388:"There are strong arguments that support the idea that in the past the main ritual activity performed on a temporal basis was the worship of Shu nature spirits on the first days (usually on a dragon or snake day) of the second lunar month, and that this was the traditional New Year of the Nakhi. In Baidi, where the old traditions have been preserved, this is the most important festival, when everybody dressed in their best clothes, gathers around the Baishuitai terrace in a festive atmosphere and pay respect to the Shu gods of nature." ... "Around the same time when the Shu Nature spirits are worshiped in Baidi, the people gather to honour Sanduo in Baisha and Lijiang."... "Worship of Heaven ceremony, celebrated some days before Worshiping Shu, is a ritual celebration to remember that Nakhi ancestors came from Heaven, and that therefore they descend also from a celestial lineage." The New Year is nowadays the main festival for the Nakhi of Lijiang. the New Year is considered a time of renovation for humans, their houses and their fields, a time of spiritual and physical rebirth when every person must be born again, clean and uncontaminated from the hard existence of the previous year (Ceinos 2012).
526:, i.e. parentage is by the mother and all children – men and women – live in the house of the mother, from birth until death. Their family system is different from the one we know in the West since marriage – that is to say the recognition of a union of individuals by an institution – does not exist. The practice of sexual life is free between non-consanguineous adults: at night, the man goes to the woman with whom he would like to have sex, the woman being free to accept or not. Both men and women are free to have multiple partners. As a result, children do not always know their biological father. The children are raised by the inhabitants of the household, the maternal uncles assuming the role of "father" as understood in the West. This conception stems in part from one of their beliefs presenting the man as the rain on the grass: it serves to foster what is already there. The reproductive role of the man is thus to "water" the fetus already present in the woman. For Nakhi, hereditary characters are contained in bones, and are transmitted by women. However, with the opening to tourism and the exile of some inhabitants, manners tend to change, some Nashi conforming to the monogamous couple.
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745:(literally, to repay the debts of a tree), has been described in the village of Shuming. The ritual was conducted if somebody was stricken with illness or bad luck, when a Dongba priest would be consulted. On many occasions, the result would show that the person had carried out logging or washing of dirty things in the forest, and the family or person concerned would have to ask the Dongba priest to hold the ritual near where the activity had taken place, and apologize to the nature god Shu.
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381:, Nakhi houses are built in a standard Han style of one courtyard with one, two, three or four buildings around it, sometimes with linked adjoining courtyards. The mud brick and wood structures at first sight have been described as crude and simple in appearance, but a closer inspection reveals elaborate and delicate patterns on casements and doors, elegant pillars and pillar supports, and a very comfortable and airy living environment.
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trip, he could no longer lift the stone, and many thought that it was the embodiment of a god. The Nakhi later built a temple to honour this god, whom they later named Sanduo, and depicted as an immortal in a white coat and a white helmet, carrying a white spear and riding a white horse. They believed that Sanduo would protect the local people and their land. Because Sanduo was thought to have been born in the
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by his brother and his uncle, who were both riding elephants and escorted by many riders on horseback, the Nakhi king, riding on a palanquin, received them with this magnificent welcome. The king prostrated himself before the
Karmapa, the elephants broke their tethers and bowed down three times before him, and raised their trunks to the sky trumpeting loud as thunderclaps.
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Until the communists came to power in China in 1949, villagers followed these traditional principles and tried to use the natural resources conservatively, with thought for the preservation of the natural resources for future generations. However, after 1949 serious cultural and social change came to
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by the local people, this refers to the regular logging of trees and firewood every two to three years in the forested area near the particular village. A group of people comprising the Lao Min, the village headman, and the mountain guards will organize the procedure in advance. Even in recent years,
721:
Religious scriptures suggest that the Llü-bu were female shamans who practised divination, exorcism, and other rites in a trance. By the early nineteenth century, the Dongba priests had created a huge religious vocabulary accompanied by a variety of rituals, and had largely displaced the Llü-bu. This
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is worn over the shoulder. Especially in
Ninglang County, the women wear short jackets and long skirts reaching the ground with several folds. Large black cotton turbans are worn around their heads, which are accompanied with big silver earrings. The men's costume is much like that of Han Chinese. In
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The Dongba religion is based on the relationship between nature and man. In Dongba mythology, "Nature" and "Man" are half-brothers, having different mothers. According to the villagers of Shu Ming
Village, nature is controlled by spirits called "Shv". These gods are depicted as human-snake chimeras.
