5741:
870:(FDA) has regulated and enforced limits on concentrations of mycotoxins in foods and feed industries since 1985. It is through various compliance programs that the FDA monitors these industries to guarantee that mycotoxins are kept at a practical level. These compliance programs sample food products including peanuts and peanut products, tree nuts, corn and corn products, cottonseed, and milk. There is still a lack of sufficient surveillance data on some mycotoxins that occur in the U.S.
5752:
4620:
5772:
5782:
5762:
5731:
518:
certain water activity requirement. It has become difficult to identify mycotoxin production by indoor molds for many variables, such as (i) they may be masked as derivatives, (ii) they are poorly documented, and (iii) the fact that they are likely to produce different metabolites on building materials. Some of the mycotoxins in the indoor environment are produced by
626:-contaminated maize. The deaths were mainly associated with homegrown maize that had not been treated with fungicides or properly dried before storage. Due to food shortages at the time, farmers may have been harvesting maize earlier than normal to prevent thefts from their fields, so that the grain had not fully matured and was more susceptible to infection.
745:
The symptoms of mycotoxicosis depend on the type of mycotoxin; the concentration and length of exposure; as well as age, health, and sex of the exposed individual. The synergistic effects associated with several other factors such as genetics, diet, and interactions with other toxins have been poorly
517:
Buildings are another source of mycotoxins and people living or working in areas with mold increase their chances of adverse health effects. Molds growing in buildings can be divided into three groups – primary, secondary, and tertiary colonizers. Each group is categorized by the ability to grow at a
695:
Contamination of medicinal plants with mycotoxins can contribute to adverse human health problems and therefore represents a special hazard. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in medicinal plants and herbal medicines have been reported from various countries including Spain, China, Germany,
2506:
The increase in use of medicinal plants may lead to an increase in the intake of mycotoxins therefore contamination of medicinal plants with mycotoxins can contribute to adverse human health problems and therefore represents a special hazard. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in medicinal
490:
Although various wild mushrooms contain an assortment of poisons that are definitely fungal metabolites causing noteworthy health problems for humans, they are rather arbitrarily excluded from discussions of mycotoxicology. In such cases the distinction is based on the size of the producing fungus
128:
and mycotoxin levels become high. The reason for the production of mycotoxins is not yet known; they are not necessary for the growth or the development of the fungi. Because mycotoxins weaken the receiving host, they may improve the environment for further fungal proliferation. The production of
602:
Some toxicologists have used the
Concentration of No Toxicological Concern (CoNTC) measure to represent the airborne concentration of mycotoxins that are expected to cause no hazard to humans (exposed continuously throughout a 70–yr lifetime). The resulting data of several studies have thus far
598:
can evoke allergic sensitization, inflammation, and cytotoxicity in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Trichothecene toxicity appears to be an underlying cause of many of these adverse effects. Recent findings indicate that lower doses (studies usually involve high doses) can cause these
842:
Many international agencies are trying to achieve universal standardization of regulatory limits for mycotoxins. Currently, over 100 countries have regulations regarding mycotoxins in the feed industry, in which 13 mycotoxins or groups of mycotoxins are of concern. The process of assessing a
733:
Mycotoxicosis is the term used for poisoning associated with exposures to mycotoxins. Mycotoxins have the potential for both acute and chronic health effects via ingestion, skin contact, inhalation, and entering the blood stream and lymphatic system. They inhibit protein synthesis, damage
708:
Some of the health effects found in animals and humans include death, identifiable diseases or health problems, weakened immune systems without specificity to a toxin, and as allergens or irritants. Some mycotoxins are harmful to other micro-organisms such as other fungi or even bacteria;
419:
set limits to the concentrations of patulin in food products. They currently stand at 50 μg/kg in all fruit juice concentrations, at 25 μg/kg in solid apple products used for direct consumption, and at 10 μg/kg for children's apple products, including apple juice.
5361:
847:) through international bodies. It is implied that any regulations regarding these toxins will be in co-ordinance with any other countries with which a trade agreement exists. Many of the standards for the method performance analysis for mycotoxins is set by the
250:
is the main species found on vine fruit, which releases its toxin during the juice making process. OTA has been labeled as a carcinogen and a nephrotoxin, and has been linked to tumors in the human urinary tract, although research in humans is limited by
509:, disulfiram-like, hallucinogenic indoles, muscarinic, isoxazole, and gastrointestinal (GI)-specific irritants. The bulk of this article is about mycotoxins that are found in microfungi other than poisons from mushrooms or macroscopic fungi.
843:
regulated mycotoxin involves a wide array of in-laboratory testing that includes extracting, clean-up columns, and separation techniques. Most official regulations and control methods are based on high-performance liquid techniques (e.g.,
754:
Mycotoxins greatly resist decomposition or being broken down in digestion, so they remain in the food chain in meat and dairy products. Even temperature treatments, such as cooking and freezing, do not destroy some mycotoxins.
2684:
Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J (2015). "Mycotoxins in Plant-Based
Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers".
129:
toxins depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments and these substances vary greatly in their toxicity, depending on the organism infected and its susceptibility, metabolism, and defense mechanisms.
554:
grows readily on its cellulose face. This stresses the importance of moisture controls and ventilation within residential homes and other buildings. The negative health effects of mycotoxins are a function of the
578:
spores and pulmonary hemorrhage in infants. However, in 2000, based on internal and external reviews of their data, the CDC concluded that because of flaws in their methods, the association was not proven.
603:
demonstrated that common exposures to airborne mycotoxins in the built indoor environment are below the CoNTC, however agricultural environments have potential to produce levels greater than the CoNTC.
834:, heat-treatment, radiation, extraction with solvents, and the use of chemical or biological agents. Irradiation methods have proven to be effective treatment against mold growth and toxin production.
50:
and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops.
3079:
550:
in buildings containing gypsum board, as well as on ceiling tiles, is very common and has recently become a more recognized problem. When gypsum board has been repeatedly introduced to moisture,
365:. Modern methods of grain cleaning have significantly reduced ergotism as a human disease; however, it is still an important veterinary problem. Ergot alkaloids have been used pharmaceutically.
5356:
559:, the duration of exposure, and the subject's sensitivities. The concentrations experienced in a normal home, office, or school are often too low to trigger a health response in occupants.
771:
clay in order to effectively adsorb the mycotoxins. To reverse the adverse effects of mycotoxins, the following criteria are used to evaluate the functionality of any binding additive:
746:
studied. Therefore, it is possible that vitamin deficiency, caloric deprivation, excessive alcohol use, and infectious disease status can all have compounded effects with mycotoxins.
353:, which are common pathogens of various grass species. The ingestion of ergot sclerotia from infected cereals, commonly in the form of bread produced from contaminated flour, causes
629:
Spices are susceptible substrate for growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production. Red chilli, black pepper, and dry ginger were found to be the most contaminated spices.
