Naraka (Buddhism) - Knowledge

2956: 2940: 3029: 1980:("Sutra of the Right Mindfulness") names sixteen subsidiary hells to this one and discusses seven of them in detail. The subsidiary hells are the Region of the Mud Excrement which is full of boiling excrements and insects, the Region of the Wheel of Swords where iron falls from the sky like rain and is covered in a forest of swords, the Region of the Roasting Skillet where people who roasted animals will be done the same to them, the Region of Numerous Sufferings, the Region of Darkness which is a dark space and the people there are burned by opaque fire while a fiery wind blows that tears their skin, the Region of Unhappiness where great fires burn and while the residents are devoured by animals and finally the Region of Extreme Suffering where lazy people who committed murder burn. 2288:

crushed bodies and feast on them. All those who have damaged Buddhist properties by setting them on fire will be punished in this hell. In the Region of the Black Belly all beings are consumed by their own hunger to the extent of being forced to eat their own flesh. Black bellied snakes attack them here as well. Those who have eaten the things offered to Buddha will suffer in this place. Another place is the Region Where Iron Mountains Fall like Rain. In this place, falling iron mountains crush the bodies of sinners into lumps of flesh. There are eleven fires in the shape of towers that burn anyone who comes close and wardens with swords that slash sinners in this region while they put molten pewter into the wounds. Those who stole and ate the food of

2972: 3001: 1999:, includes the torments of Sañjīva. The pains experienced in this hell are ten times more severe than those suffered in Sañjīva. In addition, black lines are drawn upon the body, which hell guards use as guides to cut the beings with fiery saws and sharp axes. A second version of this hell describes it as a place where black ropes are stretched across the mountains and hot cauldrons are placed underneath. The wardens of this hell force the dwellers to carry heavy iron bundles and walk across the rope until they fall into the cauldrons below. This is the place for those who have committed murder, robbery, or lied and those who were bad sons or two-faced women. 2045:

down and molten copper is poured into their bodies through the anus. Another hell is the Region of Suffering Enduring. Men who kidnap the women of others are hung upside down from a tree and roasted under a fire that enters their mouths and burns their insides as they try to scream. Another hell is the Region of Many Suffering and Anguish where men who committed homosexual rape are reborn. These men are embraced by figures of the people who they molested. After being incenerates in this manner they revive and in fear they attempt to flee just to fall off a cliff, ending up being consumed by birds with flaming beaks and foxes.

2989: 2108:. This is the initial hell in which the psychological state is of greater consequence than the physical condition in regard to the misdeed. In the minor Hell of Unbearable Pain those who committed perjury or bribery are tormented by having snakes be born inside of their bodies. Each lie creates more snakes as they represent the inner fears like inadequacy, loss of possessions and so on that are perpetuated by further lies. While there is no clear differentiation between truth and falsehood in Buddhism that does not mean that an individual should deliberately deceive others. 3017: 2682:, there are 8,000 continents surrounding the four continents . There is, moreover, a great sea surrounding those 8,000 continents. There is, moreover, a great diamond mountain range encircling that great sea. Beyond this great diamond mountain range is yet another great diamond mountain range. And between the two mountain ranges lies darkness. The sun and moon in the divine sky with their great power are unable to reach that with their light. In there are eight major hells. Along with each major hell are sixteen smaller hells. 2076:

utilisation of alcohol in order to kill or rob others. Nevertheless, the consumption of alcohol is only prohibited to the extent that it impedes the proper practice of morality. This hell may be associated with the consumption of alcohol, yet it never condemns the individual who drinks alone or with the company of friends. However, the descriptions of this hell include references to the negative effects of alcohol, such as its detrimental impact on the body and irritating effects on the mind, advising abstinence from liquor.

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climbing, hot sword-leaves slice into the body, but the inmate is filled with so much desire that they reach the top, discovering that the woman is below the tree beckoning them down. This is repeated and the prisoner spends hundreds of thousands of years in this cycle. This represents the people who stay ignorant in life possess ego-centric love as they have no awareness of being in their own hell of self-deception. They blame their suffering upon their circumstances instead of taking a look at their own prisoned mind.

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correct their child's behavior and accidentally kills them and when a flame attracts an insect to its destruction. Consuming meat is also not an act of bad karma in the circumstances that the individual did not see, hear the killing of the animal or let the animal be killed specifically for them. This hell should make the practitioners aware of their dependence with the sentient beings around them. The purpose is to discourage unnecessary suffering of animals but not totally prohibit the consumption of meat.

2064:, is where beings screaming run wildly about, looking for refuge from the burning ground as they are scorched by the blazing fires. Other descriptions of this hell include that the prisoners beg the demons, that are gold and have long legs that enable them to run as quickly as the wind, for mercy hearing the voices of the dreadful demons. This increases the anger of these demons and they pry open the mouths of the prisoners with pincers to pour molten copper into it that destroys their organs. 3028: 1115: 7215: 2136:, where hell guards impale the residents on a fiery spear until flames issue from their noses and mouths. Furthermore, they are thrown onto a burning iron surface and are beaten by the wardens until they have been reduced to a mound of flesh or are fried in a skillet. They are impaled from the buttock to the head on a spit and roasted, burning until the flames pierce their bones and marrow. Compared to the flames of this hell, the flames of the former 7226: 4624: 4611: 1696: 7283: 4601: 7426: 2185:. In this hell demons with black bellies, flaming eyes and hooked teeth haunt the ones reborn here, grabbing the residents by the throat and dragging them through mountains, cities and across oceans. Genshin describes when reaching the entrance to this hell they are insulted by Yama for the sins they committed in their former existence. Being prisoned in the ropes of their bad karma, they enter the 25: 2159:). They follow the voice and fall into hole engulfed in flames that incinerate their bodies. The bodies are revived but burn soon again as this circle continues. Nevertheless, they repeat their attempt of finding the lotus lake to quench their thirst. People who starved themselves in hope of reaching heaven and people who led others to believe in heterodox views will be found in this hell. 2201:

peel only peel off small parts and then roast them. Fleeing from this torture they run into the hands of the monk who they seduced and their vision transforms into a searing flame. It is almost impossible that such a woman can be reborn as a human again, however, if she is reborn as a human she will end up ugly and disabled, forced to clean excrement and beaten by even her own children.

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the heaven of the Four Heavenly Kings. The life span there is five hundred years. The life span (of the beings) in the Heaven of the Four Heavenly Kings equals one day and night in this hell.... The Yu p 'o sai chieh ching holds that one year in the first heaven (i. e., the Heaven of the Four Heavenly Kings) equals one day and night of the first hell (i. e., Revival Hell)."

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seven walls and banners from which flames are shot out within the hell. Moreover, placed here are eighteen cauldrons out of which molten bronze flows and there are snakes that spit venom and fire everywhere. The sounds that they make are like a hundred thousand thunders that attract iron balls from the sky. Other animals that reside here are worms that spew fire.

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 23. This kind of teaching was called "The Two Levels of Teaching" which were two different types of religious awareness. First they would employ a simplified understanding of Buddhist teachings to the laity and then they would be able to progress their understanding to

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do not give a specific outline of moral behavior that leads to enlightenment, however, it acted as a guideline for it. Otherwise, Matsunaga states, the individual would be deprived of their own responsibility. Each individual has to walk their own path which is depended on time, place and their karma

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would make those who hear it die of terror. The Avici Hell is surrounded by seven iron walls and seven iron nets and in each corner a huge bronze dog with eyes like lightning, fangs like swords and teeth like mountain knives is positioned. Below there are eighteen forests with sharp leaves. There are

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 82. In this hell those who have slaughtered sheep by smothering them or murdered turtles by crushing them with roof tiles suffer from a opaque fire that slowly incenerates them while the surroundings consisting of diamond mountains in this hell crumbles. The crumbling

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Currently held in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, this Japanese scroll is illustrated in the style of Jigoku Zoshi. Originally drawn during the Heian period in the 12th century depicting the 8 great hells and the 16 lesser hells in both text and painting. The specific fragment of the scroll being

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are destined to go here. The next subsidiary hell is the Region of the Bird, which is inhabited by a bird as big as an elephant that has a sharp fire-spewing beak. It grabs the ones in this region and drops them from the sky, leaving them shattered on the ground. The roads have knives that stick out

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The rebirth into this hell is caused by the improper attitude towards love and sexual indulgence combined with acts of murder. The residents of this hell are firstly brought to a beautiful woman who reminds them of the woman they once loved sitting upon a tree and who beckons them to climb up. While

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There are several schemes for counting these narakas and enumerating their torments. Some sources describe five hundred or even hundreds of thousands of different narakas. One of the most common scheme is that of the Eight Great Hot Narakas and Eight Great Cold Narakas. Physically, Naraka is thought

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The historical Buddha rejected the reliance upon deities in order to encourage individuals to take responsibility for their own morality. He and other buddhists encouraged this, especially in the laity that demanded a tangible goal, with the comprehensible symbolism of hell. Just as hell served as a

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However, the concept of hell played a significant role since the early stage of Buddhism, since it is closely connected to the concept of karma. Karma determines into which realm a soul is born into. Good actions cause someone to be reborn in heaven or, as a human on earth, while bad actions cause a

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 81. For more detail, in this subsidiary hell those who have killed birds or deer without feeling regret are tormented by being placed in a pit of hot dung mixed with molten copper. The people who end up at this place stumble through the filth and are forced to eat it

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Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra, T 84, 33b (translated by Rhodes (2000) on page 30). One example to illustrate the long time one spends in just one Naraka (in this instance the Revival Naraka) is described in the Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra as: "Fifty years of a human life equals one day and night in

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In the first hell, the intense cold produces chilblains all over one's body. In the second hell, one's chilblains worsen and finally burst. The following three hells are named for the shrieks of sufferers who inhabit them. In the sixth hell, one's flesh turns blue from the intense cold. In the last

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The first four names reflect the cries uttered by sufferers in these hells because of the intolerable cold. The latter four hells are named for the changes one's flesh is said to undergo when exposed to the intense cold there. For instance, in the hell of the crimson lotus the cold is said to be so

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A second place is the Region of Dark Fire Wind. The people here are prisoned in a whirlwind which causes them to tumble around in circles. They are tossed around by a wind that strikes their body as sharply as a sword and cuts it into little pieces. Afterwards they are revived and this is repeated.

