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which nanoparticles are used to carry and deliver drugs to a specific area in the body. There are several advantages of using nanotechnology for drug delivery, including precise targeting of specific cells, increased drug potency, and lowered toxicity to the cells that are targeted. Nanoparticles can also carry vaccines to cells that might be hard to reach with traditional delivery methods. However, there are some concerns with the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery. Some studies have shown that nanoparticles may contribute to the development of tumors in other parts of the body. There is also growing concern that nanoparticles may have harmful effects on the environment. Despite these potential drawbacks, the use of nanotechnology in drug delivery is still a promising area for future research.
344:, protein-cage nanoparticles, exploiting routes for the delivery of biologicals that toxins use and many others. Intracellular delivery of macromolecules by chemical carriers is most advanced for RNA, as known from RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, while proteins have also been delivered into cells in vivo and DNA is routinely delivered in vitro. Among the various routes of administration the oral route is most favored by patients. For most biologic drugs, however, oral bioavailability is too low to reach a therapeutic level. Advanced delivery systems such as formulations containing permeation enhancers or enzyme inhibitors, lipid-based nanocarriers and microneedles will likely enhance oral bioavailability of these drugs sufficiently.
27:
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171:. A 2013 review found the cost of developing a delivery system was only 10% of the cost of developing a new pharmaceutical. A more recent study found the median cost of bringing a new drug to market was $ 985 million in 2020, but did not look at the cost of developing drug delivery systems. Other factors that have potentially influenced the increase in drug delivery system development may include the increasing prevalence of both
353:
administered directly into the bloodstream. As new drug formulations are being developed for brain diseases, including
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, researchers are working on ways to deliver drugs into the brain that do not cause damage to healthy tissue. For example, scientists have developed nanoparticles that can cross the protective blood-brain barrier and deliver drugs directly to the brain.
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parts of the intestine have a decreased capacity for absorption, the medication absorption typically declines as an oral formulation moves from the stomach to the intestine. The decreased drug amount released from the formulation over time frequently made this condition worse. Phenylpropanolamine HCl release from was the only instance of sustaining consistent blood concentration for roughly 16 hours.
2723:
128:, the latter sometimes being considered part of the definition. While route of administration is often used interchangeably with drug delivery, the two are separate concepts. Route of administration refers to the path a drug takes to enter the body, whereas drug delivery also encompasses the engineering of delivery systems and can include different
352:
Drug delivery systems have been around for many years, but there are a few recent applications of drug delivery that warrant 1. Drug delivery to the brain: Many drugs can be harmful when administered systemically; the brain is very sensitive to medications and can easily cause damage if a drug is
219:
Nanotechnology is a broad field of research and development that deals with the manipulation of matter at the atomic or subatomic level. It is used in fields such as medicine, energy, aerospace engineering, and more. One of the applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery. This is a process by
295:
Many scientists worked to create oral formulations that could maintain a constant drug level because of the ability of drug release at a zero-order rate.blood's concentration. However, a few physiological restrictions made it challenging to create such oral formulations. First, because the lower
235:
and other chronic diseases. In order to achieve efficient targeted delivery, the designed system must avoid the host's defense mechanisms and circulate to its intended site of action. A number of drug carriers have been studied to effectively target specific tissues, including liposomes,
1432:
Patra, Jayanta Kumar; Das, Gitishree; Fraceto, Leonardo
Fernandes; Campos, Estefania Vangelie Ramos; Rodriguez-Torres, Maria del Pilar; Acosta-Torres, Laura Susana; Diaz-Torres, Luis Armando; Grillo, Renato; Swamy, Mallappa Kumara; Sharma, Shivesh; Habtemariam, Solomon (December 2018).
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D.S.W. Benoit, C.T. Overby, K.R. Sims Jr., M.A. Ackun-Farmmer, Drug delivery systems, in: W.R. Wagner, S.E. Sakiyama-Elbert, G. Zhang, M.J. Yaszemski (Eds.), Biomaterials
Science (Fourth Edition), Academic Press, 2020, pp. 1237–1266 (Ch.