851:(CEN). However, one must take note that scientific risk assessment is commonly influenced by culture and politics, which, in turn, will affect trade regulations of mycotoxins.
546:
contains a higher number of mycotoxins than other molds grown in the indoor environment and has been associated with allergies and respiratory inflammation. The infestation of
234:
species. The three forms differ in that
Ochratoxin B (OTB) is a nonchlorinated form of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and that Ochratoxin C (OTC) is an ethyl ester form Ochratoxin A.
501:
is well known for its toxic potential and is responsible for approximately 90% of all mushroom fatalities. The other primary mycotoxin groups found in mushrooms include:
5524:
2914:
717:
sex changes in hens that causes them to look and act male. Mycotoxins impact on health may be "very hard" and can be categorized in three forms "as mutagenic,
3265:
2563:
However, inevitable contaminants, including mycotoxins, in medicinal herbs and spices can cause serious problems for humans in spite of their health benefits.
2507:
plants and traditional herbal medicines have been reported from various countries including Spain, China, Germany, India, Turkey and from Middle East as well.
2578:"Development of an immuno-electrochemical glass carbon electrode sensor based on graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite and antibody for the detection of patulin"
3149:
1530:
5489:
3087:
5519:
4975:
2871:
Boonen J, Malysheva S, Taevernier L, Diana Di
Mavungu J, De Saeger S, De Spiegeleer B (2012). "Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins".
636:
and photodynamic treatment. Mycotoxins can also be removed chemically and biologically using antifungal/anti‐mycotoxins agents and antifungal plant
5479:
2978:
738:
systems, inhibit particle clearance of the lung, and increase sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin. Testing for mycotoxicosis can be conducted using
696:
India, Turkey and from the Middle East. In a 2015 analysis of plant-based dietary supplements, the highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in
632:
Physical methods to prevent growth of mycotoxin‐producing fungi or remove toxins from contaminated food include temperature and humidity control,
2308:• The results of this study suggest that the spices are susceptible substrate for growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and further mycotoxin production.
4656:
809:
804:
Since not all mycotoxins can be bound to such agents, the latest approach to mycotoxin control is mycotoxin deactivation. By means of enzymes (
5411:
5664:
5378:
2310:• Red chilli, black pepper, and dry ginger are the most contaminated spices in which AFs, OTA, and CTN were present in high concentration.
495:
is commonly the case. Ingestion of misidentified mushrooms containing mycotoxins may result in hallucinations. The cyclopeptide-producing
5602:
491:
and human intention. Mycotoxin exposure is almost always accidental whereas with mushrooms improper identification and ingestion causing
475:
830:), mycotoxins can be reduced during pre-harvesting contamination. Other removal methods include physical separation, washing, milling,
567:
5440:
4212:
5484:
5346:
879:
3256:
2158:
Hardin BD, Robbins CA, Fallah P, Kelman BJ (2009). "The concentration of no toxicologic concern (CoNTC) and airborne mycotoxins".
5454:
2210:
1155:
Robbins CA, Swenson LJ, Nealley ML, Gots RE, Kelman BJ (2000). "Health effects of mycotoxins in indoor air: a critical review".
683:, can decrease the performance of farm animals and potentially kill them. Several mycotoxins reduce milk yield when ingested by
3295:
848:
844:
333:
pigment) its full significance for human health is unknown. Citrinin can also act synergistically with
Ochratoxin A to depress
5445:
5393:
5298:
2211:"Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya"
2111:
1378:
5785:
5648:
5459:
5388:
5313:
5132:
2431:
5636:
5514:
3422:
1531:
https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/molds-food-are-they-dangerous
4649:
2769:
5653:
5612:
5577:
5562:
5544:
5469:
5248:
3551:
3543:
2995:
Kabak B, Dobson AD, Var I (2006). "Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: a review".
2922:
867:
218:. According to the USDA, "They are probably the best known and most intensively researched mycotoxins in the world."
361:. There are two forms of ergotism: gangrenous, affecting blood supply to extremities, and convulsive, affecting the
5658:
5494:
5425:
5420:
3547:
3435:
3287:
2267:"Mycobiota and Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Citrinin in Indian Spices Confirmed by LC-MS/MS"
5597:
5504:
5368:
5283:
5046:
3650:
3521:
3177:
739:
5626:
5499:
5336:
5303:
4340:
4297:
2462:
1872:
Schaafsma AW, Hooker DC (2007). "Climatic models to predict occurrence of
Fusarium toxins in wheat and maize".
1112:
Turner NW, Subrahmanyam S, Piletsky SA (2009). "Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review".
104:(use oxygen) and are found almost everywhere in extremely small quantities due to the diminutive size of their
2820:
Yousefi, Mohammad; Mohammadi, Masoud Aman; Khajavi, Maryam
Zabihzadeh; Ehsani, Ali; Scholtz, Vladimír (2021).
2712:
The highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in milk thistle-based supplements (up to 37 mg/kg in the sum).
5402:
4792:
4642:
3802:
3446:
3441:
662:
594:
is possibly an important contributing factor to DBRI. So far animal models indicate that airway exposure to
458:, which is not correlated to any fatal toxic effects in animals or humans. Some of the other major types of
92:
One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and several species may produce the same mycotoxin.
5765:
5631:
818:
583:
spores in animal studies have been shown to cause lung hemorrhaging, but only at very high concentrations.
5685:
5383:
5341:
4695:
2522:"Nation-Based Occurrence and Endogenous Biological Reduction of Mycotoxins in Medicinal Herbs and Spices"
1358:
926:
905:
2060:, trichothecene mycotoxins, and damp building-related illness: new insights into a public health enigma"
1591:
Mateo R, Medina A, Mateo EM, Mateo F, Jiménez M (2007). "An overview of ochratoxin A in beer and wine".
5680:
3561:
2725:
Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW (2005). "Fungal secondary metabolism – from biochemistry to genomics".
1438:
Ebanks, Fiona; Nasrallah, Hadi; Garant, Timothy M.; McConnell, Erin M.; DeRosa, Maria C. (2023-09-01).
859:
2479:
Ashiq S, Hussain M, Ahmad B (2014). "Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants: a review".
1225:
Hussein HS, Brasel JM (2001). "Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals".
5710:
5430:
2635:"Design of a Molecularly Imprinted Stir-Bar for Isolation of Patulin in Apple and LC-MS/MS Detection"
763:
In the feed and food industry, it has become common practice to add mycotoxin binding agents such as
649:
587:
454:, which are most strongly associated with chronic and fatal toxic effects in animals and humans; and
5572:
4933:
4925:
4768:
3851:
2633:
Regal, Patricia; Díaz-Bao, Mónica; Barreiro, Rocío; Fente, Cristina; Cepeda, Alberto (2017-03-24).
