245:, including sugar factories, were transferred to the control of MEHL and MEC. By 2007, MEHL wholly owned seventy-seven firms, nine subsidiaries and seven affiliated companies. Its shares are available to military units, active duty and retired military and veterans' groups, returning a 30% profit since 1995.
182:
leaders. Rank-and-file soldiers are required to invest a significant portion of their salaries in MEHL shares, and generally receive an annual dividend in
September based on the conglomerate's annual profits. Revenues generated from MEHL have strengthened the Burmese military's autonomy from civilian
452:
owns half of the
Myanmar Brewery and Mandalay Brewery, in a business partnership with MEHL. A United Nations report regarding MEHL's ties ownership by the Burmese military surfaced in 2019, which prompted sharp criticism over Kirin's financial relationship with the Burmese military. In 2017, Kirin's
361:
The conglomerate has also been involved in lucrative partnerships with drug lords. MEHL has a monopoly on the country's gems sector and also has a significant portfolio in various industries, including banking, tourism, real estate, transportation, metals, construction, mining, agriculture, tobacco
248:
The MEHL conglomerate is jointly owned by two military departments; 40% of shares are owned by the
Directorate of Defence Procurement while 60% of shares are owned by active and veteran defence personnel, including high-ranking military officials of the former ruling military junta, the
268:'s Myanmar Agricultural Produce Trading. Between 2009 and 2012, MEHL benefited immensely during a mass privatization of state-owned enterprises and assets, acquiring the Bo Aung Kyaw port terminal and the Myanma Five Star Line in the process.
1021:"Burma-related Designations, Designation Update and Designation Removal; Global Magnitsky Designation Update; Counter Terrorism Designation Update; Issuance of Burma-Related General Licenses and Associated Frequently Asked Questions"
296:
and customs authority, whose managing director and director-general respectively, also sit on MEHL's board of directors. The practice of appointing MEHL directors to run these trade agencies has been in place since 1990.
312:
promptly followed with sanctions of its own. The
American and British sanctions, however, were expected to have little impact, because Myanmar's principal trading partners, in Asia, declined to impose sanctions.
775:
437:
MEHL has a 45% share in
Myanmar Brewery Limited (MBL), which manufactures Kirin Beer, Myanmar Beer, ABC Stout and Anchor Beer. Myanmar Brewery Limited is a joint venture between MEHL and Japan's
362:
and food. With its affiliation to the
Burmese military, which directly ruled the country for almost 50 years, MEHL has exclusive access to secure preferential contracts with foreign firms. Most
282:
assumed power, MEHL privatized its operations and dropped "Union" from its name. In doing so, MEHL diverted the company's profits away from the national budget and direct civilian oversight.
445:
Ltd in 2015. Prior to the acquisition, MEHL was involved in a controversial attempt to acquire a majority stake in
Myanmar Brewery, which controls over 2/3 of the country's beer market.
308:
sanctioned MEHL, for its association with and support of the
Tatmadaw, impounding U.S.-held assets of the company, and forbidding U.S. nationals from doing business with them. The
1425:
694:
226:) was established in February 1990 under the Special Companies Act as the economic arm of the Burmese military, during a period of privatisation and transition from a socialist
887:
975:
271:
In May 2012, when the United States suspended sanctions against Burma (Myanmar), sanctions against MEHL were kept in place, because of its affiliation to the
Burmese
1287:
1232:
786:
1209:
1164:
183:
oversight, and has contributed to the military's financial operations in "a wide array of international human rights and humanitarian law violations."
1347:
366:
in Burma is done through joint ventures with MEHL. MEHL is one of 18 Burmese firms involved in the development of the 50,000 acres (20,000 ha)
1430:
1420:
1410:
643:
367:
593:
547:
1400:
702:
924:
895:
500:
1415:
567:
618:
292:
In June 2020, the
Burmese government launched an investigation over conflicts of interest within the two public agencies, the
840:
725:
250:
1020:
453:
subsidiary, Myanmar Brewery Limited, made $ 30,000 in donations toward the Burmese military's clearance operations in
1148:
1123:
1098:
868:
815:
759:
333:
serve as the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of MEHL’s Patrons Group, which oversees the MEHL's board of directors, while
1172:
1007:
1064:
301:
178:
MEHL is owned by the Burmese military, and current and former Tatmadaw personnel, and is influenced by senior
1385:
1320:
526:
279:
168:
321:
MEHL is led by high-ranking Burmese military officials, including members of the ruling military junta, the
1405:
1380:
950:
322:
265:
172:
72:
363:
175:(MEC). MEHL business interests include banking, construction, mining, agriculture, tobacco and food.
