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for the Seven and 69.94 inches (177.6 cm) for the Nine. Their average weight was higher too: 162 pounds (73 kg) compared to 159 pounds (72 kg) for the Seven and 161.5 pounds (73.3 kg) for the Nine. Flying time was lower; whereas the Seven had averaged 3,500 hours, of which 1,700 was in jets, and the Nine had averaged 2,800 hours with 1,900 in jets, the
Fourteen had an average of 2,300 hours, with 1,800 in jets. Educational achievement was a major differentiator. While six of the Nine had bachelor's degrees, and three had master's degrees, just six of the Fourteen had only bachelor's degrees, and three of them were working on their master's; seven already had master's degrees, Cunningham was working on his doctorate, and Buzz Aldrin had a
31:
607:, protested, saying that there were other pilots that had been rated higher than Dwight. All were accepted, so Class IV had fourteen members instead of the usual eight. "Why in hell would a colored guy want to go into space anyway?" Yeager asked, adding: "And if it was left to me, you guys wouldn't even get a chance to wear an Air Force uniform." Dwight was ranked eighth in his class. Along with the seven ahead of him, Dwight was recommended by the USAF for NASA astronaut training in July 1963. Dwight was not one of the final candidates, although classmates Scott and Freeman were.
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340:, the chief of the Flight Crew Operations. By the deadlines, 720 applications were received, of which 492 were from military personnel and 228 were from civilians. Of these, 490 were considered eligible, and 136 were selected for screening. The selection panel considered the applications between July 17 and 20, and picked the top 34 for further examination.
1458:(MIT) in 1956, and a Master of Science degree from there in 1963. He worked as a research scientist at the Experimental Astronomy Laboratory at MIT. He served as a fighter pilot in the U.S. Air Force and the Massachusetts Air National Guard from 1956 to 1963. He flew in space in March 1969 as lunar module pilot of
1732:
The
Fourteen suffered a high death rate. Bassett, Freeman and Williams were killed in T-38 crashes, and Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire, before they had a chance to fly in space. All the rest flew at least once; Aldrin, Bean, Collins and Gordon flew twice, and Cernan and Scott flew three times. Aldrin,
367:
tests were carried out to see how they reacted to a loss of oxygen, they were spun about in darkened rooms to test their resistance to motion sickness, and ice water was poured into one ear to test how the inner ears reacted to such an imbalance. Psychological tests included being given a blank sheet
248:
on
January 3, 1962. On April 18, 1962, NASA formally announced that it was accepting applications for a second group of astronauts who would assist the Mercury astronauts with Project Mercury, and join them in flying Project Gemini missions. It was anticipated that they might go on to command Project
1700:
As the
Mercury Seven and the Next Nine had done, each of the fourteen was given an individual area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers: Aldrin was given mission planning; Anders, environment controls; Bassett,
1513:
from the United States
Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated fifth in the class of 1954, and was commissioned in the USAF. He received both a Master of Science degree in aeronautics/astronautics and the degree of Engineer in aeronautics/astronautics from MIT in 1962. He graduated
538:
All were married except for
Williams, who became the first bachelor astronaut. Their average age at the time of selection was 31, compared with 34.5 for the Mercury Seven and 32.5 for the Next Nine. They were slightly taller, at 70.1 inches (178 cm), compared with 69.79 inches (177.3 cm)
1151:
Collins received a
Bachelor of Science degree in military science from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from which he graduated in 1952, and was commissioned into the USAF. He graduated from the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School (Class 60C) and the ARPS (Class
280:
and himself—were no longer flying, leaving thirteen active astronauts. On that basis, he calculated an attrition rate of about ten percent per year. It followed that
Project Apollo might require another ten to twenty astronauts. On June 5, 1963, NASA announced that it would be recruiting ten to
220:
By 1961, although it was yet to launch a person into space, the STG was confident that
Project Mercury had overcome its initial setbacks, and the United States had overtaken the Soviet Union as the most advanced nation in space technology. The STG began considering Mercury Mark II, a two-person
1347:
Freeman attended the
University of Delaware at Newark for one year, then entered the United States Naval Academy, from which he graduated in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science degree, and chose to join the USAF. In 1960, he received a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the
392:(ARPS). He recalled that "even Deke Slayton and Warren North seem to have mellowed a bit". Slayton had developed a points system for assessing the candidates. Ten points each were allocated to academics, pilot performance, and character and motivation, for a possible score of thirty points.
799:
photographs. He also served as backup pilot for Gemini 11 and backup command module pilot for Apollo 11. Upon leaving the astronaut corps, Anders later served as Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council from 1969 to 1973, a member of the
1101:, from which he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in 1957. He was commissioned into the Navy under the NROTC program. In 1962, he commenced studies for a Master of Science degree in reliability engineering at the
407:, to the list. The successful candidates received phone calls from Slayton; unsuccessful ones got calls from North or Jack G. Cairl from NASA public relations. Four of the unsuccessful finalists would later become NASA astronauts in the
383:
between September 2 and 7. Collins felt that the interview was easier the second time around. The panellists were no longer strangers, the questions they asked were no longer unpredictable, and he had the benefit of having attended the
1621:
The fourteen were given classroom instruction, which Collins felt was useful "to bridge the gap between aeronautics and astronautics, to minimize the technological shock we might otherwise experience". The 240-hour course covered
1705:; Cunningham, non-flight experiments; Eisele, attitude controls; Freeman, boosters; Gordon, cockpit controls; Schweickart, in-flight experiments; Scott, guidance and navigation; and Williams, range operations and crew safety.