658:
183:
713:
is one example. It has been suggested that mycotoxins in stored animal feed are the cause of rare
5552:
5464:
4905:
4780:
3635:
3623:
3427:
3416:
1440:"Colorimetric detection of aflatoxins B1 and M1 using aptamers and gold and silver nanoparticles"
981:"Patulin Imprinted Nanoparticles Decorated Surface Plasmon Resonance Chips for Patulin Detection"
858:
levels of a range of mycotoxins permitted in food and animal feed are set by a range of
European
854:
Food-based mycotoxins were studied extensively worldwide throughout the 20th century. In Europe,
154:
2794:
2417:
1829:
to
Zygomycetes: causes, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of invasive fungal infections".
622:
In 2004 in Kenya, 125 people died and nearly 200 others required medical treatment after eating
224:
is a mycotoxin that comes in three secondary metabolite forms, A, B, and C. All are produced by
158:. The umbrella term aflatoxin refers to four different types of mycotoxins produced, which are B
5620:
5540:
5435:
5258:
5137:
3669:
3607:
3365:
1088:
362:
279:
3683:
3244:
3150:"Opportunities for biotechnology and policy regarding mycotoxin issues in international trade"
5642:
5592:
5587:
5331:
5079:
4458:
4093:
3454:
2972:
411:. Although patulin has not been shown to be carcinogenic, it has been reported to damage the
5755:
5069:
4898:
4753:
3697:
3645:
3280:
3040:"Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context"
2880:
2248:
2167:
1234:
1121:
992:
373:
263:
43:
2328:"A review of postharvest approaches to reduce fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods"
1190:
Fox EM, Howlett BJ (2008). "Secondary metabolism: regulation and role in fungal biology".
8:
5806:
5715:
5474:
5172:
4623:
2128:
863:
506:
404:
5771:
2884:
2171:
1273:
Martins ML, Martins HM, Bernardo F (2001). "Aflatoxins in spices marketed in
Portugal".
1238:
1125:
996:
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5268:
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3731:
3689:
3566:
3397:
3253:
3223:
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Bullerman, L., Bianchini, A. (2007). "Stability of mycotoxins during food processing".
2848:
2821:
2750:
2615:
2548:
2521:
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2129:"Update: Pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants – Cleveland, Ohio, 1993–1996"
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4710:
4606:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
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In the 1990s, public concern over mycotoxins increased following multimillion-dollar
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1858:
1302:
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125:
101:
2195:
1703:
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Richard JL (2007). "Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses – an overview".
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4588:
4493:
4088:
3743:
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3485:
3460:
3345:
3273:
3260:
3198:
Wood GE (1 December 1992). "Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States".
831:
764:
654:
590:
investigated the causes of Damp Building Related Illness (DBRI). They found that
571:
5775:
2326:
Liu, Yue; Yamdeu, Joseph Hubert Galani; Gong, Yun Yun; Orfila, Caroline (2020).
2126:
5690:
4854:
4819:
4715:
4530:
4078:
4018:
3841:
3833:
3580:
3534:
3303:
2651:
2634:
2377:"Concomitant fungal and Mycobacterium bovis infections in beef cattle in Kenya"
1334:
1317:
619:, either by being eaten directly by humans or by being used as livestock feed.
451:
305:
in all animal species tested. Although it is associated with many human foods (
109:
74:
3056:
3039:
3008:
2892:
2822:"Application of Novel Non-Thermal Physical Technologies to Degrade Mycotoxins"
2492:
2179:
1842:
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1005:
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4180:
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3894:
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3403:
2698:
2670:
2603:
2353:
1465:
1424:
1343:
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556:
412:
334:
298:
277:. Some of these species are used to produce human foodstuffs such as cheese (
24:
2344:
2327:
2076:
2055:
1365:, Food Science and Technology, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 409–418,
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2002:
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66:
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4098:
4083:
3949:
3660:
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3588:
3408:
3386:
3323:
3313:
2870:
1401:"Fungi and mycotoxins in grain: Implications for stored product research"
921:
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823:
616:
532:
526:
467:
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302:
273:
252:
239:
226:
142:
121:
117:
78:
2738:
2461:
Queiroz, Oscar; Rabaglino, Maria; Adesogan, Adegbola (4 November 2013).
1357:
Pitt, John I. (2013-01-01), Morris, J. Glenn; Potter, Morris E. (eds.),
430:
and have a history of infecting the grain of developing cereals such as
343:
alkaloids are compounds produced as a toxic mixture of alkaloids in the
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5253:
5182:
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4844:
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62:
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in North America in late 2005 and early 2006, and again in late 2011.
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2009:
855:
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714:
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54:
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and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as
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3973:
3904:
3856:
3829:
3775:
3703:
3356:
2418:"Dogs keep dying: Too many owners remain unaware of toxic dog food"
805:
790:
Affirmation of chemical interaction between mycotoxin and adsorbent
463:
423:
358:
354:
330:
258:
243:
113:
58:
40:
3113:
Shephard GS (2008). "Determination of mycotoxins in human foods".
5013:
4730:
4700:
4541:
4003:
3998:
3983:
3944:
3919:
3756:
3736:
3376:
1742:"Fungi, quality and safety issues in fresh fruits and vegetables"
666:
479:
368:
191:
186:, in many animal species. Aflatoxins are largely associated with
70:
2770:"Sex-Change Chicken: Gertie the Hen Becomes Bertie the Cockerel"
1545:
Bayman P, Baker JL (2006). "Ochratoxins: a global perspective".
403:, in particular rotting apples and figs. It is destroyed by the
53:
Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include
5157:
5115:
4685:
4308:
4282:
4252:
4068:
3770:
3751:
3499:
2016:
Fog Nielsen, K (2003). "Mycotoxin production by indoor molds".
827:
680:
447:
318:
203:
199:
1437:
5111:
4763:
4257:
4173:
4168:
4038:
3959:
3298:
2819:
813:
443:
435:
431:
408:
396:
340:
314:
306:
215:
207:
105:
82:
47:
5730:
2942:
2054:
Pestka JJ, Yike I, Dearborn DG, Ward MD, Harkema JR (2008).
1981:
Berger KJ, Guss DA (2005). "Mycotoxins revisited: Part II".
4422:
4330:
1946:
Berger KJ, Guss DA (2005). "Mycotoxins revisited: Part I".
310:
284:
3037:
2632:
1111:
566:
settlements. The lawsuits took place after a study by the
5008:
4267:
2157:
2127:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2000).
1154:
979:Çimen, Duygu; Bereli, Nilay; Denizli, Adil (2022-06-01).
784:
High capacity to absorb high concentrations of mycotoxins
326:
322:
2576:
Song, Xinjie; Wang, Danhua; Kim, Myunghee (2021-04-16).
2460:
1907:
Desjardins AE, Proctor RH (2007). "Molecular biology of
1484:"Biological control of aflatoxin contamination of crops"
787:
High affinity to absorb low concentrations of mycotoxins
775:
Efficacy of active component verified by scientific data
407:
process and so is not found in apple beverages, such as
1363:
Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (Fourth Edition)
611:
Mycotoxins can appear in the food chain as a result of
2375:
Kuria, Joseph N.; Gathogo, Stephen M. (4 March 2013).