305:
1268:
256:
In 2010, MEHL opened Ruby Mart, a 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m) 5-storey shopping complex in
669:
242:
160:
44:
293:
286:
8:
460:
In February of 2021, Kirin announced it would cut ties with Military controlled Myanmar.
457:. In response, Kirin launched an independent probe to reassess the business partnership.
231:
1003:
976:"Serious corruption risk as Ever Flow River prepares to float on Yangon Stock Exchange"
520:
261:
203:
1295:
1240:
1144:
1119:
1094:
864:
836:
811:
755:
330:
195:
1210:"Time Called on Myanmar Beer Battle as Military Conglomerate Agrees to Buyout Terms"
253:(SPDC) and veterans organisations. MEHL is exempt from commercial and profit taxes.
442:
342:
164:
148:
808:
The Economic Transition in Myanmar After 1988: Market Economy Versus State Control
1194:
326:
285:
In May 2020, the Ever Flow River Group, which is tied to MEHL, was listed on the
227:
1288:"Drinks giant Kirin reviews Myanmar army ties over genocide funding accusations"
1233:"Drinks giant Kirin reviews Myanmar army ties over genocide funding accusations"
644:"Junta acknowledges soldiers' payouts from military conglomerate still missing"
482:
309:
304:, in which the Tatmadaw seized power from the elected civilian government, the
235:
1394:
1299:
1244:
1047:
454:
449:
438:
395:
350:
187:
112:
418:
346:
338:
191:
594:"No sign of annual payout from Myanmar military conglomerate to soldiers"
425:
334:
107:
1348:"Kirin beer company cuts brewery ties with Myanmar military over coup"
1141:
State Dominance in Myanmar: The Political Economy of Industrialization
548:"U.S. sanctions companies that back Myanmar military following coup,"
999:
997:
925:"Military and allies seek NLD-backed assembly speaker's impeachment"
1375:
1051:
486:
272:
234:
of US$ 1.6 billion. UMEHL was established to generate profits from
179:
994:
805:
483:"Myanmar coup: The shadowy business empire funding the Tatmadaw,"
89:
1043:
1041:
785:(231). International Crisis Group. 27 July 2012. Archived from
371:
257:
199:
83:
619:"Why thousands have left Myanmar's military—and why most stay"
542:
540:
538:
536:
1038:
1065:"Min Aung Hlaing and His Generals: Some Biographical Notes"
551:
533:
153:မြန်မာ့စီးပွားရေးဦးပိုင်အများနှင့်သက်ဆိုင်သောကုမ္ပဏီလီမိတက်
1269:"Kirin orders independent probe of Myanmar beer ventures"
1004:"Treasury Sanctions Military Holding Companies in Burma,"
129:
888:"Junta-controlled firm opens shopping centre in Rangoon"
477:
475:
473:
1426:
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
1048:"US and UK ratchet up sanctions on Myanmar's military,"
806:
Fujita, Kōichi; Fumiharu Mieno; Ikuko Okamoto (2009).
409:
Pyininbin Industrial Park (in North Yangon's suburbs)
726:"Burma and the international development aid and FDI"
470:
1138:
1195:"A glance at the beer industry in South East Asia"
830:
1392:
507:. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012
1116:Making Enemies: War And State Building in Burma
145:Myanma Economic Holdings Public Company Limited
835:. Oxford University Press. pp. 164–165.
