175:
54:
33:
716:, causing liver tumor development in half the population. White rats develop liver cancer when exposed to 15 ppb. Young piglets, ducklings, and turkeys exposed to high doses of aflatoxin become sick and die. Pregnant cows, mature pigs, cattle, and sheep exposed to low doses of aflatoxin over long periods develop weakening, intestinal bleeding, debilitation, reduced growth, nausea, no appetite, and predisposition to other infections.
498:
prevents moisture increase. Fumigants are used to decrease the occurrence and persistence of insects and mites, which aids the rapid growth of the pathogen. Sanitary practices including, removing old and unripe seeds, exclusion of damaged and broken seeds, and overall cleanliness assist in minimizing the colonization and spread of the pathogen.
497:
infection, certain conditions must be incorporated before, during, and after harvest. Moisture levels should be kept below 11.5%. Temperature in storage units should be kept as low as possible since the pathogen is unable to grow below 5 °C. The low temperature facilitates slower respiration and
305:
colonies are commonly powdery masses of yellowish-green spores on the upper surface and reddish-gold on the lower surface. In both grains and legumes, infection is minimized to small areas, and discoloration and dullness of affected areas is often seen. Growth is rapid and colonies appear powdery in
696:
is affected by environmental factors. If other competitive fungal organisms are present on host plants, aflatoxin production is low. However, if noncompetitive fungal organisms are present on host plants, aflatoxin production can be quite high. The nature of the host is also an important factor in
574:
strain AF36 is noncarcinogenic and aflatoxin-free and is used as an active ingredient in pesticides. AF36 is a fungal antagonist and is applied as a commercial biocontrol to cotton and corn to reduce aflatoxin exposure. AF36 was initially isolated in
Arizona and has also occurred in Texas. It is
380:
is complex in its morphology and can be classified into two groups based on the size of sclerotia produced. Group I consists of L strains with sclerotia greater than 400 μm in diameter. Group II consists of S strains with sclerotia less than 400 μm in diameter. Both L and S strains can
509:
infection. Resistant crop lines have shown little to no protection against unfavorable environmental conditions. However, good irrigation practices aid in the reduction of stress brought upon by drought, which in turn, reduces the likelihood of pathogen infection. Some research has been done in
501:
The most common management practice for grains and legumes is the use of aeration systems. Air is pushed through the storage bins at low flow rates, which removes excess moisture and heat. Regulation of air flow allows the moisture content in harvested products to remain at a constant level and
590:
infections will not always reduce crop yields alone; however, postharvest disease can reduce the total crop yield by 10 to 30%, and in developing countries that produce perishable crops, total loss can be greater than 30%. In grains and legumes, postharvest disease results in the production of
281:
In grains, the pathogen can invade seed embryos and cause infection, which decreases germination and can lead to infected seeds planted in the field. The pathogen can also discolor embryos, damage seedlings, and kill seedlings, which reduces grade and price of the grains. The incidence of
689:. Turkey necropsies showed aflatoxins targeted the liver and either completely killed the tissue cells or induced tumor formation. The discovery of aflatoxins led to substantial changes in agricultural practices and regulations on how grains and legumes were grown, harvested, and stored.
681:. The culture was isolated, grown in pure culture, and a subset of healthy turkeys was infected. The pure culture isolate caused death in the healthy turkeys. Chemical investigation into the cause of death showed the production of four toxic chemicals, named
591:
mycotoxins. The largest economic loss caused by this pathogen is a result of aflatoxin production. In the United States, annual economic loss estimations of peanuts, corn, cottonseed, walnuts, and almonds are less severe when compared to Asia and Africa.
449:
has a minimum growth temperature of 12 °C (54 °F) and a maximum growth temperature of 48 °C (118 °F). Though the maximum growth temperature is around 48 °C (118 °F), the optimum growth temperature is 37 °C (99 °F).
269:
Infection can be present in the field, preharvest, postharvest, during storage, and during transit. It is common for the pathogen to originate while host crops are still in the field. However, symptoms and signs of the pathogen are often unseen.
374:. The sexual state of this heterothallic fungus arises when strains of opposite mating type are cultured together. Sexual reproduction occurs between sexually compatible strains belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups.
385:. The L strain is more aggressive than the S strain, but produces less aflatoxin in culture. The L strain also has a more acidic homoeostatic point and produces less sclerotia than the S strain under more limiting conditions.