2053:
1272:
2332:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
1786:"Mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits: A review"
1590:
586:
One study by the Center of Integrative Toxicology at
267:, but has been identified in over a dozen species of
2106:. Chelsea, Mich: Lewis Publishers. pp. 183–84.
5490:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
2724:
2325:
438:. They include a range of mycotoxins, such as: the
34:
28:
2795:"'Sex-change' chicken shocks Cambridgeshire owner"
2432:"More Aflatoxin-Related Dog Food Recalls Revealed"
2209:Lewis L, Onsongo M, Njapau H, et al. (2005).
2208:
978:
574:, reported an association between mycotoxins from
120:are sufficient. Where conditions are right, fungi
2478:
1906:
665:, are known causative agents of endemic systemic
5798:
3038:van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA (2007).
2474:
2472:
2260:
2258:
1871:
1625:
395:is especially associated with a range of moldy
2994:
1783:
1779:
1777:
4650:
3281:
3108:
3106:
3104:
2915:"Immunoaffinity and further Clean-up Columns"
2415:
1481:
1446:. Special Issue on Functional Nucleic Acids.
1224:
800:Non-toxic, environmentally friendly component
5665:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
5480:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
5379:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
3364:
2977:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2677:
2513:
2469:
2374:
2255:
2101:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1318:"Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals"
1268:
1266:
1264:
1038:
1034:
1032:
700:-based supplements, at up to 37 mg/kg.
672:There were outbreaks of dog food containing
5603:United Kingdom food information regulations
3112:
2575:
2264:
2097:
2095:
2049:
2047:
2015:
1774:
1544:
1540:
1538:
4657:
4643:
3288:
3274:
3147:
3101:
2990:
2988:
2945:International Journal of Food Microbiology
2687:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2519:
1980:
1945:
1824:
1586:
1584:
1189:
940:
679:Mycotoxins in animal fodder, particularly
426:toxins are produced by over 50 species of
357:, the human disease historically known as
5441:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
4213:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
3055:
2847:
2837:
2660:
2650:
2593:
2547:
2537:
2392:
2343:
2292:
2282:
2234:
2075:
1801:
1757:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1711:
1668:
1651:
1507:
1455:
1333:
1261:
1064:
1029:
1004:
690:
512:
242:of a wide range of commodities including
5485:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
5347:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
4664:
3245:Detailed listing and information on all
2092:
2044:
1535:
1482:Yin YN, Yan LY, Jiang JH, Ma ZH (2008).
1477:
1475:
880:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
261:is a toxin that was first isolated from
5455:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
3197:
2985:
1739:
1581:
1105:
5799:
5470:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
5047:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2767:
2456:
2454:
1728:
1398:
974:
972:
849:European Committee for Standardization
442:, which affect the nervous systems of
4638:
3269:
2321:
2319:
2271:International Journal of Microbiology
1472:
5761:
5649:Institute for Food Safety and Health
5389:Australian meat substitution scandal
5357:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
5133:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
3080:"Multi-Mycotoxin SPE-Column CossTOX"
2520:Do KH, An TJ, Oh SK, Moon Y (2015).
1356:
1315:
140:are a type of mycotoxin produced by
5781:
5637:Food Information and Control Agency
2451:
1405:Journal of Stored Products Research
969:
13:
3567:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
2316:
1626:Bennett, JW; Klich, M (Jul 2003).
1371:10.1016/b978-0-12-416041-5.00030-5
919:
898:
14:
5818:
5654:International Food Safety Network
5578:International Food Safety Network
5299:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
5249:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
4976:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
3238:
3166:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.036
2957:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.035
1925:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.024
1886:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.006
1605:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.029
1322:Journal of Saudi Chemical Society
1039:Bennett, J. W.; Klich, M (2003).
955:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.019
868:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
703:
643:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5739:
5729:
5659:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
5495:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
5426:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
5421:ICA meat repackaging controversy
4619:
4618:
1759:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03705.x
5598:Quality Assurance International
5505:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
5475:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
5369:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
5284:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3651:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
3191:
3141:
3072:
3031:
2936:
2907:
2864:
2813:
2787:
2761:
2718:
2626:
2569:
2424:
2420:. Cornell University Chronicle.
2409:
2368:
2202:
2151:
2120:
1974:
1939:
1900:
1865:
1818:
1784:Trucksess MW, Scott PM (2008).
1619:
1524:
1431:
1399:Miller, J. David (1995-01-01).
1392:
1350:
1316:Zain, Mohamed E. (2011-04-01).
1309:
1218:
301:disease in Japan and acts as a
297:). Citrinin is associated with
132:
5627:European Food Safety Authority
5500:Food safety incidents in China
5337:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
5304:Water fluoridation controversy
2768:Melina, Remy (31 March 2011).
2595:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128257
1995:10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.08.019
1960:10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.08.013
1183:
1148:
1081:
934:
913:
892:
837:
797:data with all major mycotoxins
781:Stability over a wide pH range
778:A low effective inclusion rate
178:, the most toxic, is a potent
1:
3803:Fibronectin binding protein A
2160:J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A
2030:10.1016/S1087-1845(03)00026-4
1704:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
1644:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
1632:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1247:10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00471-1
1057:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
1045:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
885:
749:
663:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
485:
95:
5632:Food and Drug Administration
5314:Food contamination incidents
3254:Microbiology of Animal Feeds
3086:. 2020-10-16. Archived from
2921:. 2020-10-16. Archived from
2416:Susan S. Lang (2006-01-06).
2133:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2104:Indoor environmental quality
1686:Bennett JW, Klich M (2003).
1417:10.1016/0022-474X(94)00039-V
819:Trichosporon mycotoxinvorans
728:
7:
5686:Food and drink prohibitions
5460:Bihar school meal poisoning
5384:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
5342:1900 English beer poisoning
4696:Antibiotic use in livestock
3544:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
3522:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
3148:Kendra DF, Dyer RB (2007).
2481:Fungal Genetics and Biology
2018:Fungal Genetics and Biology
927:Online Etymology Dictionary
906:Online Etymology Dictionary
873:
371:is a toxin produced by the
35:
29:
10:
5823:
5681:Curing (food preservation)
4754:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
3562:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2652:10.3390/separations4020011
2265:Jeswal P, Kumar D (2015).
