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disadvantages such as low mechanical strength and low-temperature response rate; it must be combined with other gelling agents to improve its properties. Using glycerolphosphate salts (possessing a single anionic head) without chemical modification or cross-linking, the pH-dependent gelation properties can be converted to temperature-sensitive gelation properties. In the year 2000, Chenite was the first to design the temperature-sensitive chitosan hydrogels drug delivery system using chitosan and β-glycerol phosphate. This new system can remain in the liquid state at room temperature, while becoming gel with increasing temperature above the physiological temperature (37 °C). Phosphate salts cause a particular behaviour in chitosan solutions, thereby allowing these solutions to remain soluble in the physiological pH range (pH 7), and they will be gel only at body temperature. When the liquid solution of chitosan-glycerol phosphate, containing the drug, enters the body through a syringe injection, it becomes a water-insoluble gel at 37 °C. The entrapped drug particles between the hydrogel chains will be gradually released.
95:
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InChI=1S/C56H103N9O39/c1-87-56(86)65-28-38(84)46(19(10-74)96-55(28)104-45-18(9-73)95-49(27(64)37(45)83)97-39-12(3-67)88-47(85)20(57)31(39)77)103-54-26(63)36(82)44(17(8-72)94-54)102-53-25(62)35(81)43(16(7-71)93-53)101-52-24(61)34(80)42(15(6-70)92-52)100-51-23(60)33(79)41(14(5-69)91-51)99-50-22(59)32(78)40(13(4-68)90-50)98-48-21(58)30(76)29(75)11(2-66)89-48/h11-55,66-85H,2-10,57-64H2,1H3,(H,65,86)/t11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48+,49+,50+,51+,52+,53+,54+,55+/m1/s1
221:
InChI=1/C56H103N9O39/c1-87-56(86)65-28-38(84)46(19(10-74)96-55(28)104-45-18(9-73)95-49(27(64)37(45)83)97-39-12(3-67)88-47(85)20(57)31(39)77)103-54-26(63)36(82)44(17(8-72)94-54)102-53-25(62)35(81)43(16(7-71)93-53)101-52-24(61)34(80)42(15(6-70)92-52)100-51-23(60)33(79)41(14(5-69)91-51)99-50-22(59)32(78)40(13(4-68)90-50)98-48-21(58)30(76)29(75)11(2-66)89-48/h11-55,66-85H,2-10,57-64H2,1H3,(H,65,86)/t11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48+,49+,50+,51+,52+,53+,54+,55+/m1/s1
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action of chitosan elicits natural innate defense responses within plant to resist insects, pathogens, and soil-borne diseases when applied to foliage or the soil. Chitosan increases photosynthesis, promotes and enhances plant growth, stimulates nutrient uptake, increases germination and sprouting, and boosts plant vigor. When used as a seed treatment or seed coating on cotton, corn, seed potatoes, soybeans, sugar beets, tomatoes, wheat, and many other seeds, it elicits an
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food quality and safety. Biodegradable chitosan films have potential for preserving various food products, retaining their firmness and restricting weight loss due to dehydration. In addition, composite biodegradable films containing chitosan and antimicrobial agents are in development as safe alternatives to preserve food products.
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In 2008, the EPA approved natural broad-spectrum elicitor status for an ultralow molecular active ingredient of 0.25% chitosan. A natural chitosan elicitor solution for agriculture and horticultural uses was granted an amended label for foliar and irrigation applications by the EPA in 2009. Given its
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Chitosan has a rich history of being researched for applications in agriculture and horticulture dating back to the 1980s. By 1989, chitosan salt solutions were applied to crops for improved freeze protection or to crop seed for seed priming. Shortly thereafter, chitosan salt received the first ever
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The agricultural and horticultural uses for chitosan, primarily for plant defense and yield increase, are based on how this glucosamine polymer influences the biochemistry and molecular biology of the plant cell. The cellular targets are the plasma membrane and nuclear chromatin. Subsequent changes
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Microbial contamination of food products accelerates the deterioration process and increases the risk of foodborne illness caused by potentially life-threatening pathogens. Ordinarily, food contamination originates superficially, requiring surface treatment and packaging as crucial factors to assure
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The natural biocontrol ability of chitosan should not be confused with the effects of fertilizers or pesticides upon plants or the environment. Chitosan active biopesticides represent a new tier of cost-effective biological control of crops for agriculture and horticulture. The biocontrol mode of
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Agricultural applications of chitosan can reduce environmental stress due to drought and soil deficiencies, strengthen seed vitality, improve stand quality, increase yields, and reduce fruit decay of vegetables, fruits and citrus crops . Horticultural application of chitosan increases blooms and
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Chitosan is used within some wound dressings to decrease bleeding. Upon contact with blood, the bandage becomes sticky, effectively sealing the laceration. Chitosan hydrogel-based wound dressings have also been found useful as burn dressings, and for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds and
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Chitosan is dissolved in dilute organic acid solutions but is insoluble in high concentrations of hydrogen ions at pH 6.5 and is precipitated as a gel-like compound. Chitosan is positively charged by amine groups, making it suitable for binding to negatively charged molecules. However, it has
510:
value of ~6.5, which leads to significant protonation in neutral solution, increasing with increased acidity (decreased pH) and the %DA-value. This makes chitosan water-soluble and a bioadhesive which readily binds to negatively charged surfaces such as mucosal membranes. Also, chitosan can
2422:. . . application of a commercially-prepared chitosan formulation to loblolly pine produced inconsistent responses in tree parameters associated with bark beetle resistance, suggesting that exogenously applied chitosan preparations have limited utility for managing bark beetles.
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space station in 1997 (see photo left). NASA results revealed chitosan induces increased growth (biomass) and pathogen resistance due to elevated levels of β-(1→3)-glucanase enzymes within plant cells. NASA confirmed chitosan elicits the same effect in plants on earth.
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and body weight has been evaluated, the effect appears to have no or low clinical importance. Reviews from 2016 and 2008 found there was no significant effect, and no justification for overweight people to use chitosan supplements. In 2015, the U.S.
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are salts made from mixing chitosan with an organic acid (such as succinic or lactic acid). Chitosan may have other properties conducive to wound healing, including antibacterial and antifungal activity, which remain under preliminary research.
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Poosapati, Aswani; Vadnala, Sudharshan; Negrete, Karla; Lan, Yucheng; Hutchison, John; Zupan, Mark; Madan, Deepa (15 April 2021). "Rechargeable Zinc-Electrolytic
Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Battery with a Flexible Chitosan-Alkaline Electrolyte".
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Poosapati, Aswani; Negrete, Karla; Thorpe, Micah; Hutchison, John; Zupan, Mark; Lan, Yucheng; Madan, Deepa (6 April 2021). "Safe and flexible chitosan‐based polymer gel as an electrolyte for use in zinc‐alkaline based chemistries".
2557:
Quintela, S; Villarán, M. C.; López De
Armentia, I; Elejalde, E (2012). "Ochratoxin a removal from red wine by several oenological fining agents: Bentonite, egg albumin, allergen-free adsorbents, chitin and chitosan".