286:
infection increases in the presence of insects and any type of stress on the host in the field as a result of damage. Stresses include stalk rot, drought, severe leaf damage, and/or less than ideal storage conditions.
575:
grown on sterile seeds which serve as the carrier and a source of nutrients. Following application and colonization and in the presence of high moisture, AF36 growing seeds outcompete aflatoxin-producing strains of
608:. Primary infection is caused by the inhalation of spores; bigger spores have a better chance of settling in the upper respiratory tract. The deposition of certain spore sizes could be a leading factor for why
324:. Once established, the mycelium secretes degradative enzymes or proteins which can break down complex nutrients (food). Individual hyphae strands are not typically seen by the unaided eye; however,
802:, microbiologist Bolesław Smyk identified the presence of the fungus Aspergillus flavus in samples taken from the tomb, and media reports have suggested that the likely cause of the deaths were the
461:
growth occurs at different moisture levels for different crops. For starchy cereals, growth occurs at 13.0–13.2%. For soybeans, growth occurs at 11.5–11.8%. For other crops, growth occurs at 14%.
415:
The spores enter the corn through the silks and thus infect the kernel. Conidiophores and conidia are produced in the spring from sclerotial surfaces. There is a secondary inoculum for
412:. The propagules in the soil, which are now conidia, are dispersed by wind and insects, such as stink bugs or lygus bugs. The conidia can land on and infect either grains or legumes.
1464:
620:
and cutaneous infections and noninvasive fungal pneumonia. Countries with dry weather, such as Saudi Arabia and most of Africa, are more prone to aspergillosis.
502:
decreases the temperature within the bins. Temperature levels can decrease enough so insects and mites are dormant, which reduces rapid growth of the pathogen.
2016:
1166:
677:
In 1960 on an
English farm, about 100,000 turkeys died. Investigation into the cause of death showed the primary food source, peanut meal, was infected with
882:
Ramírez-Camejo, L. A.; Zuluaga-Montero, A.; Lázaro-Escudero, M. A.; Hernández-Kendall, V. N.; Bayman, P. (2012). "Phylogeography of the cosmopolitan fungus
454:
had rapid growth at 30–55 °C (86–131 °F), slow growth at 12–15 °C (54–59 °F), and almost ceases growth at 5–8 °C (41–46 °F).
381:
produce the two most common aflatoxins (B1 and B2). Unique to the S strains is the production of aflatoxin G1 and G2 which typically are not produced by
294:
aflatoxin production. In mammals, the pathogen can cause liver cancer through consumption of contaminated feed or aspergillosis through invasive growth.
1496:
262:
in soils and causes disease on many important agriculture crops. Common hosts of the pathogen are cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Specifically,
1387:
1870:
2011:
1922:
705:
growth aided by increased moisture content and warm temperatures on peanut, nutmeg, and peppers produces high concentrations of aflatoxins.
1779:
481:
0.78 at 33 °C (91 °F) to 0.84 at 25 °C (77 °F). Gibson et al 1994 provides a model relating expected growth rate to a
1670:
1197:
1611:
1584:
231:
In addition to causing preharvest and postharvest infections, many strains produce significant quantities of toxic compounds known as
783:
1844:
719:
The four major aflatoxins produced are B1, B2, G1, and G2. The production of the major toxins is a result of particular strains of
423:
grows on leaves after damage by leaf-feeding insects. Insects are said to be a source of inoculum and promote inoculum production.
1026:
1419:
Mamedov, Nazim A.; Egamberdieva, Dilfuza (2019). "Phytochemical
Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Licorice: A Review".
1301:
1479:
1621:
1594:
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1440:
1374:
1366:
1347:
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949:
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825:
810:
1641:
1725:
1270:
Diener, U.L.; R.J. Cole; T.H. Sanders; G.A. Payne; L.S. Lee; M.A. Klich (1987). "Epidemiology of aflatoxin formation by
290:
Generally, excessive moisture conditions and high temperatures of storage grains and legumes increase the occurrence of
766:
highly increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The deaths of ten conservationists present at the opening of
1996:
1958:
762:. The absence of any regulation of screening for the fungus in countries that also have a high prevalence of viral
1173:
473:) required for growth is inversely correlated with temperature – in other words higher temperatures permit lower a
1927:
510:
identifying particular plant proteins, both pathogen-related and drought-resistant proteins, that defend against
1733:
164:
1909:
1511:
522:
712:
Species sensitivity is highly variable when exposed to aflatoxins. Rainbow trout are highly sensitive at 20
787:
767:
438:
can contribute to the storage rots, especially when the plant material is stored at high moisture levels.
