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vessel formation. Chitosan-based nanogels have demonstrated an improved wound healing effect in previous studies. Chitosan-based nanogels encapsulating interleukin-2 were successfully used to stimulate the immune system and advance the wound healing process. Additionally, chitosan-based nanogels carrying an antibiotic, silver sulfadiazine, were found to decrease the size of second-degree burns in one in vivo study. In another study, silver-loaded nanogels were synthesized in a natural polymer-based solution containing aloe vera, and the presence of aloe vera led to increased healing and a decrease in wound size. With the goal of preventing infection and accelerating the healing process, one group has also published a new nanogel design consisting of an encapsulating core and a functionalized outer surface capable of targeting bacteria present in wounds.
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barrier and accumulated in the brain in a mouse model. With the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in mind, polysaccharide-based nanogels have been functionalized with fucoidan to target overexpressed P-selectin receptors on platelets and endothelial cells. After loading with miRNA, these nanogels bound to platelets and became internalized by an endothelial cell line. Nanogels have also been used to encapsulate phosphorylated nucleoside analogs, or active forms of anticancer therapeutics. In one study, nanogels loaded with nucleoside 5’-triphosphates underwent surface modifications and successfully bound to overexpressed folate receptors on breast cancer cells. These nanogels were then internalized by the cells and produced a significant increase in cytotoxicity compared to control groups.
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cues that govern various aspects of cellular behavior. However, natural-based polymers can still cause an immune response and possess other disadvantages such as variable degradation rates and heterogeneous structures. Conversely, synthetic-based polymers have more defined structures, increased stability, and controlled degradation rates. In comparison to natural-based polymers, synthetic polymers lack biological cues that may be necessary for specific therapeutic applications. Given that natural and synthetic polymers are defined by their own set of advantages and disadvantages, an ongoing area of research aims to create composite hydrogels for nanogel synthesis that combines synthetic and natural polymers to leverage the benefits of both in one nanogel formulation.
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platform. In other nanogel structures, the inner core and outer shell can be made of two different materials, such as a hydrophobic inner core to surround drugs or other small molecules and a hydrophilic outer shell that interacts with the external environment. The addition of a second linear monomer crosslinked to a nanogel is deemed a “hairy nanogel”. Different nanogel synthesis methods can be completed in sequential order to create multilayered nanogels, such as starting with ionotropic gelation and then combining anionic and cationic polymers in an aqueous solution. Functionalized nanogels, in which targeting ligands or stimuli-sensitive functional groups are conjugated to the outer shell of a nanogel, are also important for certain nanogel applications.
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nanogels loaded with cisplatin or doxorubicin and delivered these therapeutics to ovarian cancer cells, which overexpress the folate receptor that binds with folic acid. These conjugated nanogels produced a significant decrease in tumor growth in a mouse model compared to vehicle controls and showed a site-specific delivery model for nanogels that may be effective for other types of cancer with upregulated folate receptors. Interestingly, gelatin-based nanogels loaded with cisplatin and conjugated to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands have been reported to successfully target lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, with additional work confirming the effectiveness of these nanogels when transformed into aerosol particles.
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swelling rate and stability of a nanogel, thus resulting in the release of encapsulated cargo when exposed to different pH ranges. For example, anionic nanogels with carboxylic acid groups will collapse upon exposure to a pH that is smaller than the pKa of the nanogel polymer. Similarly, cationic nanogels with terminal amino groups will become protonated if the pH of the environment is less than the pKa of the hydrogel. In this case, the swelling rate of the nanogel will change and it will become more hydrophilic. Other groups have also previously cross-linked pH-responsive hydrazone linkages to polysaccharide-based nanogels that released a payload in an acidic environment.
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into a critical bone defect and continued to induce the production of new osteoblast cells. To treat the effects of myocardial infarction, one in vivo study loaded temperature-responsive nanogels with cardiac stem cells and observed improved cardiac function through an increase in left ventricular ejection. Blood vessels have been successfully regenerated in an in vivo model of ischemia using nanogels to encapsulate vascular endothelial growth factors. Heparin-based nanogels loaded with growth factors have also been tested in the regeneration of the urethral muscle that causes urinary incontinence.
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circulation for an adequate period to deliver cargo and produce a therapeutic effect. To combat a significant immune response, degradable nanogels are the typical default since they are considered less toxic compared to non degradable nanogels. The compliance and small size of degradable nanogels also allows them to travel through blood vessels and reach their target area before consumption by immune cells or filtration by the liver and spleen.
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within a nanogel and observed a significant enhancement in relaxivity compared to a clinically available formulation of gadolinium-III. Another group developed pH-responsive nanogels containing both manganese oxide and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles that successfully imaged small tumors, where the pH was more acidic compared to the surrounding healthy tissues. Fluorine-containing nanogels can also be used as tracers for
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groups are typically present in thermoresponsive polymer nanogels that react to temperature decreases, whereas nanogels that respond to temperature increases often have to be prepared by a hydrogen-bonded layering technique. Temperature-responsive nanogels are a potential strategy when a therapeutic is targeting the skin, which has a natural temperature gradient, or a region experiencing inflammation.
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common mechanism that starts with the nanogels engulfed by the cellular membrane. The nanogels are transported in intracellular vesicles for delivery to endosomes that eventually combine with lysosomes. Once lysosomes are released into the cytosol of a cell, they deliver their cargo immediately or move to the appropriate cellular compartment.
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polymerization is a similar process that uses a photoinitiator and light to trigger the formation of nanogels. Lithographic microtemplate polymerization can produce smaller nanogels on a length scale of <200 nm, which has a higher resolution compared to microtemplate polymerization that does not require a photoinitiator.
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decrease in pH once inside a tumor. When loaded with a chemotherapeutic agent, this technology induced a lower viability in 3D tumor spheroids compared to control groups. Another type of nanogel loaded with osteoarthritis anti-inflammatory drugs was found to significantly increase the amount of drug transported after
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solvent and further chemical and physical crosslinking of the droplets, nanogels are formed. The size of nanogels synthesized using this method can vary greatly depending on the type of surfactant and reaction medium used. Purifying nanogels produced using an emulsifying agent may also pose a challenge.