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The first subsidiary hell, the Region of Evil Views, is described by Genshin as a place for those who have molested children. Those who end up in this hell are forced to watch their children being stabbed by the hell wardens. While this happens they experience unspeakable suffering as they are hung

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Another hell that can be found here is the Place of Painful Hair. Women who have attempted to beguile monks into sexual temptation. Such women are made to suffer by having their skin pared off by demons until only her bones remain. The skin recovers again and this is repeated. Sometimes the demons

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Killing that is purely accidental does not lead to this hell. Examples of killing that does not lead to this hell include: accidental crushing of an insect, killing while driving a stake to the ground, a doctor attempting to treat the sick but involuntarily kills his patient, a parent who tries to

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appear fully grown, already in a state of fear and misery. As soon as the being begins to fear being harmed by others, their fellows appear and attack each other with iron claws and hell guards appear and attack the being with fiery weapons. As soon as the being experiences an unconsciousness like

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imagery. It discusses related topics such as whether hell is the result of particular bad actions or the committed bad actions themselves. It further is argues that hell is a state experienced in another life as the result of a bad action, connecting hell to the concept of the retribution for bad

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but appear by means of manifestation (Upapāta उपपात) as adults under the influence of the karmic force. The bodies they are manifested in are made out of resilient matter that can withstand even the most extreme pain. In some texts it is reported that the bodies are large to extent the suffering.

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Genshin describes a couple of subsidiary hells to this one, starting with the depiction of the Region where Iron Foxes are Fed. All beings here are on fire. On top of that, iron tiles rain from the sky in a thunderstorm, crushing everything below. Foxes with scorching teeth make their way to the

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This hell destinies those who have sexually defiled religion to torture. This defilement includes seducing monks, nuns and virtuous laywomen. Those who seduce laywomen are made to suffer within the Hell of String-like Worms by being tied and lied down on a blazing floor on which iron hooks are

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hell, these sins need to be carried out with deliberate intentions as they have consciously ignored the good within themselves and are fully aware of their sin. This sin also consists of taking the chance of others to reach enlightenment and destroying part of oneself under the working of the

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Another description of this hell is that there are flames everywhere that pierce, burn, sever the tendons and crack the bodies of those residing there. There is nothing but flames and the only signal that there are beings existing within it are the screams. All beings are forced to climb up a

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attached. As they cry out in agony the demons put bow-string shaped worms inside the sinners body. This worm burns the inside of their body and devours the innards while it excretes poison that causes excruciating pain. After this procedure it cracks open a hole in the body and slithers out.

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enumerate a number of cases which involve the giving of alcohol to monks with the purpose of irritating them, the use of intoxicants as a means of seduction, the addition of water to alcohol by merchants with the intention of gaining extra money, the provision of animals with liquor or the

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describes the subsidiary hells within this region in more detail. One example is the Region of Equal Wailing and Reception of Suffering, where the inmates tied to black ropes that are on fire and fall into swords below. Hounds with hot fangs then proceed to take the bodies apart.

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includes places such as the Chandala hell for those who steal from the sick or take objects that they are not worthy of using. They are tormented by giant evil birds that disembowel them. Other punishments include being forced to eat molten copper and being pierced by spears.

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Subsidiary hells include the Region for Receiving the Suffering of Being Stabbed by a Spearhead where hot iron needles are thrust into the mouths and tongues of the inmates. In the Region Where One Receives Limitless Suffering wardens pull out tongues with hot iron pincers.

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 86. Taking the ownership of an object is not just limited to stealing but encompasses the meaning of taking something the individual is undeserving of. Gratitude for objects in the world is necessary to realise that one is not entitled to

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 82. The murders that let people appear in this hell are caused by an unfeeling and spontaneous emotional reaction. It is not a carefully planned out murder as it would entail a mental rather than physical crime and would lead to the Avici

2673:佛告比丘：「此四天下有八千天下圍遶其外。復有大海水周匝圍遶八千天下。復有大金剛山遶大海水。金剛山外復有第二大金剛山。二山中間窈窈冥冥。日月神天有大威力。不能以光照及於彼。彼有八大地獄。其一地獄有十六小地獄。第一大地獄名想。第二名黑繩。第三名堆壓。第四名叫喚。第五名大叫喚。第六名燒炙。第七名大燒炙。第八名無間。其想地獄有十六小獄。小獄縱廣五百由旬。第一小獄名曰黑沙。二名沸屎。三名五百丁。四名飢。五名渴。六名一銅釜。七名多銅釜。八名石磨。九名膿血。十名量火。十一名灰河。十二名鐵丸。十三名釿斧。十四名犲狼。十五名劍樹。十六名寒氷。 2822:

seventh century Chinese too is concerned with whether hell wardens are sentient beings, as well as how they go on to receive karmic retribution, whether they create bad karma at all, and why are they not physically affected and burned by the fires of hell.

2370:, is a dark, frozen plain surrounded by icy mountains and continually swept by blizzards. Inhabitants of this world arise fully grown and abide lifelong naked and alone, while the cold raises blisters upon their bodies. The length of life in this 2988: 2278:

scorching hot iron mountain. Additional sufferings consist of pulling out the tongues and letting them swallow an iron ball and molten bronze while forcing the mouth open with pincers. This results in their throat and viscera being burned.

1941:, has ground made of hot iron heated by an immense fire. This is the designated realm for those who commit acts of violence and murder with the intent of killing living beings out of a desire to destroy their source of life. Beings in this 2884:

and should thus be rejected. The purpose of his descriptions of the extreme suffering in Naraka could be to convince people of the teachings and practices of Pure Land Buddhism and stop their clinging onto the transmigratory existence in

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A mural from a temple in northern Thailand depicting naked beings climbing thorn-covered trees, pecked by birds from above, and attacked from below by hell guards armed with spears. There are icy mountains in the background, and

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symbol, heaven did as well and acted as a temporary imagining that one could progress beyond and achieve enlightenment. In contrast hell was utilised as a deterrent to actions that would create an opposition to enlightenment.

1803:) and resides there for a finite period of time until that karma has achieved its full result. After its karma is used up, it will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of karma that had not yet ripened. 2795:

Further evidence supporting the importance of these texts discussing hells lies in Buddhists' further investigation of the nature of hell and its denizens. Buddhavarman's fifth century Chinese translation of the

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The primary reason for being reborn into this realm of hell is the improper intake and use of intoxicants in combination with acts of killing, stealing and sexual indulgence. The sixteen subsidiary hells to this

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As the first hell, purely related to mental actions, it addresses the major obstacles to enlightenment. These obstacles include the rejection of the laws of karma and the existence of good and evil, which the

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Braavig (2009), p. 257. Early translators of the Buddhist Canon seem to have preferred using the term purgatory instead of hell for Naraka because, unlike the Christian imagination of hell, it is not eternal.

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denoting India. They are built one upon the other like storeys, the principle is that the more severe kind of damnation is located under the previous one. There are differences in the conception of the

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are eternally recurring and are " long. It is not easy to calculate how many years it is, how many hundreds of years it is, how many thousand of years it is, how many hundred thousands of years it is

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in order to relieve the sufferings of the beings there. One example being Kṣitigarbha statues that are supposed to shorten the period of time children have to endure the suffering in the underworld.

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considered to be bad for people to take personal responsibility. The key to enlightenment lies within the human mind and in case that mind deceives itself, the possibility of enlightenment vanishes.

2876:. It is a seminal work within the Pure Land Buddhism movement and outlines some thoughts in regard to the cosmology and practice. Genshin assumes the general Buddhist position that life within the 4042:

Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 98. It also emphasises that the ones who take the chance from monks and nuns to reach enlightenment through sexual seduction or improper beliefs are to be punished.

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If the understanding of these dates is correct then the idea of Buddhist hell is prior to the ones in Mediterrenean cultures, however, both communicated with one another over the sea and land.

3197:) was used in earlier Hindu writings that depicted hells. nir-r means "to go out" or "to go asunder" referring to hell as a place where the bad deeds, therefore their bad karma, are destroyed. 2923:

Matsunaga argues that the concept of Naraka was created to move people in the period these concepts were created towards action in their daily lives that would lead towards enlightenment. The

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mountains tear the residents of this hell apart as they attempt to scream out loud but their voice fails them just like the sheep and turtles that could not scream while they killed them.

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The sufferings in these hells are a thousand times more severe than the ones encountered in the former hells, making the inhabitants of the former hells seem as happy as the most blessed

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with terrible suffering. The Avici naraka is located at the bottom of the Realm of Desire and as the ones are in states between rebirths and destinied to go into this hell, they cry out:

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These hells showcase that while Buddhism had tolerance for other religions some sutra clearly condemn beliefs and practises that are different from what the historical Buddha taught.

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is exhausted. Other tortures experienced in this Naraka include: having molten metal dropped upon them, being sliced into pieces, and suffering from the heat of the iron ground.

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Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra. The list of the sixteen subsidiary hells is found at T 17, 27 a—b and the description of the seven subsidiary hells can be found at T 17, 27b—29b.

