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could be restarted and The Welsh Copper Trust (Ltd) was formed. In a survey of the mine published in a pamphlet in 1928 the precipitation pits were still in use with water being drained 3-monthly. It was claimed in the survey that the tailings of the old workings contained considerable copper as the old method of hand picking the ore generally rejected ore with less than 6% copper as uneconomic. It was also claimed that a 10 foot vein containing 2 to 3% copper had been left below ground as uneconomic. Linked to The Welsh Copper Trust Ltd was another company, the Mona Copper Co (Ltd) formed in
October 1928. However it appears these attempts to restart the mine came to nothing.
214:. This was agreed provided they also took a lease on part of Parys Mountain and continued the exploration work recently abandoned. After considerable expenditure searching for copper ore at Parys Mountain, they decided to instruct their agents to cease the search for new veins. However a last-ditch attempt was successful when their agent, Rowland Pugh, a local miner, discovered the "Great Lode" on 2 March 1768 and was rewarded with a bottle of whisky and a rent-free house for his lifetime. The vein, discovered only 7 feet down, was to prove so valuable that 2 March was celebrated locally by a festival at least until 1858.
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262:. Copper was concentrated and extracted from the remainder using kilns and furnaces on site. It was also discovered that purer metal could be obtained efficiently, although in small amounts, by its precipitation from drainage water with scrap iron in purpose-built ponds. Associated with the mines, important chemical industries were established on the mountain based on by-products such as
184:, as shown by sub-surface debris nearly 4,000 years old revealed during excavations in 2002. Since then, access has been regained to the sealed underground workings of the Parys mine, revealing further evidence of ancient mining. Parys Mountain is thus one of the few sites in Britain where there is evidence for the prehistoric beginnings of the British metal mining industry.
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litres per second it took 8 weeks to sufficiently dewater the mine, after which the dam was breached to prevent the problem re-occurring. This operation dropped the water levels by 70 metres (230 ft), and gave access to many more passages and to a connection to the nearby previously inaccessible Mona Mine. The entry into these sections was filmed for the TV series
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222:. The ore was exported via Amwlch, which grew to a substantial town. A loading pier was built at Amwlch harbour in 1782, and in 1793 by act of parliament the port was enlarged and dredged with the addition of piers, buoys and mooring posts to accommodate the seaborne traffic. The copper from the mine was used to
217:
A further discovery of ore was made in 1775 further to the West of "the Great Lode" by The
Reverend Edward Hughes, who was co-owner of that area with Sir Nicholas Bayly, and to exploit this he formed the Parys Mine Company that same year. The 21 year lease of Charles Roe expired in 1785, and so the
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Further drilling since then has better defined the as yet unexploited resources, which include 6,500,000 tonnes containing 10% combined zinc, lead and copper with some silver and gold. The company has permits and a plan to restart mining operations at 350,000 tonnes per year. Drilling to
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Underground mining of Parys
Mountain ceased in 1904, however precipitation of copper from mine water continued. A dam was built inside one of the main drainage adits, and the water was periodically released into the precipitation pits by opening valves. In 1927 it was hoped that work on the mines
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In response to a national shortage of small currency, the Parys Mine
Company produced its own coinage between 1787 and 1793. The Parys Penny, also known as the Anglesey Penny, was used by the mine to pay workers, and also by the populace at large. It is thought that around ten million pennies and
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This operation of the precipitation pits appears to have ceased around 1940, and in the 1990s it was realised that the large volume of water held back by a decaying dam and inoperative valves posed a flood risk. As a result a dewatering exercise took place in 2003, and with pumps operating at 50
241:
Although the ore here was of variable quality, this was more than compensated for by the fact that it occurred in two large masses close to the surface. Initially ore was worked on the surface from shallow shafts, next by open-pit mining, and finally underground from adits or shafts. The ore was
218:
Earl of
Uxbridge (who had succeeded Sir Nicholas Bayly), decided to form the Mona Mine Company. The production from Parys Mountain by these two adjacent companies dominated the world's copper market during the 1780s, when the mine was the largest in Europe. Its rise severely damaged the
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plc was formed. This owns the western part of the mountain and between 1988 and 1990 it sunk a 300m deep shaft and drove 850m of levels so as to remove minerals for processing in a pilot plant. Unfortunately a recession caused a big fall in metal prices and the project was shelved.