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irradiation, light-responsive nanogels can be triggered to degrade with an increased control over crosslinking density. For example, both the swelling and size of light-responsive nanogels with vinyl groups were found to decrease and produce a sustained release of drugs after irradiation with UV light.
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Typical MRI contrast agents that contain gadolinium and manganese are quickly excreted from the body and carry risks of increased toxicity. Nanogels aim to circumvent these limitations by encapsulating these agents and increasing their relaxivity, or sensitivity. One study encapsulated gadolinium-III
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to the skin and exposure to its natural elevated temperature. One group reported a method to control the release rate of an antiplatelet medication from a nanogel by using UV light to alter the crosslinking density of the polymer and subsequently change the swelling rate. Additionally, other nanogels
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After nanogels exit the vasculature, they diffuse through the interstitial space into their target tissue. At the cellular level, nanogels can be internalized by a large number of different types of endocytosis that depend on the particle’s size, shape, and surface properties. Endocytosis is the most
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pH responsive nanogels are an attractive form of nanogel technology due to the different pH levels found within the body. Healthy tissues exhibit a pH of 7.4 whereas tumors can be as low as 6.5 and the stomach as low as 1.0. The protonation or deprotonation of certain functional groups can change the
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and hydrogel synthesis. Nanogels can be natural, synthetic, or a combination of the two and have a high degree of tunability in terms of their size, shape, surface functionalization, and degradation mechanisms. Given these inherent characteristics in addition to their biocompatibility and capacity to
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To repair and regenerate damaged tissue, nanogels have been explored to not only encapsulate drugs and growth factors for local administration, but also to serve as porous scaffolds at a tissue implantation site. Boron-containing temperature-responsive nanogels formed a solid scaffold upon injection
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In one study, cationic synthetic nanogels modified with insulin and transferrin were synthesized to transport oligonucleotides, a possible therapeutic and diagnostic tool for neurodegenerative disorders, to the brain. These nanogels successfully localized through an in vitro model of the blood-brain
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In 2022, over 1.9 million new cancer cases are projected in the U.S. alone. Nanogels are an attractive drug delivery solution for increasing both the efficacy of cancer therapeutics and their localization to cancer cells. Nanogels are currently being investigated for the treatment of different types
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Light-responsive nanogels can be triggered to release their cargo with exposure to light at a certain wavelength. These nanogels are synthesized to contain specific acrylic or coumarin-based bonds that cleave during a photoreaction. With the tunability of the wavelength of light, energy, and time of
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Redox-responsive nanogels generally contain crosslinks formed by disulfide bonds or specific crosslinking agents. Nanogels made of bioreducible and bifunctional monomers can also be used. In the presence of reducing agents such as glutathione, thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, these nanogels respond by
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The addition of a monomer precursor solution and crosslinking agent to a microtemplate, or mold-type device, can initiate polymerization and the formation of nanogels. This method can be used to create nanogels in specific shapes and load them with various small molecules. Lithographic microtemplate
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Nanogels are a promising technology being explored to aid in the wound healing process. Given their ability to encapsulate various types of cargo, nanogels can strategically deliver anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobial drugs, and necessary growth factors to facilitate new tissue growth and blood
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For in vivo fluorescence-based optical imaging, dyes that emit NIR wavelengths >700 nm are most effective, such as indocyanine green, but encounter limitations with reduced circulation time and nonspecific interactions with other biological factors that affect the fluorescence. pH-sensitive
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Since biodegradability is an important characteristic of nanogels, these hydrogels are typically composed of natural or degradable synthetic polymers. Polysaccharides and proteins largely dominate the natural forms of polymers used to synthesize nanogels. Due to the use of thiolated polysaccharides
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Heller, Daniel A.; Levi, Yair; Pelet, Jeisa M.; Doloff, Joshua C.; Wallas, Jasmine; Pratt, George W.; Jiang, Shan; Sahay, Gaurav; Schroeder, Avi; Schroeder, Josh E.; Chyan, Yieu; Zurenko, Christopher; Querbes, William; Manzano, Miguel; Kohane, Daniel S.; Langer, Robert; Anderson, Daniel G. (2013).
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Nanogels that respond to various stimuli including changes in pH and temperature or the presence of redox and light cues have proven to be useful tools for drug delivery. One such responsive nanogel was designed to switch from a surface negative charge to a surface positive charge upon exposure to
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The usage of thermoresponsive polymers in nanogel synthesis allows these systems to respond to changes in temperature. Depending on the chemical groups present, thermoresponsive polymers can either respond to a decrease in temperature or an increase in temperature. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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nanogels can be stabilized via intra- and interchain disulfide bonding. Advantages of natural polymer-based nanogels include biocompatibility and degradability by cellular mechanisms in vivo. Natural polymers also tend to be nontoxic and bioactive in which they are more likely to induce biological
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In precipitation, initiators and crosslinking agents are added to a homogenous monomer solution to induce a polymerization reaction. When the polymer chain reaches the desired length, the reaction is halted and a polymer colloidal suspension is formed. Surfactants are the final addition to produce
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The synthesis of nanogels can be achieved using a vast array of different methods. However, two critical steps typically included in each method are polymerization and crosslinking, with physical and chemical crosslinking the most common. These steps can be completed concomitantly or in sequential
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Electrostatic interactions can form nanogels through the combination of anionic and cationic polymers in an aqueous solution. The size and surface charge of the resulting nanogels can be modulated by changing the molecular weight or the charge ratio of the two different polymers. Ionotropic
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In one study, chitosan-based nanogels loaded with doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic, with a positive surface charge demonstrated a lower colorectal cancer cell viability compared to control groups and a similarly loaded nanogel with a negative surface charge. Another group conjugated folic acid to
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One major concern with any form of drug delivery system, including nanogels, is potential side effects and damage to healthy tissue in addition to causing a negative immune response with the introduction of a foreign substance. This has to be balanced with the need for nanogels to remain within
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A fluorescent nanogel thermometer was developed to measure temperatures to within 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) in living cells. The cell absorbs water when colder and squeezes the water out as its internal temperature rises; the relative quantity of water masks or exposes the fluorescence of the
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Inverse-emulsion, or reverse miniemulsion, requires an organic solvent and a surfactant or emulsifying agent. Nanosized droplets are produced when an aqueous monomer solution is dispersed in the organic solvent in the presence of the surfactant or emulsifying agent. Upon removal of the organic
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Nanogels can be designed to respond to various stimuli including changes in pH and temperature or the presence of redox and light cues. Thoughtfully designed stimuli-responsive nanogels can be leveraged to transport and release different types of cargo to specific tissues within the body with
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nanogels with functionalized surface receptors to target cancer cells were loaded with a fluorescent dye that was only released upon endocytosis. These nanogels successfully generated a fluorescent signal from within the cancer cells and many other groups have developed similar technologies.