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are a common subject in some forms of Buddhist commentary and popular literature as cautionary tales against the fate that befalls evildoers and an encouragement to virtue.

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Rhodes (2000): p. 37. These merchants end up in the Region of the Worms at the End of Fire. In this place they are subjected to four-hundred and four kinds of diseases.

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 81. There is no real distinction between the killing of an animal or human since all creatures have an equal right to life in Buddhism.

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A mural from a temple in northern Thailand. Human-animal figures are dismembered and disemboweled by hell guards and birds, while Phra Malaya watches from above.

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Braavig (2009), p. 260. The author describes that matricide, patricide, killing a perfected saint, wounding the Buddha with evil intent, creating schism in the

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death, they are suddenly restored to full health as a cold wind revives them and the attacks begin again. This circle of torture continues until their bad

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Braavig (2009), p. 256. Bad actions cause one to be reborn in "bad states" (duggati) like animals, hungry ghosts and as a hell resident. There is barely

2302:) that include the murder of one's biological mother or father, evil intention of causing harm to the Buddha or the Buddhist community and the murder of 6280: 4755: 4256:, www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?q=長阿含經, accessed 5 May 2014 (can be accessed by logging in with username "guest" and leaving password blank) 2104:. The primary causes of this hell are lying and the deployment of inappropriate words in conjunction with the transgressions outlined in the former 6284: 2806:) questions whether hell wardens who torture hell beings are themselves sentient beings, what form they take, and what language they speak. The 2535: 6508: 2816:) is the root text that describes the most common scheme, as the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas. The translation of it by Xuanzang's 1177: 4725: 1839:

Dating the idea of hell within Buddhist tradition proves to be difficult, since ideas were orally transmitted until about 100 BCE when the

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from past actions. Buddhism advocates that people have the ability to create themselves and therefore mold their own heaven and hells.

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Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17, 61 b-c. This text argues that while the body might be impermanent the four elements are permanent.

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Region in which everyone is engulfed in flames. A voice beckons them to come closer and drink from a lake of lotus blossoms (

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Possible translations include "Great Scorching Heat Hell" (Rhoden, p.40) or "Hell of Great Burning Heat" (Matsunaga, p. 97).

4918: 4760: 2396:, is even colder than Arbuda. There, the blisters burst open, leaving the beings' bodies covered with frozen blood and pus. 43: 35: 7095: 611: 7577: 6992: 6542: 4637: 4381: 3584: 3534: 3509: 1726: 1172: 1129: 4838: 4319: 61: 7085: 4124: 3931:

Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17, 55c. This sutra includes the descriptions of the intensity of the flame in this

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 85. The second version is described in the Sutra of the Remembrance of the True Law.

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Matsunaga; Matsunage (1971): 73. Matsunaga argues that this way of using the Buddhist hell imagery advocates for a

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Matsunaga, Alicia; Matsunaga, Daigan (1971): The Buddhist concept of hell. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 22.

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Other possible translations include "Hell of Burning Heat" (Matsunaga, 94) or "Scorching Heat Hell" (Rhoden, 39).

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hell, they will fall for two thousand years in an upside-down posture as it symbolises their own reversed views (

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of as a series of layers extending below Jambudvīpa. There are also series of isolated and boundary hells called

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Yogācārabhūmi (T 30, 296a). This work describes the part in which they are beaten, fried and roasted on a spit.

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describes to the sangha each of the hells in great detail, beginning with their physical location and names:

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Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 98. That she ends up ugly and disabled is a description aimed at the laity.

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Rhoden (2000): p. 37. The description of the prisoners being forced to drink molten copper is based on the

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Braavig (2009), p. 272. In Buddhist tradition the age of the universe was not counted in millenia but in

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shown shows a demon stirring a heated cauldron full of people in the Hell of the Single Copper Cauldron.

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Possible translations include "Crowded Hell" (Matsunaga, p. 87) or the "Assembly Hell" (Rhodes, p. 33).

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The Body, Mind, Spirit Miscellany: The Ultimate Collection of Fascinations, Facts, Truths, and Insights

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height, breadth, length and depth and distance, meaning that there is not a clear canonic system of

1285: 7307: 7195: 6547: 6361: 6339: 6332: 6235: 5768: 5388: 5204: 5149: 4770: 4576: 1480: 1430: 909: 2461:), the "chattering teeth" Naraka, is where beings shiver as their teeth chatter, making the sound 7637: 7132: 7112: 6443: 6423: 6180: 5910: 5154: 3006:

A mural from a temple in northern Thailand. The unclothed spirits of the dead are brought before

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and pierce the ones walking on them. Additionally, they are attacked by dogs with fangs on fire.

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severe that one's back breaks open and bloody flesh emerges, resembling a crimson lotus flower.

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This hell is the destined place for those who have committed one of the Five sins of Buddhism (

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Tra Quattro Paradisi: Esperienze, Ideologie e Riti Relativi Alla Morte Tra Oriente e Occidente

7147: 7117: 6698: 6630: 6463: 6378: 6373: 6297: 6292: 6210: 4740: 4492:(1988). "Having Once Died and Returned to Life": Representations of Hell in Medieval China". 4395:

Hearn, Lafcadio (1910): Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Leipyig: Bernhard Tauchnitz. pp. 16-18.

3574: 3159: 1660: 1650: 1605: 793: 629: 5763: 4558: 2290: 7471: 7312: 7170: 7137: 7122: 6640: 6537: 6483: 6368: 6307: 6275: 6270: 6255: 6240: 6230: 6195: 6108: 5800: 5723: 5026: 4966: 4715: 4682: 4632: 1670: 1630: 1625: 1590: 1435: 1315: 1223: 1208: 1152: 1124: 7010: 5625: 5494: 5420: 5296: 5034: 3172: 3140:

Laut, Jens Peter (2013). "Hells in Central Asian Turkic Buddhism and Early Turkic Islam".

3010:

for judgement. Phra Malaya watches from above as beings are fried in a large oil cauldron.

1035: 710: 591: 8: 7289: 6977: 6856: 6690: 6665: 6655: 6615: 6592: 6475: 6448: 6408: 6327: 6317: 6245: 6172: 5603: 5460: 5241: 5219: 5171: 4991: 4791: 4647: 4627: 1680: 1635: 1573: 1513: 1450: 1395: 1390: 1145: 1134: 951: 666: 295: 4951: 4878: 7597: 7489: 7408: 7256: 7040: 6945: 6787: 6750: 6745: 6675: 6625: 6572: 6567: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6418: 6403: 6388: 6383: 6322: 6302: 6265: 6190: 5995: 5696: 5620: 5498: 5440: 5281: 5181: 5109: 5084: 4730: 4660: 4509: 4418: 3284: 2868: 2863: 2283: 2037:

provides another depiction of this hell. The wardens then continue hand them on hooks.

1751: 1665: 1645: 1585: 1580: 1468: 1370: 1363: 1290: 1280: 1187: 560: 458: 451: 443: 6839: 4224: 2163:

In this hell the belief that things can be classified into permanent and impermanent.

477: 394: 7548: 7479: 7218: 7180: 6876: 6861: 6824: 6809: 6582: 6498: 6413: 6250: 6215: 6200: 5927: 5917: 5598: 5445: 5430: 5301: 5144: 5079: 5011: 4898: 4655: 4489: 4378: 4315: 3580: 3530: 3505: 3145: 3111: 2485: 2189:

The hell is totally engulfed by fire and wailing of other beings. The flames of this

1800: 1773: 1743: 1712: 1610: 1595: 1400: 1275: 1218: 1182: 1167: 1098: 539: 515: 298: 247: 239: 6162: 4956: 4856: 4553: 7760: 7722: 7693: 7673: 7565: 7518: 7376: 7302: 6866: 6819: 6814: 6670: 6635: 6610: 6605: 6356: 6312: 6225: 5900: 5556: 5549: 5333: 5323: 5209: 4873: 4745: 4501: 4463: 4407:"Imagining Hell: Genshin's Vision of the Buddhist Hells as found in the "Ōjōyōshū"" 3276: 3086: 2853: 2504: 2422: 2326: 1675: 1620: 1550: 1540: 1405: 973: 830: 605: 586: 256: 134: 5945: 4271:," Digital Dictionary of Buddhism, www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?q=長阿含經 7798: 7710: 7688: 7668: 7664: 7442: 7230: 7175: 7127: 7055: 6925: 6723: 6703: 6645: 6557: 6220: 6118: 5965: 5701: 5684: 5669: 5647: 5199: 5069: 4903: 4883: 4548: 3081: 2907:), detailing additional Narakas and their punishments, and expanding the role of 2808: 1700: 1615: 1415: 1325: 1270: 281: 197: 5975: 5129: 5119: 1265: 1020: 891: 887: 761: 745: 689: 116: 100: 7642: 7609: 7454: 7401: 7327: 7185: 6888: 6738: 6520: 6100: 6080: 6000: 5689: 5679: 5613: 5450: 4936: 4799: 4563: 3056: 3046: 2647:, which pertains to Buddhist cosmology, contains a "Chapter on Hell" (dìyù pǐn 2339:

in Buddhist sutras. Residents of these hells are tormented by unbearable cold.

1818:, according to them the hells are located deep under the southern continent of 1560: 1490: 1445: 1303: 932: 643: 512: 263: 183: 2886: 2639:

in 412–13 CE. This literature contains 30 discrete scriptures in four groups (

1855: 682: 7782: 7647: 7249: 6955: 6804: 6113: 6015: 5873: 5674: 5652: 5588: 5259: 5054: 5049: 4941: 4610: 4060:(Other possible translations include the "No-interval Hell" Matsunaga, p. 99) 3280: 3190: 3071: 1385: 1380: 1320: 703: 373: 354: 5413: 5403: 4775: 4536: 3267:

Braarvig, Jens (2009). "The Buddhist Hell: An Early Instance of the Idea?".

