42:
52:
407:
268:
1123:
4601:
4621:
4611:
4647:
641:
1191:
cells. A follow-up study by the same research group compared glucosamine sulfate with glucosamine hydrochloride at the same dose (20 mg/kg) in eight horses and found a higher fluid concentration with the sulfate preparation (158 ng/mL compared to 89 ng/mL one hour post oral dose). They
1022:
In August 2012, a class-action lawsuit was filed in New York claiming that 21st
Century Healthcare, Inc. had falsely advertised that its "Glucosamine 750 Chondroitin 600 Triple Strength" dietary supplements would restore lost cartilage. In April 2013, a San Diego man launched a proposed class-action
903:
As the formation of glucosamine-6-phosphate is the first step for the synthesis of these products, glucosamine may be important in regulating their production; however, the way that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is actually regulated, and whether this could be involved in contributing to human
1211:-acetylglucosamine, pentosan polysulfate and sodium hyaluronate in horses with surgically-induced osteoarthritis saw improvements in X-ray changes to the cartilage but not histologically or in biochemical outcomes, suggesting more evidence is needed for this combination and route of administration.
1002:
The Task Force of the
European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) committee has granted glucosamine sulfate a level of toxicity of 5 in a 0-100 scale, and recent OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) guidelines for hip and knee osteoarthritis indicate an acceptable safety profile. By
2712:
Gupta, R. C.; Canerdy, T. D.; Lindley, J; Konemann, M; Minniear, J; Carroll, B. A.; Hendrick, C; Goad, J. T.; Rohde, K; Doss, R; Bagchi, M; Bagchi, D (2012). "Comparative therapeutic efficacy and safety of type-II collagen (UC-II), glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic dogs: Pain evaluation by
795:
As is common with heavily promoted dietary supplements, the claimed benefits of glucosamine are based principally on clinical and laboratory studies. Clinical studies on glucosamine efficacy are divided, with some reporting relief from arthritic pain and stiffness, while others report no benefit
1186:
after nasogastric (oral) or intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg glucosamine hydrochloride to eight adult horses. Although joint fluid concentrations of glucosamine reached 9β15 ΞΌmol/L following intravenous dosing, it was only 0.3β0.7 ΞΌmol/L with nasogastric dosing. The authors
1158:
Some studies have shown efficacy of glucosamine supplementation for dogs with osteoarthritis pain, particularly in combination with other nutraceuticals like chondroitin, while others have not. A trial of oral combination capsules (glucosamine, chondroitin, and manganese ascorbate) in dogs with
994:
In most of Europe, glucosamine is approved as a medical drug and is sold in the form of glucosamine sulfate. In this case, evidence of safety and efficacy is required for the medical use of glucosamine and several guidelines have recommended its use as an effective and safe therapy for
2273:"Letter Regarding the Relationship Between the Consumption of Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin Sulfate and a Reduced Risk of: Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis-related Joint Pain, Joint Tenderness, and Joint Swelling; Joint Degeneration; and Cartilage Deterioration (Docket No. 2004P-0059)"
3035:
Koenig, T. J.; Dart, A. J.; McIlwraith, C. W.; Horadagoda, N; Bell, R. J.; Perkins, N; Dart, C; Krockenberger, M; Jeffcott, L. B.; Little, C. B. (2014). "Treatment of
Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis in Horses Using an Intravenous Combination of Sodium Pentosan Polysulfate,
2748:
d'Altilio, M; Peal, A; Alvey, M; Simms, C; Curtsinger, A; Gupta, R. C.; Canerdy, T. D.; Goad, J. T.; Bagchi, M; Bagchi, D (2007). "Therapeutic
Efficacy and Safety of Undenatured Type II Collagen Singly or in Combination with Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Arthritic Dogs".
2999:
Higler, M. H.; Brommer, H; l'Ami, J. J.; De Grauw, J. C.; Nielen, M; Van Weeren, P. R.; Laverty, S; Barneveld, A; Back, W (2013). "The effects of three-month oral supplementation with a nutraceutical and exercise on the locomotor pattern of aged horses".
841:. Many manufacturers of glucosamine derived from shellfish include a warning that those with a seafood allergy should consult a healthcare professional before taking the product. Alternatively, non-shellfish-derived forms of glucosamine are available.
1868:
Scroggie DA; Albright A; Harris MD (July 2003). "The effect of glucosamine-chondroitin supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial".
1085:
In the first study, glucosamine sulfate was given to healthy volunteers in doses of 750, 1,500, or 3,000 mg once daily. In the second study, oral glucosamine sulfate capsules (1,500 mg) were given daily for two weeks to 12 people with
2922:
Laverty, S; Sandy, J. D.; Celeste, C; Vachon, P; Marier, J. F.; Plaas, A. H. (2005). "Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses".
1760:
2367:"EULAR Recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT)"
780:. Of the three commonly available forms of glucosamine, only glucosamine sulfate is given a "likely effective" rating for treating osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is often sold in combination with other supplements such as
2293:
FDA concludes that there is no credible evidence to support qualified health claims for glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate and reduced risk of osteoarthritis (OA), joint degeneration (JD), or cartilage deterioration
3082:
791:
Glucosamine, along with commonly used chondroitin, is not routinely prescribed to treat people who have symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee, as there is insufficient evidence that this treatment is helpful.
848:
biosynthesis pathway, but several investigations found no evidence that this occurs. Other studies conducted in lean or obese subjects concluded that oral glucosamine at standard doses does not affect
920:
including shrimp, lobsters, and crabs. To meet the demands of vegetarians and others with objections to shellfish, manufacturers have brought glucosamine products to market made using fungus
2652:
Mroz PJ, Silbert JE (2004). "Use of 3H-glucosamine and 35S-sulfate with cultured human chondrocytes to determine the effect of glucosamine concentration on formation of chondroitin sulfate".