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agent in winemaking. Fungal source chitosan has shown an increase in settling activity, reduction of oxidized polyphenolics in juice and wine, chelation and removal of copper (post-racking) and control of the spoilage
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low potential for toxicity and abundance in the natural environment, chitosan does not harm people, pets, wildlife, or the environment when used according to label directions. Chitosan blends do not work against
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regulates its use on organic certified farms and crops. EPA-approved, biodegradable chitosan products are allowed for use outdoors and indoors on plants and crops grown commercially and by consumers.
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methods to manufacture large scale consumer objects using chitosan. This method is based on replicating the molecular arrangement of chitosan from natural materials into fabrication methods, such as
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chitosan objects can be recycled, with the option of reintroducing or discarding the dye at each recycling step, enabling reuse of the polymer independently of colorants. Unlike other plant-based
3285:
Tampieri, A; Celotti, G; Landi, E; Sandri, M; Roveri, N; Falini, G (2003). "Biologically inspired synthesis of bone-like composite: Self-assembled collagen fibers/hydroxyapatite nanocrystals".
3400:"Preparation of chitosan from brine shrimp (Artemia urmiana) cyst shells and effects of different chemical processing sequences on the physicochemical and functional properties of the product"
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effectively bind to other surface via hydrophobic interaction and/or cation-π interaction (chitosan as a cation source) in aqueous solution. The free amine groups on chitosan chains can make
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and the degree of deacetylation in commercially available chitosan ranges from 60 to 100%. On average, the molecular weight of commercially produced chitosan is 3800–20,000
2173:"Biochemistry of Oleoresinosis: Monoterpene and Diterpene Biosynthesis in Lodgepole Pine Saplings Infected with Ceratocystis clavigera or Treated with Carbohydrate Elicitors"
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Moghadas, Babak; Solouk, Atefeh; Sadeghi, Davoud (24 August 2020). "Development of chitosan membrane using non-toxic crosslinkers for potential wound dressing applications".
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Jull, Andrew B; Ni
Mhurchu, Cliona; Bennett, Derrick A; Dunshea-Mooij, Christel AE; Rodgers, Anthony (2008). Jull, Andrew B (ed.). "Chitosan for overweight or obesity".
1880:
3109:
Aiedeh, K.M.; Taha, M.O.; Al-Khatib, H. (2005). "Evaluation of chitosan succinate and chitosan phthalate as enteric coating polymers for diclofenac sodium tablets".
485:. A common method for obtaining chitosan is the deacetylation of chitin using sodium hydroxide in excess as a reagent and water as a solvent. The reaction follows
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Agnihotri, Sunil A.; Mallikarjuna, Nadagouda N.; Aminabhavi, Tejraj M. (2004). "Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery".
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process. Chitosan causes the fine sediment particles to bind together, and is subsequently removed with the sediment during sand filtration. It also removes
611:
Degraded molecules of chitin/chitosan exist in soil and water. Chitosan applications for plants and crops are regulated in the USA by the EPA, and the USDA
2601:
Escudero-Abarca, Blanca I.; Escudero-Abarca, M. Guadalupe; Aguilar-Uscanga, Patricia M.; Hayward-Jones, Patricia; Mendoza, Mario; Ramírez, Leticia (2004).
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zinc. The electrolyte has excellent physical stability up to 50 °C, electrochemical stability up to 2 V with zinc electrodes, and accommodates
307:
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barrier for the first stage is estimated at 48.8 kJ·mol at 25–120 °C (77–248 °F) and is higher than the barrier to the second stage.
245:
COC(=O)N1(((O1O2(O((2O)N)O3(O((3O)N)O)CO)CO)CO)O4((((O4)CO)O5((((O5)CO)O6((((O6)CO)O7((((O7)CO)O8((((O8)CO)O9((((O9)CO)O)O)N)O)N)O)N)O)N)O)N)O)N)O
2243:
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issued a public advisory about supplement retailers who made exaggerated claims concerning the supposed weight loss benefit of various products.
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has conducted research on chitosan to control pathogens in pine trees and increase resin pitch outflow which resists pine beetle infestation.
2978:"Thermosensitive Chitosan-β-Glycerophosphate Hydrogels as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview on Preparation and Their Applications"
2439:
Yong, S. K; Shrivastava, M; Srivastava, P; Kunhikrishnan, A; Bolan, N (2015). "Environmental
Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives".
1210:
Sanjanwala, Dhruv; Londhe, Vaishali; Trivedi, Rashmi; Bonde, Smita; Sawarkar, Sujata; Kale, Vinita; Patravale, Vandana (28 November 2022).
653:
NASA life support GAP technology with untreated beans (left tube) and ODC chitosan biocontrol-treated beans (right tube) returned from the
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Chitosan-based wound dressings have been widely explored for a variety of acute and chronic wounds. Chitosan has the ability to adhere to
1047:
Sanjanwala, Dhruv; Londhe, Vaishali; Trivedi, Rashmi; Bonde, Smita; Sawarkar, Sujata; Kale, Vinita; Patravale, Vandana (1 January 2024).
3725:. Wyss Institute Communications, Hansjorg Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University. 2014. Archived from
1984:
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Fernandez, J. G.; Ingber, D. E. (2012). "Unexpected strength and toughness in chitosan-fibroin laminates inspired by insect cuticle".
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alkaline system. As of 2022 results were promising, but the battery needed testing on a larger scale and under actual use conditions.
3665:
3171:
Ryu, J. H; Hong, S; Lee, H (2015). "Bio-inspired adhesive catechol-conjugated chitosan for biomedical applications: A mini review".
1162:
Shahidi, Fereidoon; Synowiecki, Jozef (1991). "Isolation and characterization of nutrients and value-added products from snow crab (
940:
scaffolds for creating artificial tissues and organs is another application where chitosan has gained popularity. Chitosan has high
3638:
Fernandez, J. G.; Ingber, D. E. (2014). "Manufacturing of Large-Scale
Functional Objects Using Biodegradable Chitosan Bioplastic".
1815:
Linden, James C.; Stoner, Richard J.; Knutson, Kenneth W.; Gardner-Hughes, Cecilie A. (2000). "Organic disease control elicitors".
3616:
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Fernandez J, Ingber D (February 2014). "Manufacturing of large-scale functional objects using biodegradable chitosan bioplastic".
1991:
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2382:"Effects of a commercial chitosan formulation on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) resistance parameters in loblolly pine"
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Shukla, S. K.; Mishra, A. K.; Arotiba, O. A.; Mamba, B. B. (2013). "Chitosan-based nanomaterials: A state-of-the-art review".
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1945:
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Kim, In-Yong; Seo, Seog-Jin; Moon, Hyun-Seuk; Yoo, Mi-Kyong; Park, In-Young; Kim, Bom-Chol; Cho, Chong-Su (1 January 2008).
3027:
Moghadas, Babak; Dashtimoghadam, Erfan; Mirzadeh, Hamid; Seidi, Farzad; Hasani-Sadrabadi, Mohammad Mahdi (19 January 2016).
930:), the main natural sources of chitosan come from marine environments and do not compete for land or other human resources.
714:, and oils from the water. As an additive in water filtration, chitosan combined with sand filtration removes up to 99% of
3136:
Shukla, S. K; Mishra, A. K; Arotiba, O. A; Mamba, B. B (2013). "Chitosan-based nanomaterials: A state-of-the-art review".
