33:
276:"Voltairine". He also dropped his father's surname and adopted his mother's. While the rest of his maternal family continued to spell their name "De Claire", Harry adopted his mother's fashion of spelling it as "de Cleyre". Although he never took up his mother's anarchist philosophy, he expressed pride in her "stubborn defense of those being oppressed." He also inherited his parents' love of
235:
De Cleyre's mother remained a stranger to him during his early life, even though she lived close by. According to Harry's own daughters, "he just did not fit into her life, her plans, at all." She briefly attempted to give him piano lessons, but he didn't apply himself, so she stopped. By the turn of
263:
He became closer with his mother once he reached the age of 15. By 1906, he was living with his mother and for some time paid her rent. She later recalled his passion for repairs and machinery, and assured her sister that rumors he had become a priest were untrue, saying: "he is an ignorant boy and
275:
to be by her side when she died. After his mother's death, Emma
Goldman speculated that Harry had gone his own way, becoming "one of the 100% Americans, commonplace and dull." Although neglected by his mother throughout his life, he never stopped loving her, even naming his eldest daughter
189:, he was abandoned by his mother and neglected by his father during his childhood. He struggled to apply himself in his education and was forced to start work at the age of 10. After his mother's death, he devoted himself to studying her work and preserving her memory; he became a key
312:, de Cleyre described his grandfather as a "petty tyrant". He also mentioned about how, during her time in a convent, his mother had considered becoming a nun. On December 29, 1947, he told Inglis that his mother had confided to him that it was
248:, which she attributed to his mother. At one point, Thayer asked if she could take care of him; while his mother cared little for what was done with him, his father refused to relinquish custody. At the age of 16, he enrolled in a
299:
had wanted her to become a nun, and the details of her lingustics tutoring. Nevertheless, he still described
Goldman's biography as a "glowing tribute". In the same letter, he also described his mother's student
308:, de Cleyre described his mother's time in a convent, where according to him, she was allowed access to the Bible, which "was denied to those of the Catholic faith." In an October 12, 1947 letter to
295:
on
October 15, 1934, he pointed out a number of mistakes in Emma Goldman's biography of De Cleyre, including the date and circumstances of her death, the false assertion that her father
256:. Although he was financially supported by his mother, he failed to apply himself to his studies, so his mother refused to pay for any more of his education. He later went to work as a
228:. His mother was neither physically nor emotionally able to cope with raising Harry, so she left him in the care of his father. Feeling abandoned, Harry would refer to himself as a "
304:
as "a man whose integrity is unquestioned", praising him for being "free of petty jealousies", unlike some of his mother's other admirers. In an
October 28, 1934 letter to
320:, which had allowed him to commit suicide. Inglis herself didn't believe this, thinking the prison authorities had killed Lingg, but this hypothesis was disputed by
784:
240:
and left him to fend for himself. He went to work at the age of 10, his income supplemented only by a small weekly allowance from his mother. His aunt
337:
995:
1000:
965:
930:
895:
798:
1010:
957:
922:
829:
855:
Golder, Lauren J. (2023). "A Politics of
Suffering: Anarchism and Embodiment in the Life of Voltairine de Cleyre".
813:
268:, while he was "overawed" by his mother's intellect, he was also "repelled by her austere mode of living."
225:
174:
105:
790:
344:
83:
1005:
905:
Presley, Sharon (2005). "Emma
Goldman's 'Voltairine de Cleyre': A Moving but Flawed Tribute". In
388:
229:
253:
291:
Later in his life, he spent much of his time talking about his mother. In a letter he sent to
990:
985:
214:
182:
155:
8:
857:
95:
487:
950:
915:
882:
Marsh, Margaret S. (1981). "No
Illusions: The Anarchist Life of Voltairine de Cleyre".