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Adherents of Dongba had no places of worship, and so they were not officially recognized as a religion by the
Communists following their arrival to the region. A Dongba shaman is merely a part-time practitioner priest, who is literate in Dongba religious texts that were unreadable by most Nashi, who
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to
Lijiang in 1516. The king, worried about the safety of the Karmapa on his long journey to Lijiang, dispatched an army of four generals and ten thousand soldiers to accompany him. On the third day of the fourth month, the Karmapa reached the border between Tibet and the Nakhi kingdom. Accompanied
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Anthropologists claim that many of the Dongba rituals show strong influences from the Bön religion, and are not native in origin. Bön lamas are believed to have settled among the Nashi as farmers, and to have begun to practise exorcisms as a way of earning a little money on the side; they were thus
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replaced livestock breeding as the main occupation of the people. The production of agricultural, handicraft, mineral, and livestock products led to considerable prosperity, and during this period a number of slave-owning groups in
Ninglang, Lijiang, and Weixi counties developed into a feudal caste
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According to legend, Sanduo is a war god who defends the local people. In ancient times, a hunter discovered a strange stone on Jade Dragon
Mountain, and carried the stone home. On his way home, he had to put the stone down for a rest, because it was extremely heavy. When he decided to continue his
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Being a conservative people, the villagers prohibited logging, and even the cutting of tree branches and gathering of dry pine-needles from the coniferous trees wasn't generally allowed. The gathering of pine needles was only allowed in July, when the forests were lush and green. However, only one
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Nakhi temples are decorated on the interior with carvings on poles, arches and wall paintings that often exhibit a unique combination of Dongba and
Buddhist influences. The decorations include depictions of episodes from epics, dancers, warriors, animals and birds, and flowers. The mural paintings
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Frequently harassed by neighboring tribes, the proto-Nakhi then moved southward to the banks of the
Nujiang River and the Jinsha River and then to the Along River in the present-day province of Sichuan in western China. After being pushed south by other conquering tribes, the Nashi settled in the
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Nakhi villages still retain an organization that protects the forests. This organization is administered by the members of the village committee, which necessarily includes the heads of the agricultural
Productive Cooperatives, the members of the female union, and the village mountain guard.
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religious, literary and farming practices, influenced by the Confucian roots of Han Chinese history. Especially in the case of their musical scores, it acts as the foundation of the Nakhi literature. The Nashi have their own writing, their own distinct language and their own native dress.
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There are many arts that are native to the Nakhi people, such as the rarely seen Nakhi handmade embroidery, Dongba painting, Dongba wooden carving and so on. Much of the wood carving that characterizes Nakhi houses are made by Bai craftsmen today. Absorbing architectural styles of the
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Cremation has been a tradition since ancient times, although burial was adopted in most Nakhi areas during the late Qing Dynasty and remains the preferred method of disposing of the dead today. Religious scriptures are chanted at the funeral ceremony to expiate the sins of the dead.
642:. The hereditary chieftains from the Mu family collected taxes and tribute, which then went to the Ming court in the form of silver and grains. The Ming relied on the Mu family as the mainstay for the control of the people of various ethnic groups in northwestern Yunnan Province.
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person from each household was allowed to do this job, in order to enforce fairness between households with more or fewer laborers. (Dry pine needles are mixed with pig manure for fertilizer. Green pine needles are used as a ground covering in courtyards during celebrations)
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Before communist rule in China, many villages still had shrines or places of worship dedicated to nature gods, such as Shu. Nakhi inhabitants of Tacheng, which is in the Lijiang-Nakhi Autonomous county, still profess belief in the "nature and man" relationship.