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1629:"Interaction mechanism between low molecular weight chitosan nanofilm and functionalized surfaces in aqueous solutions"
25:
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Feng, Peipei; Luo, Yang; Ke, Chunhai; Qiu, Haofeng; Wang, Wei; Zhu, Yabin; Hou, Ruixia; Xu, Long; Wu, Songze (2021).
202:
718:. Chitosan is among the biological adsorbents used for heavy metals removal without negative environmental impacts.
580:, chitosan is typically used as a natural seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as an ecologically friendly
408:, it can be used as a fining agent, also helping to prevent spoilage. In industry, it can be used in a self-healing
302:
2650:
Ullah, Faheem; Othman, Muhammad
Bisyrul Hafi; Javed, Fatima; Ahmad, Zulkifli; Akil, Hazizan Md. (1 December 2015).
3991:"Antimicrobial food packaging based on sustainable Bio-based materials for reducing foodborne pathogens: A review"
3722:
314:
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Linden, J. C.; Stoner, R. J. (2007). "Pre-harvest application of proprietary elicitor delays fruit senescence".
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In the
European Union and United Kingdom, chitosan is registered as a "basic substance" for use as a biological
3866:
Ríos-Hoyo, A; Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G (June 2016). "New
Dietary Supplements for Obesity: What We Currently Know".
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substance that boosts the innate ability of plants to defend themselves against fungal infections. The natural
1728:
Jeffryes, C; Agathos, SN; Rorrer, G (June 2015). "Biogenic nanomaterials from photosynthetic microorganisms".
1402:
Narudin, Nur
Alimatul Hakimah; Rosman, Nurul ‘Aqilah; Shahrin, Ensan Waatriah ES; et al. (January 2022).
531:. However, it is not approved by the FDA for drug delivery. Purified quantities of chitosan are available for
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to reduce bleeding and as an antibacterial agent; it can also be used to help deliver drugs through the skin.
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Ducheyne, Paul; Healy, Kevin; Hutmacher, Dietmar E.; Grainger, David W.; Kirkpatrick, C. James, eds. (2011).
2276:"YEA! Elicitor Response Comparison to Chitin / Chitosan in Mung Bean and Adzuki Bean Germination Experiments"
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2008:
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145:
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Cheng, Q; Jiang, L; Tang, Z (2014). "Bioinspired layered materials with superior mechanical performance".
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Tampieri, A; Celotti, G; Landi, E (2005). "From biomimetic apatites to biologically inspired composites".
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2101:"Cellular response of loblolly pine to wound inoculation with bark beetle-associated fungi and chitosan"
3560:"Customized biomimetic scaffolds created by indirect three-dimensional printing for tissue engineering"
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1533:"Contact time- and pH-dependent adhesion and cohesion of low molecular weight chitosan coated surfaces"
1404:"Extraction, characterization, and kinetics of N-deacetylation of chitin obtained from mud crab shells"
565:, oxidative burst, reactive oxygen species, callose pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and phytoalexins.
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de
Alvarenga, Elson Santiago; Pereira de Oliveira, Cristiane; Roberto Bellato, Carlos (16 May 2010).
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Chitosan is marketed in a tablet form as a "fat binder". Although the effect of chitosan on lowering
3028:
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Chitosan-containing wound dressings received approval for medical use in the United States in 2003.
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2603:"Selective antimicrobial action of chitosan against spoilage yeasts in mixed culture fermentations"
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612:
183:
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Zhao, Y; Xie, Z; Gu, H; Zhu, C; Gu, Z (2012). "Bio-inspired variable structural color materials".
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3668:. Hansjorg Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University. 3 March 2014
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1881:"Expert group for technical advice on organic production. Final report on plant protection (III)"
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Hadwiger, Lee A. (2013). "Multiple effects of chitosan on plant systems: Solid science or hype".
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4161:, focused on tailor-made biotechnological production of chitosans (funded by the European Union)
1863:"Chitin and Chitosan Final Registration Review Decision, Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0566-0019"
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response in developing roots which destroys parasitic cyst nematodes without harming beneficial
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1049:"Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for medical devices, implants and tissue engineering: A review"
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Novikov, Vitaly Yu.; Derkach, Svetlana R.; Konovalova, Irina N.; et al. (30 March 2023).
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Commercial chitosan is derived from the shells of shrimp and other sea crustaceans, including
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2293:"Chitin/Chitosan, Farnesol/Nerolidol and Nosema locustae Final Registration Review Decision"
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2244:"Progressive Plant Growing Has Business Blooming, Environmental and Agricultural Resources"
2060:"Defense Response in Slash Pine: Chitosan Treatment Alters the Abundance of Specific mRNAs"
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Poliglusam; Deacetylchitin; Poly-(D)glucosamine; BC; Chitopearl; Chitopharm; Flonac; Kytex
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2702:"Chitosan-Based Functional Materials for Skin Wound Repair: Mechanisms and Applications"
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1445:"Extraction of chitin from prawn shells and conversion to low molecular mass chitosan"
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and immunomodulatory activities which make it suitable for making artificial tissues.
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to improve chitosan's mechanical properties. Chitosan enhances the transport of polar
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2482:"Chitosan Treatment of Sediment Laden Water – Washington State I-90 Issaquah Project"
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1574:"Intermolecular interactions of chitosan: Degree of acetylation and molecular weight"
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760:, and removes yeast cells, fruit particles, and other detritus that cause hazy wine.
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active ingredients, chitin/chitosan, are found in the shells of crustaceans, such as
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Chitosan has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses. It can be used in
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Chitosan was first registered as an active ingredient (licensed for sale) in 1986.
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3208:"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications"
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1212:"Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for drug delivery and wound management: A review"
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Federal Register/Vol. 72, No. 236/Monday, December 10, 2007/Rules and Regulation
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Baldrick, Paul (2010). "The safety of chitosan as a pharmaceutical excipient".
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2333:"Control Strategies to reduce postharvest decay of fresh fruits and vegetables"
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Choi, Jieun; Hwang, Dong Soo; Lim, Chanoong; Lee, Dong Woog (15 January 2024).
1321:
1304:
Mima, Seiichi; Miya, Masaru; Iwamoto, Reikichi; Yoshikawa, Susumu (June 1983).
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Kou, Shijie (Gabriel); Peters, Linda M.; Mucalo, Michael R. (1 February 2021).
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3029:"Novel chitosan-based nanobiohybrid membranes for wound dressing applications"
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Mohammed, Musarrat H.; Williams, Peter A.; Tverezovskaya, Olga (1 June 2013).
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Rahmanian-Devin, Pouria; Baradaran Rahimi, Vafa; Askari, Vahid Reza (2021).
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4052:
4024:
3948:
3887:
3822:
3708:
3651:
3601:
3544:
3478:
3470:
3435:
3384:
3341:
3306:
3271:
3241:
3192:
3157:
3095:
3013:
2994:
2957:
2908:
2827:
2780:
2745:
2683:
2628:
2579:
2466:
2206:
1963:"Proprietary Elicitor Affects Seed Germination and Delays Fruit Senescence"
1784:
1749:
1660:
1605:
1558:
1517:
1388:
1243:
1140:
855:
832:
774:
757:
673:
Chitosan has been used to protect plants in space, as well, exemplified by
663:
581:
409:
401:
389:
shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as
3909:
2085:
1361:
462:
4903:
4891:
4763:
4674:
4422:
4417:
4357:
4164:
3835:
3398:
Tajik, H; Moradi, M; Rohani, S. M.; Erfani, A. M.; Jalali, F. S. (2008).