1051:, the "dress rehearsal" for the Moon landing, the first lunar flight of the lunar module, and highest velocity achieved by a crewed vehicle. He was backup commander of Apollo 14, and then returned to the Moon as commander of
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in 1951, and joined the Navy. He graduated from the Navy's All-Weather Flight School and, in 1957, from the Test Pilot School. He also studied at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. Gordon was the backup pilot for
1242:
when he was selected for astronaut training. He was selected as lunar module pilot in the prime crew for Apollo 2, and then the backup crew for Apollo 1. He flew in space in October 1968 as lunar module pilot of
972:
in 1975. He retired from the Navy in October 1975, but continued as head of the Astronaut Candidate Operations and Training Group within the Astronaut Office as a civilian. He retired from NASA in 1981.
35:
Group 3 astronauts. Back row, left to right: Collins, Cunningham, Eisele, Freeman, Gordon, Schweickart, Scott, Williams. Front row, left to right: Aldrin, Anders, Bassett, Bean, Cernan, Chaffee.
1055:, the final crewed lunar landing, and was the last person to walk on the Moon. He is one of only three men to have flown to the Moon twice. He retired from NASA and the Navy in 1976.
1411:, but the mission was canceled due to budget cuts. He retired from NASA and the USN in January 1972 and accepted the position of executive vice president and general manager of the
281:
fifteen new astronauts. Civilian applications had to be submitted by July 1, 1963; military ones were due by July 15, to give the services time to pre-screen their applicants.
347:
for medical examinations between July 31 and August 15. Candidates were relieved that "we were not subjected to the indignities endured by the original seven." Tests included
463:. The official announcement of the astronaut selection was made at a press conference at the MSC in Houston on October 18. The new astronauts became known as "The Fourteen".
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in Ohio. He graduated from the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School (Class 62A) and the ARPS (Class IV). He flew in space in October 1968 as command module pilot of
731:, and was the second person to set foot on the Moon. Upon leaving NASA in 1971, he became commandant of the USAF Test Pilot School. He retired from the Air Force in 1972.
1653:
U.S. Survey Geologist E. Dale Jackson, (left), with Astronauts (left to right) Bill Anders, Richard Gordon, Neil Armstrong and Donn Eisele during Geological Training in
256:
By May 1963, while there were enough astronauts for the needs of Project Gemini, the schedule for Project Apollo called for four crewed Earth-orbit missions launched by
115:
and two were civilians. Four died in training accidents before they could fly in space. All of the surviving ten flew Apollo missions; five also flew Gemini missions.
1716:
from the Nine, and Anders, Cernan, Chaffee, Cunningham, Eisele, Freeman, Gordon and Schweickart from the fourteen. The operations branch was headed by Nine astronaut
1474:, and he served in the Governor's office as his assistant for science and technology. In 1979 Schweickart became Commissioner of Energy for the State of California.
1289:
Eisele graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1952, and elected to join the USAF. He earned a Master of Science degree in astronautics in 1960 from the
1825:
886:. Bassett also graduated from the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School (Class 62A) and the ARPS (Class III). He was selected as pilot for Gemini 9, but died in a
372:, one of the few who had been through the process in 1962, said it was of polar bears having sex in the snow. Six candidates were eliminated on medical grounds.
440:
535:. "In retrospect," Collins noted, "we were in the same tradition as the previous two groups, despite the press's natural tendency to highlight differences."
272:, could foresee a shortage of astronauts, although he doubted so many flights would actually be flown. Moreover, by mid-1963, three Mercury Seven astronauts—
531:. There were two civilians: Walter Cunningham, who was a captain in the Marine Corps Reserve; and Russell (Rusty) Schweickart, who was a captain in the
158:; all the others were test pilots. On average, its members were younger, slightly taller and heavier than the previous two groups, and better educated.
448:
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in 1954. He joined the Marine Corps, and graduated from the Navy Test Pilot School at Patuxent River, Maryland in 1961. He served as backup pilot for
3614:
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The geology classes were a special case, as they were for all astronauts, not just the fourteen. The training in geology included field trips to the
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training and simulators; Bean, recovery systems; Cernan, spacecraft propulsion and the Agena; Chaffee, communications; Collins, pressure suits and
3322:
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University of Michigan. He graduated from both the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School (Class 62-A) and the ARPS (Class IV). He was killed in a
1164:. He was on the Apollo 3 (later named Apollo 8) crew, but was removed for medical reasons months before launch. In 1969, he flew to the Moon as
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403:, his director of engineering and development, had an objection: thirteen was an unlucky number. So Slayton added the next candidate,
213:, which aimed to send a person to space and then into orbit. The selection of the first astronauts, known as the "Original Seven" or "
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Anders, Bean, Cernan, Collins, Gordon and Scott flew to the Moon (Cernan twice), and Aldrin, Bean, Cernan and Scott walked on it.