1335:10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006
758:
647:
606:
568:Center for Disease Control
146:species of fungi, such as
16:Toxin produced by a fungus
5724:
5711:Genetically modified food
5673:
5611:
5563:Food labeling regulations
5535:
5431:2008 Chinese milk scandal
5312:
5234:
5181:
5110:
5060:
5032:
4994:
4883:
4791:
4739:
4672:
4614:
4601:
4539:
4459:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
4446:
4420:
4409:
4364:
4306:
4200:
4189:
3958:
3815:
3786:
3722:
3659:
3606:
3579:
3532:
3507:
3498:
3471:
3384:
3375:
3355:
3344:
3057:10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9
3009:10.1080/10408390500436185
2997:Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr
2893:10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.012
2493:10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.005
2180:10.1080/15287390802706389
1843:10.1007/s15010-008-7357-z
1803:10.1080/02652030701567459
1559:10.1007/s11046-006-0055-4
1457:10.1016/j.aac.2023.07.003
1359:"Chapter 30 - Mycotoxins"
1204:10.1016/j.mib.2008.10.007
1169:10.1080/10473220050129419
1157:Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg
1134:10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010
1006:10.1007/s13320-021-0638-1
822:), or bacterial strains (
650:Mycotoxins in animal feed
588:Michigan State University
415:in animals. In 2004, the
5573:Food safety in Australia
4769:High-fructose corn syrup
3852:beta-Nitropropionic acid
2699:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02105
2215:Environ. Health Perspect
659:Blastomyces dermatitidis
446:and may cause cancer in
329:, and food colored with
5553:Acceptable daily intake
5465:2013 horse meat scandal
4906:Clostridium perfringens
3636:Heat-labile enterotoxin
3627:heat-stable enterotoxin
2381:Onderstepoort J Vet Res
2345:10.1111/1541-4337.12562
271:and several species of
248:Aspergillus carbonarius
246:such as beer and wine.
33:, "fungus" and τοξικός
5621:Centre for Food Safety
5436:2008 Irish pork crisis
5138:Benzene in soft drinks
3745:Bacillus thuringiensis
3212:10.2527/1992.70123941x
3154:Int. J. Food Microbiol
2463:"Mycotoxins in Silage"
2394:10.4102/ojvr.v80i1.585
2058:Stachybotrys chartarum
1913:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1874:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1593:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1287:10.1080/02652030120041
943:Int. J. Food Microbiol
826:BBSH 797 developed by
691:In dietary supplements
544:Stachybotrys chartarum
513:In indoor environments
363:central nervous system
280:Penicillium camemberti
5643:Food Standards Agency
5593:Organic certification
5588:Nutrition facts label
5332:Esing Bakery incident
5120:environment pollution
2539:10.3390/toxins7104111
2102:Godish, Thad (2001).
2077:10.1093/toxsci/kfm284
1500:10.1631/jzus.B0860003
1488:J Zhejiang Univ Sci B
1192:Curr. Opin. Microbiol
236:Aspergillus ochraceus
5412:2006 North American
5070:Acesulfame potassium
4899:Campylobacter jejuni
4793:Intestinal parasites
4666:Consumer food safety
3646:Pseudomonas exotoxin
1825:Cornely OA (2008). "
1692:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
264:Penicillium citrinum
44:secondary metabolite
39:, "poisonous") is a
5716:Conspiracy theories
5269:Heterocyclic amines
5173:Shellfish poisoning
3044:Anal. Bioanal. Chem
2885:2012Toxgy.301...21B
2739:10.1038/nrmicro1286
2727:Nat. Rev. Microbiol
2284:10.1155/2015/242486
2172:2009JTEHA..72..585H
1239:2001Toxgy.167..101H
1126:2009AcAC..632..168T
997:2022PhSen..12..117C
507:monomethylhydrazine
337:in murine kidneys.
253:confounding factors
5374:Toxic oil syndrome
5327:Swill milk scandal
5153:Diethylstilbestrol
4825:Diphyllobothriasis
4562:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
3732:Lipopolysaccharide
3690:Pore-forming toxin
3259:2013-06-12 at the
2839:10.3390/jof7050395
1790:Food Addit. Contam
1746:J. Appl. Microbiol
1275:Food Addit. Contam
530:(multiple forms),
498:Amanita phalloides
493:mushroom poisoning
417:European Community
359:St. Anthony's Fire
294:Aspergillus oryzae
5794:
5793:
5701:Food preservation
5510:Foodborne illness
5062:Sugar substitutes
4815:Cryptosporidiosis
4797:parasitic disease
4711:HGH controversies
4678:food contaminants
4632:
4631:
4597:
4596:
4567:Beta-Bungarotoxin
4511:Pumiliotoxin 251D
4405:
4404:
3811:
3810:
3798:Clumping factor A
3718:
3717:
3602:
3601:
3575:
3574:
3494:
3493:
2713:
2564:
2508:
2311:
2113:978-1-56670-402-1
1444:Advanced Agrochem
1380:978-0-12-416041-5
920:Harper, Douglas.
899:Harper, Douglas.
866:regulations. The
5814:
5784:
5783:
5774:
5764:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5746:Drink portal
5744:
5743:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5645:(United Kingdom)
5394:Jack in the Box
5365:
5352:Minamata disease
5264:Food irradiation
5244:4-Hydroxynonenal
5092:Sodium cyclamate
4935:Escherichia coli
4927:Escherichia coli
4659:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4622:
4621:
4550:
4506:Histrionicotoxin
4452:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4370:
4324:Alpha-latrotoxin
4312:
4206:
4198:
4197:
3930:Sterigmatocystin
3882:, Fumonisin B3,
3846:epsilon-amanitin
3765:B. thuringiensis
3594:Diphtheria toxin
3537:
3505:
3504:
3474:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3232:
3231:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3176:. Archived from
3145:
3139:
3138:
3127:10.1039/b713084h
3110:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3035:
3029:
3028:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2826:Journal of Fungi
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2541:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2437:Food Safety News
2428:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2338:(4): 1521–1560.
2323:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2296:
2286:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2247:. Archived from
2238:
2227:10.1289/ehp.7998
2206:
2200:
2199:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1740:Moss MO (2008).
1737:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1683:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1114:Anal. Chim. Acta
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1008:
985:Photonic Sensors
976:
967:
966:
938:
932:
931:
917:
911:
910:
896:
657:, which include
613:fungal infection
462:toxins include:
391:fungal species.
190:produced in the
38:
32:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5740:
5738:
5736:Food portal
5728:
5720:
5669:
5607:
5568:Food libel laws
5531:
5359:
5308:
5274:Modified starch
5236:Food processing
5230:
5177:
5106:
5056:
5052:Sodium benzoate
5028:
4990:
4985:Vibrio cholerae
4879:
4850:Gnathostomiasis
4835:Fasciolopsiasis
4787:
4735:
4726:Mercury in fish
4668:
4663:
4633:
4628:
4610:
4593:
4589:Cardiotoxin III
4545:
4540:
4535:
4447:
4442:
4421:
4413:
4401:
4365:
4360:
4307:
4302:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4089:Resiniferatoxin
3954:
3807:
3789:
3782:
3747:delta endotoxin
3714:
3655:
3641:Pertussis toxin
3609:
3598:
3571:
3533:
3528:
3490:
3486:Listeriolysin O
3472:
3467:
3385:
3367:
3347:
3340:
3294:
3261:Wayback Machine
3241:
3236:
3235:
3206:(12): 3941–49.