2121:
Recommendations of the
Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes by the Reactions they Catalyse
1691:
1768:
979:
in the United States, evidence of safety is required by FDA regulations, but evidence of efficacy is not required so long as it is not advertised as a treatment for a medical condition.
2416:"OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part I: critical appraisal of existing treatment guidelines and systematic review of current research evidence"
1094:
increased significantly from baseline levels, and the levels in the two fluids were highly correlated. The authors interpreted that these levels could be biologically advantageous to
3077:
2522:
982:
In 2004, the FDA declared there was insufficient evidence for supplement manufacturers to state that glucosamine was effective for treating arthritis, joint degeneration, or
877:
2795:
Moreau, M; Dupuis, J; Bonneau, N. H.; Desnoyers, M (2003). "Clinical evaluation of a nutraceutical, carprofen and meloxicam for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis".
2272:
1187:
calculated that these glucosamine synovial fluid levels achieved by the oral route were 500 times lower than that required to have a positive effect on the metabolism of
2044:"Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the European Commission on the safety of glucosamine hydrochloride from
1793:
1170:
A number of studies have measured the bioavailability of glucosamine after oral administration to horses. When given as a single oral dose (9 g) with or without
1207:
was performed in veteran horses with no effect on gait stiffness, with exercise alone in the control group being effective. The intravenous use of a combination of
1239:
2875:"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral and intravenous single dose administration in the horse"
1646:"Potential glucosamine-warfarin interaction resulting in increased international normalized ratio: case report and review of the literature and MedWatch database"
41:
4604:
588:
762:
in the United States. Glucosamine is marketed as a supplement to support the structure and function of joints, and the marketing is targeted to people with
3673:
1167:
The use of glucosamine in equine medicine exists, but one meta-analysis judged extant research too flawed to be of value in guiding treatment of horses.
2960:"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride"
654:
153:
1558:
DiNubile N (July 2018). "Glucosamine and
Chondroitin Sulfate: What Has Been Learned Since the Glucosamine/chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial".
2838:
Pearson, W; Lindinger, M (2009). "Low quality of evidence for glucosamine-based nutraceuticals in equine joint disease: Review of in vivo studies".
1695:
1003:
2014, the OARSI did not recommend glucosamine for disease modification, and considered it "uncertain" for symptom relief, in knee osteoarthritis.
4021:
1951:"Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects"
51:
2568:"Synovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose"
1723:
1045:
1457:"Effectiveness and safety of glucosamine and chondroitin for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
3117:
446:
4320:
4096:
1994:"Effects of oral glucosamine sulphate on serum glucose and insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test of subjects with osteoarthritis"
1908:"Effect of glucosamine supplementation on fasting and non-fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations in healthy individuals"
4036:
3996:
3651:
1387:
799:
As of 2015, there is no evidence that consumption of glucosamine by sport participants prevents or limits joint damage after injury.
4614:
3666:
1412:
844:
Another concern has been that the extra glucosamine could contribute to diabetes by interfering with the normal regulation of the
881:
2611:"Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man"
1416:
1351:
2544:
4579:
2696:
1801:
3682:
3429:
2336:
4260:
3659:
2306:
1203:
A three-month trial of an oral dosage regime of a commercial preparation of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and
2280:
1824:
649:
727:
or, less commonly, by fermentation of a grain such as corn or wheat, glucosamine has many names depending on country.
2154:
1268:
421:
1692:"Complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia"
1509:
Towheed, T. E.; Maxwell, L; Anastassiades, T. P.; Shea, B; Houpt, J; Robinson, V; Hochberg, M. C.; Wells, G (2005).
3110:
1998:
1015:
to settle consumer claims related to the wording of certain claims on the packaging of glucosamine bottles sold at
830:
Adverse effects are mild and infrequent and may include stomach upset, constipation, diarrhea, headache, and rash.
1058:, research has focused on the potential for supplemental glucosamine to improve cartilage structure and alleviate
661:
608:
1159:
osteoarthritis found no benefit on either gait analysis or subjective assessments by the veterinarian or owner.
3564:
2496:
864:-Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all
808:
1871:
81:
17:
1082:
after oral administration of glucosamine sulfate to both healthy volunteers and people with osteoarthritis.
4667:
3424:
2615:
2572:
2340:
2310:
2276:
1912:
972:
364:
263:
3569:
331:
3103:
2112:
385:
205:
3681:
1174:(3 g) to ten horses, glucosamine (hydrochloride) was detected in the blood with a maximum level of
4637:
1196:
levels obtained with the sulfate derivative were still too low to have a relevant biological effect on
564:
546:
275:
2204:(1879). "Γber Chitin und seine Spaltungs-produkte" [On chitin and its hydrolysis products].
1098:, but the levels are still ten to one hundred times lower than required to positively influence the
4558:
3539:
860:
Glucosamine is naturally present in the shells of shellfish, animal bones, bone marrow, and fungi.
402:
325:
1134:
4583:
3140:
2245:
W. N. Haworth; W. H. G. Lake; S. Peat (1939). "The configuration of glucosamine (chitosamine)".
1326:
3544:
2958:
Meulyzer, M; Vachon, P; Beaudry, F; Vinardell, T; Richard, H; Beauchamp, G; Laverty, S (2008).
2142:
880:
as the first step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. The end-product of this pathway is
4563:
4553:
4548:
4538:
3170:
1204:
785:
533:
71:
225:
4672:
4533:
4510:
3991:
3863:
3559:
3155:
1011:
In 2013, without admitting fault, manufacturer Rexall
Sundown and NBTY agreed to pay up to
869:
373:
129:
8:
4587:
4543:
4460:
3838:
3439:
1197:
1171:
1110:
may be as much as 20%, or it could be negligible, indicating no biological significance.
1095:
781:
774:
119:
1601:
Hespel, P; Maughan, R. J.; Greenhaff, P. L. (2006). "Dietary supplements for football".