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2485:
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announced a far more ambitious goal on May 25, 1961: to put a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. This already had a name:
289:
The selection criteria were similar to those for the Next Nine, except that the minimum flight hours was lowered to 1,000, with
801:
1538:. Scott became the seventh person to walk on the Moon. He served as backup commander of Apollo 17, but was removed due to the
182:. The demonstration of American technological inferiority came as a profound shock to the American public. In response to the
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1403:. He was the backup command module pilot for Apollo 9 and then in November 1969 flew to the Moon as command module pilot of
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506:
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from both the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School (Class 62-A) and the ARPS (Class IV). Scott flew in space as pilot of
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rockets, commencing in 1967. On that schedule, the NASA Chief of the Astronaut Office, grounded Mercury Seven astronaut
809:
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in December 1968, the first crewed circumlunar flight, Anders was responsible for significant photography, notably the
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1102:
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qualification no longer required, and the maximum age was lowered to 34. The key criteria were that candidates were:
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in Texas. There was also jungle survival training for the Fourteen in Panama, and desert survival training around
3179:
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Cunningham enlisted in the Navy in 1951 and began his flight training in 1952. In 1953, he was commissioned as a
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The final stage of the selection process were interviews by the selection panel, which were conducted at the
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degree in physics in 1960, and a Master of Arts degree in physics the following year. He was working on his
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The fourteen were divided between two branches. The Apollo branch was headed by Mercury Seven astronaut
139:
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112:
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585:. Dwight graduated with Class 62-C in April 1963. He was the third African American to attend, after
1407:, the second crewed lunar landing. He was backup commander for Apollo 15, and was slated to command
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1522:) and the first mission abort from Earth orbit. In March 1969 he was command module pilot of
1369:
875:
851:
586:
509:
344:
2961:. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans.
2766:. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA.
1160:, the first mission to perform a double rendezvous, and during which he performed a pair of
3604:
3584:
3569:
3338:
2471:
1670:
1535:
1519:
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589:, who had graduated in 1958, and Joseph C. Watts, a civilian, in 1960. The fourth would be
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8:
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from the Nine, and Aldrin, Bassett, Bean, Collins, Scott and Williams from the Fourteen.
1639:
1605:
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pilot with 2,000 hours in high-performance jets, an aeronautical engineering degree from
436:
348:
3017:"The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology, Volume II: November 8, 1962 – September 30, 1964"
2547:
2529:
2511:
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A selection panel was established, consisting of Mercury Seven astronauts Deke Slayton,
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2583:
1499:
1416:
949:
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502:
222:
108:
2400:
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2022:. Vol. 3, no. 1. NASA. October 30, 1963. pp. 1, 4, 5, 7. Archived from
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778:
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555:
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in particular in the armed services, and in 1962 he brought pressure to bear on the
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rockets in 1966; and six or more Earth-orbit and lunar-orbit missions launched by
225:. This confidence was shattered on April 12, 1961, when the Soviet Union launched
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3096:
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2869:
1682:
1571:
829:
551:
486:
444:
337:
273:
253:", were selected, and their names were publicly announced on September 17, 1962.
237:
210:
1542:. He retired from the Air Force in March 1975. He was deputy director of NASA's
1023:
in 1956. He was commissioned in the Navy through the NROTC program. He earned a
3266:
3231:
2198:
1717:
1694:
1631:
1301:, the first crewed Apollo mission. He was also backup command module pilot for
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915:
863:
859:
855:
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to nominate an African-American astronaut candidate. The USAF selected Captain
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245:
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183:
100:
96:
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technological and ideological competition with the United States known as the
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1709:
1666:
1227:
1209:
990:
937:
684:
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520:
333:
297:
214:
147:
2914:
2752:
2486:"Astronaut Walt Cunningham, who test flew Apollo command module, dies at 90"
1743:
1462:, the first crewed flight of the lunar module, and was backup commander for
1305:. In 1972, he retired from the Air Force and NASA to become Director of the
820:
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3016:
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1686:
1678:
1662:
1654:
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in March 1966, a mission that featured the first docking in space (with an
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in 1969, he became the fourth man to walk on the Moon. He was commander of
837:
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604:
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472:
456:
424:
400:
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Slayton then took thirteen names to a meeting chaired by the MSC director,
329:
269:
233:
171:
3142:
2842:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer.
2812:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer.
1779:
1526:, the first crewed flight with a lunar module. He was backup commander of
1027:
degree in aeronautical engineering at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School,
898:
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3226:
3058:
2865:
1713:
1635:
1491:
1471:
1317:
883:
653:
498:
490:
475:
420:
412:
360:
143:
128:
124:
116:
3128:
Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966).
2275:
2308:"San Juan Islands plane crash pilot identified: Who is William Anders?"
1721:
1247:, the first crewed Apollo mission. Cunningham then became Chief of the
1231:
1063:
858:
from 1950 to 1952. Midway through college in 1952, Bassett enrolled in
688:
439:. Besides Adams, two other finalists later died in aircraft accidents:
313:
290:
277:
179:
135:
2953:
2810:
Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts
2760:
Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979).
2180:
2178:
1427:
3241:
1755:
1623:
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1531:
1527:
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crash in 1964 before being selected for any space flight assignment.
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1052:
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953:
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907:
795:
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352:
261:
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120:
103:. Their selection was announced in October 1963. Seven were from the
88:
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in the United States Marine Corps (USMC), and flew 54 missions as a
1192:
244:. The two-person Mercury II spacecraft concept was officially named
2175:
1601:
1523:
1515:
1463:
1459:
1396:
1390:
Gordon received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from the
1298:
1244:
1172:, the first Moon landing. He left NASA in January 1970, and became
1153:
1110:
1109:. He was slated to be pilot on the Prime Crew for the first crewed
1044:
965:
957:
790:
720:
265:
257:
236:
became the first person to orbit the Earth. In response, President
226:
175:
3330:
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2044:
1856:
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in 1955, and chose to be commissioned in the USAF. He received a
2735:
The Real Stuff: A History of NASA's Astronaut Recruitment Program
1939:
1937:
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739:
380:
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Line-of-sight guidance techniques for manned orbital rendezvous
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Line-of-Sight Guidance Techniques for Manned Orbital Rendezvous
696:
2090:
2088:
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1934:
1259:
3022:. The NASA Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4009
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2068:
1892:
1554:
700:
650:
2100:
1868:
1534:, the fourth crewed lunar landing, and the first to use the
1234:. He was a reservist from 1956 to 1975. Cunningham earned a
1121:
1031:
in 1963. Cernan was backup pilot, and later prime pilot for
981:
3067:
Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race
2083:
1138:
600:
told LeMay to ensure that he was accepted. The commandant,
581:, and outstanding performance reviews, for training at the
92:
2840:
Moon Bound: Choosing and Preparing NASA's Lunar Astronauts
2709:
2136:
2124:
1560:
1113:, but was killed in a cabin fire during launch rehearsal.