434:
is unique in that it is a thermotolerant fungus, so can survive at temperatures that other fungi cannot.
53:
1991:
1116:
1963:
1937:
1836:
199:
220:
derives from the Latin meaning yellow, a reference to the frequently observed colour of the spores.
2001:
1901:
755:
660:
809:
It has since been suggested that it may also have contributed to some of the deaths following the
224:
infections can occur while hosts are still in the field (preharvest), but often show no symptoms (
2006:
795:
214:. Postharvest rot typically develops during harvest, storage, and/or transit. Its specific name
1875:
1747:
833:
723:. Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic and potent hepatocarcinogenic natural compound characterized.
853:
1542:
1535:
881:
596:
266:
infection causes ear rot in corn and yellow mold in peanuts either before or after harvest.
148:
1950:
709:
growth on spices produces low concentrations of aflatoxin as long as the spices remain dry.
1986:
1805:
1038:
799:
8:
1424:
814:
999:
1698:
1446:
1148:
732:
556:
48:
1686:
1313:
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1945:
1792:
1784:
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1590:
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1370:
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1353:
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1140:
1095:
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713:
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1283:
1239:
1132:
995:
895:
829:
728:
174:
1797:
1244:
1223:
505:
Some environmental control practice have been explored to aid in the reduction of
1405:
1339:
899:
547:
up to 97% when compared to untreated trees. The yeast successfully competes with
1914:
1432:
1831:
791:
640:
527:
470:
115:
95:
216:
1980:
1770:
1357:
1222:
Hedayati, M.T.; A.C. Pasqualotto; P.A. Warn; P. Bowyer; D.W. Denning (2007).
605:
404:. Sclerotia germinate to produce additional hyphae and asexual spores called
333:
329:
244:
203:
1694:
1253:
1144:
1007:
907:
652:
648:
644:
191:
1221:
1896:
1857:
821:
759:
656:
613:
275:
125:
1849:
803:
736:
682:
367:
259:
232:
105:
85:
1862:
1888:
1818:
1645:
1294:
1269:
782:
After the premature death of several Polish scientists following the
763:
751:
740:
672:
632:
617:
536:
401:
397:
371:
352:
211:
65:
32:
1741:
1388:"Helpful Yeast Battles Food-Contaminating Aflatoxin : USDA ARS"
836:, though the link has been disputed (at least in Carnarvon's case).
1883:
1823:
1764:
1136:
348:
313:
240:
225:
195:
663:
has been shown in amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
1810:
818:
405:
325:
321:
317:
207:
770:
in the 1970s has been attributed to aflatoxins originating from
309:
75:
1541:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp.
777:
851:
639:
infection is typically treated with antifungal drugs such as
579:. Nonaflatoxin spore dispersal is aided by wind and insects.
1586:
Here All Is Poland: A Pantheonic
History of Wawel, 1787–2010
312:
growth usually occurs by thread-like branching and produces
627:: Asp fl 13 and Asp fl 18. In tropical and warm climates,
1412:
551:
for space and nutrients, ultimately limiting its growth.
408:. These conidia are said to be the primary inoculum for
1408:. USDA Agricultural Research Service. January 27, 2010.
701:
growth on soybean produces very little aflatoxin. High
1616:. Australian National University Press. p. 154.
981:
1664:
1662:
1406:"Helpful Yeast Battles Food-Contaminating Aflatoxin"
465:
growth is prevalent in tropical countries. Minimum a
1418:
1228:: human pathogen, allergen, and mycotoxin producer"
362:was identified as the sexual reproductive stage of
1534:
328:producing thick mycelial mats are often seen. The
1659:
1635:
1633:
1489:
517:To protect tree nuts and corn plants affected by
1978:
1114:
525:found that treating these plants with the yeast
1573:. 2005, Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 924
1021:
1019:
1017:
739:, β-nitropropionic acid, aspertoxin, aflatrem,
1630:
845:
727:also produces other toxic compounds including
351:are both uniseriate (arranged in one row) and
235:, which, when consumed, are toxic to mammals.