3196:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3160:(1–2): 147–51.
3146:
3142:
3121:(11): 2468–77.
3111:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3036:
3032:
2993:
2986:
2970:
2969:
2951:(1–2): 140–46.
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2869:
2865:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2801:. 31 March 2011
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2723:
2719:
2693:(29): 6633–43.
2682:
2678:
2631:
2627:
2574:
2570:
2532:(10): 4111–30.
2518:
2514:
2477:
2470:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2414:
2410:
2373:
2369:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2263:
2256:
2221:(12): 1763–67.
2207:
2203:
2156:
2152:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2093:
2052:
2045:
2014:
2010:
1979:
1975:
1944:
1940:
1905:
1901:
1880:(1–2): 116–25.
1870:
1866:
1823:
1819:
1782:
1775:
1738:
1729:
1684:
1669:
1624:
1620:
1589:
1582:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1480:
1473:
1436:
1432:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1355:
1351:
1314:
1310:
1271:
1262:
1223:
1219:
1188:
1184:
1153:
1149:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1037:
1030:
977:
970:
939:
935:
918:
914:
897:
893:
888:
876:
840:
832:nixtamalization
765:montmorillonite
761:
752:
731:
706:
693:
655:Dimorphic fungi
652:
646:
609:
572:Cleveland, Ohio
515:
488:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
135:
108:. They consume
100:Most fungi are
98:
83:ergot alkaloids
17:
12:
11:
5:
5820:
5810:
5809:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5748:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5691:Food marketing
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5674:Related topics
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5409:
5400:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:Food additives
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4885:Microorganisms
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:Paragonimiasis
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Cyclosporiasis
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4741:Food additives
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4716:Lead poisoning
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4553:
4551:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4531:Zetekitoxin AB
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Pseudaconitine
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Djenkolic acid
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3842:gamma-amanitin
3834:alpha-amanitin
3827:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3629:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3581:Actinomycetota
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3540:
3538:
3535:Staphylococcus
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3393:
3391:
3379:
3370:
3359:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3240:
3239:External links
3237:
3234:
3233:
3190:
3140:
3115:Chem. Soc. Rev
3100:
3071:
3030:
3003:(8): 593–619.
2984:
2935:
2906:
2879:(1–3): 21–32.
2863:
2812:
2786:
2760:
2733:(12): 937–47.
2717:
2676:
2625:
2582:Food Chemistry
2568:
2512:
2468:
2450:
2423:
2408:
2387:(1): 4 pages.
2367:
2315:
2254:
2251:on 2012-06-29.
2201:
2150:
2119:
2112:
2091:
2043:
2008:
1973:
1938:
1919:(1–2): 47–50.
1899:
1864:
1837:(4): 296–313.
1817:
1773:
1752:(5): 1239–43.
1727:
1698:(3): 497–516.
1667:
1638:(3): 497–516.
1618:
1599:(1–2): 79–83.
1580:
1547:Mycopathologia
1534:
1523:
1494:(10): 787–92.
1471:
1450:(3): 221–230.
1430:
1391:
1379:
1349:
1328:(2): 129–144.
1308:
1260:
1217:
1182:
1163:(10): 773–84.
1147:
1104:
1080:
1051:(3): 497–516.
1028:
991:(2): 117–129.
968:
933:
912:
890:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
875:
872:
839:
836:
802:
801:
798:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
760:
757:
751:
748:
740:immunoaffinity
730:
727:
705:
704:Health effects
702:
692:
689:
648:Main article:
645:
644:In animal food
642:
608:
605:
514:
511:
487:
484:
452:trichothecenes
347:of species of
238:is found as a
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:A. parasiticus
134:
131:
110:organic matter
97:
94:
75:trichothecenes
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5819:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5787:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5759:
5757:
5749:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Food politics
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5661:(South Korea)
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5525:United States
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5446:2011 Germany
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5403:1996 Odwalla
5401:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5034:Preservatives
5031:
5025:
5024:Methamidophos
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Toxoplasmosis
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:Vegetable oil
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4521:Samandaridine
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4494:Marinobufagin
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Batrachotoxin
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Charybdotoxin
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Solauricidine
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Protoanemonin
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Oenanthotoxin
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Trichothecene
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Ibotenic acid
3893:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3838:beta-amanitin
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:Cholera toxin
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Anthrax toxin
3479:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Tetanospasmin
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3180:on 2021-04-28
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3090:on 2021-03-05
3089:
3085:
3084:www.lctech.de
3081:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3050:(1): 147–57.
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2925:on 2021-03-05
2924:
2920:
2919:www.lctech.de
2916:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:(9): 585–98.
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:(2): 103–17.
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:(2): 175–83.
1988:
1984:
1983:J. Emerg. Med
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:J. Emerg. Med
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:mycotoxins".
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1796:(2): 181–92.
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:(3): 215–23.
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:(4): 315–19.
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:(2): 101–34.
1232:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:(6): 481–87.
1197:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:(2): 168–80.
1119:
1115:
1108:
1094:
1090:
1089:"Food safety"
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
973:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:(1–2): 3–10.
948:
944:
937:
929:
928:
923:
916:
908:
907:
902:
895:
891:
881:
878:
877:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
811:
807:
799:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
772:
770:
766:
756:
747:
743:
741:
737:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
701:
699:
688:
686:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
641:
639:
635:
630:
627:
625:
620:
618:
614:
604:
600:
597:
596:S. chartarum
593:
589:
584:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
557:concentration
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
413:immune system
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
338:
336:
335:RNA synthesis
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:yellowed rice
296:
295:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
174:. Aflatoxin B
157:
156:
151:
150:
145:
144:
139:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
42:
37:
31:
26:
22:
5706:Food quality
5613:Institutions
5447:
5413:
5404:
5395:
5279:Nitrosamines
5162:
5042:Benzoic acid
5004:Chlorpyrifos
4983:
4977:
4968:
4951:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4875:Trichuriasis
4860:Toxocariasis
4830:Enterobiasis
4706:Formaldehyde
4605:
4584:Calcicludine
4574:Calciseptine
4557:Bungarotoxin
4526:Tarichatoxin
4474:Arenobufagin
4438:Tetrodotoxin
4397:Tetrodotoxin
4351:Vanillotoxin
4288:Phaiodotoxin
4191:Invertebrate
4114:Solasodamine
4049:Lotaustralin
3884:Fumonisin B4
3880:Fumonisin B2
3876:Fumonisin B1
3862:Cytochalasin
3816:
3764:
3744:
3696:
3682:
3676:Superantigen
3668:
3624:
3512:Streptolysin
3453:
3434:
3415:
3396:
3246:
3203:
3200:J. Anim. Sci
3199:
3193:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:the original
3157:
3153:
3143:
3118:
3114:
3092:. Retrieved
3088:the original
3083:
3074:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3000:
2996:
2973:cite journal
2948:
2944:
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2918:
2909:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2774:Live Science
2773:
2763:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2710:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2504:
2484:
2480:
2442:. Retrieved
2440:. 2011-12-29
2435:
2426:
2411:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2335:
2331:
2306:
2274:
2270:
2249:the original
2218:
2214:
2204:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2139:(9): 180–4.