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Their attitude towards nature is clearly illustrated by the story of He Shun, a Dongba priest, who forbade his three sons to cut down more trees than they personally needed, as this would anger the gods and bring misfortune to his family.
638:. A chieftain, Mude, was made the hereditary chieftain of Lijiang Prefecture, exercising control over the Nakhi people and other ethnic groups (particularly the Eastern Tibetans inhabiting the region of Kham) during the
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In Nakhi society, women do most of the household and farm work, and while they keep to the kitchen when guests are present, they are essential to the household and are therefore influential in family decisions.
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describes the life and beliefs of the Nakhi and neighbouring peoples, while Joseph Rock's legacy includes diaries, maps, and photographs of the region, many of which were published in National Geographic.
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people and notwithstanding very striking resemblances between their respective languages, the two groups are now understood to be culturally distinct. The Nakhi are more influenced by the very patriarchal
760:), would watch all these activities. The elders also voluntarily carried out the public affairs of the village. Traditionally, they played an important role, which still influences many villages.
718:. This is disputed, largely because the Bon religion is so adulterated by Tibetan Buddhism today that it is difficult to find pure and authentic practitioners to use as a basis for comparison.
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The Nakhi celebrate the annual Torch Festival on the 24th and 25th of the sixth month of the Lunar calendar, which corresponds approximately to July 8–9, and the Sanduo Festival on February 8.
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populated regions, and usually inhabiting the most fertile riverside land, driving the other competing tribes farther up the hillsides onto less fertile land. The Nakhi, along with the
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An old guest-house in Lijiang, built around the beginning of the 20th century. The motifs and scripts made by pebble mosaic represent ancient Nashi beliefs in symbols and writing.
649:, hereditary local chieftains in the Lijiang area were replaced by court officials, and the Mu chieftains were included in this group retaining position as local administrators.
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The Dongba priests practice rituals such as the "Shv Gu" to appease these spirits and prevent their anger from boiling into natural disasters such as earthquakes and droughts.
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792:, resulting from the presence of the eighth and the tenth Karmapas in the Lijiang area during the fourteenth century. Over the years, the Nakhi in Lijiang built Buddhist
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The ancient Nakhi town of Lijiang is now a major tourist destination. In the old town, the Nakhi rent buildings to Han merchants who run shops catering to tourists.
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The Nakhi form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The official Chinese government classification includes the
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the Nakhi, and the government encouraged logging by the Han army in Nakhi areas, which in turn led to a loss of influence of the traditional customs.
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Nakhi histories describe a split into three groups while their ancestors were still in Baisha. The ones who remained are known as the Nashi, those in
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modern times, traditional dress is rarely worn among the younger generation. It is now usually only worn at cultural events and on special occasions.
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In 2005, Kuang Jianren, a famous Chinese film script writer produced "Snow Bracelet", a film based on the life of Nakhi ethnic minorities in Yunnan.
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depict Dongba gods, and stylistically are derived from Han Chinese interpretations of Tibetan Buddhist themes. A good example is the Delwada Temple.
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The Nakhi are traditionally led by their native Dongbas in matters pertaining to religion. Through both Han Chinese and other cultural influences,
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As the heads of the family, a woman leaves her inheritance to her descendants either from the mother, or through her sisters and their offspring.
796:, which acted as the place of worship for the Nakhi Buddhist community. The first monastery, Ogmin Namling at Lashiba, was founded by the tenth
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religion; the word "Dongba" literally means "wise man" in the Nakhi language. Nakhi legend traces Dongba's origins to a Bön shaman from eastern
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The Nakhi women wear wide-sleeved loose gowns accompanied by jackets and long trousers, tied with richly decorated belts at the waist.
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1103:. 2 volumes (Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, Vol. VIII and IX) Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1948
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Especially in Longquan, the villagers have traditional regulations for logging and firewood collection. Known as
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matrilineal family structure, which was vigorously but unsuccessfully eradicated during the Communist era.