2556:
2188:
995:
969:
836:
687:
677:'s experiment to protect adzuki beans grown aboard the space shuttle and
623:
577:
470:
466:
454:
397:
368:
3298:
2794:
Guo, Baolin; Dong, Ruonan; Liang, Yongping; Li, Meng (1 November 2021).
1183:
4679:
4621:
4616:
4489:
4442:
4061:
3726:
3700:
3052:
1345:"Mechanism of Heterogeneous Alkaline Deacetylation of Chitin: A Review"
1123:
953:
919:
795:
730:
703:
608:. It is one of the most abundant biodegradable materials in the world.
585:
562:
532:
520:
512:
405:
106:
4106:
3376:
2939:
2438:
2221:"Treatment of Plants with Chitosan Salts, 1989, Patent WO/1989/007395"
1499:
782:. These products and uses are approved for European use by the EU and
4837:
4833:
4788:
4702:
4684:
4651:
4636:
4457:
4380:
4342:
2975:
1011:
923:
734:
722:
715:
699:
635:
619:
1342:
431:
284:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4854:
4815:
4773:
4722:
4656:
4529:
4524:
4509:
4494:
4410:
4405:
4225:
4220:
4138:"Crab and lobster shells could be used to make renewable batteries"
3026:
2652:"Classification, processing and application of hydrogels: A review"
1267:"An approach to understanding the deacetylation degree of chitosan"
877:
799:
439:
416:
3989:
Al-Tayyar, Nasser A.; Youssef, Ahmed M.; Al-hindi, Rashad (2020).
3930:
3791:"Chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications"
831:
Chitosan and derivatives have been explored in the development of
94:
4896:
4876:
4844:
4819:
4809:
4805:
4783:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4541:
4504:
4499:
4477:
4462:
4452:
4369:
4347:
4331:
1814:
915:
881:
726:
601:
589:
420:
2441:
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 233
2171:
Croteau, R.; Gurkewitz, S.; Johnson, M. A.; Fisk, H. J. (1987).
2111:. Res. Pap. SRS-30.asheville, Nc: US Department of Agriculture,
4886:
4881:
4871:
4848:
4825:
4793:
4580:
4575:
4519:
4482:
4467:
4447:
4434:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4298:
4251:
4241:
4215:
4210:
4091:
3617:"Manufacturing 3-D objects just got easier with new bioplastic"
3205:
3073:
2883:"Topical and effective hemostatic medicines in the battlefield"
1484:"Strong adhesion and cohesion of chitosan in aqueous solutions"
927:
874:
597:
458:
386:
3839:
The Health Professional's Guide to Popular Dietary Supplements
2848:
4472:
4275:
3499:
1572:
Lim, Chanoong; Hwang, Dong Soo; Lee, Dong Woog (1 May 2021).
1442:
980:
901:
870:
859:
Large three-dimensional functional objects made from chitosan
802:
adhesion, causing clotting of blood and hemostasis. Chitosan
605:
497:
474:
412:
84:
1209:
1046:
171:
2420:– via USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station.
2170:
2142:"Solution for Pine Bark Beetles May Help Front Range Trees"
1982:
753:
749:
745:
674:
593:
346:
340:
34:
4037:
3865:
3284:
1401:
1530:
711:
678:
654:
642:
extends the life of cut flowers and Christmas trees. The
501:
352:
3988:
3522:
3135:
2315:"Chitosan Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance"
2274:
Linden, James C.; Stoner, Richard J. (21 October 2008).
1303:
763:
3397:
2982:
Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
2924:"Chitin and chitosan: biopolymers for wound management"
1804:. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). February 2001.
1099:"Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods"
756:. Added late in the brewing process, chitosan improves
657:
space station aboard the space shuttle – September 1997
477:. The degree of deacetylation (%) can be determined by
3748:
Croisier, Florence; Jérôme, Christine (1 April 2013).
3666:"Manufacturing a solution to planet-clogging plastics"
2796:"Haemostatic materials for wound healing applications"
2148:. Greeley, Colorado: KUNC 91.5 FM, NPR. Archived from
3206:
Federer, C; Kurpiers, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2021).
2649:
1727:
1684:
555:
355:
349:
337:
3750:"Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering"
3319:
2607:
Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
904:. The method is used to engineer and bioprint human
404:, helping plants to fight off fungal infections. In
343:
3108:
896:. Once discarded, chitosan-constructed objects are
847:systems, enteric coatings, and in medical devices.
435:
Forming chitosan by partial deacetylation of chitin
334:
3963:"Beware of Products Promising Miracle Weight Loss"
3842:. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. p. 96.
3836:Allison Sarubin-Fragakis, Cynthia Thomson (2007).
3525:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
3138:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
2752:
2380:Klepzig, Kier D; Strom, Brian L (20 August 2010).
2355:"Chitosan; Poly-D-glucosamine (128930) Fact Sheet"
1990:. EM 8797: Oregon State University. Archived from
1799:"Chitosan; Poly-D-glucosamine (128930) Fact Sheet"
1103:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
1053:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
817:
571:
561:occur in cell membranes, chromatin, DNA, calcium,
4047:(4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4248–4258.
3965:. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 January 2015
3504:. Harvard Gazette, Harvard University, Boston, MA
2099:Klepzig, Kier D.; Walkinshaw, Charles H. (2003).
2098:
1531:Chanoong Lim; Dong Woog Lee; et al. (2015).
1306:"Highly deacetylated chitosan and its properties"
1161:
4938:
2921:
2361:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2 May 2006
1915:. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
367:composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked
3637:
3448:
3257:
3111:Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology
2479:
1626:
1096:
70:
3747:
3558:Lee, J. Y.; Choi, B.; Wu, B.; Lee, M. (2013).
3362:
2881:Zhang, Yin-Juan; Gao, Bo; Liu, Xi-Wen (2015).
2793:
1970:Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment
869:, a manufacturing concept inspired by natural
385:(acetylated unit). It is made by treating the
4180:
3788:
2706:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
2020:
2018:
1680:
1678:
1481:
473:(such as crabs and shrimp) and cell walls of
426:
3686:
3557:
2922:Singh R, Shitiz K, Singh A (December 2017).
2915:
2699:
2379:
2273:
2024:
1960:
690:when put on a tree's leaves or in its soil.
3861:
3859:
3756:. Biobased Polymers and Related Materials.
2880:
2139:
1571:
666:label from the EPA, then followed by other
4194:
4187:
4173:
3500:Wyss Institute Communications (May 2014).
3170:
2536:"A clearer understanding of fining agents"
2533:
2241:
2057:
2015:
1927:
1675:
1172:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
981:Biodegradable antimicrobial food packaging
541:have been made using chitin and chitosan.