1819: 1525: 1330: 7317: 7297: 7045: 7030: 7000: 6950: 6940: 6782: 6577: 6070: 5905: 5783: 5571: 5566: 5393: 5264: 5139: 4600: 3804:(T 25,176a) in the description that the prisoners beg the demons for mercy. 1811: 1784:

in two respects: firstly, beings are not sent to Naraka as the result of a

1781: 1425: 1310: 1228: 1114: 1080: 1049: 992: 553: 467: 141: 5828: 5813: 5773: 5470: 5134: 4710: 3346:

within these existences and a rebirth in a higher realm is very difficult.

2842: 2416: 7015: 6844: 5985: 5970: 5753: 5561: 5489: 5269: 5099: 5001: 4848: 4720: 4344:, fascicle 11, "Chapter on Discerning the World," T1558, no. 29, p. 1–160 3791:

Rhoden (2000): p. 36. Another possible translation is the "Wailing Hell".

3108:

India and Japan, a Study in Interaction During 5th Cent. – 14th Cent. A.D

3066: 2841: 2375: 1495: 536: 529: 505: 333: 7005: 5465: 4564:

The Asian Classics Institute course on Death and the Realms of Existence

4422: 4406: 3612:

while maggots with sharp beaks enter their mouth and consume the person.

3288: 2511:, has blizzards that crack open frozen skin, leaving one raw and bloody. 2483:. The intense cold there makes the skin turn blue like the colour of an 7619: 7272: 6960: 6918: 6794: 6600: 6525: 6139: 6123: 6085: 6065: 5960: 5935: 5843: 5778: 5758: 5504: 5435: 5306: 5189: 5159: 5094: 5044: 4702: 4692: 4665: 4513: 3061: 2979: 2881: 2145: 1964: 1840: 1500: 1260: 1157: 1040: 312: 7447: 5980: 4976: 7332: 6935: 6908: 6075: 5950: 5662: 5578: 5455: 5345: 5318: 5311: 5274: 5231: 5194: 4961: 4926: 4893: 4868: 4823: 2899:

Chinese Buddhist texts considerably enlarged upon the description of

2877: 2269:. Every sinner's odor smells like foul stench and the sounds of this 1844: 1785: 1759: 1545: 1520: 408: 6708: 5544: 5398: 5164: 4946: 4815: 4807: 4541: 4505: 1762:". Another term used for the concept of hell in earlier writings is 7703: 7652: 7543: 7526: 7349: 7225: 7065: 7020: 6965: 6930: 6834: 6493: 6060: 6055: 6005: 5940: 5858: 5823: 5818: 5479: 5350: 5338: 5249: 4908: 4605: 3186: 2834: 1815: 1555: 1535: 1530: 1410: 1106: 959: 429: 155: 7282: 6050: 6040: 6025: 5848: 5718: 4986: 2961:

Thorn tree with climbing it as a punishment, at a hell scenery in

2207: 724: 7727: 7678: 7657: 7560: 7459: 7386: 7366: 7361: 7344: 6970: 6913: 6898: 6045: 6035: 6010: 5885: 5880: 5838: 5808: 5740: 5706: 5593: 5534: 5529: 5383: 5286: 5124: 5074: 4861: 4687: 2918: 2859: 2721:

contains sixteen smaller hells. The smaller hells are 500 square

2363: 2010: 1235: 474: 7425: 5657: 5425: 3576:

Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

2236:

And on the ground, there is no place which is free (of flames).

7755: 7683: 7614: 7553: 7501: 7381: 7371: 7354: 7050: 7035: 6871: 6733: 6713: 6488: 6150: 6030: 6020: 5955: 5583: 5539: 5524: 5514: 5484: 5408: 5291: 5059: 4931: 4675: 4670: 3368: 3343: 2893: 2723: 2664: 2601:

two hells, the cold makes one's flesh crack open, resembling a

1969: 1959: 1695: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1203: 1071: 738: 77: 7241: 4377:(. ed.). Honolulu (T.H.): University of Hawai'i press. p. 68. 4360: 4298:, fascicle 7, "Chapter on Wisdom," T28, no. 1546, p. 48, a5-25 648: 634: 520: 7765: 7715: 7698: 7531: 7494: 7396: 7391: 7339: 7322: 7190: 7025: 6883: 6849: 6829: 6799: 6728: 6145: 5990: 5868: 5863: 5833: 5788: 5635: 5630: 5509: 5214: 5039: 5006: 4996: 3294: 2890: 2837: 2303: 2232:

They fill the sky and there is no space (between the flames).

1947: 1907:

As for how beings come into hell, they are not born in these

1901: 1485: 880: 754: 568: 544: 496: 482: 4375:

The making of a savior bodhisattva: Dizang in Medieval China

3691:

Rhodes (2000): p. 33. Genshin bases his descriptions on the

2234:

In the four directions, in the four intermediate directions

1792:

is not eternal, though it is usually incomprehensibly long.

7750: 7590: 7506: 7484: 7060: 5853: 5519: 5016: 3051: 2904: 2223: 2193:

are the individuals own bad karma which makes them suffer.

1887: 1859: 1768: 1755: 937: 364: 2374:

is said to be the time it would take to empty a barrel of

6718: 5254: 4314:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 86. 2945:

A scene of punishment with boiling, at a hell scenery in

2872:

with a description of the suffering within the eight hot

2848:(Dìzàng or Jizō) graphically describes the sufferings in 448: 434: 420: 343: 324: 2378:

if one only took out a single seed every hundred years.

862: 914: 3504:. London: Duncan Baird Publishers. pp. 150–151. 2238:

Every place on the ground is filled with evil people.