32:
1321:"Myanmar: Kirin Should Cut Ties to Military"
695:"UNION OF MYANMAR ECONOMIC HOLDINGS LIMITED"
568:"Economic interests of the Myanmar military"
1165:"500 foreign, local firms get land permits"
345:are also members of the Patrons Group, and
159:or ဦးပိုင် in Burmese) is one of two major
833:Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know
776:"Myanmar: The Politics of Economic Reform"
749:
216:Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited
801:
799:
1143:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1113:
1107:
1091:Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future
861:Asian Strategic And Military Perspective
854:
852:
754:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
723:
550:March 25, 2021, updated March 26, 2021,
498:
102:Directorate of Defence Procurement (40%)
1345:
1285:
1230:
1207:
667:
492:
1393:
882:
880:
796:
670:"Waiting for an Industrial Revolution"
1431:Entities related to Myanmar sanctions
1421:Government-owned companies of Myanmar
1411:Holding companies established in 1990
1263:
1261:
1093:. Brookings Institution Press. 1998.
948:
942:
919:
917:
915:
913:
858:
849:
356:
264:, in a building that once housed the
1132:
743:
562:
560:
499:McCartan, Brian (28 February 2012).
238:and the trade of commercial goods.
1171:. 30 September 2012. Archived from
1083:
949:Brady, Brendan (7 September 2012).
877:
859:Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain (2005).
768:
717:
572:United Nations Human Rights Council
251:State Peace and Development Council
16:State-owned conglomerate in Myanmar
13:
1258:
910:
863:. Lancer Publishers. p. 209.
661:
432:
194:. The headquarters are located on
34:မြန်မာ့ စီးပွားရေး ဦးပိုင် လီမိတက်
14:
1442:
1401:Conglomerate companies of Myanmar
1286:Doherty, Ben (15 February 2020).
1231:Doherty, Ben (15 February 2020).
894:. 11 October 2010. Archived from
701:. U.S. Government. Archived from
557:
1346:Doherty, Ben (4 February 2021).
441:, which bought the 55% stake of
400:Virginia Tobacco Company Limited
377:Among its subsidiaries include:
100:Burmese military personnel (60%)
22:Myanma Economic Holdings Limited
1339:
1313:
1279:
1224:
1208:Gleeson, Sean (7 August 2015).
1201:
1187:
1157:
1057:
1025:U.S. Department of the Treasury
1013:
1008:U.S. Department of the Treasury
968:
824:
752:Economic Development of Myanmar
501:"Myanmar military in the money"
1416:1990 establishments in Myanmar
687:
636:
611:
586:
1:
1139:Tin Maung Maung Than (2007).
463:
316:
280:National League for Democracy
1381:Myanmar Economic Corporation
1118:. Cornell University Press.
699:Excluded Parties List System
424:Ruby and sapphire mines (in
323:State Administration Council
173:Myanmar Economic Corporation
7:
1369:
831:David I. Steinburg (2013).
403:Myawaddy Tours & Travel
190:and the Burmese military's
116:Myawaddy Tours & Travel
73:Ministry of Defence (Burma)
56:; 34 years ago
10:
1447:
1114:Callahan, Mary P. (2005).
1054:, retrieved March 29, 2021
1010:, retrieved March 29, 2021
554:, retrieved March 29, 2021
489:, retrieved March 29, 2021
406:Myawaddy Enterprises Group
209:
118:Myawaddy Enterprises Group
525:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
152:
124:
120:Pyininbin Industrial Park
106:
96:
78:
68:
50:
40:
33:
26:
724:Zin Linn (2 June 2012).
448:Japanese beverage maker
302:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
668:Min Zin (August 2003).
392:Five Stars Ship Company
381:Bandula Transportation
300:Following the February
243:state-owned enterprises
171:), the other being the
241:In the 2000s, several
294:Myanma Port Authority
287:Yangon Stock Exchange
951:"Boom Days In Burma"
898:on 28 September 2012
792:on 2 September 2012.
353:are MEHL directors.
266:Ministry of Commerce
186:UMEHL also operates
1406:Military of Myanmar
1386:Ministry of Defence
980:Justice For Myanmar
750:Myat Thein (2004).
574:. 16 September 2019
546:Nunley, Christian:
278:In 2016, after the
169:Ministry of Defence
23:
1325:Human Rights Watch
1197:. 23 October 2018.