406:
267:
4450:
4383:
3610:
3524:
3499:
3469:
3464:
3326:
3210:
3190:
3165:
3126:
2904:
2820:
2774:
2391:
2366:
2020:
1993:
1955:
1845:
1819:
1673:
1626:
1583:
1535:
1510:
1483:
1456:
1439:
1287:
976:
849:
755:
731:
185:
165:
430:
InChI=1S/C6H13NO5/c7-3-5(10)4(9)2(1-8)12-6(3)11/h2-6,8-11H,1,7H2/t2?,3-,4-,5-,6?/m1/s1
4620:
4480:
4330:
3893:
3868:
3514:
3248:
3057:
3053:
3017:
2981:
2940:
2896:
2855:
2812:
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2730:
2726:
2692:
2669:
2634:
2591:
2478:
2437:
2396:
2150:
2094:
2025:
1974:
1931:
1888:
1850:
1742:
1677:
1665:
1618:
1575:
1540:
1488:
1264:
1051:
947:
922:
889:
838:
759:
743:
2908:
2824:
2778:
2043:
1820:"Hexosamines, insulin resistance, and the complications of diabetes: current status"
1630:
1587:
1359:
4244:
3449:
3257:
3049:
3009:
2971:
2932:
2886:
2847:
2804:
2758:
2722:
2661:
2624:
2581:
2468:
2427:
2386:
2378:
2250:
2223:
2201:
2183:
2084:
2015:
2007:
1964:
1921:
1880:
1840:
1832:
1732:
1657:
1610:
1567:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1478:
1468:
935:
599:
469:
353:
2609:
Persiani S; Roda E; Rovati LC; Locatelli M; Giacovelli G; Roda A (December 2005).
4651:
4624:
4362:
4352:
4310:
3776:
3694:
3509:
3184:
3160:
1884:
1571:
1425:
1421:
951:
294:
3690:
3686:
4336:
4111:
3976:
3888:
3813:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3716:
3594:
3549:
3293:
2976:
2959:
2629:
2610:
2586:
2567:
2473:
2456:
2432:
2415:
2070:
1926:
1907:
1836:
1737:
1718:
1193:
1183:
1182:
at two hours after dosing. Another study examined both the serum and the joint
1107:
1091:
1087:
1075:
1063:
996:
955:
763:
713:
701:
632:
2762:
2314:
1614:
1473:
4661:
4470:
4347:
4160:
4145:
4026:
3961:
3630:
3459:
3444:
3179:
3089:
2851:
2187:
893:
812:
697:
523:
256:
2382:
2011:
4342:
4305:
4290:
4234:
4219:
4214:
4165:
4140:
4130:
4125:
3883:
3761:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3708:
3635:
3145:
3061:
3021:
2985:
2944:
2900:
2859:
2816:
2770:
2734:
2673:
2638:
2595:
2523:"21st Century Glucosamine/Chondroitin Triple Strength Class Action Lawsuit"
2482:
2441:
2400:
2098:
2089:
2029:
1978:
1935:
1892:
1854:
1746:
1669:
1622:
1579:
1544:
1492:
1103:
1079:
820:
594:
2808:
1661:
4578:
indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group;
4455:
4424:
4409:
4300:
4265:
4254:
4064:
3986:
3914:
3903:
3853:
3848:
3554:
3534:
3529:
3078:
Glucosamine and
Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis Pain, Arthritis Foundation
2457:"OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis"
2254:
2075:
897:
865:
770:
724:
693:
689:
1992:
Biggee BA; Blinn CM; Nuite M; Silbert JE; McAlindon TE (February 2007).
1411:
1122:
769:
Commonly sold forms of glucosamine are glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine
245:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4434:
4399:
4249:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4155:
4079:
4016:
3955:
3949:
3924:
3919:
3858:
3843:
3833:
3803:
3771:
3756:
3703:
3625:
3579:
3381:
3376:
3266:
3239:
3225:
3150:
1220:
975:(FDA) for medical use in humans. Since glucosamine is classified as a
939:
845:
717:
500:
276:
216:
3095:
3013:
2936:
2665:
1969:
1950:
868:. Specifically in humans, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from
4500:
4465:
4429:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4389:
4378:
4372:
4325:
4239:
4224:
4209:
4177:
4171:
4135:
4101:
4090:
4084:
4046:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3981:
3944:
3939:
3873:
3828:
3781:
3746:
3731:
3640:
3589:
3519:
3494:
3434:
3386:
3371:
3366:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3220:
3175:
1188:
1099:
1059:
1055:
983:
917:
873:
834:
735:
721:
2891:
2874:
2608:
2500:
2171:
1767:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 3 February 2010. Archived from
1694:. Arthritis Research UK. October 2012. pp. 34β5. Archived from
1645:
1023:
lawsuit in
California Federal Court accusing Nutramax Laboratories,
631:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4315:
4295:
4281:
4229:
4203:
4150:
4074:
4069:
4041:
4031:
3971:
3966:
3934:
3766:
3751:
3721:
3474:
3454:
3391:
3351:
3336:
3230:
2565:
1028:
816:
705:
314:
236:
1991:
152:
4515:
4116:
3929:
3878:
3822:
3620:
3574:
3504:
3484:
3331:
3205:
3195:
2455:
McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. (March 2014).
2244:
2123:. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002
1024:
700:
proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of two
513:
340:
1948:
4056:
3615:
3479:
3401:
3396:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3284:
3275:
2149:(4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 790.
1508:
1016:
943:
913:
824:
709:
196:
45:
Stereo structural formula of glucosamine ((2S,6R)-6-meth,-2-ol)
3034:
2998:
2957:
1867:
1390:. Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard University Medical School
1074:
Two studies measured the concentrations of glucosamine in the
734:, there is little evidence that it is effective for relief of
2454:
2414:
Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, et al. (September 2007).
2365:
Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, et al. (December 2003).
176:
142:
2794:
2566:
Persiani S; Rotini R; Trisolino G; et al. (July 2007).
2337:"Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Denial, Osteoarthritis"
1949:
Muniyappa R; Karne RJ; Hall G; et al. (November 2006).