719:
in 1966. After serving as backup command module pilot for
306:
6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m) or less in height;
2763:
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft
1954:
1952:
1924:
1922:
1646:(40 hours), computers (36 hours) and geology (58 hours).
1630:(8 hours), rockets (12 hours), communications (8 hours),
1579:
1454:
Schweickart received his Bachelor of Science degree from
1433:
1385:
1342:
1284:
1239:
1217:
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1006:
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experience was substituted. This applied to Buzz Aldrin,
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2623:
2225:
2165:
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2148:
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On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini
2401:"Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew – Roger Chaffee"
1907:
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from which he received a Bachelor of Science degree in
1570:
1498:
1443:
1376:
1333:
1275:
1208:
1198:
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997:
914:
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660:
87:(nicknamed the "The Fourteen") was a group of fourteen
2673:
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2213:
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1949:
1919:
1880:
1600:, and was selected as a member of the backup crew for
1323:
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branch of the Astronaut Office. He left NASA in 1971.
769:
Anders graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in
554:
was disturbed at the lingering discrimination against
309:
with a degree in engineering or the physical sciences;
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2608:
2160:
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1844:
3102:
Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle
745:
715:. He was backup pilot for Gemini 9 and the pilot of
134:
Group 3 was the first to waive the requirement of a
1799:"All 'Original Seven' American astronauts now dead"
1069:
987:
675:at West Point with a Bachelor of Science degree in
2013:"14 New Astronauts Introduced at Press Conference"
1127:
952:, Maryland. He served as backup command pilot for
260:rockets in 1965; between two and four launched by
197:(NASA), to oversee an American space program. The
3137:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA.
3057:
2050:
1488:
1265:
209:, created an American spaceflight project called
3551:
3015:Morse, Mary Louise; Bays, Jean Kernahan (1973).
2732:
2562:"Astronaut Bio: Russell L. Schweickart (9/2006)"
2392:
2184:
1943:
1466:. He left NASA in 1977 to join the staff of the
316:, or with 1,000 hours jet pilot flying time; and
249:Apollo missions. Nine candidates, known as the "
2952:Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James M. (2010) .
1509:Scott received a Bachelor of Science degree in
1174:Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs
1047:. In May 1969 he was the lunar module pilot on
1035:in 1966, when he performed the second American
904:
3091:
3037:"The Troubles of 'Astronaut' Edward J. Dwight"
2951:
2737:. Praeger special studies. New York: Praeger.
2733:Atkinson, Joseph D.; Shafritz, Jay M. (1985).
2691:
2259:
2077:
1901:
1874:
928:Bean received a Bachelor of Science degree in
3496:List of United States Marine Corps astronauts
3316:
3187:
2190:
1152:III). In 1965, he served as backup pilot for
804:from 1973 to 1975, the first Chairman of the
560:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
195:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3501:List of United States Space Force astronauts
3203:NASA Astronaut Group 3, "The Fourteen", 1963
3163:"NASA Astronaut Group 3 Presentation (1963)"
3131:This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury
2446:"'Forgotten Astronaut' Michael Collins Dies"
1399:, and then, in September 1966, the pilot of
2864:
2106:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1689:. Water survival training was conducted at
1588:from 1949 to 1951, and then transferred to
671:Aldrin graduated third in his class at the
368:of white paper and asked what it depicted.
3323:
3309:
3194:
3180:
3045:. Vol. 20, no. 8. pp. 29–36
3002:. Vol. 64, no. 4. pp. 60–64
2994:"The Fire and Fate Have Left Eight Widows"
2921:
2896:Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys
2094:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
890:less than four months before the mission.
471:Seven of the Fourteen were from the USAF:
29:
3014:
2292:. NASA. February 11, 2015. Archived from
2154:
1913:
3615:1963 establishments in the United States
2598:"Astronaut Bio: Clifton C. Williams, Jr"
2348:
2330:"Charles A. Bassett, II (Captain, USAF)"
1648:
3486:List of astronauts by year of selection
3034:
2992:Hamblin, Dora Jane (January 26, 1968).
2991:
2892:
2834:
2804:
2715:
2703:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2614:
2231:
2219:
2196:
2169:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2062:
1964:
1958:
1928:
1886:
1850:
1773:
1530:, and then, in July 1971, commander of
3552:
2265:
1786:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966
1762:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966
1750:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966
1043:and the backup lunar module pilot for
968:in 1973, and backup commander for the
679:in 1951. He was commissioned into the
596:Dwight then applied for the ARPS, and
455:, and was killed when it crashed into
3304:
3175:
2443:
2398:
1823:
1456:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
942:Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps
866:in October of that year. He earned a
862:but entered the U.S. Air Force as an
709:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
593:in 1966; by 1984, six had graduated.
545:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
284:
2526:"Astronaut Bio: Theodore C. Freeman"
636:
431:, would be posthumously awarded his
336:and John Glenn, and NASA test pilot
323:
16:Group of astronauts selected by NASA
1863:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979
1642:(12 hours), navigation (34 hours),
550:All were male and white. President
303:aged less than 34 on June 30, 1963;
217:", was announced on April 9, 1959.