2136:
2132:
2122:
2103:
2067:
2064:Toxicol. Sci
2063:
2057:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1954:(1): 53–62.
1951:
1947:
1941:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1793:
1789:
1749:
1745:
1695:
1691:
1688:"Mycotoxins"
1635:
1631:
1628:"Mycotoxins"
1621:
1596:
1592:
1550:
1546:
1526:
1491:
1487:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1384:, retrieved
1362:
1352:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1278:
1274:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1048:
1044:
1041:"Mycotoxins"
988:
984:
946:
942:
936:
925:
915:
904:
894:
853:
841:
817:
810:de-epoxidase
803:
794:
762:
753:
744:
732:
719:carcinogenic
715:phenotypical
707:
698:milk thistle
694:
685:dairy cattle
678:
671:
653:
631:
628:
621:
610:
601:
595:
592:Stachybotrys
591:
585:
581:Stachybotrys
580:
576:Stachybotrys
575:
561:
552:S. chartarum
551:
548:S. chartarum
547:
543:
539:Stachybotrys
537:
531:
525:
519:
516:
496:
489:
459:
427:
422:
405:fermentation
392:
388:Paecilomyces
386:
382:
378:
372:
367:
348:
339:
292:
278:
272:
268:
262:
257:
247:
235:
231:
225:
220:
184:liver cancer
153:
147:
141:
136:
133:Major groups
99:
91:
67:ochratoxin A
52:
46:produced by
20:
18:
5786:WikiProject
5623:(Hong Kong)
5360: [
5322:Devon colic
5196:Breast milk
5168:Nonylphenol
5143:Bisphenol A
5080:controversy
4947:Hepatitis E
4942:Hepatitis A
4920:Enterovirus
4913:Cronobacter
4870:Trichinosis
4840:Fasciolosis
4810:Anisakiasis
4781:controversy
4674:Adulterants
4547:Snake venom
4501:Epibatidine
4489:Cinobufagin
4346:Stromatoxin
4293:Imperatoxin
4243:Scyllatoxin
4149:Tagetitoxin
4144:Swainsonine
4134:Solauricine
4099:Solamargine
4094:Scopolamine
4084:Retronecine
3950:Zearalenone
3618:Shiga toxin
3589:Cord factor
3428:Enterotoxin
3423:Alpha toxin
3417:perfringens
3409:Tetanolysin
3387:Clostridium
3324:hepatotoxin
3314:enterotoxin
3304:cardiotoxin
3247:Aspergillus
2662:10347/22495
2639:Separations
2070:(1): 4–26.
1827:Aspergillus
1411:(1): 1–16.
1093:www.who.int
838:Regulations
824:Eubacterium
638:metabolites
634:irradiation
533:Penicillium
527:Aspergillus
468:beauvericin
456:zearalenone
393:P. expansum
383:Penicillium
379:Aspergillus
374:P. expansum
303:nephrotoxin
274:Aspergillus
269:Penicillium
240:contaminant
232:Aspergillus
227:Penicillium
188:commodities
143:Aspergillus
122:proliferate
118:temperature
79:zearalenone
5807:Mycotoxins
5537:Regulation
5520:death toll
5289:Shortening
5254:Acrylamide
5183:Food fraud
5163:Mycotoxins
4996:Pesticides
4970:Salmonella
4845:Giardiasis
4805:Amoebiasis
4749:Flavorings
4579:Taicatoxin
4516:Samandarin
4469:Bufotoxins
4433:Ciguatoxin
4411:Vertebrate
4356:Huwentoxin
4336:Cupiennins
4319:Latrotoxin
4263:Kaliotoxin
4233:Margatoxin
4223:Maurotoxin
4164:Toxalbumin
4154:Tinyatoxin
4139:Strychnine
4124:Solasonine
4119:Solasodine
4104:Solanidine
4024:Falcarinol
4009:Delphinine
3925:Phalloidin
3915:Ochratoxin
3910:Orellanine
3900:Lolitrem B
3867:Ergotamine
3817:Mycotoxins
3661:Mechanisms
3620:/Verotoxin
3557:Exfoliatin
3517:Leukocidin
3334:phototoxin
3329:neurotoxin
3249:mycotoxins
3184:2018-12-29
3094:2021-01-21
2929:2021-01-21
2873:Toxicology
2832:(5): 395.
2588:: 128257.
2444:2012-05-12
1386:2023-09-12
1227:Toxicology
1098:2023-09-12
886:References
860:directives
750:Mitigation
736:macrophage
711:penicillin
599:symptoms.
564:toxic mold
521:Alternaria
503:orellanine
486:Occurrence
472:butenolide
440:fumonisins
401:vegetables
222:Ochratoxin
212:pistachios
198:, such as
196:subtropics
180:carcinogen
138:Aflatoxins
96:Production
87:ergotamine
63:fumonisins
23:(from the
5583:ISO 22000
5545:watchdogs
5541:standards
5515:outbreaks
5416:outbreaks
5294:Trans fat
5206:Olive oil
5128:Aflatoxin
5102:Sucralose
5087:Saccharin
5075:Aspartame
5019:Malathion
4964:Rotavirus
4959:Norovirus
4484:Bufotenin
4479:Bufotalin
4449:Amphibian
4392:Saxitoxin
4382:Eledoisin
4377:Conotoxin
4248:Hefutoxin
4064:Oleandrin
4044:Linamarin
4034:Helenalin
3994:Cicutoxin
3989:Chaconine
3969:Amygdalin
3940:Vomitoxin
3890:Gliotoxin
3872:Fumonisin
3825:Aflatoxin
3788:Virulence
3724:Endotoxin
3455:botulinum
3436:difficile
3346:Bacterial
3319:hemotoxin
3309:cytotoxin
2671:2297-8739
2645:(2): 11.
2620:222352001
2604:0308-8146
2354:1541-4337
1831:Infection
1466:2773-2371
1425:0022-474X
1344:1319-6103
1023:239220993
1015:2190-7439
856:statutory
769:bentonite
742:columns.