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J.-C. Liu, M. Farber, Y.W. Chien, Comparative release of phenylpropanolamine HCl from long-acting appetite suppressant products: Acutrim vs, Dexatrim. Drug
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Li, Chong; Wang, Jiancheng; Wang, Yiguang; Gao, Huile; Wei, Gang; Huang, Yongzhuo; Yu, Haijun; Gan, Yong; Wang, Yongjun; Mei, Lin; Chen, Huabing; Hu, Haiyan; Zhang, Zhiping; Jin, Yiguang (2019-11-01).
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is the delivery of a drug to its target site without having an effect on other tissues. Interest in targeted drug delivery has grown drastically due to its potential implications in the treatment of
967:
2395:
3241:
1322:
882:"route of administration - definition of route of administration in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
1110:"Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis by Route of Administration; Application; End User, and Geography"
2388:
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once they have entered the body. For these reasons, recent efforts in drug delivery have been focused on methods to avoid these issues through the use of
163:
Since the approval of the first controlled-release formulation in the 1950s, research into new delivery systems has been progressing, as opposed to new
975:
881:
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Uchida M, Maier B, Waghwani HK, Selivanovitch E, Pay SL, Avera J, Yun E, Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA, Zollman A, Douglas T, Hato, T (September 2019).
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He, Huining; Liang, Qiuling; Shin, Meong Cheol; Lee, Kyuri; Gong, Junbo; Ye, Junxiao; Liu, Quan; Wang, Jingkang; Yang, Victor (2013-12-01).
283:
Since the late 1990s, most of the research around CR formulations has been focused on implementing nanoparticles to decrease the rate of
1397:"Functional stimuli-responsive polymeric network nanogels as cargo systems for targeted drug delivery and gene delivery in cancer cells"
1238:
418:
256:, in order to produce adequate or sustained drug concentrations. The first controlled-release (CR) formulation that was developed was
1109:
109:. Some research has also been focused on improving safety for the person administering the medication. For example, several types of
160:, however, drug delivery is not limited to these routes and there may be several ways to deliver medications through other routes.
264:
to allow drugs to slowly absorb through the skin. Since then, countless other CR products have been developed to account for the
475:"Excipients in parenteral formulations: selection considerations and effective utilization with small molecules and biologics"
2049:
Zuris, John A; Thompson, DB; Shu, Y; Guilinger, JP; Bessen, JL; Hu, JH; Maeder, ML; Joung, JK; Chen, ZY; Liu, DR (Jan 2015).
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which has been declining. Several factors may be contributing to this shift in focus. One of the driving factors is the high
2752:
1598:"Liposome Delivery Systems for Inhalation: A Critical Review Highlighting Formulation Issues and Anticancer Applications"
378:
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J. Wang, Y. Li, G. Nie, Multifunctional biomolecule nanostructures for cancer therapy, Nat. Rev. Mat. 6 (2021) 766–783
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1416:
1376:
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Schoenmaker, Linde; Witzigmann, D; Kulkarni, JA; Verbeke, R; Kersten, G; Jiskoot, W; Crommelin, DJA (April 2021).
2051:"Cationic lipid-mediated delivery of proteins enables efficient protein-based genome editing in vitro and in vivo"
537:
Tiwari, Gaurav; Tiwari, Ruchi; Sriwastawa, Birendra; Bhati, L; Pandey, S; Pandey, P; Bannerjee, Saurabh K (2012).
423:
363:
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Teleanu, Daniel; Chircov, Cristina; Grumezescu, Alexandru; Volceanov, Adrian; Teleanu, Raluca (2018-12-11).
1732:"Persistent Barriers to the Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Schizophrenia"
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Tekade, Rakesh K.; Maheshwari, Rahul; Soni, Namrata; Tekade, Muktika; Chougule, Mahavir B. (2017-01-01).
398:
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in the 1950s. This period of time saw more drugs being formulated as CR, as well as the introduction of
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2198:"Oral delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins: Technology landscape of lipid-based nanocarriers"
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321:
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141:
110:
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Marschall, Andrea L J; Frenzel, André; Schirrmann, Thomas; Schüngel, Manuela; Dübel, Stefan (2011).