383:, plant life is sparse on or near the mountain, but there are a number of examples of rare plants and bacteria. The bare, heavily mined landscape give the mountain a strange appearance which has been used in the filming of science fiction films and television shows such as
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Renewed exploration of Parys
Mountain by drilling resulted in the discovery of copper rich stockwork in 1962 - now referred to as the Northern Copper Zone. Several other zones of mineralisation were subsequently discovered and in 1988 the new public company,
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better define the
Northern Copper Zone started in late 2023, with the target of improving the confidence of the mineral estimates for inclusion in the feasibility study, and explore adjacent areas as yet undrilled.
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The museum for the mining history of the mountain and local area is The Copper
Kingdom Centre located at Amlwch Port, alongside the harbour situated at number 8 on the heritage trail, the Copper Bin.
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The 18th century miners recognised that they were following in the steps of much earlier workers, an observation that was then linked to the discovery locally of copper ingots bearing
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inscriptions. Conclusive evidence that the Romans worked the mine, e.g. datable pottery, has yet to be found and may have been obliterated by the mining in the 18th century.
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814:"Volcanic Sequence and Alteration at the Parys Mountain Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit, Wales, United Kingdom: Applications of Immobile Element Lithogeochemistry"
234:. This increased the speed and manoeuvrability of the vessels, and enabled them to remain at sea for longer as there was less need to return to port for maintenance (see
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mine that was extensively exploited in the late 18th century. Parys
Mountain is a mountain in name only, being a hill with an elevation of less than 150m.
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Briefe über die Insel
Anglesea: vorzüglich über das dasige Kupfer-Bergwerk und die dazu gehörigen Schmelzwerke und Fabriken
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156:, Wales. Originally known as Trysclwyn, the high ground is reputed to have gained its current name when it was given to
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to the south. Those wishing to explore the historic mine levels need to contact the Parys Underground Group.
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198:, to allow him to search for copper, but he failed to find it in economically viable quantities. In 1764,
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741:"Anglesey Mining new CEO Jo Battershill presents vision for Parys Mountain project in Wales"
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282:(1764–1823), who visited Parys Mountain in the 1790s and published his findings in
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the British Admiralty's wooden ships of war, to prevent the growth of seaweed and
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Jackson, Thomas (29 May 1858). "Thoughts Suggested on Visiting Pary's Mountain".
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in 1783, who discovered it in the Parys copper-mine; the name was given by
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278:. The processes were described by the German writer and translator
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491:"Copper Mining in the Bronze Age at Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, Wales"
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approached Sir Nicholas Bayly wanting to lease the copper mine at
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Barrett, T. J.; MacLean, W. H.; Tennant, S. C. (1 August 2001).
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broken into small lumps by hand, the best ore being shipped to
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P22, Copper Kingdom. Published by the Amlwch Industrial Trust.
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622:(3rd ed.). Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd. p. 26.
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Bevins, Richard E; Wales, National Museum of (May 1994).
416:. The ore is covered by an overlying layer of volcanic
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Parys Mountain was mined for copper ore in the early
943:
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points
347:Drone footage of Parys Mountain and Cairn Windmill
314:thrive in the until recently submerged passages.
310:. Due to the high chemical content of the water,
938:Sites of Special Scientific Interest on Anglesey
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620:A History of Copper Mining in Cornwall and Devon
194:In 1762, Alexander Frazer convinced the owner,
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635:Herald Cymraeg - Anglesey Christmas Supplement
766:. European Route of Industrial Heritage. 2014
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489:Jenkins, David; et al. (24 May 2021).