1716:
1329:. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 17 June 2019
1263:. Vol. IB. New York: Academic Press. pp. 727β728.
390:
3584:
3406:
3361:
2747:
2711:
2364:
1905:
1346:
1344:
739:
305:
2413:
986:
deterioration, a position remaining in effect as of 2018.
55:
Ball and stick model of glucosamine ((2R,6R)-6-meth,-2-ol)
2921:
2145:. In Pizzorno, Joseph E. Jr.; Murray, Michael T. (eds.).
1031:
of falsely advertising the effectiveness of glucosamine.
971:
In the United States, glucosamine is not approved by the
2689:
Herbs & natural supplements: an evidence-based guide
2545:"Wal-Mart, Rite Aid Face Suit Over Glucosamine Promises"
1761:"Kirkland Signature Extra Strength Glucosamine with MSM"
1341:
833:
Since glucosamine is usually derived from the shells of
802:
1719:"Is glucosamine safe in patients with seafood allergy?"
1600:
4635:
2691:. Marrickville, New South Wales: Elsevier Australia.
1417:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1106:) to build new tissue. Glucosamine sulfate uptake in
1066:
that it is effective for alleviating arthritis pain.
807:
Glucosamine with or without chondroitin elevates the
1388:"The latest on glucosamine/chondroitin supplements"
1385:
1455:Zhu X, Sang L, Wu D, Rong J, Jiang L (July 2018).
1258:
1240:"List of nationally authorised medicinal products"
1054:, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of
2715:Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
1788:
1786:
4659:
2872:
2837:
2169:
1717:Gray HC; Hutcheson PS; Slavin RG (August 2004).
954:was not fully determined until the 1939 work of
352:
2499:. www.glucosaminesettlement.com. Archived from
1794:"Another vegetarian glucosamine launched in US"
1637:
912:Most glucosamine is manufactured by processing
128:
3310:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
2176:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
1783:
1724:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1450:
1448:
1046:Clinical trials on glucosamine and chondroitin
3667:
3111:
3085:, DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine
3040:-Acetyl Glucosamine, and Sodium Hyaluronan".
1906:Tannis AJ; Barban J; Conquer JA (June 2004).
1454:
1282:
1280:
1245:. European Medicines Agency. 1 December 2022.
819:. It may also interfere with the efficacy of
2222:
2200:
1643:
888:(UDP-GlcNAc), which is then used for making
98:)-3-Amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4,5-triol
2651:
1644:Knudsen, J. F.; Sokol, G. H. (April 2008).
1515:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1445:
1090:. Glucosamine concentrations in plasma and
878:glutamineβfructose-6-phosphate transaminase
3674:
3660:
3118:
3104:
2873:Du, J; White, N; Eddington, N. D. (2004).
2686:
2266:
2264:
1684:
1429:, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
1407:
1405:
1277:
934:Glucosamine was first prepared in 1876 by
712:. Glucosamine is one of the most abundant
405:
266:
224:
2975:
2890:
2790:
2788:
2628:
2585:
2472:
2431:
2390:
2088:
2068:
2019:
1968:
1925:
1844:
1736:
1534:
1504:
1502:
1482:
1472:
1381:
1379:
1377:
372:
2360:
2358:
2174:[On glucosamine hydrochloride].
1557:
1413:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
1006:
811:(INR) in individuals who are taking the
3125:
2879:Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition
2329:
2270:
2261:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1402:
1386:Robert H. Shmerling (17 October 2016).
1259:Pigman WW, Horton D, Wander JD (1980).
1050:Because glucosamine is a precursor for
401:
330:
244:
14:
4660:
2785:
2140:
1499:
1374:
1254:
1252:
1113:
617:
528:150 Β°C (302 Β°F; 423 K)
257:
3683:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3655:
3099:
3088:
2525:. www.topclassactions.com. 2012-09-14
2355:
2228:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Physiologische Chemie
2206:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Physiologische Chemie
1442:|date=September 2024}}
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
803:Adverse effects and drug interactions
749:
433:Key: MSWZFWKMSRAUBD-SPZCMYQFSA-N
204:
184:
4610:
1808:
1117:
1062:, but there is little evidence from
598:
4261:COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator
1765:Dietary Supplements Labels Database
1249:
343:
313:
24:
1825:Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
1800:. January 25, 2008. Archived from
1302:
1069:
837:, it may be unsafe for those with
50:
40:
25:
4684:
3071:
2751:Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
2271:Hubbard, W. K. (7 October 2004).
773:, glucosamine hydrochloride, and
692:and a prominent precursor in the
4645:
4619:
4609:
4600:
4599:
3054:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12203.x
2727:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01166.x
2117:-acetylglucosamine Biosynthesis"
1999:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1511:"Glucosamine for osteoarthritis"
1358:. 8 January 2020. Archived from
1121:
966:
907:
639:
487:
481:
4511:Superoxide dismutase / orgotein
3028:
2992:
2951:
2915:
2866:
2831:
2741:
2705:
2680:
2645:
2602:
2559:
2537:
2515:
2489:
2448:
2407:
2299:
2247:Journal of the Chemical Society
2238:
2216:
2194:
2163:
2134:
2105:
2062:
2036:
1985:
1942:
1899:
1861:
1753:
1710:
1594:
1551:
961:
855:
716:. Produced commercially by the
635:(at 25 Β°C , 100 kPa).
3823:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
1527:10.1002/14651858.CD002946.pub2
1232:
809:international normalized ratio
490:
475:
13:
1:
2071:"Reflections on glycobiology"
1872:Archives of Internal Medicine
1226:
2964:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
2616:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
2573:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
2461:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
2341:Food and Drug Administration
2311:Food and Drug Administration
2277:Food and Drug Administration
2172:"Γber salzsaures Glycosamin"
2147:Textbook of natural medicine
1913:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
1885:10.1001/archinte.163.13.1587
1572:10.3928/01477447-20180511-06
1192:concluded that these higher
973:Food and Drug Administration
7:
3889:Salicylic acid (salicylate)
2226:(1880). "Γber Glykosamin".