186:
136:
114:
4060:
4006:
3765:
3591:
3502:"Promising solution to plastic pollution"
3425:
3415:
3231:
3003:
2993:
2947:
2898:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2735:
2717:
2618:
2560:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
2196:
2075:
1985:"Seed Treatment for Sample Cereal Grains"
1890:. European Commission. 18 November 2021.
1548:
1507:
1419:
1378:
1360:
1122:
768:Chitosan has a long history for use as a
153:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3924:
3856:
3640:Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
3287:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
3260:Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
2758:
1983:Smiley R.; Cook R.J.; Pauliz T. (2002).
1762:
854:
648:
438:
430:
4135:
3933:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3614:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2842:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2397:(2) (published 1 April 2011): 124–134.
2297:Federal Register Notice of Availability
2058:Mason, Mary E.; Davis, John M. (1997).
182:
4939:
3631:
3322:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
3253:
3251:
2869:
2761:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
1934:Goosen, Mattheus F. A. (1 June 1996).
1933:
989:
600:, and many other organisms, including
127:
4168:
3977:
3902:
2695:
2693:
2321:. US Environmental Protection Agency.
994:Chitosan is being investigated as an
764:Winemaking and fungal source chitosan
453:Chitosan is produced commercially by
214:Key: FLASNYPZGWUPSU-SICDJOISSA-N
2964:
2855:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 229.
2656:Materials Science and Engineering: C
2427:
2064:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
1835:"USDA NOP and EPA Rule on Chitosan,
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1092:
1090:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
4136:Quaglia, Sofia (1 September 2022).
3248:
2488:. U.S. Department of Transportation
2140:O'Toole, Erin (10 September 2009).
2027:Advances in Plant Ethylene Research
1961:Linden, J.C.; Stoner, R.J. (2005).
1937:Applications of Chitan and Chitosan
1869:. 11 December 2008. pp. 10–15.
1482:Dong Woog Lee; et al. (2013).
789:
523:across epithelial surfaces, and is
489:though it occurs in two steps; the
224:Key: FLASNYPZGWUPSU-SICDJOISBY
13:
4095:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
2690:
2506:
1897:from the original on 25 July 2021.
1310:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
556:Agricultural and horticultural use
14:
4973:
4151:
2480:Alan Woodmansey (19 March 2002).
1190:
1087:
1031:
4921:
4920:
3807:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.009
2443:. Vol. 233. pp. 1–43.
2390:Journal of Entomological Science
2250:. pp. 68–71. Archived from
2115:, Southern Research Station. 9P.
1730:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
330:
292:
33:
24:
4157:International research project
4129:
4085:
4031:
3955:
3829:
3782:
3767:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009
3741:
3715:
3680:
3658:
3608:
3551:
3516:
3493:
3442:
3391:
3356:
3313:
3278:
3199:
3164:
3129:
3102:
3067:
3020:
2787:
2643:
2594:
2550:
2527:
2500:
2473:
2373:
2347:
2325:
2307:
2285:
2267:
2235:
2213:
2164:
2133:
2092:
2051:
1976:
1954:
1901:
1873:
1855:
1827:
1808:
1791:
1756:
1721:
1620:
1565:
1524:
1475:
1408:Polymers and Polymer Composites
1216:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
818:Temperature-sensitive hydrogels
572:Natural biocontrol and elicitor
288:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4008:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125915
3941:10.1002/14651858.CD003892.pub3
3537:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.043
3150:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.043
2509:"Fining and Clarifying Agents"
2486:Federal Highway Administration
1777:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.03.007
1436:
1395:
1336:
1297:
1258:
1155:
1115:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.005
1065:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128488
1002:with good performance and low
963:
850:
1:
3912:. Drugs.com. 12 February 2018
3365:Accounts of Chemical Research
3123:10.1016/S1773-2247(05)50033-9
3088:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.010
3076:Journal of Controlled Release
1940:. CRC Press. pp. 132–9.
1645:10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121504
1590:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117782
1550:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.033
1461:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.10.021
1283:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.037
1228:10.1080/17425247.2022.2152791
1025:
693:
4041:ACS Applied Energy Materials
3584:10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045003
3185:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.043
2572:10.1080/19440049.2012.682166
2035:10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_65
1742:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.005
975:Food and Drug Administration
884:, has led to development of
7:
2928:International Wound Journal
2773:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.015
2534:Chorniak J (October 2007).
2449:10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_1
2403:10.18474/0749-8004-46.2.124
826:
798:, which produces increased
10:
4978:
3224:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663
2852:Comprehensive Biomaterials
2812:10.1038/s41570-021-00323-z
2668:10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.053
2077:10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.1.135
1817:Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech
1699:10.1007/s00289-020-03352-8
1322:10.1002/app.1983.070280607
626:on a wide range of crops.
548:
461:, which is the structural
427:Manufacture and properties
4916:
4754:
4711:
4693:
4665:
4607:
4600:
4568:
4540:
4433:
4368:
4330:
4297:
4274:
4265:
4234:
4203:
3880:10.1007/s13679-016-0214-y
3417:10.3390/molecules13061263
3334:10.1007/s00216-004-2943-0
2719:10.3389/fbioe.2021.650598
2620:10.1007/s10295-004-0112-2
1421:10.1177/09673911221109611
811:hydrofluoric acid burns.
282:
253:
233:
198:
54:
46:
41:
32:
23:
4247:Cyclohexane conformation
3754:European Polymer Journal
3689:Chemical Society Reviews
3615:Selko A (6 March 2014).
2800:Nature Reviews Chemistry
2303:(248). 24 December 2008.
2125:: CS1 maint: location (
2007:: CS1 maint: location (
1170:) processing discards".
841:wound dressing materials
698:Chitosan can be used in
613:National Organic Program
515:polymeric networks with
500:group in chitosan has a
400:as a seed treatment and
374:(deacetylated unit) and
4740:Isomaltooligosaccharide
3868:Current Obesity Reports
544:
4734:Galactooligosaccharide
4053:10.1021/acsaem.1c00675
3795:Biotechnology Advances
3652:10.1002/mame.201300426
3471:10.1002/adma.201104051
3272:10.1002/mame.201300426
1018:involved in the Zn-MnO
1000:rechargeable batteries
860:
658:
551:Chitosan nanoparticles
450:
436:
4728:Fructooligosaccharide
3723:"Chitosan bioplastic"
2538:. Wine Maker Magazine
1633:Carbohydrate Polymers
1578:Carbohydrate Polymers
1537:Carbohydrate Polymers
1362:10.3390/polym15071729
1271:Carbohydrate Polymers
858:
668:intellectual property
652:
442:
434:
4101:(33). Wiley: 50813.
2995:10.1155/2021/6640893
2189:10.1104/pp.85.4.1123
2152:on 24 September 2009
2105:treesearch.fs.fed.us
1997:on 5 September 2006.
1851:on 11 December 2008.
1004:environmental impact
721:In combination with
487:first-order kinetics
3576:2013BioFa...5d5003L
3463:2012AdM....24..480F
3299:10.1002/jbm.a.10039
3045:2016RSCAd...6.7701M
2254:on 21 December 2015
2242:Stoner, R. (2006).
1494:(46): 14222–14229.
1414:: 096739112211096.