303: 286: 268: 244: 230: 216: 202: 188: 174: 160: 146: 798: 784: 399: 385: 4479: 3579:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. p. 73. 1920: 1851:rebirth as an animal, a hungry ghost, or in hell. 1788:; and secondly, the length of a being's stay in a 3493: 3491: 3489: 1766:. The Narakas of Buddhism are closely related to 7780: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 2115: 956: 687: 671: 1814:texts and form the basis of the hell system in 1799:as a direct result of its accumulated actions ( 835: 821: 4521:Law, Bimala Churn; Barua, Beni Madhab (1973). 3800:Rhoden (2000): p. 37. Genshin paraphrases the 2919:Interpretation of the Buddhist concept of hell 2852:and explains how ordinary people can transfer 2443:. There, the beings lament in the cold, going 2414:. There, beings shiver in the cold, making an 2079: 885: 7257: 4584: 4480:Matsunaga, Alicia; Matsunaga, Daigan (1971). 4335: 4289: 4266: 4247: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3529:. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 50. 3466: 2817: 2801: 2671: 2658: 2648: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2520: 2498: 2474: 2456: 2434: 2405: 2387: 2357: 2330: 2250:See neither the sun, the moon nor the stars. 2213: 2176: 2127: 2091: 2055: 2024: 1990: 1932: 1720: 978: 270: 114: 98: 5366:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 4301: 4157:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17, 84c-85b. 3731:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra, T 17, 31b-32b. 759: 743: 3977:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17, 56 a-b. 3154:– via Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia. 2896:texts also included a similar description. 2320: 2244:I am within the darkness of this evil realm 2222:. Beings are roasted in an immense blazing 1863:actions and compensation for good actions. 7264: 7250: 4591: 4577: 4196:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17 87—88a. 3782:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17, 34b-c. 3561: 3527:Survey of Buddhist Temples and Monasteries 1873: 1831:at this point of time besides their size. 1727: 1713: 708: 4166:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17 85b—c. 4078:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 84, 35 c) 3518: 3497: 2608: 2246:And will (soon) enter the mass of flames. 997: 62:Learn how and when to remove this message 4554:The Hellish Worlds or the Karmic Rebound 4520: 3895:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: T 17, 53a. 3266: 2727:in area. The first small hell is called 1834: 271: 6553:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 4523:Heaven and hell in Buddhist perspective 4307: 7781: 6756:List of Buddhist architecture in China 4488: 4404: 4174: 4172: 4144: 4142: 4115:Kuan fo san mei hai ching: T 15, 668c. 4102: 4100: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4015: 4013: 3994: 3992: 3964: 3962: 3853:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 90—91. 3572: 3105: 2151:One of the places in this hell is the 457: 450: 246: 7245: 4572: 3943: 3941: 3873: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3760: 3758: 3739: 3737: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3598: 3596: 3524: 3354: 3352: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 2655:Scripture of the Account of the World 2589:hell (the hell of the scarlet lotus), 2582:hell (the hell of the crimson lotus), 4311:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 4214:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 102. 4205:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 101. 4187:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra: 87a—b. 4106:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 100. 3704:There are different translations of 3139: 1915: 1780:differs from one concept of hell in 18: 4169: 4139: 4095: 4081: 4022: 4019:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 97. 4010: 3998:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 95. 3989: 3959: 3956:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 96. 3947:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 94. 3877:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 93. 3865:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 92. 3813:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 90. 3752:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 89. 3743:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 88. 3682:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 86. 3558:Matsunaga; Mastunaga (1971): p. 84. 3549:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 82. 3444:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 81. 3417:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 27. 3408:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 78. 2347:describes the eight cold hells as: 1754:usually referred to in English as " 13: 6543:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4559:The Thirty-one Planes of Existence 4494:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4484:. New York: Philosophical Library. 4473: 3938: 3868: 3856: 3755: 3734: 3711: 3643: 3593: 3349: 3311: 3185:Braavig (2009), p. 259. "Niraya" ( 2814:Treasure House of Higher Knowledge 2575:hell (the hell of the blue lotus), 2325:There are eight great cold hells ( 1896:The sufferings of the dwellers in 1178:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 1173:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 34:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 7815: 4530: 7424: 7281: 7224: 7214: 7213: 6771:Thai temple art and architecture 6516:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 4756:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 4622: 4609: 4599: 4525:. Varanasi: Bhartiya Pub. House. 4456: 4453:Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): 72. 4447: 4438: 4429: 4398: 4389: 4367: 3027: 3015: 2999: 2987: 2970: 2954: 2938: 1694: 1113: 44:guide to writing better articles 23: 7804:Buddhist philosophical concepts 7271: 4623: 4347: 4328: 4283: 4274: 4259: 4240: 4231: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4160: 4151: 4130: 4118: 4109: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4001: 3980: 3971: 3950: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3847: 3838: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3746: 3725: 3698: 3685: 3676: 3666: 3657: 3634: 3625: 3615: 3605: 3552: 3543: 3457: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3361: 3336: 3327: 3302: 2685:The first major hell is called 2140:feel like snow to the inmates. 1921:Hells caused by physical crimes 569: 545: 521: 497: 483: 449: 435: 421: 400: 386: 365: 344: 325: 6761:Japanese Buddhist architecture 6563:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 5643:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 4834:Places where the Buddha stayed 4254:Digital Dictionary of Buddhism 3260: 3240: 3230: 3221: 3200: 3179: 3133: 3124: 3099: 2596:(the hell of the white lotus). 2536:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 2242:I am alone, with no companion. 915: 863: 799: 785: 688: 649: 635: 304: 287: 269: 245: 231: 217: 203: 189: 175: 161: 147: 115: 99: 1: 6776:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 4237:Taisho vol. 1, no. 1, 1a–149c 2116:Hells caused by mental crimes 1786:divine judgment or punishment 6533:Buddhism and the Roman world 6509:Decline of Buddhism in India 6504:History of Buddhism in India 4604: Topics in 4482:The Buddhist concept of hell 4359:(in Chinese). Archived from 3833:saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra 3693:saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra 2731:. The second hell is called 2230:There is nothing but flames. 2035:saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra 1978:saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra 1900:often resemble those of the 1376:Buddhist Paths to liberation 16:Hell in Buddhist mythologies 7: 5731:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 5471: 4405:Rhodes, Robert. F. (2000). 4308:Buswell, Robert E. (2003). 3040: 2843: 2779:. The fourteenth is called 2775:. The thirteenth is called 2417: 2080:Hell caused by vocal crimes 725: 10: 7820: 6681:The unanswerable questions 4280:T1, no. 1, p. 121, b29-c13 2931: 2787:. The sixteenth is called 2783:. The fifteenth is called 7738: 7630: 7576: 7517: 7470: 7433: 7422: 7288: 7279: 7209: 7161: 7076: 6991: 6766:Buddhist temples in Korea 6689: 6591: 6474: 6171: 6099: 5926: 5799: 5739: 5374: 5329:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 5240: 5232:Three planes of existence 5180: 5025: 4917: 4847: 4839:Buddha in world religions 4701: 4646: 4618: 4336: 4296:Abhidharma-vibhāṣā-śāstra 4290: 4267: 4248: 3194: 2818: 2802: 2800:(Ch. āpídámó pípóshā lùn 2798:Abhidharma-vibhāṣā-śāstra 2767:. The eleventh is called 2672: 2659: 2649: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2521: 2499: 2475: 2457: 2435: 2406: 2388: 2358: 2331: 2240:I can’t rely on anything. 2218:) is the "uninterrupted" 2214: 2177: 2128: 2096:), the "great screaming" 2092: 2056: 2025: 1991: 1933: 1747: 1088: 1062: 1057: 1031: 1026: 1014: 1009: 998: 991: 986: 979: 972: 967: 950: 945: 931: 926: 908: 903: 899: 886: 879: 874: 856: 851: 847: 836: 829: 822: 815: 810: 792: 778: 773: 769: 760: 753: 744: 737: 732: 718: 709: 702: 697: 681: 665: 660: 642: 628: 623: 619: 610: 604: 599: 585: 580: 559: 552: 535: 528: 511: 504: 490: 473: 466: 442: 428: 414: 407: 393: 379: 372: 360: 353: 339: 332: 318: 311: 294: 280: 262: 255: 238: 224: 210: 196: 182: 168: 154: 140: 133: 128: 124: 108: 92: 87: 83: 76: 6548:Persecution of Buddhists 5769:Four stages of awakening 5150:Three marks of existence 4736:Physical characteristics 4355: 3498:Alexander, Jane (2009). 3281:10.1163/156852709X405008 3110:. Abhinav Publications. 3106:Thakur, Upendra (1992). 3092: 2751:. The seventh is called 2709:. The seventh is called 2439:;) is the "lamentation" 2345:Dharma Analysis Treasury 2321:Eight Great Cold Narakas 1758:" (or "hell realm") or " 94:Traditional Chinese 5911:Ten principal disciples 4794:(aunt, adoptive mother) 4136:Rhoden (2000): p.43—44. 