2141:Murray, Michael T. (2012).
1352:"Glucosamine Hydrochloride"
1214:
1034:
36:
10:
4689:
3430:Ξ²-hydroxy Ξ²-methylbutyrate
3320:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
2977:10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.006
2687:Cohen MJ, Braun L (2007).
2630:10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009
2587:10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019
2474:10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003
2433:10.1016/j.joca.2007.06.014
1927:10.1016/j.joca.2004.03.001
1837:10.1152/ajpendo.00329.2005
1738:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.05.050
1603:Journal of Sports Sciences
1043:
1019:under the Kirkland label.
929:
926:and from fermenting corn.
866:nitrogen-containing sugars
4595:
4572:
4524:
4443:
4361:
4274:
4110:
4055:
3902:
3812:
3702:
3603:
3415:
3305:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
3204:
3133:
3090:MedFacts Natural Products
3002:Equine Veterinary Journal
2840:Equine Veterinary Journal
2763:10.1080/15376510600910469
2170:Georg Ledderhose (1876).
2143:"Chapter 94: Glucosamine"
1615:10.1080/02640410500482974
1474:10.1186/s13018-018-0871-5
1290:. Drugs.com. 31 July 2019
1162:
1039:
989:
904:disease remains unclear.
742:, and is not an approved
629:
581:
462:
442:
417:
112:
104:
80:
70:
65:
35:
27:Organic chemical compound
4559:Naproxen/diphenhydramine
2925:Arthritis and Rheumatism
2852:10.2746/042516409X424153
2497:"Glucosamine Settlement"
2188:10.1002/cber.18760090251
1798:NutraIngredients-USA.com
1652:(Submitted manuscript).
4580:WHO-Essential Medicines
3141:Bodybuilding supplement
2383:10.1136/ard.2003.011742
2343:(FDA). 13 December 2018
2012:10.1136/ard.2006.058222
1424:: an initiative of the
1153:
75:2-Amino-2-deoxy-glucose
3908:and related substances
3315:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
2090:10.1074/jbc.R100053200
754:Oral glucosamine is a
746:in the United States.
56:
46:
4564:Naproxen/esomeprazole
4554:Meloxicam/bupivacaine
4549:Ibuprofen/paracetamol
4539:Ibuprofen/hydrocodone
2809:10.1136/vr.152.11.323
2797:The Veterinary Record
2713:ground force plate".
2313:(FDA). Archived from
2307:"Dietary Supplements"
2279:(FDA). Archived from
1662:10.1592/phco.28.4.540
1327:"Glucosamine sulfate"
1205:methylsulfonylmethane
1007:Class-action lawsuits
786:methylsulfonylmethane
82:Systematic IUPAC name
54:
44:
4534:Ibuprofen/famotidine
3992:Indometacin farnesil
3864:Magnesium salicylate
3685:(NSAIDs) (primarily
3515:Japanese honeysuckle
2255:10.1039/jr9390000271
882:uridine diphosphate
870:fructose 6-phosphate
4668:Dietary supplements
4544:Ibuprofen/oxycodone
4461:Chondroitin sulfate
3839:Carbasalate calcium
3440:Chondroitin sulfate
3258:Pantothenic acid (B
3221:Retinol (Vitamin A)
3191:Protein supplements
3127:Dietary supplements
2283:on 15 November 2017
2048:as food ingredient"
1198:articular cartilage
1172:chondroitin sulfate
1114:Veterinary medicine
1096:articular cartilage
916:from the shells of
782:chondroitin sulfate
508: gΒ·mol
166:Beilstein Reference
32:
4451:Aminopropionitrile
3611:Codex Alimentarius
3500:Grape seed extract
3161:Herbal supplements
3042:Veterinary Surgery
2420:Osteoarthr. Cartil
2069:Roseman S (2001).
1804:on April 17, 2009.
1362:on 28 January 2020
1133:. You can help by
1052:glycosaminoglycans
977:dietary supplement
946:with concentrated
890:glycosaminoglycans
886:-acetylglucosamine
850:insulin resistance
778:-acetylglucosamine
756:dietary supplement
750:Dietary supplement
732:dietary supplement
730:Although a common
662:Infobox references
57:
47:
30:
4633:
4632:
4481:Glycosaminoglycan
4331:Meclofenamic acid
3894:Sodium salicylate
3869:Methyl salicylate
3649:
3648:
3294:Cyanocobalamin (B
3211:chemical elements
3014:10.1111/evj.12182
2937:10.1002/art.20762
2698:978-0-7295-3796-4
2666:10.1002/art.20609
2046:Aspergillus niger
1970:10.2337/db06-0714
1461:J Orthop Surg Res
1415:(February 2013),
1261:The Carbohydrates
1151:
1150:
948:hydrochloric acid
923:Aspergillus niger
863:
839:shellfish allergy
760:prescription drug
744:prescription drug
670:Chemical compound
668:
667:
621:
454:N1C(O)OC(CO)(O)1O
386:CompTox Dashboard
154:Interactive image
61:
60:
16:(Redirected from
4680:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4623:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4363:COX-2 inhibitors
4278:-arylanthranilic
4245:Tiaprofenic acid
3676:
3669:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3604:Related articles
3510:Iron supplements
3450:Copper gluconate
3120:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3066:
3065:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2547:. www.law360.com
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2182:(2): 1200β1201.
2167:
2161:
2160:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2083:(45): 41527β42.
2066:
2060:
2059:
2052:The EFSA Journal
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1818:Buse MG (2006).