193:created a new civilian agency, the
13:
2544:"Astronaut Bio: Richard F. Gordon"
2468:"Astronaut Bio: Walter Cunningham"
2437:
2332:. NASA. March 1966. Archived from
956:and backup lunar module pilot for
944:(NROTC) program, and attended the
878:in 1960, and did graduate work at
810:United States Ambassador to Norway
789:in 1962. As lunar module pilot of
14:
3626:
3214:← NASA Astronaut Group 3 →
3151:
3035:Sanders, Charles L. (June 1965).
2899:. New York: Cooper Square Press.
2444:Lewis, Russell (April 28, 2021).
2407:from the original on June 4, 2011
2382:"Astronaut Bio: Eugene A. Cernan"
1291:Air Force Institute of Technology
1103:Air Force Institute of Technology
880:University of Southern California
787:Air Force Institute of Technology
3537:
3525:
2427:"Astronaut Bio: Michael Collins"
2199:"A Hidden Figure in Plain Sight"
1553:
1546:, and then director until 1977.
1540:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
1481:
1426:
1359:
1316:
1258:
1191:
1156:, and then in 1966 was pilot of
1120:
1095:Illinois Institute of Technology
1062:
980:
936:in 1955. He was commissioned an
897:
819:
738:
643:
610:
533:Massachusetts Air National Guard
2590:
2572:
2554:
2536:
2518:
2508:"Astronaut Bio: Donn F. Eisele"
2500:
2488:. collectSPACE. January 3, 2023
2478:
2460:
2419:
2374:
2322:
2300:
2290:"Astronaut Bio: William Anders"
2282:
2237:
2197:Charles, John (June 12, 2017).
2051:Scott, Leonov & Toomey 2005
1824:Deiss, Heather (June 5, 2013).
1295:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
1107:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
711:in 1963, writing his thesis on
466:
390:Aerospace Research Pilot School
3069:. London: Simon and Schuster.
2399:White, Mary (August 4, 2006).
2310:. FOX 13 Seattle. June 7, 2024
1817:
1791:
1039:. He was the backup pilot for
673:United States Military Academy
447:on October 10, 1984. Finalist
174:on October 4, 1957, started a
1:
3491:Astronaut ranks and positions
2725:
1544:Dryden Flight Research Center
1178:National Air and Space Museum
934:University of Texas at Austin
806:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
161:
140:military jet fighter aircraft
3065:; Toomey, Christine (2005).
2580:"Astronaut Bio: David Scott"
2245:"Astronaut Bio: Buzz Aldrin"
2185:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985
1944:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985
946:U.S. Naval Test Pilot School
7:
3590:Michael Collins (astronaut)
2929:. New York: ipicturebooks.
1691:Naval Air Station Pensacola
1616:
1176:, and then director of the
960:. As lunar module pilot of
876:Texas Technological College
775:United States Naval Academy
453:American Airlines Flight 77
46:; 61 years ago
10:
3631:
2893:Collins, Michael (2001) .
2692:Slayton & Cassutt 1994
2356:"Astronaut Bio: Alan Bean"
2078:Slayton & Cassutt 1994
1902:Slayton & Cassutt 1994
1875:Hacker & Grimwood 2010
1681:, and the ash flow in the
1608:crash before the mission.
654:Edwin E. (Buzz) Aldrin, Jr
529:United States Marine Corps
221:successor to the original
113:United States Marine Corps
3478:
3347:
3300:
3222:
3209:
3093:Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"
2247:. NASA. February 11, 2015
1727:
970:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
591:Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.
66:
58:
40:
28:
23:
2875:The Last Man On The Moon
1736:
1413:National Football League
1392:University of Washington
930:aeronautical engineering
802:Atomic Energy Commission
616:The Fourteen astronauts
579:Arizona State University
377:Manned Spacecraft Center
319:recommended by employer.
2107:Cernan & Davis 1999
1703:extravehicular activity
1564:Clifton C. Williams Jr.
1335:Haverford, Pennsylvania
1182:Smithsonian Institution
681:United States Air Force
525:Clifton (C.C.) Williams
386:United States Air Force
203:Langley Research Center
105:United States Air Force
3216:NASA Astronaut Group 4
3212:NASA Astronaut Group 2
2878:. St. Martin's Press.
2600:. NASA. Archived from
2582:. NASA. Archived from
2564:. NASA. Archived from
2546:. NASA. Archived from
2528:. NASA. Archived from
2510:. NASA. Archived from
2470:. NASA. Archived from
2429:. NASA. Archived from
2384:. NASA. Archived from
1828:. NASA. Archived from
1826:"Mercury – April 1959"
1720:. Assigned to it were
1675:Horse Lava Tube System
1658:
1594:mechanical engineering
1468:Governor of California
1437:Russell L. Schweickart
1081:Grand Rapids, Michigan
1021:electrical engineering
872:electrical engineering
870:degree with honors in
771:electrical engineering
699:aircraft. He earned a
683:, and served as a jet
677:mechanical engineering
662:Glen Ridge, New Jersey
583:USAF Test Pilot School
443:on June 11, 1965, and
409:NASA Astronaut Group 5
85:NASA Astronaut Group 3
3595:Richard F. Gordon Jr.
3334:NASA Astronaut Groups
3277:Richard F. Gordon Jr.
2927:The All-American Boys
2388:on September 8, 2018.
2266:Aldrin, Buzz (1963).