3426:Braavig (2009), p. 280. 3399:the abstract doctrines. 3380:Braavig (2009), p. 261. 3358:Braavig (2009), p. 254. 3333:Braavig (2009), p. 259. 3298:(subscription required) 3227:Braavig (2009): p. 257. 2755:. The eighth is called 2739:. The fourth is called 2713:. The eighth is called 2697:. The fourth is called 2689:. The second is called 2525:) is the "great lotus" 2423:sound with their mouths 2392:), the "burst blister" 2311:Dependent Origination ( 2181:), the "great heating" 1957:It is said to be 1,000 1874:Descriptions of Narakas 1396:Philosophical reasoning 110:Simplified Chinese 6621:Buddhism and democracy 6134:Tibetan Buddhist canon 6129:Chinese Buddhist canon 5361:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5356:Early Buddhist schools 4542:Bhaktivedanta VedaBase 3573:Morgan, Diane (2010). 3525:Malik, Akhtar (2007). 3293: – via 3077:Ox-Head and Horse-Face 2913:Ox-Head and Horse-Face 2793: 2771:The twelfth is called 2763:. The tenth is called 2759:. The ninth is called 2749:Single Copper Cauldron 2747:. The sixth is called 2743:. The fifth is called 2735:. The third is called 2705:. The sixth is called 2701:. The fifth is called 2693:. The third is called 2609:In Buddhist literature 2479:) is the "blue lotus" 2306:. To be worthy of the 1995:), the "black thread" 1890:: Pacceka-niraya) and 1163:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 957: 938: 672: 6631:Eight Consciousnesses 4741:Life of Buddha in art 4444:Rhodes (2000), p. 24. 4435:Rhodes (2000), p. 23. 4342:Abhidharmakośa śāstra 4178:Rhoden (2000): p. 45. 4148:Rhoden (2000): p. 44. 4092:Rhoden (2000): p. 43. 4069:Rhoden (2000): p. 42. 4033:Rhoden (2000): p. 41. 3968:Rhoden (2000): p. 40. 3913:Rhoden (2000): p. 39. 3886:Rhoden (2000): p. 38. 3822:Rhoden (2000): p. 36. 3773:Rhoden (2000): p. 35. 3764:Rhodes (2000): p. 35. 3722:Rhodes (2000): p. 34. 3640:Rhodes (2000): p. 32. 3631:Rhodes (2000), p. 31. 3022:Naraka in Burmese art 2753:Many Copper Cauldrons 2669: 2663:). In this text, the 2621:(Ch. cháng āhán jīng 2410:) is the "shivering" 2254:Until they reach the 1835:Historical background 1795:A being is born into 1431:Aids to Enlightenment 1256:Dependent Origination 7794:Judgment in religion 7108:East Asian religions 6538:Buddhism in the West 6109:Early Buddhist texts 5724:Four Right Exertions 5190:Ten spiritual realms 4683:Noble Eightfold Path 4411:The Eastern Buddhist 2880:is characterised by 2826:Descriptions of the 2678:The Buddha told the 1843:was written down in 1401:Devotional practices 1224:Noble Eightfold Path 780:Revised Romanization 7746:Davy Jones's locker 7231:Religion portal 6978:Temple of the Tooth 6857:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5896:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 5389:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 5172:Two truths doctrine 4992:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4792:Mahapajapati Gotamī 3654:Laut (2013): p. 21. 3435:Laut (2013), p. 27. 3324:Laut (2013), p. 21. 3308:Laut (2013), p. 20. 2982:watches from above. 2840:of the Bodhisattva 2132:) is the "heating" 2060:), the "screaming" 1973:in each direction. 1701:Buddhism portal 1574:Buddhism by country 1336:Sanskrit literature 667:Vietnamese alphabet 7789:Buddhist cosmology 7490:Gate of the Ghosts 7153:Western philosophy 6751:Dzong architecture 6573:Vipassana movement 6568:Buddhist modernism 5996:Emperor Wen of Sui 5764:Pratyekabuddhayāna 5697:Threefold Training 5499:Vipassana movement 5215:Hungry Ghost realm 5035:Avidyā (Ignorance) 4982:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 4731:Great Renunciation 4726:Eight Great Events 4608: 4547:2010-10-29 at the 4490:Teiser, Stephen F. 4425:– via JSTOR. 4337:阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷11〈3 分別世品 4225:"eight cold hells" 3215:isites.harvard.edu 2864:Pure Land Buddhism 2781:Jackals and Wolves 2737:Five Hundred Nails 2619:Longer Āgama-sūtra 2029:), the "crushing" 1937:), the "reviving" 1752:Buddhist cosmology 1188:Buddhist modernism 817:Mongolian Cyrillic 7776: 7775: 7414:World of Darkness 7239: 7238: 6877:Om mani padme hum 6583:Women in Buddhism 6499:Buddhist councils 6369:Western countries 6157:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 5918:Shaolin Monastery 5495:Samatha-vipassanā 5105:Pratītyasamutpāda 4909:Metteyya/Maitreya 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4656:Four Noble Truths 3371:all lead to hell. 3208:"Naraka - iSites" 3171:value: checksum ( 3151:978-88-97735-10-7 2911:and his helpers, 2777:Axes and Hatchets 2733:Boiling Excrement 2633:) and Zhu Fonian 2533:According to the 2335:) located on one 2314:Pratītyasamutpāda 2248:In the sky, I can 2187:pratāpana naraka. 2146:historical Buddha 1916:Eight Hot narakas 1816:Mahayana Buddhism 1774:Chinese mythology 1737: 1736: 1219:Four Noble Truths 1092: 1091: 1084: 1075: 1053: 1044: 922: 921: 870: 869: 806: 805: 794:McCune–Reischauer 656: 655: 576: 575: 416:Yale Romanization 212:Yale Romanization 135:Standard Mandarin 72: 71: 64: 38:used on Knowledge 36:encyclopedic tone 7811: 7674:Asphodel Meadows 7428: 7377:Bosom of Abraham 7285: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7243: 7242: 7229: 7228: 7217: 7216: 7056:Sacred languages 6904:Maya Devi Temple 6867:Mahabodhi Temple 6671:Secular Buddhism 6636:Engaged Buddhism 5476: 5324:Tibetan Buddhism 5275:Vietnamese Thiền 4874:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 4825: 4817: 4809: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4777: 4626: 4625: 4613: 4603: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4526: 4517: 4485: 4467: 4466:within Buddhism. 4464:moral relativity 4460: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4291:《阿毘曇毘婆沙論》卷7〈2 智品 4287: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4093: 4090: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4020: 4017: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3570: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3275:(2–3): 254–281. 3264: 3258: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3103: 3087:Yama (East Asia) 3031: 3019: 3003: 2991: 2974: 2958: 2942: 2862:, a monk of the 2846: 2821: 2820: 2805: 2804: 2719:Hell of Thoughts 2675: 2674: 2662: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2524: 2523: 2502: 2501: 2478: 2477: 2460: 2459: 2438: 2437: 2420: 2409: 2408: 2391: 2390: 2361: 2360: 2334: 2333: 2217: 2216: 2180: 2179: 2131: 2130: 2100:, is similar to 2095: 2094: 2059: 2058: 2028: 2027: 1994: 1993: 1936: 1935: 1749: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1699: 1698: 1426:Sublime abidings 1117: 1094: 1093: 1078: 1069: 1047: 1038: 1005: 1004: 982: 981: 963: 941: 918: 917: 901: 900: 895: 894: 866: 865: 849: 848: 843: 842: 841: 840: 831:Mongolian script 825: 824: 802: 801: 788: 787: 771: 770: 765: 764: 749: 748: 728: 714: 713: 693: 692: 677: 652: 651: 638: 637: 621: 620: 615: 572: 571: 548: 547: 524: 523: 500: 499: 486: 485: 462: 461: 460: 453: 438: 437: 424: 423: 403: 402: 389: 388: 368: 367: 349: 348: 328: 327: 307: 306: 290: 289: 276: 275: 274: 273: 251: 250: 249: 234: 233: 220: 219: 206: 205: 192: 191: 178: 177: 164: 163: 150: 149: 126: 125: 120: 119: 104: 103: 74: 73: 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 46:for suggestions. 42:See Knowledge's 27: 26: 19: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7734: 7689:Fortunate Isles 7626: 7572: 7513: 7466: 7429: 7420: 7286: 7275: 7270: 7240: 7235: 7223: 7205: 7157: 7072: 6987: 6724:Ordination hall 6685: 6587: 6558:Buddhist crisis 6470: 6167: 6119:Mahayana sutras 6095: 6091:Thích Nhất Hạnh 5922: 5795: 5735: 5685:Bodhisattva vow 5370: 5236: 5176: 5135:Taṇhā (Craving) 5070:Five hindrances 5021: 4913: 4843: 4697: 4642: 4614: 4597: 4549:Wayback Machine 4533: 4506:10.2307/2719317 4476: 4474:Further reading 4471: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4372: 4368: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4264: 4260: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4096: 4091: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3571: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3265: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3184: 3180: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3082:Ullambana Sutra 3043: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3020: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2992: 2983: 2975: 2966: 2959: 2950: 2943: 2934: 2921: 2809:Abhidharma-kosa 2611: 2323: 2300:Ānantarya Karma 2252: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2118: 2082: 1923: 1918: 1876: 1837: 1750:) is a term in 1733: 1693: 1686: 1685: 1576: 1566: 1565: 1516: 1506: 1505: 1471: 1461: 1460: 1366: 1356: 1355: 1326:Mahayana Sutras 1306: 1296: 1295: 1236:Five Aggregates 1214: 1213: 1193: 1192: 1183:Later Buddhists 1148: 1076: 1045: 1019: 1002: 980:Nalaka (ᜈᜀᜎᜀᜃᜀ) 946:Indonesian name 916:Jigoku / Naraku 838: 837: 661:Vietnamese name 594: 346: 198:Tongyong Pinyin 170:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 68: 57: 51: 48: 41: 32:This article's 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7817: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7610:Zoroastrianism 7607: 7606: 7605: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7582: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7476: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7402:Tzoah Rotachat 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7328:Outer darkness 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7294: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7246: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7221: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7167: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6788:Greco-Buddhist 6780: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6739:Burmese pagoda 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6521:Greco-Buddhism 6518: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6454:United Kingdom 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6399:Czech Republic 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6278: 6273: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6163:Abhidharmadīpa 6160: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6081:B. R. Ambedkar 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6001:Songtsen Gampo 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5680:Eight precepts 5677: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5468: 5458: 5453: 5451:Five Strengths 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090:Mental factors 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4942:Mahamoggallāna 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4857:Avalokiteśvara 4853: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4539: 4532: 4531:External links 4529: 4528: 4527: 4518: 4500:(2): 433–464. 