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679:). Taoism, and particularly its "fengshui" practices have been widely practiced since the tenth century.
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took hold in the Lijiang region following visits from the Karmapas from the fourteenth century onwards.
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Historians have decided that between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, agricultural production in
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is certainly the case with Yi shamans, but the connection to Dongba practices remains unclear.
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The Nakhi are thought to have come originally from northwestern China, migrating south toward
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Zhan, Chengxu (严汝娴); Wang, Chengquan (王承权); Li, Jinchun (李近春); Liu, Longchu (刘龙初) (1980).
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named Ton-pa Shen-rab (丁巴什罗), who lived in a cave near Baishuitai during the 12th century.
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They were brought to the attention of the Western world by two men: the American botanist
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and travelled throughout the area during the early 20th century. Peter Goullart's book
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Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China
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Collected contributions on the history of the philosophical mindset of the Nashi
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established the Lijiang Prefecture, which represented the imperial court in
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Identity and Schooling Among the Naxi: Becoming Chinese with Naxi Identity
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as part of the Nakhi people. Although both groups are descendants of the
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A few Nakhi men carry on the ancient Chinese tradition of hunting with
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58: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1213:: Deqen, Lijiang, Weixi, & Yenyuan (website no longer online, see
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in competition with the native ritual specialists, locally known as
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Sons of Heaven, Brothers of Nature: The Naxi of Southwest China
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564:. This practice is rarely found in other parts of China today.
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Azhu marriage and matrilinear family among the Yongning-Nakhi
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has gained widespread respect (especially in the case of the
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Relentless advocate 'greens' rural China, village by village
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The Nakhi have several indigenous forms of music, including
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and India, on the so-called Tea and Horse Caravan routes.
1229:: an alternative interface to the images held at Harvard
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He, Zhonghua (和钟华) (1992). Yang, Shiguang (杨世光) (ed.).
321:, traded over the dangerous overland trading links with
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Guo, Dalie (郭大烈) (1991). Yang, Shiguang (杨世光) (ed.).
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The system of matrilinearity among the Yongning Nashi
584:, are believed to be the descendants of the nomadic
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Nakhi people in a staged basket-carrying performance
726:are not usually taught to read their own language.
1053:Li, Jinchun (李近春); Wang, Chengquan (王承权) (1984).
741:One of the most widely practised Dongba rituals,
698:religion is rooted in the beliefs of the Tibetan
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1139:Yan, Ruxian (严汝娴); Song, Zhaolin (宋兆麟) (1984).
923:. University of Washington Press, 1999, page 25.
1198:] (in German). Zürich: Völkerkundemuseum .
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1101:The Ancient Na-khi Kingdom of Southwest China
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885:6 modern societies where women literally rule
2456:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China
951:Guo, Dalie (郭大烈); He, Zhiwu (和志武) (1994).
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807:The Nakhi king invited the eighth Karmapa,
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1221:The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
1121:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities
1067:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities
936:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, page 30.
868:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
691:Dongba aspiration windbells in Yuhe Square
514:Nakhi from the northern region, Yongning (
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118:Learn how and when to remove this message
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344:Nakhi culture is largely its own native
1223:: holders of most of Joseph Rock's work
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538:Among the Nakhi in Yongning County in
299:, as well as the southwestern part of
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430:A Nakhi woman in traditional clothing
824:and the Russian traveler and writer
546:, there still exist remnants of the
399:, it is sacrificed at his festival.
165:Regions with significant populations
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
2420:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
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576:A Nakhi woman in traditional dress
19:For the Bermudian footballer, see
16:Ethnic group in Southwestern China
14:
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1196:Nashi. Objects, myths, pictograms
2425:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
1192:Naxi. Dinge, Mythen, Piktogramme
1107:Wu, Xiongwu (伍雄武), ed. (1990).
420:
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1256:(website no longer online, see
43:needs additional citations for
1241:: on-line selections from the
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854:Ceinos Arcones, Pedro (2012).