442:grows and thrives in hot and humid climates.
419:, which is conidia on leaf parts and leaves.
2017:Taxa named by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link
1083:
1014:
493:To ensure grains and legumes remain free of
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1108:
1094:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 869.
1089:
1053:
778:Possible link to deaths after tomb openings
297:
202:. It is best known for its colonization of
1639:
1582:
1569:Pathologic Basis of Disease, ed. Kumar V,
623:Two allergens have been characterized in
563:
400:on decaying matter, either as mycelia or
239:is also an opportunistic human and animal
228:) until postharvest storage or transport.
31:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1327:
1265:
1263:
1243:
861:. Horizon Scientific Press. p. 157.
274:has the potential to infect seedlings by
1204:
982:Amaike, Saori; Nancy P. Keller (2011). "
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
944:. Elsevier Academic Press. p. 922.
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
852:Masayuki Machida; Katsuyai Gomi (2010).
173:
750:aflatoxin production can lead to acute
396:overwinters in the soil and appears as
1979:
1532:
1521:
1260:
1196:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
939:
2012:George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon
1746:
1745:
1609:
1310:Center for Integrated Fungal Research
1115:Horn BW, Moore GG, Carbone I (2009).
958:
914:
768:a 15th century tomb in Kraków, Poland
692:The amount of aflatoxins produced by
1938:bca0cc31-090c-4f40-9065-3391b0891641
1537:Magical mushrooms, Mischievous Molds
1333:
1668:
1457:
1000:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095221
13:
1642:"Tutankhamun: Secrets of the Tomb"
1583:Nungovitch, Petro Andreas (2018).
535:. The study showed that treating
247:in immunocompromised individuals.
14:
2028:
1719:
1589:. Lexington Books. p. 214.
1510:. Ag.Arizona.edu. Archived from
1469:strain AF36 (006456) Fact Sheet"
1421:Plant and Human Health, Volume 3
858:: Molecular Biology and Genomics
388:
52:
1603:
1576:
1559:
1508:Arizona Experimental Pesticides
1476:Environmental Protection Agency
1398:
1380:
1276:Annual Review of Phytopathology
988:Annual Review of Phytopathology
604:is the second-leading cause of
477:. This is known to range from a
1288:10.1146/annurev.phyto.25.1.249
1159:
1037:. doctorfungus. Archived from
942:Plant Pathology: Fifth Edition
886:: Is everything everywhere?".
875:
426:
1:
1687:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13576-3
1681:(9373). Elsevier Ltd.: 1994.
1671:"The death of Lord Carnarvon"
1613:Dictionary of World Biography
839:
824:, particularly the deaths of
582:
523:Agricultural Research Service
488:
900:10.1016/j.funbio.2012.01.006
666:
635:in about 80% of infections.
7:
1669:Cox, Ann M. (7 June 2003).
1433:10.1007/978-3-030-04408-4_1
1245:10.1099/mic.0.2007/007641-0
697:aflatoxin production. High
10:
2035:
1533:Hudler, George W. (1998).
1090:Alexopoulos, C.J. (1996).
940:Agrios, George N. (2005).
813:and subsequent opening of
685:after being discovered in
670:
485:x temperature parameters.
1754:
1729:Genome Sequencing Project
1640:Al-Shamahi, Ella (2022).
806:produced by this fungus.
347:are rough and colorless.
200:cosmopolitan distribution
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1567:Liver and Biliary Tract.
1117:"Sexual reproduction in
756:hepatocellular carcinoma
743:, and aspergillic acid.
631:has been shown to cause
543:inhibited the growth of
298:Morphology and pathology
250:
1997:Fungi described in 1809
1336:Fungi and food spoilage
1035:The Fungi: Descriptions
258:is found globally as a
531:reduced the growth of
182:
1610:Jones, Barry (2018).
1092:Introductory Mycology
796:Lithuanian Grand Duke
774:present in the tomb.
754:, immunosuppression,
661:antifungal resistance
597:Aspergillus fumigatus
343:The conidiophores of
340:during reproduction.
177:
800:Casimir IV Jagiellon
790:of the 15th century
521:, scientists of the
1425:Springer Publishing
1334:Pitt, John (2009).