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Similar to MRI imaging, metal radionuclides can be loaded into nanogels and crosslinked to obtain PET radiotracers for imaging. Nanogels containing copper isotopes commonly used for PET imaging demonstrated overall stability and accumulation in tumors, which produced a higher signal in
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The structure of a nanogel is dependent upon the synthesis mechanism and its application. Simple or traditional nanogels are nanoparticle-sized crosslinked polymer networks that swell in water. Hollow nanogels consisting only of an outer shell can increase the amount of cargo loaded into the
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In desolvation or coacervation, a non-solvent is added to a homogeneous polymer solution to produce individual, nanosized polymer complexes dispersed in the same solution. These complexes then undergo crosslinking to form nanogels with surface functionalization an optional next step.
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have been synthesized to include disulfide cleavable polymers that respond to reductive cues in the surrounding environment. One such nanogel was loaded with a chemotherapeutic agent and demonstrated a decrease in cell viability compared to a free version of the same agent.
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Nanogels are advantageous carriers of small, nucleic-acid based molecules that can be employed to treat a variety of diseases. Examples of three different types of molecules that fall into this category, oligonucleotides, miRNA, and nucleoside analogs, are discussed here.
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Kolouchova, Kristyna; Jirak, Daniel; Groborz, Ondrej; Sedlacek, Ondrej; Ziolkowska, Natalia; Vit, Martin; Sticova, Eva; Galisova, Andrea; Svec, Pavel; Trousil, Jiri; Hajek, Milan; Hruby, Martin (2020). "Implant-forming polymeric 19F MRI-tracer with tunable dissolution".
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comparison to nearby tissue. Other studies have explored similar technologies with redox-responsive nanogels loaded with an isotope of gallium and other trivalent metals for PET imaging. Nanogels composed of dextran have also been developed for imaging tumor-associated
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Babuka, David; Kolouchova, Kristyna; Hruby, Martin; Groborz, Ondrej; Tosner, Zdenek; Zhigunov, Alexander; Stepanek, Petr (2019). "Investigation of the internal structure of thermoresponsive diblock poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly copolymer nanoparticles".
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releasing their cargo. Given that these reducing agents and several others are found in larger concentrations inside cells compared to their external environment, redox-responsive nanogels are a promising strategy for targeted intracellular delivery.
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Hydrophobic interactions rely heavily on physical crosslinking to form nanogels. In this method, hydrophobic groups are added to hydrophilic polymers in an aqueous solution to induce their self-assembly into nanogels. When thiolated polymers
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Polymer-based micelles that undergo crosslinking reactions can induce the formation of nanogels. Crosslinking either the core or the shell of a preexisting micelles can synthesize nanogels with a “high degree of spatial organization”.
41:
encapsulate small drugs and molecules, nanogels are a promising strategy to treat disease and dysfunction by serving as delivery vehicles capable of navigating across challenging physiological barriers within the body.
3396:
Du, Jin-Zhi; Sun, Tian-Meng; Song, Wen-Jing; Wu, Juan; Wang, Jun (2010). "A Tumor-Acidity-Activated Charge-Conversional
Nanogel as an Intelligent Vehicle for Promoted Tumoral-Cell Uptake and Drug Delivery".
381:, because their aggregation and tissue binding has only minor effect on their F MRI signal. Furthermore, they can carry drugs and their physico-chemical properties of the polymers can be highly modulated.
2424:"Internal Structure of Thermoresponsive Physically Crosslinked Nanogel of Poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-Block-Poly[N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)acrylamide], Prominent 19F MRI Tracer"
3026:"Nanogel-based scaffolds fabricated for bone regeneration with mesoporous bioactive glass and strontium: In vitro and in vivo characterization: BIOACTIVE SCAFFOLDS FOR THE REPAIR OF BONE DEFECTS"
419:
Various applications of nanogels in regenerative medicine contexts including as injectable delivery vehicles and as components of implantable polymeric scaffolds. Created with BioRender.
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Moraes, Fernanda C.; Marcelo Forero
Ramirez, Laura; Aid, Rachida; Benadda, Samira; Maire, Murielle; Chauvierre, Cédric; Antunes, Joana C.; Chaubet, Frédéric; Letourneur, Didier (March 2021).
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Hajebi, Sakineh; Rabiee, Navid; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Rabiee, Mohammad; Roghani-Mamaqani, Hossein; Tahriri, Mohammadreza; Tayebi, Lobat; Hamblin, Michael R. (July 2019).
3122:"Differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells into endothelial cells by heparin-modified supramolecular pluronic nanogels encapsulating bFGF and complexed with VEGF165 genes"
3063:
Tang, Junnan; Cui, Xiaolin; Caranasos, Thomas G.; Hensley, M. Taylor; Vandergriff, Adam C.; Hartanto, Yusak; Shen, Deliang; Zhang, Hu; Zhang, Jinying; Cheng, Ke (2017-10-24).
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In addition to drug delivery applications, nanogels have been utilized as a type of imaging modality as they can encapsulate small dyes and other reporter molecules.
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Bernkop-SchnĂĽrch, A; Heinrich, A; Greimel, A (2006). "Development of a novel method for the preparation of submicron particles based on thiolated chitosan".
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Keliher, Edmund J.; Yoo, Jeongsoo; Nahrendorf, Matthias; Lewis, Jason S.; Marinelli, Brett; Newton, Andita; Pittet, Mikael J.; Weissleder, Ralph (2011).
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Yan, Ming; Ge, Jun; Liu, Zheng; Ouyang, Pingkai (2006). "Encapsulation of Single Enzyme in
Nanogel with Enhanced Biocatalytic Activity and Stability".