26:
3213:
2587:
1182:"Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009-2018"
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and devices used to deliver a drug through the same route. Common routes of administration include
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20:
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Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre; Glick, Ira D.; Talreja, Hiteshkumar; Underriner, Michael (July 2020).
917:, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2059, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1–54,
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have been developed for administering vaccines and other medications to reduce the risk of
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8:
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1135:"Significance and strategies in developing delivery systems for bio-macromolecular drugs"
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Controlled or modified-release formulations alter the rate and timing at which a drug is
133:
45:, manufacturing techniques, storage systems, and technologies involved in transporting a
1596:
Rudokas, Mindaugas; Najlah, Mohammad; Alhnan, Mohamed Albed; Elhissi, Abdelbary (2016).
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2000:"Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Toxin Routes in a Therapeutic Context"
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736:"Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles"
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1949:"The archaeal Dps nanocage targets kidney proximal tubules via glomerular filtration"
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Rayaprolu, Bindhu
Madhavi; Strawser, Jonathan J.; Anyarambhatla, Gopal (2018-10-03).
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Scannell, Jack W.; Blanckley, Alex; Boldon, Helen; Warrington, Brian (March 2012).
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2149:"Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Chemicals as a Delivery Strategy"
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1747:
1551:"The journey of a drug-carrier in the body: An anatomo-physiological perspective"
1395:
Madhusudana Rao, Kummara; Krishna Rao, Kummari S.V.; Ha, Chang-Sik (2018-01-01).
734:
Singh, Akhand Pratap; Biswas, Arpan; Shukla, Aparna; Maiti, Pralay (2019-08-30).
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Nanotechnology-Based
Approaches for Targeting and Delivery of Drugs and Genes
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1435:"Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects"
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1683:"Controlled Drug Delivery: Historical perspective for the next generation"
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1494:"Colon-Targeted Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Design Trends and Approaches"
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31:
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1787:"Pharmacokinetics of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception"
290:
195:
Current efforts in drug delivery are vast and include topics such as
176:
86:
2100:"mRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: Structure and stability"
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Wouters, Olivier J.; McKee, Martin; Luyten, Jeroen (2020-03-03).
1049:
309:
305:
237:
3018:
1946:
1003:"Controlled drug delivery systems: Past forward and future back"
599:
Li, Junwei; Zeng, Mingtao; Shan, Hu; Tong, Chunyi (2017-08-23).
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diseases, as well as a general increased understanding of the
2974:
2699:
2601:
2560:
2439:
1681:
Yun, Yeon Hee; Lee, Byung Kook; Park, Kinam (December 2015).
1052:"Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency"
1492:
Amidon, Seth; Brown, Jack E.; Dave, Vivek S. (August 2015).
1394:
3368:
2196:
Haddadzadegan, S; Dorkoosh, F; Bernkop-SchnĂĽrch, A (2022).
601:"Microneedle Patches as Drug and Vaccine Delivery Platform"
536:
2722:
2403:
1595:
1354:
2838:
2783:
2048:
1549:
Bertrand, Nicolas; Leroux, Jean-Christophe (2012-07-20).
1997:
1835:"Current progress in innovative engineered antibodies"
1401:
733:
2244:
1431:
543:
International
Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
2247:"Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems"
1357:"Nanotechnology for the Development of Nanomedicine"
2308:"Blood-Brain Delivery Methods Using Nanotechnology"
215:
The relation between nanomaterial and drug delivery
120:Drug delivery is a concept heavily integrated with
73:and safety, and to improve patient convenience and
1236:
1179:
291:Modulated drug release and zero-order drug release
247:
3355:
1239:"Chronic diseases and conditions are on the rise"
97:. There is additional emphasis on increasing the
49:compound to its target site to achieve a desired
3481:
790:
673:"Drug Delivery Systems: Entering the Mainstream"
1491:
1548:
1132:
598:
77:. Drug delivery is aimed at altering a drug's
3341:
2389:
1261:
1139:Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering
909:Jain, Kewal K. (2020), Jain, Kewal K. (ed.),
347:
299:
3469:Quantitative structure–activity relationship
797:"Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery"
16:Methods for delivering drugs to target sites
2251:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
638:Tekade, Rakesh K., ed. (30 November 2018).