1184:10.1021/jf00008a032
1164:Chionoecetes opilio
990:Battery electrolyte
20:
3701:10.1039/c2cs15267c
3451:Advanced Materials
3173:Acta Biomaterialia
3053:10.1039/C5RA23875G
2887:Int J Clin Exp Med
2029:. pp. 301–2.
1909:"Basic substances"
1449:Food Hydrocolloids
938:tissue engineering
861:
659:
517:dicarboxylic acids
451:
437:
419:, it is useful in
315:Infobox references
276:-acetylglucosamine
254:Related compounds
18:
4934:
4933:
4912:
4911:
4596:
4595:
4107:10.1002/app.50813
3377:10.1021/ar400279t
3212:Biomacromolecules
3039:(10): 7701–7711.
2940:10.1111/iwj.12797
2458:978-3-319-10478-2
2231:on 5 August 2012.
2044:978-1-4020-6013-7
1947:978-1-56676-449-0
1500:10.1021/la403124u
1222:(12): 1664–1695.
1168:Pandalus borealis
890:injection molding
804:hemostatic agents
644:US Forest Service
491:activation energy
446:Pandalus borealis
382:
371:
323:Chemical compound
321:
320:
267:
260:Related compounds
167:CompTox Dashboard
96:Interactive image
4969:
4947:Antihemorrhagics
4924:
4923:
4715:oligosaccharides
4695:Tetrasaccharides
4605:
4604:
4320:Dihydroxyacetone
4272:
4271:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4146:
4145:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4064:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4010:
3986:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2934:(6): 1276–1289.
2919:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2721:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2511:. Archived from
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2436:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2343:on 16 July 2012.
2339:. Archived from
2329:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:. Archived from
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2177:Plant Physiology
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1844:. Archived from
1843:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1693:(9): 4919–4929.
1687:Polymer Bulletin
1682:
1673:
1672:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1364:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1316:(6): 1909–1917.
1301:
1295:
1294:
1277:(4): 1155–1160.
1262:
1256:
1255:
1207:
1188:
1187:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1126:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1044:
1008:biodegradability
946:biodegradability
942:biocompatibility
790:Wound management
741:, it is used to
479:NMR spectroscopy
449:, pictured here.
391:sodium hydroxide
380:
369:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
305:
299:
296:
295:
265:
191:
190:
175:
173:
157:
140:
129:
118:
98:
74:
37:
28:
21:
17:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4962:Polysaccharides
4937:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4908:
4769:Oat beta-glucan
4756:Polysaccharides
4750:
4713:
4707:
4689:
4661:
4592:
4586:Neuraminic acid
4564:
4536:
4429:
4364:
4326:
4293:
4267:Monosaccharides
4261:
4230:
4199:
4193:
4154:
4149:
4134:
4130:
4090:
4086:
4036:
4032:
3987:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3935:(3): CD003892.
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3834:
3830:
3787:
3783:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3695:(8): 3297–317.
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3619:. Industry Week
3613:
3609:
3556:
3552:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3447:
3443:
3396:
3392:
3361:
3357:
3318:
3314:
3283:
3279:
3256:
3249:
3204:
3200:
3169:
3165:
3134:
3130:
3107:
3103:
3072:
3068:
3025:
3021:
2974:
2965:
2920:
2916:
2879:
2870:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2806:(11): 773–791.
2792:
2788:
2757:
2753:
2698:
2691:
2648:
2644:
2599:
2595:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2515:on 16 June 2006
2507:Rayner, Terry.
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2459:
2437:
2428:
2415:
2413:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2146:Morning Edition
2138:
2134:
2118:
2117:
2097:
2093:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1867:Regulations.gov
1861:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1761:
1757:
1726:
1722:
1683:
1676:
1625:
1621:
1570:
1566:
1529:
1525:
1480:
1476:
1441:
1437:
1400:
1396:
1341:
1337:
1302:
1298:
1263:
1259:
1208:
1191:
1160:
1156:
1095:
1088:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1016:redox reactions
992:
983:
966:
853:
829:
820:
792:
766:
702:as a part of a
696:
638:and organisms.
632:innate immunity
574:
558:
553:
547:
508:
429:
333:
329:
324:
317:
312:
311:
310: ?)
301:
297:
293:
289:
271:
261:
249:
246:
241:
240:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
194:
176:
169:
160:
121:
101:
88:
77:
64:
50:
12:
11:
5:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Levan beta 2→6
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4841:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4812:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4667:Trisaccharides
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4553:Mannoheptulose
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4310:Glyceraldehyde
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4287:Glycolaldehyde
4280:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4153:
4152:External links
4150:
4148:
4147:
4128:
4084:
4030:
3995:Food Chemistry
3976:
3954:
3923:
3901:
3855:
3848:
3828:
3781:
3760:(4): 780–792.
3740:
3729:on 24 May 2014
3714:
3679:
3657:
3646:(8): 932–938.
3630:
3607:
3564:Biofabrication
3550:
3515:
3492:
3441:
3410:(6): 1263–74.
3390:
3371:(4): 1256–66.
3355:
3312:
3277:
3266:(8): 932–938.
3247:
3198:
3163:
3128:
3117:(3): 207–211.
3101:
3066:
3019:
2963:
2914:
2868:
2861:
2841:
2786:
2751:
2689:
2642:
2593:
2566:(7): 1168–74.
2549:
2526:
2499:
2472:
2457:
2426:
2372:
2346:
2324:
2306:
2284:
2266:
2234:
2212:
2163:
2132:
2113:Forest Service
2091:
2050:
2043:
2014:
1975:
1953:
1946:
1926:
1900:
1872:
1854:
1826:
1807:
1790:
1755:
1720:
1674:
1619:
1564:
1543:(6): 887–894.
1523:
1474:
1455:(2): 166–171.
1435:
1394:
1335:
1296:
1257:
1189:
1178:(8): 1527–32.
1166:) and shrimp (
1154:
1086:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1019:
991:
988:
982:
979:
965:
962:
934:3D Bioprinting
852:
849:
828:
825:
819:
816:
791:
788:
765:
762:
708:heavy minerals
695:
692:
670:applications.
573:
570:
557:
554:
546:
543:
535:applications.
506:
428:
425:
365:polysaccharide
322:
319:
318:
313:
291:
290:
286:standard state
283:
280:
279:
262:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
248:
247:
244:
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
228:
227:
223:
220:
219:
217:
213:
210:
209:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
193:
192:
179:
177:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
150:
148:
142:
141:
131:
123:
122:
120:
119:
111:
109:
103:
102:
100:
99:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
67:
65:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4974:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:Biopesticides
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Hemicellulose
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4609:Disaccharides
4606:
4603:
4599:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4558:Sedoheptulose
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:Ketoheptoses
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:Deoxy sugars
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:Ketopentoses
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:Aldopentoses
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:Aldotetroses
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4197:carbohydrates
4190:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3964:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3911:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3874:(2): 262–70.
3873:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3849:9780880913638
3845:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3667:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:(4): 045003.
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:(3): 568–76.
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:(2): 618–25.
3292:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2862:9780080552941
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2277:
2270:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:(4): 1123–8.