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2835:"Development of Interleukin-2 Loaded Chitosan-Based Nanogels Using Artificial Neural Networks and Investigating the Effects on Wound Healing in Rats"
58:, which are nanomaterial-filled, hydrated, polymeric networks that exhibit higher elasticity and strength relative to traditionally made hydrogels.
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Marcelino; Alvarez Igarzabal, Cecilia Inés; Calderón, Marcelo (August 2019).
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Soleimani, Abdolrasoul; MartĂnez, Francisco; Economopoulos, Vasiliki; Foster, Paula J.; Scholl, Timothy J.; Gillies, Elizabeth R. (2013-01-23).
67:
order depending on the synthesis method and eventual nanogel application. Here, several different synthesis mechanisms are described briefly.
2018:
Zavgorodnya, Oleksandra; Carmona-Moran, Carlos A.; Kozlovskaya, Veronika; Liu, Fei; Wick, Timothy M.; Kharlampieva, Eugenia (November 2017).
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Xiao, J.; Tian, X. M.; Yang, C.; Liu, P.; Luo, N. Q.; Liang, Y.; Li, H. B.; Chen, D. H.; Wang, C. X.; Li, L.; Yang, G. W. (2013-12-05).
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1702:"The use of biotinylated-EGF-modified gelatin nanoparticle carrier to enhance cisplatin accumulation in cancerous lungs via inhalation"
2422:
Babuka, David; Kolouchova, Kristyna; Groborz, Ondrej; Tosner, Zdenek; Zhigunov, Alexander; Stepanek, Petr; Hruby, Martin (2020).
2318:
Jacques, Vincent; Dumas, Stéphane; Sun, Wei-Chuan; Troughton, Jeffrey S.; Greenfield, Matthew T.; Caravan, Peter (October 2010).
2932:"Development of novel wound care systems based on nanosilver nanohydrogels of polymethacrylic acid with Aloe vera and curcumin"
2530:"Nanogels from Metal-Chelating Crosslinkers as Versatile Platforms Applied to Copper-64 PET Imaging of Tumors and Metastases"
208:
Stimuli-responsive nanogels with different examples of stimuli and two potential release mechanisms. Created with BioRender.
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2320:"High-Relaxivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents Part 2: Optimization of Inner- and Second-Sphere Relaxivity"
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Zhang, Qiao; Chen, Xiaohui; Geng, Shinan; Wei, Lingfei; Miron, Richard J.; Zhao, Yanbing; Zhang, Yufeng (April 2017).
1747:
Nukolova, Natalia V.; Oberoi, Hardeep S.; Cohen, Samuel M.; Kabanov, Alexander V.; Bronich, Tatiana K. (August 2011).
105:) are used for this preparation process, nanogels can be further stabilized by the formation of inter- and intrachain
3159:
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1643:
Nukolova, Natalia V.; Oberoi, Hardeep S.; Cohen, Samuel M.; Kabanov, Alexander V.; Bronich, Tatiana K. (2011-08-01).
3161:"Macro/Nano-Gel Composite as an Injectable and Bioactive Bulking Material for the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence"
1971:"Intelligent nanogels with self-adaptive responsiveness for improved tumor drug delivery and augmented chemotherapy"
1601:
Feng, Chao; Li, Jing; Kong, Ming; Liu, Ya; Cheng, Xiao Jie; Li, Yang; Park, Hyun Jin; Chen, Xi Guang (April 2015).
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Wang, Xia; Niu, Dechao; Wu, Qing; Bao, Song; Su, Teng; Liu, Xiaohang; Zhang, Shengjian; Wang, Qigang (June 2015).
1603:"Surface charge effect on mucoadhesion of chitosan based nanogels for local anti-colorectal cancer drug delivery"
1414:
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Vashist, Ajeet K Kaushik, Sharif Ahmad, Madhavan Nair, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2018,
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Example of using a therapeutic nanoparticle for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells. Created with BioRender.
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gelation can also leverage electrostatic interactions between multivalent anions and cations to form nanogels.
74:
Graphical representation of seven different methods of synthesizing polymeric nanogels. Created with BioRender.
3065:"Heart Repair Using Nanogel-Encapsulated Human Cardiac Stem Cells in Mice and Pigs with Myocardial Infarction"
1173:
Alkanawati, Mohammad Shafee; Machtakova, Marina; Landfester, Katharina; Thérien-Aubin, Héloïse (2021-07-12).
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Protein Nanogels Prepared by In Situ Polymerization".
2167:"Iron oxide/manganese oxide co-loaded hybrid nanogels as pH-responsive magnetic resonance contrast agents"
2117:"Nanogels comprising reduction-cleavable polymers for glutathione-induced intracellular curcumin delivery"
2737:
Park, Hye Sun; Lee, Jung Eun; Cho, Mi Young; Hong, Ji Hyeon; Cho, Sang Hee; Lim, Yong Taik (2012-09-26).
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Yang, Han Na; Choi, Jong Hoon; Park, Ji Sun; Jeon, Su Yeon; Park, Ki Dong; Park, Keun-Hong (May 2014).
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2739:"Hyaluronic Acid/Poly(β-Amino Ester) Polymer Nanogels for Cancer-Cell-Specific NIR Fluorescence Switch"
296:
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2971:"Enhanced antimicrobial effect of berberine in nanogel carriers with cationic surface functionality"
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940:"Nanogels: An overview of properties, biomedical applications and obstacles to clinical translation"
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2020:"Temperature-responsive nanogel multilayers of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) for topical drug delivery"
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2377:"Polymer cross-linking: a nanogel approach to enhancing the relaxivity of MRI contrast agents"
2893:"Alginate coated chitosan nanogel for the controlled topical delivery of Silver sulfadiazine"
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2206:"Ultrahigh relaxivity and safe probes of manganese oxide nanoparticles for in vivo imaging"
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1281:"Thiolated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Mimicking the Workhorses of our Body"
1232:"Thiolated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Mimicking the Workhorses of our Body"
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An example of pH-responsive nanogels to increase MRI sensitivity. Created with BioRender.
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Aslan, Canan; Çelebi, Nevin; Değim, İ. Tuncer; Atak, Ayşegül; Özer, Çiğdem (May 2017).