280:that require dosing once every few months.
3348:
3334:
2396:
2382:
1680:
1655:Pharmaceutics- Drug Delivery and Targeting
539:"Drug delivery systems: An updated review"
419:Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system
320:, or other biologic components often face
53:. Principles related to drug preparation,
2341:
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2015:
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1213:
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820:
767:
572:
554:
2369:Article in Chemical and Engineering News
740:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
479:Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
25:
1998:Ruschig M, Marschall Andrea LJ (2023).
1892:"Targeting antibodies to the cytoplasm"
1784:
304:Pharmaceutical preparations containing
3482:
2147:Marschall, Andrea L J (October 2021).
1832:
1736:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
1652:
968:"COMMON ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION"
911:"An Overview of Drug Delivery Systems"
843:
637:
3329:
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1676:
1674:
1390:
1388:
1317:
1315:
1103:
1101:
996:
994:
992:
904:
902:
850:Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine
670:
2245:Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M (2022).
1791:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
1000:
908:
594:
592:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
450:"Drug Delivery Systems (definition)"
223:
2753:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1833:Strohl, William R. (January 2018).
640:Basic fundamentals of drug delivery
324:issues due to their large sizes or
13:
3017:
2955:
2848:
1671:
1409:10.1016/B978-0-12-813669-0.00006-3
1385:
1369:10.1016/B978-0-12-809717-5.00001-4
1312:
1264:"Recent progress in drug delivery"
1255:
1098:
989:
899:
379:Bovine submaxillary mucin coatings
190:
14:
3501:
2362:
1953:Journal of Clinical Investigation
631:
617:10.2174/0929867324666170526124053
589:
521:
85:by formulating it with different
3195:
2721:
2482:
2476:
791:Kim, Yeu-Chun; Park, Jung-Hwan;
19:For the scientific journal, see
2299:
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2238:
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2091:
2042:
1991:
1940:
1883:
1826:
1817:
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1723:
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1602:Medical Principles and Practice
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1542:
1485:
1425:
1348:
1339:
1230:
1173:
1126:
1107:
1043:
960:
874:
424:Stretch-triggered drug delivery
364:Acoustic targeted drug delivery
248:Controlled-release formulations
197:controlled-release formulations
1001:Park, Kinam (September 2014).
852:. Springer, Cham. p. 96.
837:
801:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
784:
727:
664:
466:
442:
1:
2521:Effervescent powder or tablet
2325:10.3390/pharmaceutics10040269
2116:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120586
1699:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.005
1687:Journal of Controlled Release
1567:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.098
1555:Journal of Controlled Release
1056:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
1019:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.054
1007:Journal of Controlled Release
491:10.1080/03639045.2018.1483392
435:
3305:Patient-controlled analgesia
2610:Orally disintegrating tablet
1748:10.1097/JCP.0000000000001225
1657:. FASTtrack. pp. 1–19.
1439:Journal of Nanobiotechnology
884:. 2011-06-12. Archived from
409:Neural drug delivery systems
328:, and may be susceptible to
268:of different drugs, such as
169:cost of developing new drugs
7:
1785:Mishell, D. R. (May 1996).
1268:Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
1108:ltd, Research and Markets.
923:10.1007/978-1-4939-9798-5_1
858:10.1007/978-3-319-50669-2_4
671:Allen, T. M. (2004-03-19).
605:Current Medicinal Chemistry
399:Gated drug delivery systems
369:Asymmetric membrane capsule
356:
10:
3506:
2816:Relative analgesia machine
2215:10.1016/j.addr.2021.114097
2165:10.1007/s40259-021-00500-y
2017:10.1007/s40259-023-00580-y
1280:10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.003
1114:www.researchandmarkets.com
813:10.1016/j.addr.2012.04.005
414:Retrometabolic drug design
389:Drug delivery to the brain
384:Chemotactic drug-targeting
348:Nanoparticle drug delivery
300:Delivery of biologic drugs
34:bottle being demonstrated.