4486: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4397: 4388: 4383:978-0824830458 4382: 4373:Zhiru (2007). 4366: 4363:on 2010-02-10. 4346: 4327: 4320: 4300: 4282: 4273: 4258: 4239: 4230: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4138: 4129: 4117: 4108: 4094: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4021: 4009: 4000: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3958: 3949: 3937: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3802:Ta chih tu lun 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3754: 3745: 3733: 3724: 3710: 3697: 3684: 3675: 3665: 3656: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3614: 3604: 3592: 3586:978-0313384523 3585: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3536:978-8126132591 3535: 3517: 3511:978-1844838370 3510: 3465: 3456: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3360: 3348: 3335: 3326: 3310: 3301: 3259: 3239: 3229: 3220: 3199: 3178: 3150: 3132: 3123: 3116: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3057:Ghost Festival 3054: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3014: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2920: 2917: 2765:Measuring Fire 2643:). The fourth 2610: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2531: 2530: 2512: 2490: 2466: 2448: 2426: 2397: 2379: 2322: 2319: 2291:pratyekabuddha 2228: 2117: 2114: 2081: 2078: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1875: 1872: 1836: 1833: 1806:The eight hot 1772:, the hell in 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1491:Pratyekabuddha 1488: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1446:Buddhist chant 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1304:Buddhist texts 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 995: 989: 988: 984: 983: 976: 970: 969: 965: 964: 954: 948: 947: 943: 942: 935: 929: 928: 924: 923: 920: 919: 912: 906: 905: 904:Transcriptions 897: 896: 883: 877: 876: 872: 871: 868: 867: 860: 854: 853: 852:Transcriptions 845: 844: 833: 827: 826: 819: 813: 812: 811:Mongolian name 808: 807: 804: 803: 796: 790: 789: 782: 776: 775: 774:Transcriptions 767: 766: 757: 751: 750: 741: 735: 734: 730: 729: 722: 716: 715: 706: 700: 699: 695: 694: 685: 679: 678: 669: 663: 662: 658: 657: 654: 653: 646: 644:Tibetan Pinyin 640: 639: 632: 626: 625: 624:Transcriptions 617: 616: 608: 602: 601: 597: 596: 589: 583: 582: 578: 577: 574: 573: 566: 557: 556: 550: 549: 542: 533: 532: 526: 525: 518: 509: 508: 502: 501: 494: 488: 487: 480: 471: 470: 464: 463: 446: 440: 439: 432: 426: 425: 418: 412: 411: 409:Yue: Cantonese 405: 404: 397: 391: 390: 383: 377: 376: 370: 369: 362: 358: 357: 351: 350: 341: 337: 336: 330: 329: 322: 316: 315: 309: 308: 301: 292: 291: 284: 278: 277: 266: 260: 259: 257:other Mandarin 253: 252: 242: 236: 235: 228: 222: 221: 214: 208: 207: 200: 194: 193: 186: 180: 179: 172: 166: 165: 158: 152: 151: 144: 138: 137: 131: 130: 129:Transcriptions 122: 121: 112: 106: 105: 96: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 80: 70: 69: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7816: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7220: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6993:Miscellaneous 6990: 6984: 6983:Vegetarianism 6981: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6805:Buddha in art 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:United States 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016:Padmasambhava 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5928:Major figures 5925: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5874:Western tulku 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Five precepts 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Dhamma vicaya 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Buddhābhiṣeka 5419: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:Enlightenment 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055:Dhamma theory 5053: 5051: 5050:Buddha-nature 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:Samantabhadra 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4343: 4331: 4323: 4321:9781400848058 4317: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4286: 4277: 4262: 4255: 4243: 4234: 4226: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4133: 4127:: T 30, 296b. 4126: 4125:Yogācārabhūmi 4121: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3963: 3953: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3841: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3679: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3637: 3628: 3618: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3555: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3460: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3233: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3174: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3072:Maudgalyayana 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:Pus and Blood 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:Great Burning 2708: 2704: 2703:Great Moaning 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2656: 2653:) within the 2646: 2642: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2603:crimson lotus 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2528: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2413: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2124: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2088: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1929: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1456:Vegetarianism 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:Recollections 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1381:Five precepts 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346:Chinese canon 1344: 1342: 1341:Tibetan canon 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1082: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1027:Sanskrit name 1025: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 985: 977: 975: 971: 968:Filipino name 966: 962: 961: 955: 953: 949: 944: 940: 936: 934: 930: 925: 913: 911: 907: 902: 898: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 875:Japanese name 873: 861: 859: 855: 850: 846: 834: 832: 828: 820: 818: 814: 809: 797: 795: 791: 783: 781: 777: 772: 768: 763: 758: 756: 752: 747: 742: 740: 736: 731: 727: 723: 721: 717: 712: 707: 705: 701: 696: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 675: 670: 668: 664: 659: 647: 645: 641: 633: 631: 627: 622: 618: 613: 609: 607: 603: 598: 593: 590: 588: 584: 579: 567: 565: 562: 558: 555: 551: 543: 541: 538: 534: 531: 527: 519: 517: 514: 510: 507: 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4661:Three Jewels 4522: 4497: 4493: 4481: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4391: 4374: 4369: 4361:the original 4349: 4341: 4330: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4285: 4276: 4261: 4253: 4242: 4233: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4162: 4153: 4132: 4120: 4111: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4003: 3982: 3973: 3952: 3932: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3849: 3840: 3835:(T 17, 41a). 3832: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3748: 3727: 3705: 3700: 3695:(T 17, 29c). 3692: 3687: 3678: 3668: 3659: 3636: 3627: 3617: 3607: 3575: 3554: 3545: 3526: 3520: 3500: 3459: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3363: 3338: 3329: 3304: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3202: 3181: 3160:cite journal 3141: 3135: 3126: 3107: 3101: 3047:Bon Festival 2924: 2922: 2900: 2898: 2873: 2867: 2866:, began his 2858: 2849: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2813: 2807: 2797: 2794: 2789:Cold and Ice 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773:Iron Pellets 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757:Stone Pestle 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2670: 2657:(shìjì jīng 2654: 2644: 2640: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2539:, they are: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2429: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2382: 2381: 2376:sesame seeds 2371: 2367: 2352: 2351: 2341: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2307: 2299: 2297: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2229: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1938: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1908: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1892:Lokantarikas 1891: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1853: 1849: 1838: 1828: 1824: 1807: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1782:Christianity 1777: 1767: 1763: 1739: 1738: 1406:Merit making 1371:Three Jewels 1311:Buddhavacana 1241:Impermanence 1229:Dharma wheel 1010:Spanish name 910:Romanization 600:Tibetan name 581:Burmese name 554:Northern Min 468:Southern Min 454: 381:Romanization 340:Romanization 320:Romanization 142:Hanyu Pinyin 88:Chinese name 58: 49: 33: 7273:Underworlds 7016:Dharma talk 6845:Asalha Puja 6641:Eschatology 6444:Switzerland 6424:New Zealand 6352:Middle East 6261:Philippines 6181:Afghanistan 5986:Bodhidharma 5971:Buddhaghosa 5891:Householder 5801:Monasticism 5754:Bodhisattva 5609:Prostration 5562:Mindfulness 5490:Anapanasati 5473:Kammaṭṭhāna 5270:Korean Seon 5210:Asura realm 5205:Human realm 5145:Ten Fetters 5100:Parinirvana 5002:Uppalavanna 4967:Mahākaccana 4952:Mahākassapa 4884:Kṣitigarbha 4879:Ākāśagarbha 4776:Suddhodāna 4721:Four sights 4648:Foundations 3673:possession. 