1815:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1323:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1181:
1179:
1146:
1143:
1125:
1118:
1014:
936:Georg Ledderhose
861:
652:
646:
643:
642:
622: Authorized
619:
616:
602:
507:
492:
489:
483:
477:
470:Chemical formula
410:
409:
394:
392:
376:
356:
345:
334:
317:
295:Gmelin Reference
278:
270:
259:
248:
228:
208:
188:
156:
132:
37:
33:
29:
21:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4591:
4584:withdrawn drugs
4568:
4526:
4520:
4439:
4365:
4357:
4353:Tolfenamic acid
4311:Flufenamic acid
4279:
4270:
4114:
4106:
4051:
3907:
3898:
3808:
3777:Oxyphenbutazone
3707:
3698:
3680:
3650:
3645:
3599:
3417:
3411:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3212:
3209:
3200:
3185:Bifidobacterium
3129:
3124:
3074:
3069:
3033:
3029:
2997:
2993:
2956:
2952:
2920:
2916:
2892:10.1002/bdd.392
2871:
2867:
2836:
2832:
2793:
2786:
2746:
2742:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2685:
2681:
2654:Arthritis Rheum
2650:
2646:
2607:
2603:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2453:
2449:
2426:(9): 981β1000.
2412:
2408:
2377:(12): 1145β55.
2371:Ann. Rheum. Dis
2363:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2262:
2243:
2239:
2221:
2217:
2199:
2195:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2067:
2063:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1990:
1986:
1963:(11): 3142β50.
1947:
1943:
1904:
1900:
1879:(13): 1587β90.
1866:
1862:
1816:
1809:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1771:on 4 March 2010
1759:
1758:
1754:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1650:Pharmacotherapy
1642:
1638:
1599:
1595:
1556:
1552:
1521:(2): CD002946.
1507:
1500:
1453:
1446:
1432:
1430:
1426:ABIM Foundation
1422:Choosing Wisely
1410:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1131:needs expansion
1116:
1072:
1070:Bioavailability
1064:clinical trials
1048:
1042:
1037:
1012:
1009:
992:
969:
964:
952:stereochemistry
932:
910:
858:
805:
796:above placebo.
752:
714:monosaccharides
702:polysaccharides
687:
683:
679:
671:
664:
659:
658:
657: ?)
648:
644:
640:
636:
625:
591:
573:
555:
505:
495:
486:
480:
472:
458:
455:
450:
449:
438:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
413:
395:
388:
379:
359:
346:
320:
297:
288:
251:
231:
211:
191:
168:
159:
146:
135:
122:
108:
100:
99:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4655:
4654:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:veterinary use
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4337:Mefenamic acid
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4112:propionic acid
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Fenclozic acid
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3799:Sulfinpyrazone
3796:
3794:Propyphenazone
3791:
3788:Phenylbutazone
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Aminophenazone
3713:
3711:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3595:Zinc gluconate
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:St John's wort
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Red yeast rice
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3072:External links
3070:
3068:
3067:
3027:
2991:
2950:
2914:
2865:
2830:
2784:
2740:
2704:
2697:
2679:
2660:(11): 3574β9.
2644:
2623:(12): 1041β9.
2601:
2558:
2536:
2514:
2488:
2447:
2406:
2354:
2328:
2298:
2260:
2237:
2215:
2193:
2162:
2155:
2133:
2104:
2061:
2035:
1984:
1941:
1898:
1860:
1807:
1782:
1752:
1709:
1683:
1636:
1593:
1566:(4): 200β207.
1550:
1498:
1444:
1401:
1373:
1340:
1301:
1276:
1269:
1248:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1194:synovial fluid
1184:synovial fluid
1180:6.9 ΞΌg/mL
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1108:synovial fluid
1092:synovial fluid
1088:osteoarthritis
1076:synovial fluid
1071:
1068:
1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1008:
1005:
997:osteoarthritis
991:
988:
968:
965:
963:
960:
956:Walter Haworth
931:
928:
909:
906:
857:
854:
804:
801:
764:osteoarthritis
751:
748:
685:
681:
677:
669:
666:
665:
660:
638:
637:
633:standard state
630:
627:
626:
624:
623:
613:
611:
605:
604:
592:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
575:
571:
561:
560:
557:
553:
543:
542:
539:
530:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
510:
509:
503:
497:
496:
493:
484:
478:
473:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
457:
456:
453:
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
420:
419:
418:
415:
414:
412:
411:
398:
396:
384:
381:
380:
378:
377:
369:
367:
361:
360:
358:
357:
349:
347:
339:
336:
335:
328:
322:
321:
319:
318:
310:
308:
302:
301:
298:
293:
290:
289:
287:
286:
282:
280:
272:
271:
261:
253:
252:
250:
249:
241:
239:
233:
232:
230:
229:
221:
219:
213:
212:
210:
209:
201:
199:
193:
192:
190:
189:
181:
179:
173:
172:
169:
164:
161:
160:
158:
157:
149:
147:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
125:
123:
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
85:
84:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4685:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4608:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Fluproquazone
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Niflumic acid
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Flunoxaprofen
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Dexketoprofen
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:derivatives (
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Proglumetacin
4025:
4023:
4022:Prodolic acid
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Difenpiramide
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3709:pyrazolidines
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Nutraceutical
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Dietary fiber
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Cod liver oil
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:Other common
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3285:Folic acid (B
3283:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3267:Pyridoxine (B
3265:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3240:Riboflavin (B
3238:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Lactobacillus
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:(5): 612β22.
3047:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:(1): 181β91.
2930:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2885:(3): 109β16.
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:(7): 706β12.
2845:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:(11): 323β9.
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:(4): 189β96.
2756:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2580:(7): 764β72.
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2546:
2540:
2524:
2518:
2503:on 2013-07-10
2502:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2467:(3): 363β88.
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2317:on 2009-05-12
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2156:9781437723335
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2058:: 1β19. 2009.
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1920:(6): 506β11.
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1731:(2): 459β60.
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1698:on 2017-02-18
1697:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:(7): 749β61.