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784:Many of the Nakhi embrace the
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284:) are a people inhabiting the
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1:
1266:(retrieved November 25, 2007)
1025:Literary history of the Nashi
904:, Backcountry, archived from
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752:The elders, locally known as
529:
455:The language is written with
888:, MentalFloss, March 4, 2017
292:in the northwestern part of
7:
1245:Nashi manuscript collection
1239:Nakhi Manuscript Collection
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444:
402:
10:
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1080:Short history of the Nashi
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542:and the Yanyuan County in
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1984:
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500:and the Chinese-inspired
372:A Lijiang street at night
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2395:Local ethnic nationalism
1314:recognized ethnic groups
1235:: book by Peter Goullart
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1092:. 1984. pp. 2, 159.
1075:
1054:
1020:
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828:, both of whom lived in
816:Introduction to the West
600:areas by the year 3 CE.
466:
2466:Ethnic groups in Yunnan
1254:Picture of Nashi murals
1249:Unlocking Nashi scripts
1037:. pp. 3, 12, 828.
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2430:Historic ethnic groups
1301:Ethnic groups in China
919:Mette Halskov Hansen:
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219:Related ethnic groups
1097:Rock, Joseph Francis
957:History of the Nashi
645:In 1723, during the
353:Art and architecture
52:improve this article
1243:Library of Congress
1123:. pp. 2, 194.
1003:. pp. 6, 691.
258:traditional Chinese
139:
2461:Culture in Sichuan
1227:Joseph Rock Images
1181:. pp. 3, 321.
991:The Dongba culture
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669:
578:
518:) are known to be
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374:
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286:Hengduan Mountains
250:simplified Chinese
133:
2438:
2437:
1607:
1606:
1233:Forgotten Kingdom
834:Forgotten Kingdom
506:discussed above.
364:old town at night
290:Eastern Himalayas
234:
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128:
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2296:Tajiks (Pamiris)
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790:Tibetan Buddhism
780:Tibetan Buddhism
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743:Zzerq Ciul Zhuaq
673:Tibetan Buddhism
625:Tibetan Buddhism
580:The Nakhi, like
517:
424:
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397:year of the Goat
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209:Tibetan Buddhism
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155:Total population
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101:
60:
36:
28:
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2476:Tibetan society
2471:Tibetan culture
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2411:
2383:Han nationalism
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2318:African Chinese
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2153:
2098:
1980:
1938:Sichuan Mongols
1754:
1708:
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1603:
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1490:
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1188:Oppitz, Michael
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1165:永宁纳西族的阿注婚姻和母系家庭
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944:Further reading
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769:Jjuq-Hal-Keel
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69: –
68:
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63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
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41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2451:Nakhi people
2344:
2338:Kaifeng Jews
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1993:
1966:
1954:
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1696:
1684:Austronesian
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1392:Lolo-Burmese
1369:
1355:
1338:
1322:Sino-Tibetan
1309:
1195:
1191:
1168:
1144:
1112:
1100:
1079:
1058:
1024:
990:
956:
928:
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906:the original
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647:Qing dynasty
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640:Ming dynasty
632:Yuan dynasty
629:
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590:
579:
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497:baisha xiyue
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245:
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130:Ethnic group
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
2182:Fuyu Kyrgyz
822:Joseph Rock
809:Mikyö Dorje
788:lineage of
586:proto-Qiang
520:matrilineal
457:Geba script
339:Han Chinese
137:Nashi, Naxi
21:Nahki Wells
2445:Categories
2388:chauvinism
2367:Pakistanis
2350:Chaoxianzu
1962:Sogwo Arig
1881:Muumyangan
1866:Khishigten
1714:Hmong-Mien
1666:Vietnamese
1310:Underlined
1109:纳西族哲学思想史论集
932:Haibo Yu:
858:. Kunming.
841:References
765:Jjuq-ssaiq
623:of lords.
530:Traditions
524:matrilocal
341:culture.
306:in China.