355:trail around the mountain, giving views of
696:. Channel 4. 11 July 2004. Archived from
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576:"Mona Mine Records (Plas Newydd Papers)"
406:volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit
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392:Mynydd Parys is an anchor point on the
326:A stream running from the mine through
230:and to protect the wood from attack by
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495:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
359:to the north and the nearby Trysglwyn
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394:European Route of Industrial Heritage
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633:"A town breaks free from the past".
562:Liverpool Daily Post (Welsh Edition)
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743:. Proactive Investors. October 2021
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475:A Topographical Dictionary of Wales
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713:"A metal mines strategy for Wales"
657:"Revival of Amlwch Copper Mines".
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148:) is located south of the town of
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659:Holyhead Mail and Anglesey Herald
856:Amlwch Industrial Heritage Trust
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427:, with the chemical formula PbSO
408:is located at the border of the
280:Augustin Gottfried Ludwig Lentin
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27:Hill (147m) on Anglesey, Wales
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881:More Images of Parys Mountain
637:. 2 December 1989. p. 4.
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168:. It is the site of a large
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718:. Environment Agency Wales.
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220:mining industry in Cornwall
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580:Bangor University Archives
431:, was first recognised by
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386:Mortal Kombat Annihilation
330:contaminated by iron salts
298:half pennies were minted.
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162:Chamberlain of North Wales
791:. National Museum Wales.
764:"ERIH Entry Mynydd Parys"
661:. 25 May 1928. p. 8.
596:. Parys Underground Group
379:Due to the high level of
286:(Leipzig: Crusius, 1800).
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729:Anglesey Copper Mountain
62:147 m (482 ft)
677:Parys Underground Group
449:Parys Mountain Windmill
72:66 m (217 ft)
618:Barton, D. B. (1978).
472:Lewis, Samuel (1833).
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238:for further details).
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953:Copper mines in Wales
876:Portfolio of pictures
788:A mineralogy of Wales
547:North Wales Chronicle
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904:53.38222°N 4.35250°W
254:through the port of
248:Lower Swansea valley
82:53.22.56 N, 4.21.9 W
900: /
851:Anglesey Mining plc
673:"Dewatering (2003)"
308:Extreme Archaeology
909:53.38222; -4.35250
872:– General BBC page
507:10.1017/ppr.2021.4
381:soil contamination
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196:Sir Nicholas Bayly
52:Highest point
933:Mines in Anglesey
830:10.2113/96.5.1279
798:978-0-7200-0403-8
700:on 12 March 2009.
433:William Withering
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18:Mynydd Parys
907: /
770:19 November
357:Amlwch Port
351:There is a
293:Parys Penny
252:South Wales
200:Charles Roe
78:Coordinates
922:Categories
892:53°22′56″N
600:4 November
516:2164/16660
455:References
410:Ordovician
318:Modern day
266:pigments,
246:or to the
244:Lancashire
208:Penrhyn du
182:Bronze Age
129:Landranger
68:Prominence
747:1 October
525:236379310
439:in 1832.
425:Anglesite
418:rhyolites
361:wind farm
353:waymarked
312:snottites
232:shipworms
228:barnacles
210:, on the
87:Geography
58:Elevation
895:4°21′9″W
846:Web site
443:See also
260:smelting
166:Henry IV
154:Anglesey
121:Topo map
113:SH445905
96:Anglesey
92:Location
412:to the
400:Geology
272:vitriol
268:sulphur
256:Swansea
176:History
107:OS grid
948:Amlwch
865:series
795:
523:
328:Amlwch
224:sheath
170:copper
150:Amlwch
716:(PDF)
521:S2CID
264:ochre
189:Roman
142:Welsh
793:ISBN
772:2018
749:2021
602:2018
404:The
276:alum
274:and
258:for
826:doi
511:hdl
503:doi
250:in
202:of
164:by
131:114
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822:96
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126:OS
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140:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