1041:on 20 November 2010
1756:Aspergillus flavus
1735:Aspergillus flavus
1727:Aspergillus flavus
1673:. Correspondence.
1499:Aspergillus flavus
1467:Aspergillus flavus
1304:Aspergillus flavus
1272:Aspergillus flavus
1226:Aspergillus flavus
1119:Aspergillus flavus
984:Aspergillus flavus
884:Aspergillus flavus
733:cyclopiazonic acid
588:Aspergillus flavus
572:Aspergillus flavus
565:Aspergillus flavus
557:Glycyrrhiza glabra
554:Essential oils of
432:Aspergillus flavus
394:Aspergillus flavus
378:Aspergillus flavus
303:Aspergillus flavus
278:on injured seeds.
256:Aspergillus flavus
187:Aspergillus flavus
183:
179:Aspergillus flavus
158:Aspergillus flavus
40:A conidiophore of
25:Aspergillus flavus
1992:Food microbiology
1974:
1973:
1946:Open Tree of Life
1748:Taxon identifiers
1623:978-1-76046-218-5
1596:978-1-4985-6913-2
1552:978-0-691-02873-6
1442:978-3-030-04407-7
1427:. pp. 1–21.
1375:978-0-387-92207-2
1367:978-1-4899-8409-8
1349:978-0-387-92206-5
1338:. New York City:
1101:978-0-471-52229-4
951:978-0-12-044565-3
868:978-1-904455-53-0
172:
171:
16:Species of fungus
2024:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1915:BMSSYS0000001950
1905:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1813:
1801:
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1788:
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1773:
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1714:
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1607:
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1557:
1556:
1540:
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1519:
1518:
1516:
1505:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1478:. Archived from
1473:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:www.ars.usda.gov
1384:
1378:
1361:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1312:. Archived from
1298:
1292:
1291:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1238:(6): 1677–1692.
1219:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1172:. Archived from
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1057:
1051:
1050:
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1023:
1012:
1011:
979:
956:
955:
937:
912:
911:
879:
873:
872:
849:
830:George Jay Gould
729:sterigmatocystin
659:; however, some
616:cause of fungal
560:inhibit growth.
160:
57:
56:
35:
21:
20:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2002:Parasitic fungi
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
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1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
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1705:
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1604:
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1514:
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1495:
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1471:
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1458:
1443:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1350:
1340:Springer-Verlag
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1268:
1261:
1220:
1205:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:"Archived copy"
1165:
1164:
1160:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1025:
1024:
1015:
980:
959:
952:
938:
915:
880:
876:
869:
850:
846:
842:
780:
675:
669:
585:
569:
491:
484:
480:
476:
468:
429:
391:
370:develop within
300:
253:
181:in a petri dish
168:
162:
156:
143:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Fungus species
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1760:
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1752:
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1720:External links
1718:
1716:
1715:
1658:
1629:
1622:
1602:
1595:
1575:
1558:
1551:
1520:
1517:on 2015-05-13.
1488:
1485:on 2014-07-15.
1456:
1441:
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894:(3): 452–463.
888:Fungal Biology
874:
867:
843:
841:
838:
826:Lord Carnarvon
811:1922 discovery
779:
776:
671:Main article:
668:
665:
641:amphotericin B
584:
581:
568:
562:
528:Pichia anomala
490:
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471:water activity
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334:asexual spores
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198:fungus with a
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140:A. flavus
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96:Eurotiomycetes
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1316:on 2013-06-09
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1071:. Microbewiki
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389:Disease cycle
386:
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330:conidiospores
327:
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316:. Hyphae are
315:
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205:
204:cereal grains
201:
197:
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153:
150:
149:Binomial name
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29:
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22:
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1708:18 September
1706:. Retrieved
1678:
1674:
1649:. Retrieved
1612:
1605:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1536:
1512:the original
1507:
1498:
1491:
1480:the original
1475:
1466:
1459:
1420:
1414:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1335:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1309:
1303:
1296:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1235:
1232:Microbiology
1231:
1225:
1181:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1161:
1131:(3): 423–9.