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Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of
Voltairine De Cleyre – Anarchist, Feminist, Genius
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Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of
Voltairine De Cleyre – Anarchist, Feminist, Genius
237:
941:
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190:
979:
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In the spring of 1912, when his mother was on her deathbed, he travelled to
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210:
198:
64:
60:
595:
593:
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324:. On February 15, 1948, he confessed to Inglis of how his mother had been
264:
an alcoholic wreck; they wouldn't take him in for a minute." According to
780:
317:
32:
821:
588:
329:
729:
810:
Gates of
Freedom: Voltairine de Cleyre and the Revolution of the Mind
439:
325:
222:
171:
641:
280:, which he passed on to his own daughters, and treated his mother's
313:
847:
272:
940:
Sartwell, Crispin (2005). "Priestess of Pity and Vengeance". In
536:
178:
285:
757:
548:
524:
221:. He was born by the name Vermorel Elliott, named after the
890:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 123–150.
333:
514:
512:
510:
477:
475:
462:
460:
458:
252:, as he had grown up loving machines and wanted to learn
560:
786:
An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre
717:
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507:
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455:
417:
415:
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376:
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693:
681:
427:
412:
949:
914:
883:
193:on her life, writing several letters about her to
977:
37:A young De Cleyre (right) with his father (left)
209:Harry de Cleyre was born on June 12, 1890, in
127: 1917–1974)
31:
807:
739:
619:
582:
554:
542:
530:
497:
449:
398:
236:the century, his father had succombed to
939:
406:
370:
904:
663:
651:
623:
603:
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16:American painter and writer (1890–1974)
978:
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735:
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362:
881:
501:
481:
402:
366:
340:had bribed a witness to not testify.
232:" throughout the rest of his life.
13:
996:20th-century American male writers
958:State University of New York Press
923:State University of New York Press
14:
1022:
1001:American people of French descent
316:who had smuggled an explosive to
772:
124:
244:remembered him always feeling
1:
350:
814:University of Michigan Press
204:
138:Voltairine, Fedora and Renée
7:
808:DeLamotte, Eugenia (2004).
581:, pp. 73–74, 235–236;
226:Auguste-Jean-Marie Vermorel
213:, the son of the anarchist
10:
1027:
886:Anarchist Women, 1870–1920
791:Princeton University Press
345:Bucks County, Pennsylvania
84:Bucks County, Pennsylvania
1011:Writers from Philadelphia
336:, after her co-defendant
142:
134:
111:
101:
91:
72:
42:
30:
23:
343:Harry de Cleyre died in
867:10.1111/1468-0424.12678
545:, pp. 85, 176–177.
766:, pp. 201-202n22.
254:mechanical engineering
858:Gender & History
284:as his own personal
217:and the freethinker
215:Voltairine de Cleyre
183:Voltairine de Cleyre
156:Voltairine de Cleyre
557:, pp. 85, 188.
533:, pp. 85, 159.
504:, pp. 130–131.
484:, pp. 130–131.
170:(1890–1974) was an
96:Ringoes, New Jersey
925:. pp. 27–28.
840:10.3998/mpub.11482
822:10.3998/mpub.11482
738:, pp. 63–64;
650:, pp. 73–74;
618:, pp. 73–74;
602:, pp. 73–74;
500:, pp. 84–85;
496:, pp. 72–73;
448:, pp. 72–73;
401:, pp. 84–85;
397:, pp. 71–72;
242:Adelaide D. Thayer
967:978-0-7914-6094-8
960:. pp. 3–16.
946:Sartwell, Crispin
932:978-0-7914-6094-8
911:Sartwell, Crispin
897:978-0-87722-202-6
800:978-0-691-04657-0
726:, pp. 63–64.
678:, pp. 79–80.
626:, pp. 27–28.
606:, pp. 27–28.
585:, pp. 85–86.
569:, pp. 27–28.
521:, pp. 73–74.
469:, pp. 72–73.
347:, in April 1974.
322:Alexander Berkman
165:
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297:Hector De Claire
250:technical school
219:James B. Elliott
187:James B. Elliott
150:James B. Elliott
128:
126:
79:
56:
54:
47:Vermorel Elliott
35:
21:
20:
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638:, p. 40n4.
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405:, p. 130;
393:
389:
385:, p. 71n5.