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1289:
1288:"Glucosamine"
1283:
1281:
1272:
1270:9780125563512
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1145:
1142:December 2013
1136:
1132:
1129:This section
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1013:US$ 2 million
1004:
1000:
998:
987:
985:
980:
978:
974:
967:United States
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
927:
925:
924:
919:
915:
908:Manufacturing
905:
901:
899:
895:
894:proteoglycans
891:
887:
885:
879:
875:
871:
867:
853:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
831:
828:
826:
823:for treating
822:
818:
814:
813:blood thinner
810:
800:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
777:
772:
767:
765:
761:
758:and is not a
757:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:synthesis of
695:
691:
675:
663:
656:
651:
634:
628:
615:
614:
612:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:Pharmacology
580:
576:
570:
566:
563:
562:
558:
552:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
537:
532:
531:
527:
525:
524:Melting point
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
504:
502:
499:
498:
474:
471:
467:
466:
461:
452:
451:
448:
441:
427:
426:
423:
416:
408:
404:
403:DTXSID4023098
400:
399:
397:
387:
383:
382:
375:
371:
370:
368:
366:
363:
362:
355:
351:
350:
348:
342:
338:
337:
333:
329:
327:
324:
323:
316:
312:
311:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
292:
291:
284:
283:
281:
279:
274:
273:
269:
265:
262:
260:
258:ECHA InfoCard
255:
254:
247:
243:
242:
240:
238:
235:
234:
227:
223:
222:
220:
218:
215:
214:
207:
203:
202:
200:
198:
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
180:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
148:
144:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
124:
121:
117:
116:
111:
103:
97:
93:
89:
83:
79:
73:
69:
64:
53:
49:
43:
39:
38:
34:
19:
18:D-glucosamine
4575:
4527:combinations
4475:
4377:
4343:Morniflumate
4335:
4306:Floctafenine
4291:Azapropazone
4275:
4259:
4235:Tarenflurbil
4220:Piketoprofen
4215:Pelubiprofen
4202:
4170:
4166:Flurbiprofen
4141:Dexibuprofen
4131:Benoxaprofen
4126:Alminoprofen
4089:
3954:
3884:Salicylamide
3821:
3786:
3762:Mofebutazone
3742:Famprofazone
3737:Difenamizole
3727:Azapropazone
3636:Multivitamin
3560:Saw palmetto
3540:Milk thistle
3489:
3213:("minerals")
3146:Energy drink
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3008:(5): 611β7.
3005:
3001:
2994:
2970:(9): 973β9.
2967:
2963:
2953:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2800:
2796:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2721:(5): 770β7.
2718:
2714:
2707:
2688:
2682:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2620:
2614:
2604:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:the original
2491:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2347:14 September
2345:. Retrieved
2331:
2321:December 10,
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2301:
2292:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2246:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2224:Ledderhose G
2218:
2209:
2205:
2202:Ledderhose G
2196:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2146:
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2120:
2114:
2107:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2006:(2): 260β2.
2003:
1997:
1987:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1917:
1911:
1901:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1831:(1): E1βE8.
1828:
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1802:the original
1797:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:the original
1764:
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1728:
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1686:
1656:(4): 540β8.
1653:
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1431:, retrieved
1420:
1394:14 September
1392:. Retrieved
1364:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1355:
1333:14 September
1331:. Retrieved
1294:14 September
1292:. Retrieved
1260:
1234:
1208:
1202:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1139:
1135:adding to it
1130:
1104:chondrocytes
1084:
1073:
1049:
1021:
1010:
1001:
993:
981:
970:
962:Legal status
933:
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911:
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883:
859:
856:Biochemistry
843:
832:
829:
821:chemotherapy
806:
798:
794:
790:
775:
768:
753:
729:
725:exoskeletons
698:glycosylated
673:
672:
609:Legal status
568:
550:
535:
206:ChEMBL493287
113:Identifiers
105:Other names
95:
91:
87:
31:Glucosamine
4673:Hexosamines
4476:Glucosamine
4456:Benzydamine
4425:Robenacoxib
4410:Lumiracoxib
4301:Etofenamate
4266:Naproxcinod
4255:Zaltoprofen
4065:Ampiroxicam
3987:Indometacin
3915:Aceclofenac
3906:derivatives
3904:acetic acid
3854:Ethenzamide
3849:Dipyrocetyl
3814:salicylates
3704:pyrazolones
3555:Royal jelly
3535:Lipoic acid
3530:Linseed oil
3490:Glucosamine
3418:ingredients
3231:Thiamine (B
3156:Fatty acids
3083:Glucosamine
2249:: 271β274.
2076:J Biol Chem
1702:17 February
1560:Orthopedics
1356:MedlinePlus
898:glycolipids
771:chondroitin
694:biochemical
690:amino sugar
674:Glucosamine
518:1.563 g/mL
463:Properties
332:Glucosamine
264:100.020.284
107:Chitosamine
4662:Categories
4506:Proquazone
4496:Nimesulide
4491:Nabumetone
4486:Hyperforin
4435:Valdecoxib
4400:Etoricoxib
4250:Vedaprofen
4198:Miroprofen
4193:Loxoprofen
4188:Ketoprofen
4183:Indoprofen
4156:Fenoprofen
4080:Lornoxicam
4017:Oxametacin
3956:Diclofenac
3950:Bumadizone
3925:Alclofenac
3920:Acemetacin
3859:Guacetisal
3844:Diflunisal
3834:Benorylate
3804:Suxibuzone
3772:Nifenazone
3757:Metamizole
3626:Herbal tea
3580:Wheatgrass
3480:Folic acid
3382:Phosphorus
3377:Molybdenum
3226:B vitamins
3176:Probiotics
3171:Prebiotics
3151:Energy bar
2234:: 139β159.
2212:: 213β227.
2127:2012-09-10
1467:(1): 170.
1366:27 January
1227:References
1221:Chitobiose
940:hydrolysis
846:hexosamine
827:symptoms.
