254:
from her house". According to Navro, de Cleyre spent the rest of her life in "continuous torture". Navro, who lived together with her, gave her bedside care and attempted to nurse de Cleyre back to health. One night, she attempted to commit suicide with a morphine overdose, but according to Navro, it "failed to bring the desired result". He continued to care for her as she gradually recovered, although she would live in pain for the rest of her life, which he said to have "cast a gloom over her spirit".
242:, and had tried to get them back together "for the good of the cause". Navro initially thought him "a little foolish, but very sincere in his anarchism", but after de Cleyre's split with Gordon, he had begun exhibiting "abnormal behavior". According to Navro, after the assassination attempt, medical examiners concluded that Helcher had suffered from an accumulation of
221:
Philadelphia's foremost anarchist group. To Navro, de Cleyre's commitment to anarchism remained as solid as "a rock", even as many other
Philadelphia anarchists dropped out of the movement. According to Navro "every word" of de Cleyre's lectures and speeches were "calculated to express the strongest possible idea."
269:
had bribed witnesses to present false testimony against the defendants, while de Cleyre herself had been unable to any "quiet-looking, respectable-appearing" people to defend her. Navro remained friends with de Cleyre until she died. When her health finally collapsed in the spring of 1912, Navro and
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for tutoring in the
English language. Navro was among hundreds of Jewish students that de Cleyre tutored in Philadelphia. She once told him that Jewish people were "the most liberal minded and active comrades in the movement, as well as the most transcendental dreamers." Under her tutelage, his grip
253:
which she had had since childhood spread from her sinuses to the rest of her head, briefly causing her to go deaf. After regaining her senses, de Cleyre told Navro that her ear infection had caused a pounding sensation that was "louder than the noise of the locomotives stationed within a few yards
220:
He soon joined his teacher in anarchist activism, remarking that she had "practically created the protest movement in
Philadelphia." He joined her reading group, the Social Science Club, which met each Sunday and discussed the works of different anarchist thinkers. By 1901, it had become
229:
Despite her constant work, de Cleyre's tutoring only earned her a meager wage, which, according to Navro, meant that she often went without food. Navro wrote that her poor diet and overwork had caused her
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depicted him as a man of "unquestioned integrity", remarking that he was "free of petty jealousies", unlike a number of de Cleyre's other students. He was also well liked by her mother
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The assassination exacerbated her already precarious physical condition. By 1904, Navro reported that de Cleyre's health had seen a "terrible decline", as her chronic
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Harry de Cleyre travelled from
Philadelphia to Chicago, to be at her bedside as she died. His manuscript of his recollections about de Cleyre was collected by
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81:
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Under Navro's care, by 1906, de Cleyre had regained her strength and was able to return to her anarchist organizing work. That year, she was visited by
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217:, who disliked most of her daughter's other friends. Voltairine de Cleyre herself called him "the best character I have ever known in all this world".
234:"to make terrible inroads on her constitution", ultimately shortening her life. In December 1902, de Cleyre was shot by a disruntled former pupil,
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155:, nursing her through years of ill health. He was a close friend of hers until her death and his manuscript about her has become a key
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261:, whose acquaintance Navro remarked was a "memorable and vivid" moment for her. When de Cleyre was arrested and tried for
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on the language improved rapidly, resulting in him being able to contribute poems to the
American anarchist newspaper
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The Covert Themes of
American Anarchism, 1881-1908: Time, Space, and Consciousness as Anarchist Myth
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and, influenced by his teacher, became a musician. He later became de Cleyre's primary
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Navro died on 23 October 1947. His body was buried in the Mount Sharon
Cemetery in
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145:. He soon became proficient enough in the language that he wrote English poems for
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175:. By the 1890s, he had immigrated to the United States and settled in the city of
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198:. Within a few years, he had quite his job at the cigar factory to study music.
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While working as a cigar maker, in 1896, Navro approached the anarchist
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Gates of
Freedom: Voltairine de Cleyre and the Revolution of the Mind
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137:. Navro immigrated to the United States in the 1890s, settling in
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in his system, which had caused him "paraonia" and "insanity".
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described him as "a fine man and a good friend"; her son
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An
American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre
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Emigrants from the
Russian Empire to the United States
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Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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126:(August 1, 1876 β October 23, 1947) was a
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265:in June 1908, Navro claimed that the
839:20th-century American male musicians
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798:Mancini, Matthew Joseph (1974).
274:, whose papers are preserved in
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267:Philadelphia Police Department
1:
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749:University of Michigan Press
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884:Musicians from Philadelphia
844:20th-century American poets
743:DeLamotte, Eugenia (2004).
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726:Princeton University Press
869:Jewish American musicians
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889:Poets from Philadelphia
183:As de Cleyre's student
874:Jewish American poets
205:, de Cleyre's sister
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684:, pp. 235β236;
287:Springfield Township
225:As de Cleyre's carer
189:Voltairine de Cleyre
143:Voltairine de Cleyre
849:American anarchists
656:, pp. 201β202.
580:, pp. 188β189.
512:, pp. 172β173.
461:, pp. 123β124.
437:, pp. 135β136.
413:, pp. 129β130.
401:, pp. 112β113.
775:10.3998/mpub.11482
757:10.3998/mpub.11482
276:Harvard University
207:Adelaide D. Thayer
879:Jewish anarchists
735:978-0-691-04657-0
688:, pp. 85β86.
672:, p. 173n21.
596:, p. 176n25.
568:, p. 176n25.
348:, pp. 79β80.
259:Alexander Berkman
232:chronic condition
215:Harriet De Claire
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240:Samuel H. Gordon
128:Russian American
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322:DeLamotte 2004
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236:Herman Helcher
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201:In letters to
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708:Bibliography
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139:Philadelphia
124:Nathan Navro
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104:, musician,
70:Pennsylvania
64:(1947-10-23)
32:Χ ΧͺΧ Χ ΧΦ·ΧΧΧ¨ΧΦΈ
25:Nathan Navro
18:
834:1947 deaths
829:1876 births
698:Avrich 1978
682:Avrich 1978
666:Avrich 1978
654:Avrich 1978
642:Avrich 1978
630:Avrich 1978
618:Avrich 1978
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375:Avrich 1978
363:Avrich 1978
346:Avrich 1978
334:Avrich 1978
318:Avrich 1978
306:Avrich 1978
102:Cigar maker
88:Nationality
823:Categories
783:2004006183
293:References
263:incitement
44:1876-08-01
244:uric acid
163:Biography
153:caregiver
135:caregiver
131:anarchist
116:Anarchism
106:caregiver
808:ProQuest
718:(1978).
112:Movement
812:7501886
802:(PhD).
251:catarrh
171:in the
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59:Died
38:Born
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