18:
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3005:
2943:
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2832:
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2719:
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2600:
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2438:
2424:
2415:
1851:10.1007/s13238-017-0457-8
1510:10.1208/s12249-015-0350-9
1452:10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8
1151:10.1007/s11705-013-1362-1
752:10.1038/s41392-019-0068-3
266:physiochemical properties
2405:Routes of administration
1237:PricewaterhouseCoopers.
844:Nahler, Gerhard (2017).
183:, pharmacokinetics, and
3424:Lipinski's rule of five
2931:Extra-amniotic infusion
2536:Molecular encapsulation
2468:Osmotic delivery system
2463:Time release technology
1653:Perrie, Yvonne (2012).
1323:"Drug Delivery Systems"
697:10.1126/science.1095833
556:10.4103/2230-973X.96920
429:Thin film drug delivery
126:route of administration
59:site-specific targeting
55:route of administration
21:Drug Delivery (journal)
3234:Central nervous system
3022:
2960:
2888:Mucoadhesive microdisc
2853:
1908:10.4161/mabs.3.1.14110
1198:10.1001/jama.2020.1166
404:Magnetic drug delivery
229:Targeted drug delivery
207:, and the delivery of
41:refers to approaches,
35:
3429:Lipophilic efficiency
3077:Transfersome vesicles
3021:
2959:
2936:Intravesical infusion
2852:
915:Drug Delivery Systems
330:enzymatic degradation
326:electrostatic charges
199:, targeted delivery,
105:of a drug to improve
69:are used to optimize
29:
2763:Metered-dose inhaler
2748:Anesthetic vaporizer
2264:10.3390/ijms23073665
1797:(5 Suppl): 381–390.
107:therapeutic outcomes
3444:New chemical entity
3434:Mechanism of action
3358:medicinal chemistry
3188:Transdermal implant
3148:(into tissue/blood)
2925:Intrauterine device
2806:Anaesthetic machine
2801:Oxygen concentrator
689:2004Sci...303.1818A
683:(5665): 1818–1822.
262:transdermal patches
111:microneedle patches
3300:Nanocell injection
3023:
2961:
2854:
2708:Dry-powder inhaler
2202:Adv Drug Deliv Rev
2110:(120586): 120586.
1839:Protein & Cell
793:Prausnitz, Mark R.
642:. Academic Press.
115:needlestick injury
103:duration of action
51:therapeutic effect
36:
3490:Medical equipment
3477:
3476:
3419:Ligand efficiency
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3150:
3112:Transdermal spray
3107:Transdermal patch
3097:Medicated shampoo
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2811:Medical inhalants
2758:Medical inhalants
2686:Respiratory tract
2680:
2679:
2574:
2573:
1966:10.1172/JCI127511
1664:978-0-85711-059-6
1614:10.1159/000445116
1498:AAPS PharmSciTech
1327:www.nibib.nih.gov
932:978-1-4939-9797-8
867:978-3-319-50669-2
807:(14): 1547–1568.
795:(November 2012).
649:978-0-12-817910-9
611:(22): 2413–2422.
485:(10): 1565–1571.
224:Targeted delivery
203:, drug carriers,
152:, nasal, ocular,
3497:
3454:Pharmacokinetics
3449:Pharmacodynamics
3414:Enzyme inhibitor
3399:Drug development
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3199:
3155:
3154:
3146:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2696:
2695:
2625:Sublingual drops
2598:
2597:
2486:
2480:
2436:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2327:
2303:
2297:
2296:1232.1235.1212).
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2067:10.1038/nbt.3081
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1959:(9): 3941–3951.
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1782:
1776:
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1678:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1644:
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1472:
1454:
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1392:
1383:
1382:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1274:(6): 1145–1162.