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scale. These complex networks of polymers present a unique opportunity in the field of
2271:"Biodistribution of gadolinium-based contrast agents, including gadolinium deposition"
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Li, Yulin; Maciel, Dina; Rodrigues, João; Shi, Xiangyang; Tomás, Helena (2015-08-26).
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2854:
2834:
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2511:
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2404:
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2357:
2339:
2300:
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2233:
2186:
2136:
2116:
2094:
2047:
2000:
1948:
1900:
1888:
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1828:
1786:
1768:
1729:
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1359:
1310:
1261:
1212:
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1155:
1069:
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969:
883:
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787:
721:
713:
597:
585:
577:
513:
501:
3010:
2495:
2148:
1986:
852:
363:
257:
Example of an endocytosis process for a drug-loaded nanogel. Created with BioRender.
3406:
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2904:
2874:
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2796:
2783:
Grimaudo, Maria Aurora; Concheiro, Angel; Alvarez-Lorenzo, Carmen (November 2019).
2750:
2706:
2698:
2645:
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2598:
2557:
2541:
2491:
2453:
2435:
2388:
2347:
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2241:
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2178:
2128:
2086:
2039:
1990:
1982:
1938:
1930:
1880:
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1713:
1672:
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1300:
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1202:
1186:
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1137:
1059:
1049:
1008:
1000:
959:
951:
875:
832:
795:
779:
733:
705:
569:
493:
2908:
2800:
1934:
1884:
1471:
989:"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications"
955:
783:
497:
113:. In the following the oppositely charged oligo- or polymers can even be removed.
3324:
Lee, Eun Seong; Kim, Dongin; Youn, Yu Seok; Oh, Kyung Taek; Bae, You Han (2008).
2335:
1919:"Polyplex Nanogel formulations for drug delivery of cytotoxic nucleoside analogs"
1807:
Vinogradov, Serguei V.; Batrakova, Elena V.; Kabanov, Alexander V. (2004-01-01).
1141:
482:"Crossing biological barriers with nanogels to improve drug delivery performance"
178:
171:
182:
Various types of natural and synthetic biomaterials used to synthesize nanogels.
3380:
2947:
2043:
1330:"Nanogels as Pharmaceutical Carriers: Finite Networks of Infinite Capabilities"
1190:
1004:
879:
289:
2850:
2132:
836:
204:
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3184:
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33:
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70:
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2467:
2408:
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2304:
2255:
2190:
2051:
2004:
1952:
1892:
1850:
1790:
1733:
1686:
1626:
1579:
1487:
1398:
1363:
1345:
1314:
1296:
1265:
1247:
1216:
1172:
1159:
1073:
1022:
973:
887:
844:
809:
725:
589:
505:
253:
37:
1054:
573:
261:
2440:
391:
3041:
1377:
Vinogradov, Serguei V (2010). "Nanogels in the race for drug delivery".
938:
Soni, Kruti S.; Desale, Swapnil S.; Bronich, Tatiana K. (October 2016).
2986:
2545:
2392:
2286:
1869:"P-selectin targeting polysaccharide-based nanogels for miRNA delivery"
1562:
1545:
1390:
1126:"Stimulus-responsive polymeric nanogels as smart drug delivery systems"
479:
3308:
3279:
3219:
3176:
2641:
2229:
2090:
2017:
1866:
1824:
709:
2626:"89Zr-Labeled Dextran Nanoparticles Allow in Vivo Macrophage Imaging"
1530:
110:
106:
2374:
2529:
293:
167:
25:
1749:"Folate-Decorated Nanogels for Targeted Therapy of Ovarian Cancer"
1645:"Folate-decorated nanogels for targeted therapy of ovarian cancer"
766:
Li, Cuixia; Obireddy, Sreekanth Reddy; Lai, Wing-Fu (2021-01-01).
2067:"Photoresponsive Nanogels Based on Photocontrollable Cross-Links"
163:
102:
47:
21:
2890:
2782:
1917:
Vinogradov, S; Zeman, A; Batrakova, E; Kabanov, A (2005-09-20).
1426:
341:
3294:
1916:
1035:
986:
865:
694:"Biodegradable Polymer Nanogels for Drug/Nucleic Acid Delivery"
29:
1456:
2968:
2584:
2421:
1123:
558:"Nanogels as drug-delivery systems: a comprehensive overview"
91:
78:
2480:
1278:
1229:
555:
1806:
1746:
1642:
1508:
2623:
378:
3366:
2317:
157:
Six different types of nanogels. Created with BioRender.
3062:
1416:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78801-048-1
822:
262:
3205:
2929:
1543:
1452:
1450:
1328:
Kabanov, Alexander V.; Vinogradov, Serguei V. (2009).
1321:
768:"Preparation and use of nanogels as carriers of drugs"
248:
2672:
2587:"Radiolabeled Nanogels for Nuclear Molecular Imaging"
1175:"Bio-Orthogonal Nanogels for Multiresponsive Release"
1036:
Griesser, J; Hetényi, G; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2018).
987:
Federer, C; Kurpiers, M; Bernkop-SchnĂĽrch, A (2021).
2832:
2676:"Modular 'Click-in-Emulsion' Bone-Targeted Nanogels"
2527:
1809:"Nanogels for Oligonucleotide Delivery to the Brain"
691:
313:
of cancer, of which a few examples are listed here.
3369:
1447:
221:
2114:
1327:
937:
3427:
3119:
3023:
79:Desolvation/Coacervation and Precipitation
3030:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A
2203:
2160:
2158:
328:
125:
3265:
3158:
2736:
2269:Aime, Silvio; Caravan, Peter (December 2009).
1699:
195:
1968:
1600:
765:
342:Stimuli-responsive Nanogels for Drug Delivery
270:
3323:
2164:
2155:
2065:He, Jie; Tong, Xia; Zhao, Yue (2009-07-14).