1175:on 2 November 2012
705:on 20 October 2011
481:Cheetham, Joshua:
357:Economic interests
262:Kyauktada Township
230:, with an initial
204:Botataung Township
54:February 1990
21:
842:978-0-19-998167-0
196:Maha Bandula Road
142:
141:
1438:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1050:March 26, 2021,
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1006:March 25, 2021,
1001:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
921:
908:
907:
905:
903:
884:
875:
874:
856:
847:
846:
828:
822:
821:
803:
794:
793:
791:
780:
772:
766:
765:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
665:
659:
658:
656:
654:
640:
634:
633:
631:
629:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
590:
584:
583:
581:
579:
564:
555:
544:
531:
530:
524:
516:
514:
512:
496:
490:
479:
443:Fraser and Neave
389:Myawaddy Trading
343:Maung Maung Kyaw
165:Burmese military
154:
138:
135:
133:
131:
64:
62:
57:
36:
35:
24:
20:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1284:
1280:
1273:Financial Times
1267:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1212:. The Irrawaddy
1206:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1071:. 4 August 2021
1063:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1002:
995:
985:
983:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
947:
943:
933:
931:
923:
922:
911:
901:
899:
886:
885:
878:
871:
857:
850:
843:
829:
825:
818:
804:
797:
789:
778:
774:
773:
769:
762:
748:
744:
734:
732:
722:
718:
708:
706:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
666:
662:
652:
650:
642:
641:
637:
627:
625:
617:
616:
612:
602:
600:
592:
591:
587:
577:
575:
566:
565:
558:
545:
534:
518:
517:
510:
508:
497:
493:
485:March 9, 2021,
480:
471:
466:
435:
433:Myanmar Brewery
417:Jade mines (in
359:
327:Min Aung Hlaing
319:
228:command economy
212:
128:
119:
117:
115:
101:
92:
86:
60:
58:
55:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1338:
1327:. 18 June 2020
1312:
1278:
1275:. 6 June 2020.
1257:
1223:
1200:
1186:
1156:
1149:
1131:
1124:
1106:
1099:
1082:
1056:
1037:
1012:
993:
967:
941:
909:
876:
869:
848:
841:
823:
816:
795:
767:
760:
742:
716:
686:
660:
635:
610:
585:
556:
532:
491:
468:
467:
465:
462:
434:
431:
430:
429:
422:
415:
414:
413:
407:
404:
401:
398:
393:
390:
387:
386:
385:
358:
355:
318:
315:
310:United Kingdom
236:light industry
211:
208:
155:, abbreviated
140:
139:
126:
122:
121:
110:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
82:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
30:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1174:
1170:
1169:Weekly Eleven
1166:
1160:
1152:
1150:9789812303714
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1125:9780801472671
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1100:9780815775812
1096:
1092:
1086:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
982:. 26 May 2020
981:
977:
971:
956:
952:
945:
930:
926:
920:
918:
916:
914:
897:
893:
889:
883:
881:
872:
870:9788170622451
866:
862:
855:
853:
844:
838:
834:
827:
819:
817:9789971694616
813:
810:. NUS Press.