729:In humans
723:genotoxic
674:aflatoxin
624:aflatoxin
570:(CDC) in
476:equisetin
464:enniatins
350:Claviceps
345:sclerotia
289:soy sauce
283:), sake,
244:beverages
149:A. flavus
112:wherever
55:aflatoxin
21:mycotoxin
5801:Category
5776:Cookbook
5756:Category
5558:E number
5450:outbreak
5407:outbreak
5398:outbreak
5148:Dieldrin
5097:Sorbitol
4953:Listeria
4893:Botulism
4721:Melamine
4691:Aldicarb
4624:Category
4387:Onchidal
4367:Mollusca
4278:Bestoxin
4273:Birtoxin
4238:Slotoxin
4228:Agitoxin
4203:Scorpion
4159:Tomatine
4109:Solanine
4054:Mimosine
4029:Gossypol
4014:Divicine
3979:Antiarin
3974:Anisatin
3905:Muscimol
3857:Citrinin
3830:Amatoxin
3776:Cry34Ab1
3704:AB toxin
3698:type III
3610:negative
3368:positive
3357:Exotoxin
3257:Archived
3174:17727996
3135:18949120
3066:17508207
3025:25728064
3017:17092826
2965:17804104
2901:22749975
2858:34069444
2805:31 March
2799:BBC News
2755:23537608
2747:16322742
2707:26168136
2612:33051098
2558:26473926
2501:24594211
2487:: 1–10.
2403:23902371
2362:33337083
2303:26229535
2245:16330360
2188:19296408
2145:11795499
2086:18007011
2038:12781669
2003:15707814
1968:15657006
1933:17707105
1909:Fusarium
1894:17900733
1859:22919557
1851:18642109
1812:18286408
1768:18217939
1722:12857779
1662:12857779
1613:17716764
1567:16944288
1518:18837105
1303:30636872
1295:11339266
1255:11567776
1212:18973828
1177:11036728
1142:19110091
1075:12857779
963:17719115
874:See also
806:esterase
480:fusarins
466:such as
460:Fusarium
428:Fusarium
424:Fusarium
355:ergotism
331:Monascus
259:Citrinin
126:colonies
114:humidity
85:such as
59:citrinin
5766:Commons
5639:(Spain)
5448:E. coli
5414:E. coli
5405:E. coli
5396:E. coli
5216:Seafood
5116:poisons
5014:Lindane
4978:E. coli
4937:O157:H7
4929:O104:H4
4731:Sudan I
4701:Cyanide
4542:Reptile
4004:Daphnin
3999:Coniine
3984:Brucine
3945:Zeranol
3920:Patulin
3767:toxins
3757:Cry3Bb1
3737:Lipid A
3684:type II
3625:E. coli
3377:Bacilli
3228:1991432
3220:1474031
2881:Bibcode
2849:8159112
2779:12 July
2549:4626724
2294:4503550
2277:: 1–8.
2236:1314917
2168:Bibcode
1575:4540706
1509:2565741
1235:Bibcode
1122:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
922:"toxin"
901:"myco-"
795:in vivo
793:Proven
759:Removal
667:mycoses
607:In food
448:rodents
369:Patulin
204:peanuts
192:tropics
170:, and G
102:aerobic
71:patulin
36:toxikos
5221:Shrimp
5158:Dioxin
5112:Toxins
4686:3-MCPD
4414:toxins
4309:Spider
4283:BmKAEP
4253:HgeTx1
4194:toxins
4069:Persin
3962:toxins
3790:factor
3771:Cry6Aa
3763:Other
3752:Cry1Ac
3670:type I
3473:Other:
3398:tetani
3348:toxins
3299:Toxins
3226:
3218:
3172:
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3064:
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2856:
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2526:Toxins
2499:
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2360:
2352:
2301:
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2243:
2233:
2196:799085
2194:
2186:
2143:
2110:
2084:
2036:
2001:
1966:
1931:
1892:
1857:
1849:
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1766:
1720:
1713:164220
1710:
1660:
1653:164220
1650:
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1506:
1464:
1423:
1377:
1342:
1301:
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1210:
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1140:
1073:
1066:164220
1063:
1021:
1013:
961:
828:Biomin
721:, and
681:silage
536:, and
478:, and
450:; the
444:horses
397:fruits
385:, and
319:barley
287:, and
214:, and
208:spices
200:cotton
106:spores
81:, and
27:μύκης
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5211:Prawn
5191:Bread
4764:Sugar
4341:PhTx3
4258:HsTx1
4181:Tutin
4174:Ricin
4169:Abrin
4039:Ledol
3960:Plant
3552:delta
3500:Cocci
3461:Botox
3224:S2CID
3021:S2CID
2751:S2CID
2616:S2CID
2192:S2CID
1855:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1299:S2CID
1019:S2CID
814:yeast
617:crops
436:maize
432:wheat
409:cider
341:Ergot
307:wheat
216:maize
124:into
48:fungi
41:toxic
30:mykes
25:Greek
4759:Salt
4423:Fish
4331:CSTX
3608:Gram
3548:beta
3366:Gram
3216:PMID
3170:PMID
3131:PMID
3062:PMID
3013:PMID
2979:link
2961:PMID
2897:PMID
2854:PMID
2807:2011
2781:2014
2743:PMID
2703:PMID
2667:ISSN
2608:PMID
2600:ISSN
2554:PMID
2497:PMID
2399:PMID
2358:PMID
2350:ISSN
2299:PMID
2275:2015
2241:PMID
2184:PMID
2141:PMID
2108:ISBN
2082:PMID
2034:PMID
1999:PMID
1964:PMID
1929:PMID
1890:PMID
1847:PMID
1808:PMID
1764:PMID
1718:PMID
1658:PMID
1609:PMID
1563:PMID
1514:PMID
1462:ISSN
1421:ISSN
1375:ISBN
1340:ISSN
1291:PMID
1251:PMID
1208:PMID
1173:PMID
1138:PMID
1071:PMID
1011:ISSN
959:PMID
862:and
845:HPLC
661:and
434:and
399:and
323:oats
315:corn
311:rice
285:miso
230:and
194:and
152:and
116:and
5226:Tea
5201:Egg
5009:DDT
4298:Pi3
4268:Lq2
3708:AB5
3208:doi
3162:doi
3158:119
3123:doi
3052:doi
3048:389
3005:doi
2953:doi
2949:119
2889:doi
2877:301
2844:PMC
2834:doi
2735:doi
2695:doi
2657:hdl
2647:doi
2590:doi
2586:342
2544:PMC
2534:doi
2489:doi
2389:doi
2340:doi
2289:PMC
2279:doi
2231:PMC
2223:doi
2219:113
2176:doi
2072:doi
2068:104
2026:doi
1991:doi
1956:doi
1921:doi
1917:119
1882:doi
1878:119
1839:doi
1798:doi
1754:doi
1750:104
1708:PMC
1700:doi
1648:PMC
1640:doi
1601:doi
1597:119
1555:doi
1551:162
1504:PMC
1496:doi
1452:doi
1413:doi
1367:doi
1330:doi
1283:doi
1243:doi
1231:167
1200:doi
1165:doi
1130:doi
1118:632
1061:PMC
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