1137:
1115:
1111:
1088:
1076:
1073:
1059:
1047:
1019:
1011:
1002:
963:
956:
926:
905:
869:nomenklatura
853:Soviet Union
792:
791:
421:Eastern Bloc
401:World War II
352:Soviet Union
259:Edward Ochab
136:Stakhanovite
95:
2930:Melting pot
2758:Judaisation
2494: [
2259:Arabisation
1690:Martin 2001
1216:some time.
977:, national
939:(himself a
884:коренизация
875:, the term
865:bureaucracy
830:коренізація
801:коренизация
774: [
654:Red fascism
619:Great Purge
384:Great Purge
369:Great Break
269:Kim Il Sung
264:Enver Hoxha
146:Vanguardism
91:Great Break
2950:Categories
2700:placenames
2440:placenames
2308:placenames
2237:immigrants
1862:22 January
1775:, and the
1773:Azerbaijan
1752:Motyl 2001
1569:. Ithaca:
1322:References
1103:utopianism
1099:radicalism
1003:natssovety
984:natsrayony
968:natssovety
923:Beginnings
817:pronounced
649:Patriotism
584:Stalin era
516:CARC Party
441:Korean War
2576:societies
2264:Armenians
2125:163654746
1995:145196057
1915:Chapter 5
1858:. Reuters
1365:0141-9870
1351:(1): 15.
1327:Citations
1035:romanized
1007:Estonians
990:нацрайоны
974:нацсоветы
929:Bolshevik
835:romanized
826:Ukrainian
806:romanized
426:Cominform
357:1927–1953
43:Stalinism
2397:Brussels
2074:(2001).
1918:Archived
1907:Archived
1888:22 April
1822:22 April
1796:22 April
1768:Georgian
1764:Armenian
1737:, p. 85.
1666:, p. 84.
1649:, p. 83.
1601:, p. 81.
1524:, p. 80.
1494:, p. 79.
1239:See also
1213:Romanian
1195:Cyrillic
1107:violence
961:(1913).
941:Georgian
624:Hoxhaism
416:Cold War
60:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
2848:Ukraine
2611:Finland
2269:Berbers
2117:2501300
1987:1955805
1316:Armenia
1312:Georgia
1205:Moldova
1037::
1026:Russian
999:Ukraine
909:Ukraine
873:Russian
846:transl.
837::
808::
797:Russian
786:Kharkiv
480:Parties
346:History
2274:Blacks
2159:
2147:
2123:
2115:
2082:
2060:
2037:
2014:
1993:
1985:
1943:
1577:
1399:
1371:
1363:
1053:N.E.P.
981:) and
953:Moscow
945:Vienna
867:, and
634:Maoism
158:People
2643:Tibet
2599:names
2498:]
2462:names
2247:names
2121:S2CID
2113:JSTOR
1991:S2CID
1983:JSTOR
1842:(PDF)
778:]
629:Juche
2296:soft
2279:Jews
2157:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1913:and
1890:2023
1864:2021
1824:2023
1798:2023
1766:and
1575:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1361:ISSN
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1175:". "
1116:The
1105:and
2105:doi
1975:doi
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1353:doi
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