809:
802:
800:
788:
784:
777:
771:
763:
761:9789812302113
757:
753:
746:
731:
727:
720:
704:
700:
696:
690:
675:
674:The Irrawaddy
671:
664:
649:
645:
639:
624:
620:
614:
599:
595:
589:
573:
569:
563:
561:
553:
549:
543:
541:
539:
537:
528:
522:
506:
502:
495:
488:
484:
478:
476:
474:
469:
461:
458:
456:
455:Rakhine State
451:
450:Kirin Company
446:
444:
440:
439:Kirin Company
427:
423:
420:
416:
411:
410:
408:
405:
402:
399:
397:
396:Myawaddy Bank
394:
391:
388:
383:
382:
380:
379:
378:
375:
373:
369:
365:
354:
352:
351:Moe Myint Tun
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
311:
307:
306:United States
303:
298:
295:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
246:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:(abbreviated
217:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:Myawaddy Bank
184:
181:
176:
174:
170:
167:(through the
166:
162:
161:conglomerates
158:
150:
146:
137:
127:
123:
114:
113:Myawaddy Bank
111:
109:
105:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
31:
25:
19:
1355:. Retrieved
1352:The Guardian
1351:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1292:The Guardian
1291:
1281:
1272:
1248:. Retrieved
1237:The Guardian
1236:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1203:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1168:
1159:
1140:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1090:
1085:
1075:26 September
1073:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
984:. Retrieved
979:
970:
960:30 September
958:. Retrieved
954:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:
900:. Retrieved
896:the original
891:
860:
832:
826:
807:
787:the original
782:
770:
751:
745:
735:30 September
733:. Retrieved
730:Asia Tribune
729:
719:
709:30 September
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
698:
689:
679:30 September
677:. Retrieved
673:
663:
651:. Retrieved
647:
638:
626:. Retrieved
622:
613:
601:. Retrieved
597:
588:
576:. Retrieved
571:
511:30 September
509:. Retrieved
504:
494:
459:
447:
436:
419:Kachin State
412:UMEH Textile
376:
368:Thilawa Area
360:
347:Aung Lin Dwe
339:Tin Aung San
320:
299:
291:
284:
277:
270:
255:
247:
240:
223:
219:
215:
213:
192:pension fund
185:
177:
156:
144:
143:
108:Subsidiaries
79:Headquarters
45:Conglomerate
18:
1357:13 February
929:Myanmar NOW
783:Asia Report
648:Myanmar NOW
623:Myanmar NOW
598:Myanmar NOW
163:run by the
28:Native name
1395:Categories
505:Asia Times
464:References
426:Shan State
384:Parami Bus
335:Mya Tun Oo
317:Leadership
1300:0261-3077
1245:0261-3077
1179:3 October
902:3 October
653:21 August
628:21 August
603:21 August
521:cite news
1376:Tatmadaw
1370:See also
1052:BBC News
1030:4 August
955:Newsweek
487:BBC News
273:Tatmadaw
180:Tatmadaw
41:Industry
1216:7 March
1069:FULCRUM
892:Mizzima
331:Soe Win
232:capital
210:History
149:Burmese
125:Website
90:Myanmar
69:Founder
61:1990-02
59: (
51:Founded
1331:6 July
1305:7 June
1298:
1250:7 June
1243:
1147:
1122:
1097:
986:7 June
934:7 June
867:
839:
814:
758:
578:7 June
372:Yangon
341:, and
258:Yangon
200:Yangon
84:Yangon
790:(PDF)
779:(PDF)
370:near
220:UMEHL
132:.mehl
97:Owner
1359:2021
1333:2020
1307:2020
1296:ISSN
1252:2020
1241:ISSN
1218:2016
1181:2012
1145:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1077:2022
1032:2022
988:2020
962:2012
936:2020
904:2012
865:ISBN
837:ISBN
812:ISBN
756:ISBN
737:2012
711:2012
681:2012
655:2022
630:2022
605:2022
580:2020
552:CNBC
527:link
513:2012
349:and
329:and
224:UMEH
214:The
157:MEHL
134:.com
364:FDI
275:.
260:'s
222:or
202:'s
198:in
136:.mm
130:www
1397::
1350:.
1323:.
1294:.
1290:.
1271:.
1260:^
1239:.
1235:.
1167:.
1067:.
1040:^
1023:.
996:^
978:.
953:.
927:.
912:^
890:.
879:^
851:^
798:^
781:.
728:.
697:.
672:.
646:.
621:.
596:.
570:.
559:^
535:^
523:}}
519:{{
503:.
472:^
374:.
337:,
325:.
289:.
206:.
151::
87:,
1361:.
1335:.
1309:.
1254:.
1220:.
1183:.
1153:.
1128:.
1103:.
1079:.
1034:.
990:.
964:.
938:.
906:.
873:.
845:.
820:.
764:.
739:.
713:.
683:.
657:.
632:.
607:.
582:.
529:)
515:.
428:)
421:)
147:(
63:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.