108:April 2009
78:newspapers
2266:Armenians
2187:Ili Turks
1783:Dongxiang
1479:Qixingmin
1363:subgroups
1351:Chuanqing
1312:: the 56
1141:永宁纳西族的母系制
1059:The Nakhi
864:cite book
438:Sheepskin
187:Languages
2357:Macanese
2328:Japanese
2289:Russians
2271:Iranians
2167:Altaians
2104:Tungusic
1876:Khuuchid
1871:Khorchin
1861:Kharchin
1816:Abaganar
1789:Hamnigan
1760:Mongolic
1692:Filipino
1509:Gyalrong
1190:(1997).
1173:Shanghai
716:Ssan-nyi
659:Religion
503:dongjing
478:dongjing
445:Language
403:Clothing
319:Tibetans
317:and the
304:Province
297:Province
199:Religion
2376:Related
2346:Koreans
2323:Indians
2276:Nepalis
2246:Western
2226:Uyghurs
2127:Manchus
2018:Tai Nua
2013:Tai Lue
1986:Kra–Dai
1974:Eastern
1956:Monguor
1928:Onnigud
1916:Torghut
1906:Khoshut
1896:Dzungar
1886:Naimans
1856:Khalkha
1846:Jalaids
1836:Chahars
1831:Buryats
1826:Baarins
1805:Mongols
1794:Kangjia
1698:Gaoshan
1554:Tibetan
1533:Tibetic
1496:Qiangic
1443:Laomian
1382:Waxiang
1377:Longjia
1331:Sinitic
1258:archive
1215:archive
1178:上海人民出版社
1171:].
1154:云南人民出版社
1149:Kunming
1147:].
1117:Beijing
1115:].
1089:云南人民出版社
1084:Kunming
1082:].
1063:Beijing
1061:].
1034:四川民族出版社
1029:Chengdu
1027:].
1000:云南人民出版社
995:Kunming
993:].
966:四川民族出版社
961:Chengdu
959:].
830:Lijiang
798:Karmapa
754:Lao Min
620:Lijiang
598:Lijiang
568:History
562:falcons
544:Sichuan
510:Society
483:Lijiang
362:Lijiang
311:Tibetan
301:Sichuan
271:Nàxī zú
176:Sichuan
160:326,000
92:scholar
2362:Nivkhs
2311:Others
2302:Wakhis
2233:Uzbeks
2220:Tuvans
2200:Kyrgyz
2193:Kazakh
2159:Turkic
2141:Oroqen
2113:Evenks
2093:Zhuang
2065:Qabiao
2047:Maonan
2001:Buyang
1995:Bouyei
1891:Oirats
1851:Jaruud
1841:Gorlos
1821:Aohans
1799:Khatso
1704:Utsuls
1659:Ta'ang
1584:Jingpo
1577:Derung
1564:Others
1548:Sherpa
1448:Laopin
1431:Kucong
1401:Achang
1346:Caijia
1127:
1041:
1021:纳西族文学史
1007:
973:
794:Gompas
712:Llü-bu
696:Dongba
683:Dongba
636:Yunnan
594:Baisha
540:Yunnan
475:Nakhi
346:Dongba
294:Yunnan
268::
266:pinyin
260::
252::
213:Taoism
205:Dongba
180:Yunnan
172:
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
2400:Minzu
2281:Daman
2240:Yugur
2214:Tatar
2207:Salar
2177:Dolan
2148:Sibes
2134:Nanai
2119:Solon
2059:Mulao
2033:Gelao
1968:Yugur
1943:Sunud
1933:Ordos
1901:Khoid
1811:Abaga
1769:Bonan
1734:Hmong
1722:Gejia
1653:Pakan
1633:Kunge
1628:Bolyu
1622:Blang
1598:Tujia
1591:Lhoba
1542:Monpa
1522:Qiang
1504:Baima
1466:Nakhi
1460:Mosuo
1194:[
1167:[
1143:[
1111:[
1078:[
1076:纳西族简史
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