718:hydrolysis
501:Molar mass
374:N08U5BOQ1K
217:ChemSpider
186:CHEBI:5417
141:3D model (
120:CAS Number
72:IUPAC name
4576:underline
4501:Oxaceprol
4466:Diacerein
4430:Rofecoxib
4420:Parecoxib
4415:Mavacoxib
4405:Firocoxib
4395:Deracoxib
4390:Cimicoxib
4384:+tramadol
4379:Celecoxib
4373:Apricoxib
4326:Glafenine
4321:Flutiazin
4282:fenamates
4240:Tepoxalin
4225:Pirprofen
4210:Oxaprozin
4178:Ibuproxam
4172:Ibuprofen
4136:Carprofen
4102:Tenoxicam
4097:Pivoxicam
4091:Piroxicam
4085:Meloxicam
4047:Zomepirac
4012:Mofezolac
4007:Lonazolac
4002:Ketorolac
3982:Fentiazac
3945:Bufexamac
3940:Bromfenac
3874:Salsalate
3829:Aloxiprin
3782:Phenazone
3747:Feprazone
3732:Clofezone
3641:Nutrition
3590:Yohimbine
3585:Wolfberry
3565:Spirulina
3545:Melatonin
3520:Krill oil
3495:Glutamine
3465:Echinacea
3435:Carnitine
3387:Potassium
3372:Manganese
3367:Magnesium
3276:Biotin (B
3249:Niacin (B
1678:207233252
1440:dead link
1189:cartilage
1100:cartilage
1060:arthritis
1056:cartilage
984:cartilage
918:shellfish
874:glutamine
835:shellfish
736:arthritis
722:shellfish
285:222-311-2
277:EC Number
130:3416-24-8
4652:Medicine
4605:category
4366:(coxibs)
4316:Flunixin
4296:Clonixin
4230:Suprofen
4204:Naproxen
4151:Fenbufen
4075:Isoxicam
4070:Droxicam
4042:Tolmetin
4037:Tiopinac
4032:Sulindac
3997:Isoxepac
3972:Felbinac
3967:Etodolac
3935:Bendazac
3767:Morazone
3752:Kebuzone
3722:Ampyrone
3475:Fish oil
3455:Creatine
3392:Selenium
3352:Fluorine
3337:Chromium
3206:Vitamins
3196:Vitamins
3166:Minerals
3062:24819506
3022:24011144
2986:18295513
2945:15641100
2909:39668131
2901:15083499
2860:19927591
2825:40196882
2817:12665145
2779:36796044
2771:20020968
2735:21623931
2674:15529373
2639:16168682
2596:17353133
2551:June 17,
2529:June 17,
2507:June 17,
2483:24462672
2442:17719803
2401:14644851
2099:11553646
2030:16818461
1979:17065354
1956:Diabetes
1936:15135147
1893:12860582
1855:16339923
1775:23 April
1747:15341031
1670:18363538
1631:25125456
1623:16766503
1588:21707977
1580:29771395
1545:15846645
1493:29980200
1215:See also
1035:Research
1029:Rite Aid
817:warfarin
706:chitosan
688:) is an
603:)
589:ATC code
565:Basicity
237:DrugBank
171:1723616
4615:commons
4516:Tenidap
4280:acids (
4117:profens
4057:oxicams
3930:Amfenac
3879:Salicin
3693:, also
3621:Hadacol
3575:Taurine
3525:Lingzhi
3505:Guarana
3485:Ginseng
3470:Ephedra
3332:Choline
3327:Calcium
2392:1754382
2339:. U.S.
2309:. U.S.
2275:. U.S.
2021:1798503
1846:1343508
1536:8459392
1484:6035477
1025:Walmart
950:. The
938:by the
930:History
655:what is
653: (
597: (
595:M01AX05
547:Acidity
541:-2.175
514:Density
506:179.172
341:PubChem
300:720725
246:DB01296
4638:Portal
4625:portal
3616:Enzyte
3402:Sulfur
3397:Sodium
3357:Iodine
3347:Copper
3342:Cobalt
3060:
3020:
2984:
2943:
2907:
2899:
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2823:
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1481:
1433:19 May
1267:
1163:Horses
1080:plasma
1040:Humans
1017:Costco
990:Europe
944:chitin
914:chitin
896:, and
825:cancer
710:chitin
650:verify
647:
447:SMILES
354:439213
315:D04334
226:388352
197:ChEMBL
66:Names
4574:Key:
4525:NSAID
4444:other
3695:N02BA
3134:Types
2905:S2CID
2821:S2CID
2775:S2CID
2294:(CD).
2113:"UDP-
1674:S2CID
1627:S2CID
1584:S2CID
1243:(PDF)
422:InChI
177:ChEBI
143:JSmol
3691:M02A
3689:and
3687:M01A
3425:AAKG
3407:Zinc
3362:Iron
3058:PMID
3018:PMID
2982:PMID
2941:PMID
2897:PMID
2856:PMID
2813:PMID
2767:PMID
2731:PMID
2693:ISBN
2670:PMID
2635:PMID
2592:PMID
2553:2013
2531:2013
2509:2013
2479:PMID
2438:PMID
2397:PMID
2349:2019
2323:2009
2289:2014
2151:ISBN
2095:PMID
2056:1099
2026:PMID
1975:PMID
1932:PMID
1889:PMID
1851:PMID
1777:2015
1743:PMID
1704:2017
1666:PMID
1619:PMID
1576:PMID
1541:PMID
1519:2005
1489:PMID
1435:2013
1396:2019
1368:2020
1335:2019
1296:2019
1265:ISBN
1176:10.6
1154:Dogs
1078:and
1027:and
872:and
784:and
740:pain
708:and
577:4.5
559:7.5
534:log
365:UNII
326:MeSH
306:KEGG
3208:and
3050:doi
3010:doi
2972:doi
2933:doi
2887:doi
2848:doi
2805:doi
2801:152
2759:doi
2723:doi
2662:doi
2625:doi
2582:doi
2469:doi
2428:doi
2387:PMC
2379:doi
2251:doi
2184:doi
2085:doi
2081:276
2016:PMC
2008:doi
1965:doi
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1881:doi
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