3169:|isbn= 3067:Ksitigarbha 2980:Phra Malaya 2844:Kṣitigarbha 2715:Unremitting 2087:Mahāraurava 1967:and 10,000 1856:Kathāvatthu 1641:New Zealand 1496:Bodhisattva 1481:Four Stages 1436:Monasticism 1416:Mindfulness 1386:Perfections 1316:Early Texts 733:Korean name 530:Pu-Xian Min 506:Eastern Min 395:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ 264:Xiao'erjing 7783:Categories 7620:Hamistagan 7472:East Asian 7133:Psychology 7113:Gnosticism 7101:Comparison 7096:Influences 7078:Comparison 6961:Bhavacakra 6919:Kushinagar 6894:Pilgrimage 6840:Māgha Pūjā 6795:Bodhi Tree 6611:Buddhology 6601:Abhidharma 6593:Philosophy 6526:Menander I 6394:Costa Rica 6345:Uzbekistan 6186:Bangladesh 6140:Dhammapada 6124:Pali Canon 6086:Ajahn Chah 6066:Dalai Lama 5966:Kumārajīva 5961:Vasubandhu 5936:The Buddha 5844:Zen master 5779:Sakadagami 5759:Buddhahood 5690:Pratimokṣa 5505:Shikantaza 5461:Meditation 5436:Deity yoga 5307:Madhyamaka 5200:Deva realm 5095:Mindstream 5045:Bodhicitta 4957:Aṅgulimāla 4824:Devadatta 4800:Yaśodharā 4703:The Buddha 4693:Middle Way 3117:8170172896 3062:Hell money 2965:, Thailand 2949:, Thailand 2785:Sword Cuts 2769:Ash River. 2729:Black Sand 2691:Black Rope 2615:Dīrghāgama 2489:waterlily. 1965:Jambudvīpa 1841:Pali canon 1820:Jambudvīpa 1810:appear in 1514:Traditions 1451:Pilgrimage 1391:Meditation 1351:Post-canon 1331:Pāli Canon 1261:Middle Way 1158:The Buddha 1041:Devanagari 952:Indonesian 927:Malay name 296:Sichuanese 184:Wade–Giles 7578:Near East 7409:Mandaeism 7333:Purgatory 7290:Abrahamic 7201:Festivals 7181:Buddhists 7143:Theosophy 6946:Symbolism 6936:Hama yumi 6909:Bodh Gaya 6676:Socialism 6651:Evolution 6626:Economics 6464:Venezuela 6379:Australia 6374:Argentina 6298:Sri Lanka 6293:Singapore 6211:Indonesia 6173:Countries 6114:Tripiṭaka 6076:Ajahn Mun 5951:Nagarjuna 5946:Aśvaghoṣa 5829:Anagārika 5824:Śrāmaṇerī 5819:Śrāmaṇera 5814:Bhikkhunī 5774:Sotāpanna 5663:Passaddhi 5604:Offerings 5579:Nekkhamma 5456:Iddhipada 5376:Practices 5346:Theravada 5319:Vajrayana 5312:Yogachara 5282:Pure Land 5195:Six Paths 5182:Cosmology 4962:Anuruddha 4937:Sāriputta 4927:Kaundinya 4919:Disciples 4894:Vajrapāṇi 4746:Footprint 4711:Tathāgata 4417:(1): 23. 3706:saṃghāta. 2963:Wat Muang 2947:Wat Muang 2878:six paths 2594:Pundarika 2516:Mahāpadma 2383:Nirarbuda 2337:Cakkavāla 2260:viparyāsa 2172:Pratāpana 2157:pundarika 2153:pundarika 1986:Kālasūtra 1760:purgatory 1661:Sri Lanka 1651:Singapore 1606:Indonesia 1546:Vajrayāna 1521:Theravāda 1476:Awakening 1364:Practices 1321:Tripiṭaka 1291:Cosmology 1266:Emptiness 1246:Suffering 1081:Romanised 1058:Pāli name 1050:Romanised 698:Thai name 564:Romanized 436:dei6 juk6 422:deih yuhk 52:June 2024 7704:Tartarus 7653:Niflheim 7648:Náströnd 7631:European 7586:Egyptian 7544:Hinduism 7527:Buddhism 7435:American 7350:Jahannam 7219:Category 7148:Violence 7118:Hinduism 7066:Sanskrit 7021:Hinayana 7006:Amitābha 6966:Swastika 6835:Uposatha 6825:Holidays 6810:Calendar 6656:Humanism 6494:Kanishka 6484:Timeline 6308:Thailand 6276:Kalmykia 6271:Buryatia 6256:Pakistan 6241:Mongolia 6236:Maldives 6231:Malaysia 6196:Cambodia 6061:Shamarpa 6056:Nichiren 6006:Xuanzang 5941:Nagasena 5859:Rinpoche 5589:Pāramitā 5431:Devotion 5351:Navayana 5339:Dzogchen 5302:Nichiren 5250:Mahayana 5242:Branches 5120:Saṅkhāra 4869:Mañjuśrī 4826:(cousin) 4818:(cousin) 4786:(mother) 4778:(father) 4766:Miracles 4716:Birthday 4633:Glossary 4606:Buddhism 4545:Archived 4423:44362242 4356:诸经佛说地狱集要 3289:27793792 3195:𑀦𑀺𑀭𑀬 3189:: निरय, 3187:Sanskrit 3041:See also 2869:Ōjōyōshū 2835:Mahāyāna 2695:Crushing 2687:Thoughts 2503:), the " 2447:in pain. 2445:haa, haa 2418:aṭ-aṭ-aṭ 2362:), the " 2284:Ōjōyōshū 2178:大焦熱; 大炎熱 2020:Saṃghāta 1963:beneath 1881:Pratyeka 1825:naraka's 1744:Sanskrit 1671:Thailand 1631:Mongolia 1626:Malaysia 1591:Cambodia 1556:Navayana 1536:Hinayana 1531:Mahāyāna 1441:Lay life 1271:Morality 1251:Not-self 1209:Concepts 1168:Councils 1153:Timeline 1125:Glossary 1107:Buddhism 1099:a series 1097:Part of 1067:𑀦𑀺𑀭𑀬 1032:Sanskrit 1018:infierno 987:Lao name 960:Jahannam 958:Neraka, 858:SASM/GNC 674:Địa ngục 636:Dmyal Ba 430:Jyutping 156:Bopomofo 7728:Tuonela 7679:Elysium 7658:Niflhel 7603:Irkalla 7561:Jainism 7480:Chinese 7460:Xibalba 7448:Mictlān 7387:Gehenna 7367:Abaddon 7362:Judaism 7345:Barzakh 7196:Temples 7176:Buddhas 7138:Science 7128:Judaism 7123:Jainism 7041:Lineage 7001:Abhijñā 6971:Thangka 6914:Sarnath 6899:Lumbini 6820:Funeral 6815:Cuisine 6691:Culture 6666:Reality 6616:Creator 6606:Atomism 6476:History 6449:Ukraine 6409:Germany 6328:Senegal 6318:Vietnam 6246:Myanmar 6046:Shinran 6036:Karmapa 6011:Shandao 5981:Dignāga 5906:Śrāvaka 5886:Donchee 5881:Kappiya 5839:Sayadaw 5809:Bhikkhu 5784:Anāgāmi 5741:Nirvana 5707:Samadhi 5594:Paritta 5535:Tonglen 5530:Mandala 5485:Smarana 5466:Mantras 5414:Upekkha 5384:Bhavana 5334:Shingon 5287:Tiantai 5140:Tathātā 5130:Śūnyatā 5125:Skandha 5115:Saṃsāra 5110:Rebirth 5085:Kleshas 5075:Indriya 4977:Subhūti 4862:Guanyin 4816:Ānanda 4808:Rāhula 4688:Nirvana 4628:Outline 4537:Reality 4514:2719317 3454:Naraka. 3217:. 2015. 2932:Gallery 2891:Tibetan 2887:samsara 2860:Genshin 2803:阿毘曇毘婆沙論 2707:Burning 2699:Moaning 2680:bhikṣus 2364:blister 2327:Chinese 2281:In his 2102:raurava 2070:raurava 2051:Raurava 2011:Genshin 1970:yojanas 1960:yojanas 1928:Sañjīva 1854:In the 1681:Vietnam 1636:Myanmar 1551:Tibetan 1541:Chinese 1469:Nirvāṇa 1286:Saṃsāra 1281:Rebirth 1146:History 1135:Outline 1077:Niraya 1046:Naraka 1015:Spanish 974:Tagalog 683:Chữ Hán 650:Nung-Wa 606:Tibetan 587:Burmese 561:Jian'ou 537:Hinghwa 475:Hokkien 401:Ji-kguk 387:Ji-gouk 366:Ti-kiɛ/ 190:Ti⁴-yu⁴ 7799:Naraka 7761:Turkic 7756:Naraka 7739:Others 7723:Finnic 7684:Erebus 7615:Duzakh 7566:Naraka 7554:Patala 7549:Naraka 7537:Naraka 7519:Indian 7502:Shinto 7382:Dudael 7372:Azazel 7355:Sijjin 7191:Sutras 7186:Suttas 7051:Siddhi 7036:Koliya 7011:Brahmā 6926:Poetry 6872:Mantra 6862:Kasaya 6734:Pagoda 6714:Kyaung 6709:Vihāra 6704:Temple 6646:Ethics 6489:Ashoka 6439:Sweden 6434:Poland 6429:Norway 6419:Mexico 6404:France 6389:Canada 6384:Brazil 6323:Africa 6303:Taiwan 6266:Russia 6191:Bhutan 6151:Vinaya 6031:Naropa 6021:Saraha 5956:Asanga 5712:Prajñā 5621:Refuge 5584:Nianfo 5545:Tertön 5540:Tantra 5525:Ganana 5515:Tukdam 5441:Dhyāna 5409:Mudita 5404:Karuṇā 5297:Risshū 5292:Huayan 5225:Naraka 5165:Anattā 5160:Dukkha 5155:Anicca 5060:Dharma 5012:Channa 4947:Ānanda 4932:Assaji 4899:Skanda 4802:(wife) 4771:Family 4751:Relics 4676:Sangha 4671:Dharma 4666:Buddha 4512: 4421: 4318: 3933:naraka 3583: 3533: 3508: 3369:sangha 3344:dharma 3287: 3252:Kalpas 3248:kalpas 3167:Check 3148: 3144:: 20. 3114: 2925:naraka 2901:naraka 2894:Lamrim 2882:dukkha 2874:naraka 2850:naraka 2828:naraka 2745:Thirst 2741:Hunger 2724:yojana 2717:. The 2665:Buddha 2641:vargas 2587:Kumuda 2573:Utpala 2545:Hahava 2527:naraka 2509:naraka 2486:utpala 2481:naraka 2470:Utpala 2463:hu, hu 2452:Huhuva 2441:naraka 2430:Hahava 2412:naraka 2394:naraka 2372:naraka 2368:naraka 2353:Arbuda 2304:Arhats 2271:naraka 2220:naraka 2215:阿鼻; 無間 2191:naraka 2183:naraka 2138:naraka 2134:naraka 2129:焦熱; 炎熱 2123:Tapana 2106:naraka 2098:naraka 2073:naraka 2062:naraka 2031:naraka 2004:naraka 1997:naraka 1943:naraka 1939:naraka 1909:naraka 1902:pretas 1898:naraka 1884:naraka 1845:Ceylon 1829:naraka 1812:Jātaka 1808:naraka 1797:naraka 1790:naraka 1778:naraka 1764:niraya 1740:Naraka 1666:Taiwan 1646:Russia 1586:Brazil 1581:Bhutan 1501:Buddha 1421:Wisdom 1204:Dharma 1072:Brahmi 1003:Na Hok 939:Neraka 739:Hangul 612:དམྱལ་བ 595:Nga Yè 570:Ti-guk 546:Ti-guk 522:Ti-guk 513:Fuzhou 492:Tâi-lô 305:d hiyu 299:Pinyin 282:Dungan 218:dihyúm 176:dihyuh 78:Naraka 7766:Tamag 7716:Annwn 7711:Welsh 7699:Orcus 7694:Hades 7669:Roman 7665:Greek 7638:Norse 7532:Bardo 7495:Youdu 7443:Aztec 7397:Tehom 7392:Sheol 7340:Islam 7323:Limbo 7308:Hades 7303:Abyss 7163:Lists 7031:Kalpa 7026:Iddhi 6889:Music 6884:Mudra 6850:Vassa 6830:Vesak 6800:Budai 6746:Candi 6729:Stupa 6661:Logic 6414:Italy 6313:Tibet 6251:Nepal 6221:Korea 6216:Japan 6206:India 6201:China 6146:Sutra 6101:Texts 6051:Dōgen 6041:Hōnen 6026:Atiśa 5991:Zhiyi 5901:Achar 5869:Tulku 5864:Geshe 5849:Rōshi 5834:Ajahn 5789:Arhat 5749:Bodhi 5719:Vīrya 5636:Sacca 5631:Satya 5626:Sādhu 5614:Music 5557:Merit 5550:Terma 5510:Zazen 5446:Faith 5399:Mettā 5080:Karma 5040:Bardo 5007:Asita 4997:Khema 4987:Upāli 4972:Nanda 4810:(son) 4784:Māyā 4761:Films 4638:Index 4510:JSTOR 4419:JSTOR 3295:JSTOR 3285:JSTOR 3269:Numen 3211:(PDF) 3093:Notes 2854:merit 2838:Sūtra 2645:varga 2580:Padma 2568:hell, 2566:Ababa 2561:hell, 2559:Alala 2554:hell, 2552:Atata 2547:hell, 2522:摩訶鉢特摩 2505:lotus 2494:Padma 2401:Aṭaṭa 2308:Avici 2256:Acivi 2208:Avīci 2002:This 1948:karma 1801:karma 1676:Tibet 1616:Korea 1611:Japan 1601:India 1596:China 1561:Newar 1486:Arhat 1276:Karma 1130:Index 1000:ນະຮົກ 933:Malay 881:Kanji 800:Jio'k 755:Hanja 726:Nárók 630:Wylie 498:Ti-ky 484:Ti-ku 374:Hakka 355:Xiang 345:Ti-ku 326:Ti-ku 272:دۆزەخ 232:díhyú 204:dihyú 162:ㄉㄧˋㄩˋ 7751:Hell 7591:Duat 7507:Yomi 7485:Diyu 7455:Maya 7313:Hell 7061:Pāḷi 7046:Māra 6956:Flag 6357:Iran 6281:Tuva 6226:Laos 5854:Lama 5702:Śīla 5670:Śīla 5658:Pīti 5648:Sati 5599:Puja 5520:Koan 5426:Dāna 5017:Yasa 4904:Tārā 4379:ISBN 4316:ISBN 4268:長阿含經 4249:長阿含經 3581:ISBN 3531:ISBN 3506:ISBN 3191:Pali 3173:help 3146:ISBN 3112:ISBN 3052:Diyu 3008:Yama 2909:Yama 2905:Diyu 2833:The 2630:佛陀耶舍 2624:長阿含經 2613:The 2592:the 2585:the 2578:the 2571:the 2564:the 2557:the 2550:the 2543:the 2332:八寒地獄 2267:deva 2224:oven 1976:The 1888:Pali 1860:hell 1776:. 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