2155:Morse & Bays 1973
1914:Morse & Bays 1973
1752:, pp. 28–29, 37.
1652:
1370:Richard F. Gordon Jr.
852:Ohio State University
830:Charles A. Bassett II
587:John L. Whitehead Jr.
501:. Four were from the
345:Brooks Air Force Base
3560:NASA Astronaut Corps
3339:NASA Astronaut Corps
2586:on October 23, 2017.
2568:on January 20, 2017.
2532:on October 14, 2016.
2514:on February 9, 2017.
2474:on February 9, 2017.
2362:on February 20, 2017
2296:on December 4, 2017.
1671:Philmont Scout Ranch
1520:Agena target vehicle
1202:R. Walter Cunningham
1184:in Washington, D.C.
1166:command module pilot
1029:Monterey, California
1015:where he received a
571:Edward J. Dwight Jr.
507:Lieutenant Commander
461:September 11 attacks
441:Alexander Kratz Rupp
427:. Another finalist,
191:Dwight D. Eisenhower
131:walked on the Moon.
3610:1963 in spaceflight
3565:Lists of astronauts
3105:. New York: Forge.
2718:, pp. 336–340.
2187:, pp. 100–101.
2145:, pp. 272–273.
2133:, pp. 223–224.
1832:on January 17, 2021
1788:, pp. 131–132.
1640:atmospheric physics
1586:Spring Hill College
1576:September 26, 1932
1445:Neptune, New Jersey
1378:Seattle, Washington
1327:Theodore C. Freeman
1017:Bachelor of Science
868:Bachelor of Science
783:nuclear engineering
617:
489:, Michael Collins,
476:Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin
451:was a passenger on
437:X-15 Flight 3-65-97
357:electrocephalograms
138:background, though
111:, one was from the
2923:Cunningham, Walter
2604:on March 20, 2016.
2550:on March 21, 2018.
2201:. The Space Review
1805:. December 8, 2016
1659:
1584:Williams attended
1500:San Antonio, Texas
1417:New Orleans Saints
1339:February 18, 1930
1085:February 15, 1935
1011:Cernan studied at
950:NAS Patuxent River
842:December 30, 1931
725:lunar module pilot
695:and shot down two
615:
519:, Gene Cernan and
503:United States Navy
343:They were sent to
285:Selection criteria
223:Mercury spacecraft
201:(STG) at the NASA
166:The launch of the
109:United States Navy
3600:Rusty Schweickart
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3282:Rusty Schweickart
3262:Walter Cunningham
3112:978-0-312-85503-1
3076:978-0-7434-5067-6
2968:978-0-16-067157-9
2936:978-1-87696-324-8
2906:978-0-8154-1028-7
2885:978-0-312-19906-7
2849:978-1-4614-3854-0
2819:978-1-4419-8405-0
2773:978-0-486-46756-6
2744:978-0-03-005187-6
2706:, pp. 60–64.
2646:, pp. 80–87.
2234:, pp. 29–36.
2109:, pp. 59–60.
2097:, pp. 30–31.
2065:, pp. 43–44.
2029:on April 17, 2017
1776:, pp. 29–30.
1644:orbital mechanics
1638:(5 hours), upper
1614:
1613:
1590:Auburn University
1449:October 25, 1935
1224:second lieutenant
1143:October 31, 1930
1099:Purdue University
1093:Chaffee attended
1025:Master of Science
1013:Purdue University
999:Chicago, Illinois
850:Bassett attended
846:February 28, 1966
779:Master of Science
761:October 17, 1933
749:William A. Anders
666:January 20, 1930
598:Robert F. Kennedy
556:African Americans
541:Doctor of Science
405:Walter Cunningham
397:Robert R. Gilruth
324:Selection process
312:were experienced
207:Hampton, Virginia
170:satellite by the
156:Rusty Schweickart
152:Walter Cunningham
82:
81:
3622:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3292:Clifton Williams
3272:Theodore Freeman
3252:Roger B. Chaffee
3196:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3146:
3136:
3124:
3097:Cassutt, Michael
3088:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2960:
2948:
2918:
2889:
2861:
2831:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2756:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2433:on May 14, 2018.
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:. Archived from
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:on July 19, 2016
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2286:
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2279:
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2256:
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2235:
2229:
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2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2017:
2009:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1604:, but died in a
1581:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1511:military science
1496:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1387:
1386:November 6, 2017
1382:October 5, 1929
1374:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1344:
1343:October 31, 1964
1331:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1307:U.S. Peace Corps
1286:
1285:December 2, 1987
1273:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1236:Bachelor of Arts
1219:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1090:
1089:January 27, 1967
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:Roger B. Chaffee
1066:
1008:
1007:January 16, 2017
995:
994:
993:
991:Eugene A. Cernan
984:
925:
912:
911:
910:
901:
888:T-38 plane crash
847:
834:
833:
832:
823:
766:
753:
752:
751:
742:
658:
657:
656:
647:
638:
618:
614:
495:Theodore Freeman
449:John D. Yamnicky
429:Michael J. Adams
199:Space Task Group
107:, four from the
54:
52:
47:
33:
21:
20:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3474:
3343:
3329:
3296:
3257:Michael Collins
3237:Charles Bassett
3218:
3205:
3200:
3169:
3154:
3149:
3134:
3113:
3077:
3048:
3046:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3005:
3003:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2958:
2937:
2907:
2886:
2850:
2820:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2745:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
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2638:
2630:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2573:
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2555:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2501:
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2484:
2483:
2479:
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2449:
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2410:
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2313:
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2301:
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2250:
2248:
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2238:
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2214:
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2195:
2191:
2183:
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2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2095:Cunningham 2009
2093:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2010:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1889:, pp. 5–6.