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:Plant Science
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
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1125:
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1116:
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1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:due to rapid
1005:
1001:
997:
987:
978:
976:
971:
961:
959:
958:wound healing
955:
951:
950:antimicrobial
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:biodegradable
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
865:
857:
848:
846:
845:drug delivery
842:
838:
834:
833:nanomaterials
824:
815:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
780:
779:Brettanomyces
776:
771:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
740:
739:fining agents
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
689:
683:
680:
676:
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587:
583:
579:
569:
566:
564:
552:
542:
540:
536:
534:
530:
529:biodegradable
526:
525:biocompatible
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:deacetylation
448:
447:
441:
433:
424:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
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399:
394:
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184:DTXSID6030992
181:
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168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
149:
147:
144:
143:
139:
135:
132:
130:
128:ECHA InfoCard
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
110:
108:
105:
104:
97:
93:
92:
90:
86:
81:
80:
73:
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68:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:
45:
40:
36:
31:
27:
22:
16:
4843:
4832:
4814:
4800:
4746:Maltodextrin
4627:Isomaltulose
4418:Deoxy sugars
4354:Ketotetrose
4257:Mutarotation
4142:the Guardian
4141:
4131:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4044:
4040:
4033:
3998:
3994:
3967:. Retrieved
3957:
3932:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3904:
3871:
3867:
3838:
3831:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3727:the original
3717:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3660:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3621:. Retrieved
3610:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3495:
3457:(4): 480–4.
3454:
3450:
3444:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3263:
3259:
3218:(1): 24–56.
3215:
3211:
3201:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3036:
3033:RSC Advances
3032:
3022:
2985:
2981:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2893:(1): 10–19.
2890:
2886:
2851:
2844:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2767:(3): 290–9.
2764:
2760:
2754:
2709:
2705:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2613:(1): 16–22.
2610:
2606:
2596:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2485:
2475:
2440:
2421:
2414:. Retrieved
2394:
2388:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2358:
2349:
2341:the original
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2269:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:the original
2247:
2237:
2229:the original
2224:
2215:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:the original
2145:
2135:
2121:cite journal
2108:
2104:
2094:
2070:(1): 135–7.
2067:
2063:
2053:
2026:
1992:the original
1978:
1969:
1956:
1936:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1912:
1903:
1888:ec.europa.eu
1887:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1846:the original
1836:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1793:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1690:
1686:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1219:
1215:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1106:
1102:
1056:
1052:
993:
984:
967:
932:
914:
894:mold casting
880:, or insect
862:
837:bioadhesives
830:
821:
813:
809:
793:
777:
767:
758:flocculation
720:
697:
688:bark beetles
684:
672:
664:biopesticide
660:
640:
628:
617:
610:
582:biopesticide
575:
567:
559:
537:
503:
495:
452:
444:
415:coating. In
410:polyurethane
402:biopesticide
395:
383:-glucosamine
376:
372:-glucosamine
363:is a linear
326:
325:
273:
268:-glucosamine
55:Identifiers
47:Other names
15:
4904:Xanthan gum
4892:Amylopectin
4764:Beta-glucan
4675:Maltotriose
4490:Ketohexoses
4443:Aldohexoses
4423:Deoxyribose
4358:Erythrulose
4316:Ketotriose
4306:Aldotriose
4062:11603/31329
3801:(1): 1–21.
3082:(1): 5–28.
2662:: 414–433.
1919:18 November
1913:ahdb.org.uk
1355:(7): 1729.
1124:10289/14259
1012:recycleable
996:electrolyte
970:cholesterol
964:Weight loss
920:bioplastics
886:bioprinting
864:Bioinspired
851:Bioprinting
843:, improved
786:standards.
737:, or other
624:bactericide
578:agriculture
539:Nanofibrils
513:crosslinked
471:crustaceans
467:exoskeleton
398:agriculture
278:(monomers)
134:100.122.259
4941:Categories
4680:Melezitose
4622:Isomaltose
4617:Cellobiose
4283:Aldodiose
4001:: 125915.
3969:4 November
3916:4 November
3910:"Chitosan"
3179:: 101–15.
2712:: 650598.
2156:25 October
1823:(5): 32–4.
1639:: 121504.
1584:: 117782.
1059:: 128488.
1026:References
1010:, leaving
954:hemostatic
796:fibrinogen
731:silica gel
704:filtration
694:Filtration
586:biocontrol
563:MAP kinase
549:See also:
533:biomedical
406:winemaking
155:23R93M6Y64
107:ChemSpider
83:3D model (
62:CAS Number
4957:Elicitors
4834:Galactose
4789:Cellulose
4779:Sizofiran
4703:Stachyose
4685:Raffinose
4652:Trehalose
4637:Lactulose
4458:Galactose
4381:Arabinose
4343:Erythrose
4195:Types of
4123:233563261
4115:0021-8995
4079:234870771
4071:2574-0962
4017:0308-8146
3815:0734-9750
3776:0014-3057
3531:: 46–58.
3487:205243157
3404:Molecules
3144:: 46–58.
3061:2046-2069
2836:237551413
2820:2397-3358
2728:2296-4185
2676:0928-4931
1736:: 23–31.
1715:221283821
1707:1436-2449
1669:264314560
1653:0144-8617
1614:232131640
1598:0144-8617
1469:0268-005X
1430:0967-3911
1371:2073-4360
1330:0021-8995
1291:0144-8617
1252:254041961
1236:1742-5247
1149:227522332
1133:0141-8130
1109:: 85–94.
1081:265569145
1073:0141-8130
924:cellulose
916:Pigmented
867:materials
735:isinglass
723:bentonite
716:turbidity
700:hydrology
636:nematodes
620:fungicide
72:9012-76-4
19:Chitosan
4926:Category
4855:Glycogen
4838:Galactan
4816:Fructose
4801:Chitosan
4774:Lentinan
4723:Acarbose
4657:Turanose
4601:Multiple
4542:Heptoses
4530:Rhamnose
4525:Fuculose
4510:Tagatose
4495:Fructose
4411:Xylulose
4406:Ribulose
4370:Pentoses
4332:Tetroses
4235:Geometry
4226:Pyranose
4221:Furanose
4159:Nano3Bio
4025:31841936
3949:18646097
3896:12071766
3888:27053066
3823:17884325
3709:22302077
3602:24060622
3545:23608103
3479:22162193
3436:18596653
3385:24635413
3350:25745619
3342:15696277
3307:14566805
3242:32567846
3193:26318801
3158:23608103
3096:15491807
3014:34036263
2958:28799228
2909:25784969
2828:37117664
2781:19788905
2746:33681176
2684:26354282
2629:14747932
2580:22545592
2467:25367132
2411:12241255
2337:USDA.gov
2258:17 April
2248:NASA.gov
2225:wipo.int
2207:16665815
2003:cite web
1892:Archived
1785:23683928
1771:: 42–9.