239:
230:
143:
3395:
2268:
284:Potential applications of nanogels include
51:, a lightweight thermal insulator, or with
2474:
2415:
2064:
1376:
355:
92:Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions
3349:
3096:
2710:
2649:
2561:
2457:
2439:
2351:
2294:
2245:
1994:
1942:
1840:
1780:
1676:
1561:
1353:
1304:
1255:
1206:
1149:
1063:
1053:
1012:
963:
799:
212:
134:
3297:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3268:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3208:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2024:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
414:
410:
401:
362:
319:
252:
203:
177:
152:
69:
3399:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
3330:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1334:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
3428:
3244:
2886:
2884:
2828:
2826:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2732:
2730:
2523:
2521:
2110:
2108:
1964:
1962:
1873:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1607:Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
432:
307:
201:increasing spatiotemporal resolution.
2275:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1912:
1910:
1862:
1860:
1802:
1800:
1638:
1636:
1412:Nanogels for Biomedical Applications,
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
441:
299:tracers, nanoactuators, and sensors.
44:Nanogels are not to be confused with
3247:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
2936:Materials Science and Engineering: C
2785:"Nanogels for regenerative medicine"
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
2881:
2823:
2769:
2743:Macromolecular Rapid Communications
2727:
2591:Macromolecular Rapid Communications
2518:
2105:
1959:
1550:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
249:Physiological Responses to Nanogels
116:
13:
3238:
3138:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.038
2183:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.101
1907:
1857:
1797:
1765:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.006
1718:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.010
1661:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.006
1633:
1441:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.002
1080:
14:
3452:
3326:"A Virus-Mimetic Nanogel Vehicle"
894:
740:
604:
520:
462:
2975:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
2381:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
423:
302:
3199:
3152:
3113:
3056:
3017:
2962:
2923:
2666:
2617:
2578:
2496:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109306
2368:
2311:
2262:
2197:
2058:
2011:
1987:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.021
1740:
1693:
1594:
1537:
1502:
1420:
1405:
1370:
1272:
1223:
1166:
279:
222:Temperature-responsive Nanogels
1619:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.02.042
1029:
980:
859:
816:
384:
371:
1:
2909:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.104
2801:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.015
2789:Journal of Controlled Release
1935:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.002
1923:Journal of Controlled Release
1885:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120302
1472:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.026
1460:Journal of Controlled Release
956:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.009
944:Journal of Controlled Release
784:10.1080/10717544.2021.1955042
498:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.005
486:Journal of Controlled Release
455:
2336:10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181ee6a49
1142:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.018
329:Nucleic Acid-based Molecules
186:
148:
126:Microtemplate Polymerization
61:
7:
2121:Journal of Polymer Research
1429:Progress in Polymer Science
196:Stimuli-responsive Nanogels
10:
3457:
3381:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.228
2948:10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.069
2044:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.084
1191:10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00378
1005:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663
880:10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.01.002
446:
271:Cellular Uptake Mechanisms
2851:10.1208/s12249-016-0662-4
2133:10.1007/s10965-017-1207-6
1546:"Cancer statistics, 2022"
837:10.1007/s11095-006-9087-1
240:Light-responsive Nanogels
231:Redox-responsive Nanogels
144:Composition and Structure
2484:European Polymer Journal
398:and targeting the bone.
3081:10.1021/acsnano.7b01008
2324:Investigative Radiology
356:Imaging and Diagnostics
292:for medical imaging or
54:nanocomposite hydrogels
36:at the intersection of
3411:10.1002/anie.200907210
3342:10.1002/anie.200704121
3259:10.1002/macp.201500296
2755:10.1002/marc.201200246
2703:10.1002/adma.201202881
2630:Bioconjugate Chemistry
2603:10.1002/marc.201200744
1813:Bioconjugate Chemistry
1346:10.1002/anie.200900441
1297:10.1002/advs.202102451
1248:10.1002/advs.202102451
420:
368:
325:
258:
213:pH-responsive Nanogels
209:
183:
158:
135:Cross-linking Micelles
75:
2897:Carbohydrate Polymers
1055:10.3390/polym10030243
574:10.4155/tde-2019-0010
418:
411:Regenerative Medicine
402:Other Optical Imaging
366:
323:
256:
207:
181:
156:
73:
2441:10.3390/nano10112231
868:Eur J Pharm Biopharm
562:Therapeutic Delivery
166:) such as thiolated
88:nanosized polymers.
28:particle on the sub-
24:-based, crosslinked
3042:10.1002/jbm.a.35980
2695:2013AdM....25.1449H
2222:2013NatSR...3E3424X
2083:2009MaMol..42.4845H
2036:2017JCIS..506..589Z
1975:Bioactive Materials
1523:2009SMat....5..707R
433:Tissue Regeneration
349:topical application
308:Cancer Therapeutics
2987:10.1039/C7TB02262J
2683:Advanced Materials
2546:10.7150/thno.10904
2393:10.1039/C2TB00352J
2287:10.1002/jmri.21969
2210:Scientific Reports
1563:10.3322/caac.21708
1391:10.2217/nnm.09.103
1130:Acta Biomaterialia
442:Other Applications
421:
369:
326:
259:
210:
184:
159:
76:
3441:Protein complexes
3309:10.1021/ja037118a
3280:10.1021/ja064126t
3220:10.1021/ja807714j
3177:10.1021/bm401787u
3165:Biomacromolecules
3132:(16): 4716–4728.
3075:(10): 9738–9749.
2981:(38): 7885–7897.
2839:AAPS PharmSciTech
2749:(18): 1549–1555.
2642:10.1021/bc200405d
2230:10.1038/srep03424
2091:10.1021/ma900665v
2077:(13): 4845–4852.
1981:(10): 3473–3484.
1825:10.1021/bc034164r
1759:(23): 5417–5426.
1712:(20): 3476–3485.
1655:(23): 5417–5426.
1179:Biomacromolecules
993:Biomacromolecules
710:10.1021/cr500131f
704:(16): 8564–8608.
3448:
3422:
3392:
3363:
3353:
3320:
3291:
3262:
3232:
3231:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3171:(6): 1979–1984.
3156:
3150:
3149:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3036:(4): 1175–1183.
3021:
3015:
3014:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2845:(4): 1019–1030.
2830:
2821:
2820:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2680:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2443:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2387:(7): 1027–1034.
2372:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2281:(6): 1259–1267.
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:10.1039/b811923f
1506:
1500:
1499:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1185:(7): 2976–2984.
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
984:
978:
977:
967:
935:
892:
891:
863:
857:
856:
820:
814:
813:
803:
778:(1): 1594–1602.