1128:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1091:
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:Microbe Wiki
1068:
1062:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1034:
1028:
991:
987:
983:
941:
891:
887:
883:
877:
857:
854:
847:
817:of Egyptian
808:
784:1973 opening
781:
771:
747:
745:
724:
720:
718:
711:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
686:
678:
676:
653:posaconazole
649:voriconazole
645:itraconazole
636:
628:
624:
622:
612:is a common
609:
601:
595:
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366:, where the
363:
359:
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344:
342:
337:
336:produced by
308:
302:
301:
291:
289:
283:
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271:
268:
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236:
230:
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215:
192:saprotrophic
186:
185:
184:
178:
157:
155:
139:
138:
126:
41:
24:
18:
1987:Aspergillus
1897:NatureServe
1858:iNaturalist
1282:: 249–270.
1063:Aspergillus
1029:Aspergillus
994:: 107–133.
856:Aspergillus
834:Arthur Mace
822:Tutankhamun
792:Polish King
760:neutropenia
746:In humans,
657:caspofungin
614:etiological
539:trees with
427:Environment
276:sporulation
127:Aspergillus
1981:Categories
1675:The Lancet
1320:2012-12-05
1183:2014-06-25
1075:23 October
1045:23 October
840:References
804:aflatoxins
737:kojic acid
683:aflatoxins
583:Importance
541:P. anomala
489:Management
457:Moisture:
398:propagules
368:ascospores
360:Petromyces
358:Recently,
260:saprophyte
243:, causing
233:mycotoxins
196:pathogenic
106:Eurotiales
86:Ascomycota
82:Division:
1902:2.1157008
1646:Channel 4
1451:104427400
1358:437346680
1125:Mycologia
772:A. flavus
764:hepatitis
752:hepatitis
748:A. flavus
741:gliotoxin
725:A. flavus
721:A. flavus
707:A. flavus
703:A. flavus
699:A. flavus
694:A. flavus
687:A. flavus
679:A. flavus
673:Aflatoxin
667:Aflatoxin
637:A. flavus
633:keratitis
629:A. flavus
625:A. flavus
618:sinusitis
610:A. flavus
602:A. flavus
577:A. flavus
549:A. flavus
545:A. flavus
537:pistachio
533:A. flavus
519:A. flavus
512:A. flavus
507:A. flavus
495:A. flavus
463:A. flavus
459:A. flavus
452:A. flavus
447:A. flavus
440:A. flavus
436:A. flavus
421:A. flavus
417:A. flavus
410:A. flavus
402:sclerotia
383:A. flavus
372:sclerotia
364:A. flavus
353:biseriate
349:Phialides
345:A. flavus
338:A. flavus
306:texture.
292:A. flavus
284:A. flavus
272:A. flavus
264:A. flavus
237:A. flavus
222:A. flavus
212:tree nuts
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
42:A. flavus
1884:MycoBank
1876:11029250
1832:Fungorum
1811:46587438
1785:60018690
1780:AusFungi
1765:Wikidata
1737:research
1703:45173628
1695:12801779
1423:. Cham:
1254:17526826
1192:cite web
1153:20648447
1145:19537215
1031:Species"
1008:21513456
908:22385627
815:the tomb
788:the tomb
241:pathogen
226:dormancy
112:Family:
62:Domain:
1850:5259820
1771:Q137096
819:Pharaoh
514:entry.
406:conidia
326:conidia
322:hyaline
318:septate
314:mycelia
208:legumes
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
1964:826545
1951:188996
1935:NZOR:
1889:209842
1863:350136
1837:209842
1824:ASPEFL
1701:
1693:
1651:1 June
1620:
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906:
865:
832:, and
758:, and
655:, and
594:After
310:Hyphal
217:flavus
210:, and
167:(1809)
1959:WoRMS
1871:IRMNG
1699:S2CID
1571:et al
1543:86–89
1515:(PDF)
1504:(PDF)
1501:AF36"
1483:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1447:S2CID
1177:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1149:S2CID
794:(and
251:Hosts
190:is a
76:Fungi
1928:5059
1923:NCBI
1845:GBIF
1819:EPPO
1798:HC2X
1710:2021
1691:PMID
1653:2023
1618:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1354:OCLC
1344:ISBN
1250:PMID
1198:link
1141:PMID
1096:ISBN
1077:2012
1047:2012
1004:PMID
946:ISBN
904:PMID
863:ISBN
567:AF36
332:are
320:and
194:and
165:Link
1910:NBN
1806:EoL
1793:CoL
1683:doi
1679:361
1429:doi
1284:doi
1274:".
1240:doi
1236:153
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