381:
377:
369:, p. 130;
361:
357:
353:
328:in a trial for
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168:Harry de Cleyre
161:
130:
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87:
86:, United States
81:
77:
68:
67:, United States
58:
52:
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38:
26:
25:Harry de Cleyre
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1006:House painters
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740:DeLamotte 2004
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622:, p. 85;
620:DeLamotte 2004
608:
587:
583:DeLamotte 2004
571:
559:
555:DeLamotte 2004
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543:DeLamotte 2004
535:
531:DeLamotte 2004
523:
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498:DeLamotte 2004
486:
471:
454:
450:DeLamotte 2004
438:
426:
411:
399:DeLamotte 2004
387:
375:
365:, p. 71;
354:
352:
349:
338:Chaim Weinberg
282:Selected Works
238:mental illness
206:
203:
191:primary source
163:
162:
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117:Hertha R. Behr
116:
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82:
80:(aged 83)
74:
70:
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46:
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28:
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831:0-472-09867-5
827:
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815:
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806:
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796:
792:
789:. Princeton:
788:
787:
782:
778:
777:
765:
760:
754:, p. 64.
753:
748:
742:, p. 85.
741:
737:
732:
725:
720:
714:, p. 34.
713:
708:
702:, p. 22.
701:
696:
690:, p. 31.
689:
684:
677:
672:
666:, p. 27.
665:
660:
654:, p. 28.
653:
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495:
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483:
478:
476:
468:
463:
461:
459:
452:, p. 85.
451:
447:
442:
436:, p. 72.
435:
430:
424:, p. 73.
423:
418:
416:
408:
407:Sartwell 2005
404:
400:
396:
391:
384:
379:
372:
371:Sartwell 2005
368:
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359:
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348:
346:
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306:Joseph Ishill
303:
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293:Joseph Ishill
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196:
195:Joseph Ishill
192:
188:
184:
181:. The son of
180:
176:
175:house painter
173:
169:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
114:
110:
107:
106:House painter
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:Resting place
90:
85:
75:
71:
66:
62:
57:June 12, 1890
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
951:
916:
885:
856:
809:
785:
781:Avrich, Paul
773:Bibliography
759:
747:
731:
719:
707:
695:
683:
671:
664:Presley 2005
659:
652:Presley 2005
643:
631:
624:Presley 2005
611:
604:Presley 2005
574:
567:Presley 2005
562:
550:
538:
526:
489:
441:
429:
409:, p. 6.
390:
378:
373:, p. 6.
358:
342:
310:Agnes Inglis
302:Nathan Navro
290:
281:
278:Thomas Paine
270:
266:Emma Goldman
262:
258:housepainter
234:
211:Philadelphia
208:
199:Agnes Inglis
167:
166:
78:(1974-04-00)
65:Pennsylvania
61:Philadelphia
18:
991:1974 deaths
986:1890 births
764:Avrich 1978
752:Avrich 1978
736:Avrich 1978
724:Avrich 1978
712:Avrich 1978
700:Avrich 1978
688:Avrich 1978
676:Avrich 1978
648:Avrich 1978
636:Avrich 1978
616:Avrich 1978
600:Avrich 1978
579:Avrich 1978
519:Avrich 1978
494:Avrich 1978
467:Avrich 1978
446:Avrich 1978
434:Avrich 1978
422:Avrich 1978
395:Avrich 1978
383:Avrich 1978
363:Avrich 1978
318:Louis Lingg
980:Categories
956:. Albany:
921:. Albany:
848:2004006183
502:Marsh 1981
482:Marsh 1981
403:Marsh 1981
367:Marsh 1981
351:References
330:incitement
102:Occupation
76:April 1974
53:1890-06-12
875:1468-0424
326:acquitted
246:depressed
223:Communard
205:Biography
948:(eds.).
913:(eds.).
783:(1978).
314:Dyer Lum
172:American
158:(mother)
152:(father)
135:Children
273:Chicago
230:bastard
143:Parents
129:
121:
964:
929:
894:
873:
846:
838:
828:
797:
179:writer
112:Spouse
836:JSTOR
286:Bible
123:(
119:
962:ISBN
927:ISBN
892:ISBN
871:ISSN
844:LCCN
826:ISBN
795:ISBN
334:riot
197:and
185:and
177:and
73:Died
43:Born
863:doi
818:doi
332:to
982::
944:;
909:;
869:.
861:.
842:.
834:.
824:.
816:.
812:.
793:.
590:^
509:^
474:^
457:^
414:^
288:.
260:.
201:.
125:m.
63:,
970:.
935:.
900:.
877:.
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55:)
51:(
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