763:
738:
737:
698:Chemical Reviews
689:
602:
601:
553:
518:
517:
477:
117:Inverse-emulsion
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3426:
3425:
3336:(13): 2418–21.
3274:(34): 11008–9.
3241:
3239:Further reading
3236:
3235:
3204:
3200:
3157:
3153:
3118:
3114:
3061:
3057:
3022:
3018:
2967:
2963:
2928:
2924:
2889:
2882:
2831:
2824:
2781:
2770:
2735:
2728:
2689:(10): 1449–54.
2678:
2671:
2667:
2622:
2618:
2583:
2579:
2526:
2519:
2479:
2475:
2420:
2416:
2373:
2369:
2330:(10): 613–624.
2316:
2312:
2267:
2263:
2202:
2198:
2163:
2156:
2113:
2106:
2063:
2059:
2016:
2012:
1967:
1960:
1915:
1908:
1865:
1858:
1805:
1798:
1745:
1741:
1698:
1694:
1641:
1634:
1599:
1595:
1542:
1538:
1507:
1503:
1455:
1448:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1375:
1371:
1340:(30): 5418–29.
1326:
1322:
1285:Adv Sci (Weinh)
1277:
1273:
1236:Adv Sci (Weinh)
1228:
1224:
1171:
1167:
1122:
1081:
1034:
1030:
985:
981:
936:
895:
864:
860:
821:
817:
764:
741:
690:
605:
568:(11): 697–717.
554:
521:
478:
463:
458:
449:
444:
435:
426:
413:
404:
387:
374:
358:
344:
331:
310:
305:
290:contrast agents
282:
273:
264:
251:
242:
233:
224:
215:
198:
189:
172:hyaluronic acid
151:
146:
137:
128:
119:
94:
81:
64:
12:
11:
5:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3405:(21): 3621–6.
3393:
3364:
3321:
3292:
3263:
3253:(3): 333–343.
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3198:
3151:
3112:
3055:
3016:
2961:
2922:
2880:
2822:
2768:
2726:
2665:
2636:(12): 2383–9.
2616:
2597:(7): 562–567.
2577:
2540:(3): 277–288.
2517:
2473:
2414:
2367:
2310:
2261:
2196:
2154:
2104:
2071:Macromolecules
2057:
2010:
1958:
1929:(1): 143–157.
1906:
1856:
1796:
1739:
1692:
1632:
1593:
1536:
1517:(4): 707–715.
1501:
1446:
1419:
1404:
1369:
1320:
1291:(1): 2102451.
1271:
1242:(1): 2102451.
1222:
1165:
1079:
1028:
979:
893:
858:
815:
739:
603:
519:
460:
459:
457:
454:
448:
445:
443:
440:
434:
431:
425:
422:
412:
409:
403:
400:
386:
383:
373:
370:
357:
354:
343:
340:
330:
327:
309:
306:
304:
301:
281:
278:
272:
269:
263:
260:
250:
247:
241:
238:
232:
229:
223:
220:
214:
211:
197:
194:
188:
185:
150:
147:
145:
142:
136:
133:
127:
124:
118:
115:
93:
90:
80:
77:
63:
60:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3453:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Nanomaterials
3434:
3433:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:(4): 917–21.
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:(5): 1493–6.
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3214:(8): 2766–7.
3213:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:Nanomaterials
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1435:(4): 448–77.
1434:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:(2): 166–72.
873:
869:
862:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:(9): 2183–9.
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Drug Delivery
769:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
461:
453:
439:
430:
424:Wound Healing
417:
408:
399:
397:
396:radionuclides
393:
382:
380:
365:
361:
353:
350:
339:
335:
322:
318:
314:
303:Drug Delivery
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
286:drug delivery
277:
268:
255:
246:
237:
228:
219:
206:
202:
193:
180:
176:
173:
170:or thiolated
169:
165:
155:
141:
132:
123:
114:
112:
109:bonds due to
108:
104:
98:
89:
85:
72:
68:
59:
57:
55:
50:
49:
42:
39:
38:nanoparticles
35:
34:drug delivery
31:
27:
23:
19:
3402:
3398:
3372:
3368:
3333:
3329:
3300:
3296:
3271:
3267:
3250:
3246:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3129:
3126:Biomaterials
3125:
3115:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3033:
3029:
3019:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2900:
2896:
2842:
2838:
2792:
2788:
2746:
2742:
2686:
2682:
2668:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2537:
2534:Theranostics
2533:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2434:(11): 2231.
2431:
2427:
2417:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2174:
2171:Biomaterials
2170:
2124:
2120:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1978:
1974:
1926:
1922:
1876:
1872:
1819:(1): 50–60.
1816:
1812:
1756:
1753:Biomaterials
1752:
1742:
1709:
1706:Biomaterials
1705:
1695:
1652:
1649:Biomaterials
1648:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1463:
1459:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1385:(2): 165–8.
1382:
1379:Nanomedicine
1378:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1133:
1129:
1045:
1041:
1031:
999:(1): 24–56.
996:
992:
982:
947:
943:
871:
867:
861:
828:
824:
818:
775:
771:
701:
697:
565:
561:
489:
485:
450:
436:
427:
405:
388:
375:
359:
345:
336:
332:
315:
311:
283:
280:Applications
274:
265:
243:
234:
225:
216:
199:
190:
160:
138:
129:
120:
99:
95:
86:
82:
65:
52:
45:
43:
17:
15:
2942:: 157–166.
2903:: 194–202.
2795:: 148–160.
2216:(1): 3424.
2177:: 349–357.
2030:: 589–602.
1613:: 439–447.
1556:(1): 7–33.
1511:Soft Matter
950:: 109–126.
492:: 221–246.
392:macrophages
385:PET Imaging
372:MRI Imaging
3430:Categories
2490:: 109306.
1879:: 120302.
1048:(3): 243.
456:References
3185:1525-7797
3089:1936-0851
2995:2050-7518
2859:1530-9932
2817:204799512
2554:1838-7640
2512:208729238
2504:0014-3057
2450:2079-4991
2401:2050-7518
2344:0020-9996
2238:2045-2322
2141:1022-9760
2127:(5): 66.