1750:25445544
1661:37985092
1606:33674019
1559:25498713
1518:24138057
1488:Langmuir
1389:37050343
1380:10097213
1349:Polymers
1244:36440488
1141:33279563
900:and non-
882:cuticles
878:carapace
827:Research
800:platelet
590:lobsters
421:bandages
417:medicine
379:-acetyl-
327:Chitosan
4897:Amylose
4845:Glucose
4820:Fructan
4810:Dextran
4806:Dextrin
4784:Zymosan
4647:Sucrose
4642:Maltose
4632:Lactose
4581:Nonoses
4576:Octoses
4569:Above 7
4505:Sorbose
4500:Psicose
4478:Mannose
4463:Glucose
4453:Altrose
4435:Hexoses
4348:Threose
4299:Trioses
4204:General
3593:3852984
3572:Bibcode
3459:Bibcode
3427:6245338
3233:7805012
3041:Bibcode
3005:8116164
2949:7949833
2900:4358424
2737:7931995
2588:8215176
2519:18 July
2492:10 July
2416:6 March
2365:10 July
2359:epa.gov
2319:epa.gov
2198:1054405
2086:9002276
1509:3888206
910:tissues
743:clarify
727:gelatin
602:insects
483:daltons
465:in the
463:element
308:what is
306: (
4887:Starch
4882:Pectin
4877:Mannan
4872:Lignin
4849:Glucan
4826:Inulin
4794:Chitin
4520:Fucose
4483:Talose
4468:Gulose
4448:Allose
4396:Xylose
4391:Ribose
4386:Lyxose
4276:Dioses
4252:Epimer
4242:Anomer
4216:Ketose
4211:Aldose
4121:
4113:
4077:
4069:
4023:
4015:
3947:
3894:
3886:
3846:
3821:
3813:
3774:
3733:24 May
3707:
3672:5 June
3623:24 May
3600:
3590:
3543:
3508:23 May
3485:
3477:
3434:
3424:
3383:
3348:
3340:
3305:
3240:
3230:
3191:
3156:
3094:
3059:
3012:
3002:
2988:: 17.
2956:
2946:
2907:
2897:
2859:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2779:
2744:
2734:
2726:
2682:
2674:
2637:250412
2635:
2627:
2586:
2578:
2542:24 May
2465:
2455:
2409:
2205:
2195:
2084:
2041:
1944:
1783:
1748:
1713:
1705:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1557:
1516:
1506:
1467:
1428:
1387:
1377:
1369:
1328:
1289:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1079:
1071:
948:, and
928:starch
922:(e.g.
906:organs
875:shrimp
770:fining
752:, and
598:shrimp
596:, and
459:chitin
387:chitin
303:verify
300:
238:SMILES
42:Names
4742:(IMO)
4736:(GOS)
4730:(FOS)
4712:Other
4473:Idose
4119:S2CID
4075:S2CID
3892:S2CID
3483:S2CID
3346:S2CID
2832:S2CID
2633:S2CID
2584:S2CID
2407:S2CID
2385:(PDF)
2279:(PDF)
1995:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1884:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1842:(PDF)
1802:(PDF)
1711:S2CID
1665:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1248:S2CID
1145:S2CID
1077:S2CID
902:toxic
871:nacre
775:yeast
606:fungi
594:crabs
521:drugs
498:amino
475:fungi
413:paint
203:InChI
116:64870
85:JSmol
4111:ISSN
4067:ISSN
4021:PMID
4013:ISSN
3971:2018
3945:PMID
3918:2018
3884:PMID
3844:ISBN
3819:PMID
3811:ISSN
3772:ISSN
3735:2014
3705:PMID
3674:2014
3625:2014
3598:PMID
3541:PMID
3510:2014
3475:PMID
3432:PMID
3381:PMID
3338:PMID
3303:PMID
3238:PMID
3189:PMID
3154:PMID
3092:PMID
3057:ISSN
3010:PMID
2986:2021
2954:PMID
2905:PMID
2857:ISBN
2824:PMID
2816:ISSN
2777:PMID
2742:PMID
2724:ISSN
2680:PMID
2672:ISSN
2625:PMID
2576:PMID
2544:2014
2521:2006
2494:2006
2463:PMID
2453:ISBN
2418:2021
2367:2006
2260:2009
2203:PMID
2158:2009
2127:link
2082:PMID
2039:ISBN
2009:link
1942:ISBN
1921:2021
1781:PMID
1746:PMID
1703:ISSN
1657:PMID
1649:ISSN
1602:PMID
1594:ISSN
1555:PMID
1514:PMID
1465:ISSN
1426:ISSN
1385:PMID
1367:ISSN
1326:ISSN
1287:ISSN
1240:PMID
1232:ISSN
1137:PMID
1129:ISSN
1069:ISSN
998:for
754:beer
750:mead
746:wine
712:dyes
675:NASA
622:and
604:and
545:Uses
527:and
496:The
146:UNII
4103:doi
4099:138
4057:hdl
4049:doi
4003:doi
3999:310
3937:doi
3876:doi
3803:doi
3762:doi
3697:doi
3648:doi
3644:299
3588:PMC
3580:doi
3533:doi
3467:doi
3422:PMC
3412:doi
3373:doi
3330:doi
3326:381
3295:doi
3268:doi
3264:299
3228:PMC
3220:doi
3181:doi
3146:doi
3119:doi
3084:doi
3080:100
3049:doi
3000:PMC
2990:doi
2944:PMC
2936:doi
2895:PMC
2808:doi
2769:doi
2732:PMC
2714:doi
2664:doi
2615:doi
2568:doi
2445:doi
2399:doi
2193:PMC
2185:doi
2109:030
2072:doi
2031:doi
1773:doi
1769:208
1738:doi
1695:doi
1641:doi
1637:324
1586:doi
1582:259
1545:doi
1541:117
1504:PMC
1496:doi
1457:doi
1416:doi
1375:PMC
1357:doi
1318:doi
1279:doi
1224:doi
1180:doi
1119:hdl
1111:doi
1107:169
1061:doi
1057:256
936:of
908:or
892:or
784:OIV
679:Mir
655:Mir
576:In
469:of
457:of
270:and
172:EPA
4943::
4847:/
4836:/
4818:/
4808:/
4140:.
4117:.
4109:.
4097:.
4073:.
4065:.
4055:.
4043:.
4019:.
4011:.
3997:.
3993:.
3979:^
3943:.
3890:.
3882:.
3870:.
3858:^
3817:.
3809:.
3799:26
3797:.
3793:.
3770:.
3758:49
3752:.
3703:.
3693:41
3691:.
3642:.
3596:.
3586:.
3578:.
3566:.
3562:.
3539:.
3529:59
3527:.
3481:.
3473:.
3465:.
3455:24
3453:.
3430:.
3420:.
3408:13
3406:.
3402:.
3379:.
3369:47
3367:.
3344:.
3336:.
3324:.
3301:.
3291:67
3289:.
3262:.
3250:^
3236:.
3226:.
3216:22
3214:.
3210:.
3187:.
3177:27
3175:.
3152:.
3142:59
3140:.
3115:15
3113:.
3090:.
3078:.
3055:.
3047:.
3035:.
3031:.
3008:.
2998:.
2984:.
2980:.
2966:^
2952:.
2942:.
2932:14
2930:.
2926:.
2903:.
2889:.
2885:.
2871:^
2830:.
2822:.
2814:.
2802:.
2798:.
2775:.
2765:56
2763:.
2740:.
2730:.
2722:.
2708:.
2704:.
2692:^
2678:.
2670:.
2660:57
2658:.
2654:.
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