1885:
1881:
1877:, pp. 1–5.
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:, pp. 3–4.
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1683:Marathon Uplift
1673:in New Mexico,
1619:
1580:October 5, 1967
1575:
1572:Mobile, Alabama
1562:
1561:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1218:January 3, 2023
1214:March 16, 1932
1213:
1200:
1199:
1142:
1131:Michael Collins
1129:
1128:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1003:March 14, 1934
1002:
989:
988:
920:March 15, 1932
919:
906:
905:
841:
828:
827:
760:
747:
746:
693:combat missions
665:
652:
651:
613:
552:John F. Kennedy
487:Charles Bassett
469:
445:Darrell Cornell
433:Astronaut Wings
370:Michael Collins
338:Warren J. North
326:
287:
274:Scott Carpenter
238:John F. Kennedy
211:Project Mercury
164:
146:, Gene Cernan,
78:
72:
59:Number selected
50:
48:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:William Anders
3572:
3567:
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3313:
3305:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Donn F. Eisele
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:William Anders
3229:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3153:
3152:External links
3150:
3148:
3147:
3125:
3111:
3089:
3075:
3063:Leonov, Alexei
3055:
3032:
3012:
2989:
2967:
2949:
2935:
2919:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2866:Cernan, Eugene
2862:
2848:
2836:Burgess, Colin
2832:
2818:
2806:Burgess, Colin
2802:
2772:
2757:
2743:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2694:, p. 142.
2684:
2682:, p. 101.
2672:
2670:, p. 325.
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2270:(Sc.D.). MIT.
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2222:, p. 202.
2212:
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2159:
2157:, p. 101.
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2123:
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2111:
2099:
2082:
2080:, p. 133.
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1963:
1961:, p. 204.
1948:
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1931:, p. 199.
1918:
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1718:Neil Armstrong
1712:. It included
1695:Dilbert Dunker
1632:space medicine
1618:
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1281:June 23, 1930
1277:Columbus, Ohio
1274:
1269:Donn F. Eisele
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1147:April 28, 2021
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1111:Apollo mission
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916:Wheeler, Texas
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894:
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864:aviation cadet
860:Air Force ROTC
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483:William Anders
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286:
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246:Project Gemini
242:Project Apollo
188:U.S. President
184:Sputnik crisis
163:
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101:Apollo program
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2693:
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2676:
2669:
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2658:, p. 89.
2657:
2652:
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2634:, p. 72.
2633:
2628:
2626:
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2616:
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2172:, p. 45.
2171:
2166:
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2053:, p. 82.
2052:
2047:
2045:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1946:, p. 11.
1945:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1916:, p. 61.
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1865:, p. 15.
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1794:
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1782:
1775:
1770:
1764:, p. 82.
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Gordon Cooper
1706:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:Meteor Crater
1664:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
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1629:
1625:
1610:
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1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1504:June 6, 1932
1501:
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1354:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:in Thailand.
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
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1283:
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1270:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:pilot in the
1229:
1228:night fighter
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:Creston, Iowa
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
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758:
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741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
726:
723:, he was the
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:. He flew 66
690:
686:
685:fighter pilot
682:
678:
674:
670:
668:
663:
655:
649:
646:
642:
641:
619:
611:Group members
608:
606:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
536:
534:
530:
527:was from the
526:
522:
521:Roger Chaffee
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
464:
462:
458:
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446:
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438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
382:
378:
373:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:, running on
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
334:Wally Schirra
331:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:U.S. citizens
296:
295:
294:
292:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
218:
216:
215:Mercury Seven
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
159:
157:
153:
149:
148:Roger Chaffee
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77: →
76:
71:
68:←
65:
61:
57:
43:
41:Year selected
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3364:
3202:
3168:
3156:
3155:
3130:
3101:
3066:
3059:Scott, David
3047:. Retrieved
3040:
3024:. Retrieved
3004:. Retrieved
2997:
2981:. Retrieved
2954:
2926:
2895:
2874:
2839:
2809:
2794:. Retrieved
2762:
2734:
2716:Burgess 2013
2711:
2704:Hamblin 1968
2699:
2687:
2680:Collins 2001
2675:
2668:Burgess 2013
2663:
2656:Collins 2001
2651:
2644:Collins 2001
2639:
2632:Collins 2001
2615:Collins 2001
2610:
2602:the original
2592:
2584:the original
2574:
2566:the original
2556:
2548:the original
2538:
2530:the original
2520:
2512:the original
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2480:
2472:the original
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2439:
2431:the original
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2394:
2386:the original
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:the original
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2302:
2294:the original
2284:
2276:1721.1/12652
2267:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2239:
2232:Sanders 1965
2227:
2220:Burgess 2013
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2192:
2170:Collins 2001
2150:
2143:Burgess 2013
2138:
2131:Burgess 2013
2126:
2119:Burgess 2013
2114:
2102:
2063:Collins 2001
2058:
2033:November 11,
2031:. Retrieved
2024:the original
2020:NASA Roundup
2019:
1959:Burgess 2013
1929:Burgess 2013
1909:
1887:Burgess 2013
1882:
1870:
1858:
1851:Burgess 2013
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1781:
1774:Burgess 2011
1769:
1757:
1745:
1731:
1707:
1699:
1687:Reno, Nevada
1679:Bend, Oregon
1669:in Arizona,
1663:Grand Canyon
1660:
1655:Grand Canyon
1634:(12 hours),
1628:aerodynamics
1626:(12 hours),
1620:
940:through the
924:May 26, 2018
908:Alan L. Bean
838:Dayton, Ohio
794:
765:June 7, 2024
712:
705:astronautics
605:Chuck Yeager
595:
567:Curtis LeMay
549:
543:degree from
537:
470:
467:Demographics
457:the Pentagon
425:Jack Swigert
417:Ronald Evans
401:Maxime Faget
394:
374:
342:
330:Alan Shepard
327:
288:
270:Deke Slayton
255:
234:Yuri Gagarin
219:
172:Soviet Union
165:
133:
91:selected by
84:
83:
24:The Fourteen
18:
3605:David Scott
3585:Gene Cernan
3570:Buzz Aldrin
3544:Spaceflight
3287:David Scott
3247:Gene Cernan
3227:Buzz Aldrin
2366:October 27,
1714:Pete Conrad
1636:meteorology
1536:Lunar Rover
1472:Jerry Brown
884:Los Angeles
687:during the
514:Lieutenants
499:David Scott
491:Donn Eisele
459:during the
421:James Irwin
413:Vance Brand
361:blood sugar
349:cardiograms
314:test pilots
144:Bill Anders
129:David Scott
125:Gene Cernan
117:Buzz Aldrin
3554:Categories
3165:on YouTube
3157:Multimedia
3145:. SP-4201.