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1227:
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1177:
1171:
1170:
1130:
1124:
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1121:
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1105:
1096:
1095:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1030:
998:
987:
986:
984:
983:
974:. Archived from
972:media.lanecc.edu
964:
958:
957:
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906:
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896:
894:
893:
878:
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586:
576:
558:
534:
519:
518:
470:
464:
463:
461:
460:
454:www.reference.md
446:
270:depot injections
242:nanotechnologies
185:pharmacodynamics
165:drug development
79:pharmacokinetics
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3374:Bioavailability
3360:
3354:
3324:
3315:
3295:Intraperitoneal
3267:musculoskeletal
3265:
3256:
3228:
3224:Intra-articular
3200:
3191:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3120:
3001:
2939:
2892:
2837:
2820:
2778:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2676:
2645:
2570:
2487:
2481:
2472:
2426:Digestive tract
2411:
2402:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2243:
2239:
2194:
2190:
2145:
2141:
2096:
2092:
2047:
2043:
1996:
1992:
1945:
1941:
1888:
1884:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1783:
1779:
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1547:
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1235:
1231:
1178:
1174:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1068:10.1038/nrd3681
1048:
1044:
999:
990:
981:
979:
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951:
933:
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535:
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471:
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458:
456:
448:
447:
443:
438:
433:
374:Bioavailability
359:
350:
342:fusion proteins
302:
293:
250:
226:
217:
193:
191:Current efforts
187:of many drugs.
99:bioavailability
95:medical devices
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Mode of action
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Drug targeting
3406:
3404:Drug discovery
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3353:
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3249:
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3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Intracavernous
3210:
3208:
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3194:
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3079:
3074:
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3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3016:
3014:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2997:Nutrient enema
2994:
2989:
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2528:
2523:
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2513:
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2465:
2460:
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2442:
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2419:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2363:External links
2361:
2358:
2357:
2298:
2288:
2237:
2188:
2159:(6): 643–671.
2139:
2090:
2055:Nat Biotechnol
2041:
2010:(2): 181–203.
1990:
1939:
1882:
1825:
1816:
1777:
1742:(4): 346–349.
1722:
1670:
1663:
1645:
1588:
1561:(2): 152–163.
1541:
1504:(4): 731–741.
1484:
1424:
1417:
1384:
1377:
1347:
1338:
1311:
1254:
1229:
1192:(9): 844–853.
1172:
1145:(4): 496–507.
1125:
1097:
1062:(3): 191–200.
1042:
988:
959:
931:
898:
873:
866:
836:
783:
726:
663:
648:
630:
588:
520:
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292:
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285:drug clearance
274:antipsychotics
249:
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209:biologic drugs
192:
189:
47:pharmaceutical
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3502:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Pharmacophore
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
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3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Drug delivery
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Chemogenomics
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
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3346:
3344:
3339:
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3328:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Intramuscular
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Intracerebral
3240:
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3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
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3212:
3211:
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3088:
3085:
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3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Iontophoresis
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Topical cream
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
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2990:
2986:
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2835:
2831:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Nasal cannula
2793:
2790:
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2775:
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2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:Pharmaceutics
2309:
2302:
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2275:
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2252:
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2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
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1982:
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1935:
1931:
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1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:(1): 86–120.
1844:
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1418:9780128136690
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1378:9780128097175
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1038:
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1004:
997:
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993:
978:on 2021-10-15
977:
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888:on 2011-06-12
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48:
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40:
39:Drug delivery
33:
28:
22:
3459:Pharmacology
3388:
3290:Intraosseous
3280:Intracardiac
3219:Intravitreal
3181:Injector pen
3176:Subcutaneous
3147:
3117:Jet injector
3102:Dermal patch
2915:Vaginal ring
2883:Insufflation
2635:Effervescent
2409:dosage forms
2315:
2311:
2301:
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2254:
2250:
2240:
2205:
2201:
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2156:
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2061:(1): 73–80.
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1608:(2): 60–72.
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1350:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1232:
1189:
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1175:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1010:
1006:
980:. Retrieved
976:the original
971:
962:
952:, retrieved
914:
890:. Retrieved
886:the original
876:
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839:
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457:. Retrieved
453:
444:
394:Drug carrier
351:
303:
294:
282:
278:sex hormones
251:
240:, and other
227:
218:
201:nanomedicine
194:
181:pharmacology
162:
140:(injected),
130:dosage forms
119:
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38:
37:
3394:Drug design
3275:Intravenous
3262:Circulatory
3247:Intrathecal
3171:Intradermal
3163:transdermal
3130:Parenterals
3036:Topical gel
2992:Murphy drip
2970:Suppository
2858:Nasal spray
2792:Oxygen mask
2641:Chewing gum
2580:Oral mucosa
2257:(7): 3665.