2099:0024-9297
1901:231821009
1833:1043-1802
1773:0142-9612
1726:0142-9612
1669:0142-9612
1588:245878846
1572:0007-9235
1496:220889066
1480:0168-3659
1466:: 50–60.
1199:1525-7797
825:Pharm Res
792:1071-7544
718:0009-2665
598:208536874
582:2041-5990
514:182947913
452:nanogel.
187:Structure
149:Materials
111:oxidation
107:disulfide
62:Synthesis
56:(NC gels)
3419:20391548
3389:15882965
3360:18236507
3317:14759207
3288:16925402
3228:19199610
3193:24739122
3146:24630837
3107:28929735
3069:ACS Nano
3050:27998017
3011:55012690
3003:32264390
2956:27127040
2917:28962758
2867:27853994
2809:31629040
2763:22753358
2721:23280931
2660:22035047
2611:23423755
2572:25553115
2468:33182714
2409:32262367
2362:20808234
2305:19938038
2256:24305731
2191:25890733
2149:89633225
2052:28759859
2005:33869898
1953:16039001
1893:33540032
1851:14733583
1791:21536326
1734:19345990
1687:21536326
1627:25769283
1580:35020204
1488:32730953
1399:20148627
1364:19562807
1315:34773391
1266:34773391
1217:34129319
1160:31096042
1136:: 1–18.
1074:30966278
1042:Polymers
1023:32567846
974:26571000
888:16527469
853:23769149
845:16952008
810:34308729
726:26259712
590:31789106
506:31175895
288:agents,
168:chitosan
164:thiomers
103:thiomers
46:Nanogel
26:hydrogel
3351:3118583
3098:5656981
2875:4728172
2712:3815631
2691:Bibcode
2651:3244512
2563:4279191
2459:7698257
2353:3024144
2296:2822463
2247:4070373
2218:Bibcode
2079:Bibcode
2032:Bibcode
1996:8024537
1944:1357595
1842:2837941
1782:3255291
1678:3255291
1519:Bibcode
1355:2872506
1306:8728822
1257:8728822
1208:8278386
1151:6661071
1065:6414859
1014:7805012
965:4862943
801:8317930
734:1651110
447:Sensors
48:aerogel
22:polymer
18:nanogel
3417:
3387:
3358:
3348:
3315:
3286:
3226:
3191:
3183:
3144:
3105:
3095:
3087:
3048:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2954:
2915:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2815:
2807:
2761:
2719:
2709:
2658:
2648:
2609:
2570:
2560:
2552:
2510:
2502:
2466:
2456:
2448:
2407:
2399:
2360:
2350:
2342:
2303:
2293:
2254:
2244:
2236:
2189:
2147:
2139:
2097:
2050:
2003:
1993:
1951:
1941:
1899:
1891:
1849:
1839:
1831:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1732:
1724:
1685:
1675:
1667:
1625:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1397:
1362:
1352:
1313:
1303:
1264:
1254:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1158:
1148:
1072:
1062:
1021:
1011:
972:
962:
886:
851:
843:
808:
798:
790:
732:
724:
716:
596:
588:
580:
512:
504:
30:micron
3007:S2CID
2871:S2CID
2813:S2CID
2679:(PDF)
2508:S2CID
2145:S2CID
1897:S2CID
1584:S2CID
1492:S2CID
849:S2CID
730:S2CID
594:S2CID
510:S2CID
394:with
379:F MRI
20:is a
3415:PMID
3385:PMID
3356:PMID
3313:PMID
3284:PMID
3224:PMID
3189:PMID
3181:ISSN
3142:PMID
3103:PMID
3085:ISSN
3046:PMID
2999:PMID
2991:ISSN
2952:PMID
2913:PMID
2863:PMID
2855:ISSN
2805:PMID
2759:PMID
2717:PMID
2656:PMID
2607:PMID
2568:PMID
2550:ISSN
2500:ISSN
2464:PMID
2446:ISSN
2405:PMID
2397:ISSN
2358:PMID
2340:ISSN
2301:PMID
2252:PMID
2234:ISSN
2187:PMID
2137:ISSN
2095:ISSN
2048:PMID
2001:PMID
1949:PMID
1889:PMID
1847:PMID
1829:ISSN
1787:PMID
1769:ISSN
1730:PMID
1722:ISSN
1683:PMID
1665:ISSN
1623:PMID
1576:PMID
1568:ISSN
1484:PMID
1476:ISSN
1395:PMID
1360:PMID
1311:PMID
1262:PMID
1213:PMID
1195:ISSN
1156:PMID
1070:PMID
1019:PMID
970:PMID
884:PMID
841:PMID
806:PMID
788:ISSN
722:PMID
714:ISSN
586:PMID
578:ISSN
502:PMID
3407:doi
3377:doi
3373:331
3346:PMC
3338:doi
3305:doi
3301:126
3276:doi
3272:128
3255:doi
3251:217
3216:doi
3212:131
3173:doi
3134:doi
3093:PMC
3077:doi
3038:doi
3034:105
2983:doi
2944:doi
2905:doi
2901:177
2847:doi
2797:doi
2793:313
2751:doi
2707:PMC
2699:doi
2646:PMC
2638:doi
2599:doi
2558:PMC
2542:doi
2492:doi
2488:121
2454:PMC
2436:doi
2389:doi
2348:PMC
2332:doi
2291:PMC
2283:doi
2242:PMC
2226:doi
2179:doi
2129:doi
2087:doi
2040:doi
2028:506
1991:PMC
1983:doi
1939:PMC
1931:doi
1927:107
1881:doi
1877:597
1837:PMC
1821:doi
1777:PMC
1761:doi
1714:doi
1673:PMC
1657:doi
1615:doi
1611:128
1558:doi
1527:doi
1468:doi
1464:327
1437:doi
1387:doi
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1301:PMC
1293:doi
1252:PMC
1244:doi
1203:PMC
1187:doi
1146:PMC
1138:doi
1060:PMC
1050:doi
1009:PMC
1001:doi
960:PMC
952:doi
948:240
876:doi
833:doi
796:PMC
780:doi
706:doi
702:115
570:doi
494:doi
490:307
297:MRI
3432::
3413:.
3403:49
3401:.
3383:.
3371:.
3354:.
3344:.
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