2945:1062319644
2870:Davis, Don
2726:References
2492:January 3,
2340:October 9,
2251:August 18,
1722:Elliot See
1693:using the
1657:, Arizona.
1232:Korean War
1019:degree in
781:degree in
703:degree in
689:Korean War
523:. Captain
353:treadmills
291:test pilot
278:John Glenn
180:Space Race
162:Background
136:test pilot
89:astronauts
3580:Alan Bean
3532:Biography
3242:Alan Bean
3121:937566894
3085:939660317
2979:. SP-4203
2977:945144787
2925:(2009) .
2858:905162781
2828:747105631
2792:. SP-4205
2452:April 28,
1836:March 28,
1624:astronomy
1598:Gemini 10
1532:Apollo 15
1528:Apollo 12
1409:Apollo 18
1405:Apollo 12
1401:Gemini 11
1303:Apollo 10
1170:Apollo 11
1158:Gemini 10
1053:Apollo 17
1049:Apollo 10
1041:Gemini 12
1033:Gemini 9A
962:Apollo 12
954:Gemini 10
932:from the
796:Earthrise
785:from the
773:from the
757:Hong Kong
729:Apollo 11
717:Gemini 12
707:from the
517:Alan Bean
411:in 1966:
379:(MSC) in
262:Saturn IB
251:Next Nine
231:cosmonaut
168:Sputnik 1
121:Alan Bean
3099:(1994).
2983:April 8,
2915:45755963
2872:(1999).
2838:(2013).
2808:(2011).
2796:July 20,
2782:79001042
2753:12052375
2405:Archived
2403:. NASA.
1803:phys.org
1617:Training
1602:Apollo 9
1524:Apollo 9
1516:Gemini 8
1464:Skylab 2
1460:Apollo 9
1397:Gemini 8
1299:Apollo 7
1245:Apollo 7
1154:Gemini 7
1141:, Italy,
1045:Apollo 7
966:Skylab 3
958:Apollo 9
856:Columbus
791:Apollo 8
721:Apollo 8
480:Captains
266:Saturn V
258:Saturn I
227:Vostok 1
176:Cold War
95:for the
75:4 (1965)
70:2 (1962)
3518:Portals
3479:Related
3049:May 19,
3006:May 25,
2790:4664449
2411:June 3,
2314:June 7,
2205:May 19,
1180:of the
633:Career
602:Colonel
564:General
388:(USAF)
381:Houston
365:Hypoxia
363:tests.
49: (
3348:Groups
3143:569889
3141:
3119:
3109:
3083:
3073:
3026:May 8,
2975:
2965:
2943:
2933:
2913:
2903:
2882:
2856:
2846:
2826:
2816:
2788:
2780:
2770:
2751:
2741:
1809:May 5,
1728:Legacy
1249:Skylab
938:ensign
808:, and
697:MiG-15
621:Image
359:, and
229:, and
186:, the
97:Gemini
3135:(PDF)
3042:Ebony
3020:(PDF)
2959:(PDF)
2448:. NPR
2027:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1737:Notes
874:from
701:Sc.D.
630:Died
627:Born
624:Name
473:Major
3139:OCLC
3117:OCLC
3107:ISBN
3081:OCLC
3071:ISBN
3051:2019
3028:2019
3008:2019
2999:Life
2985:2018
2973:OCLC
2963:ISBN
2941:OCLC
2931:ISBN
2911:OCLC
2901:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2854:OCLC
2844:ISBN
2824:OCLC
2814:ISBN
2798:2010
2786:OCLC
2778:LCCN
2768:ISBN
2749:OCLC
2739:ISBN
2494:2023
2454:2021
2413:2016
2368:2004
2342:2016
2316:2024
2253:2018
2207:2019
2035:2017
1838:2019
1811:2019
1665:and
1606:T-38
1350:T-38
1162:EVAs
1139:Rome
1097:and
637:Ref.
575:B-57
573:, a
512:and
497:and
478:and
435:for
423:and
154:and
127:and
99:and
93:NASA
51:1963
44:1963
2272:hdl
1677:in
1415:'s
1293:at
1240:PhD
1168:of
1105:at
1037:EVA
948:at
882:in
854:in
727:of
205:in
3556::
3470:24
3465:23
3460:22
3455:21
3450:20
3445:19
3440:18
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