2104:Int J Pharm
1902:(1): 3–16.
1403:: 243–275.
549:(1): 2–11.
205:3D printing
150:transdermal
122:dosage form
83:specificity
32:nasal spray
3384:Drug class
3356:Topics in
3135:Injections
2898:Urogenital
2834:Ophthalmic
2690:inhalation
2664:Toothpaste
2592:sublingual
2556:Suspension
2526:Herbal tea
2318:(4): 269.
2208:: 114097.
1332:2021-04-25
1248:2021-04-25
1119:2021-04-24
982:2021-04-20
954:2021-04-20
892:2021-04-20
658:1078149382
459:2021-04-20
436:References
322:absorption
314:antibodies
177:infectious
142:sublingual
138:parenteral
87:excipients
75:compliance
63:metabolism
3140:infusions
3072:Liposomes
2868:Eye drops
2863:Ear drops
2774:Vaporizer
2769:Nebulizer
2659:Mouthwash
2588:sublabial
2511:Electuary
2501:Decoction
2334:1999-4923
2232:245820799
1916:1942-0862
1859:1674-800X
1803:0024-7758
1772:220412843
1756:1533-712X
1622:1011-7571
1575:0168-3659
1518:1530-9932
1461:1477-3155
1445:(1): 71.
1288:2211-3835
1206:0098-7484
1159:2095-0187
1076:1474-1776
949:201275047
760:2059-3635
746:(1): 33.
705:0036-8075
565:2230-973X
499:0363-9045
334:liposomes
258:Dexedrine
254:liberated
3484:Category
3311:PIC line
3252:Epidural
3092:Lip balm
3067:Hydrogel
3058:solution
3041:Liniment
3026:Ointment
2985:Hydrogel
2980:Solution
2965:Ointment
2905:Ointment
2878:Hydrogel
2873:Ointment
2669:Ointment
2630:Lozenges
2620:Lollipop
2566:Tincture
2551:Solution
2531:Hydrogel
2516:Emulsion
2458:Pastille
2352:30544966
2283:35409025
2224:34999121
2183:34705260
2153:BioDrugs
2134:33839230
2085:25357182
2036:36729328
2004:BioDrugs
1985:31424427
1934:21099369
1877:28822103
1764:32639287
1717:26456749
1640:26938856
1583:22001607
1536:26070545
1479:30231877
1363:: 3–61.
1306:31867161
1224:32125404
1167:97347142
1084:22378269
1037:24794901
941:31435914
831:22575858
778:31637012
721:39013016
713:15031496
625:28552053
583:23071954
515:46934375
507:29863908
357:See also
310:proteins
306:peptides
238:nanogels
71:efficacy
67:toxicity
3011:topical
2949:enteral
2910:Pessary
2740:Liquids
2713:Smoking
2651:Liquids
2546:Softgel
2493:Liquids
2453:Capsule
2430:enteral
2343:6321434
2274:8998863
2174:8548996
2125:8032477
2076:4289409
2027:9893211
1976:6715384
1925:3038006
1868:5777977
1811:8725700
1708:4656096
1693:: 2–7.
1631:5588529
1527:4508299
1470:6145203
1297:6900554
1215:7054832
1092:3344476
1028:4142099
1013:: 3–8.
822:3419303
769:6799838
685:Bibcode
677:Science
574:3465154
233:cancers
173:chronic
158:vaginal
146:topical
3206:Organs
3087:Lotion
3007:Dermal
2945:Rectal
2920:Douche
2700:Solids
2637:tablet
2602:Solids
2584:buccal
2541:Powder
2506:Elixir
2448:Tablet
2440:Solids
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3046:Paste
2975:Enema
2927:(IUD)
2843:nasal
2765:(MDI)
2673:Spray
2561:Syrup
2228:S2CID
1768:S2CID
1163:S2CID
1088:S2CID
945:S2CID
717:S2CID
511:S2CID
318:genes
3369:ADME
3307:pump
3159:Skin
3056:DMSO
3051:Film
2839:otic
2794:and
2615:Film
2417:Oral
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